1
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Yang J, Zhu C, Wang D. A Simple Organo-Electrocatalysis System for the Chlor-Related Industry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406883. [PMID: 38783773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Consuming a substantial quantum of energy (~165 TW h), the chlor-alkali industry garners considerable scholarly and industrial interest, with the anode reaction involving the oxidation of chloride ions being a paramount determinant of reaction rates. While the dimensionally stable anode (DSA) displays commendable catalytic activity and longevity, they rely on precious metals and exhibit a non-negligible side reaction in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) production, underscoring the appeal of metal-free alternatives. However, the molecules and systems currently available are characterized by intricate complexity and are not amenable to large-scale production. Herein, we have successfully developed an economical and highly efficient molecular catalyst, demonstrating superior performance compared with the former organic molecules in the chloride ion oxidation process (COP) for the production of both chlorine gas (Cl2) and NaClO. The molecule of 2N only needs 92 mV to reach a current density of 1000 mA cm-2, with a small cost of only 0.002 $ g-1. Furthermore, we propose a novel mechanism underpinned by non-covalent interactions, serving as the foundation for an innovative approach to the design of efficient anodes for the COP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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2
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Shaldehi TJ, Rowshanzamir S. Theoretical investigation of electrocatalytic activity of Pt-free dual atom-doped graphene for O 2 reduction in an alkaline solution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14201. [PMID: 38902295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-precious electrocatalysts as the alternative to Pt have become a hot research area in the last decade due to the suitable catalytic activity in Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in electrochemical systems. In this work, the density functional theory calculations were investigated to explore the activity of Fe, Cu, and Fe-Cu atoms supported by N-doped graphene as the ORR electrocatalyst for Oxygen-depolarized cathodes (ODCs). To this end, the ORR mechanism was surveyed in detail in the gas and solvent phases. The results show that the solvent phase leads to a higher overpotential and thermodynamic limiting potential. According to the density of states curves, there are strong interactions between metal atom and substrate that can effectively tune the electronics of catalysts. Bader's analysis confirms that, in addition to the single metal atoms, nitrogen atoms have also played a critical role in charge transfer between substrates and oxygen molecules in ORR. It is also predicted that Fe-Cu@NC SAC exhibits the highest catalytic activity which is consistent with thermodynamic limiting potential and theoretical overpotential of - 0.26 and 0.66 (V vs. SHE), respectively, indicating that this type of catalyst may be a suitable candidate instead of precious metals in oxygen-depolarized cathodes in electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Jangjooye Shaldehi
- Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soosan Rowshanzamir
- Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Laboratory, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Yang J, Zhu C, Li WH, Zheng X, Wang D. Organocatalyst Supported by a Single-Atom Support Accelerates both Electrodes used in the Chlor-Alkali Industry via Modification of Non-Covalent Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314382. [PMID: 38182547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Consuming one of the largest amount of electricity, the chlor-alkali industry supplies basic chemicals for society, which mainly consists of two reactions, hydrogen evolution (HER) and chlorine evolution reaction (CER). Till now, the state-of-the-art catalyst applied in this field is still the dimensional stable anode (DSA), which consumes a large amount of noble metal of Ru and Ir. It is thus necessary to develop new types of catalysts. In this study, an organocatalyst anchored on the single-atom support (SAS) is put forward. It exhibits high catalytic efficiency towards both HER and CER with an overpotential of 21 mV and 20 mV at 10 mA cm-2 . With this catalyst on both electrodes, the energy consumption is cut down by 1.2 % compared with the commercial system under industrial conditions. Based on this novel catalyst and the high activity, the mechanism of modifying non-covalent interaction is demonstrated to be reliable for the catalyst's design. This work not only provides efficient catalysts for the chlor-alkali industry but also points out that the SACs can also act as support, providing new twists for the development of SACs and organic molecules in the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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4
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Baumgartner LM, Goryachev A, Koopman CI, Franzen D, Ellendorff B, Turek T, Vermaas DA. Electrowetting limits electrochemical CO 2 reduction in carbon-free gas diffusion electrodes. ENERGY ADVANCES 2023; 2:1893-1904. [PMID: 38013932 PMCID: PMC10634457 DOI: 10.1039/d3ya00285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
CO2 electrolysis might be a key process to utilize intermittent renewable electricity for the sustainable production of hydrocarbon chemicals without relying on fossil fuels. Commonly used carbon-based gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) enable high Faradaic efficiencies for the desired carbon products at high current densities, but have limited stability. In this study, we explore the adaption of a carbon-free GDE from a Chlor-alkali electrolysis process as a cathode for gas-fed CO2 electrolysis. We determine the impact of electrowetting on the electrochemical performance by analyzing the Faradaic efficiency for CO at industrially relevant current density. The characterization of used GDEs with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) reveals a potential-dependent degradation, which can be explained through chemical polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) degradation and/or physical erosion of PTFE through the restructuring of the silver surface. Our results further suggest that electrowetting-induced flooding lets the Faradaic efficiency for CO drop below 40% after only 30 min of electrolysis. We conclude that the effect of electrowetting has to be managed more carefully before the investigated carbon-free GDEs can compete with carbon-based GDEs as cathodes for CO2 electrolysis. Further, not only the conductive phase (such as carbon), but also the binder (such as PTFE), should be carefully selected for stable CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey Goryachev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Netherlands
| | - Christel I Koopman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Netherlands
| | - David Franzen
- Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Technical University Clausthal Germany
| | - Barbara Ellendorff
- Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Technical University Clausthal Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Technical University Clausthal Germany
| | - David A Vermaas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Netherlands
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5
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Wang J, Zhang L, Li R, Zeng D, Wang W, Wang W. CO 2 -Mediated Photocatalytic Chlorine Production Over Bismuth Oxychloride in Chloride Solution. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301457. [PMID: 37449985 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most commonly bulky chemicals, chlorine is conventionally manufactured by electrolysis of NaCl solution in the chlor-alkali process, which requires a huge supply of electrical energy. The photocatalytic route to produce chlorine by using solar energy and NaCl solution offers a promising strategy to reduce energy consumption and bring economic benefits. Herein, it was found that the introduction of CO2 would enhance the productivity of Cl2 from 8.24 μmol⋅h-1 to 39.6 μmol⋅h-1 in NaCl solution over BiOCl. Experimental studies reveal that the CO2 species (CO3 2- ) entered into the crystal texture of BiOCl and the interlayer space between [Bi2 O2 ]2+ slabs were increased and distorted, accelerating the cycle of Cl species. Besides, the cycle of carbonate species also existed and accelerated the reaction efficiency of Cl- oxidation to Cl2 . This work provides a new feasible method of using abundant CO2 resources to accelerate the process of chlorine production via photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ruofan Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Di Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P.R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P.R. China
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6
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Preikschas P, Martín AJ, Yeo BS, Pérez-Ramírez J. NMR-based quantification of liquid products in CO 2 electroreduction on phosphate-derived nickel catalysts. Commun Chem 2023; 6:147. [PMID: 37430001 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently discovered phosphate-derived Ni catalysts have opened a new pathway towards multicarbon products via CO2 electroreduction. However, understanding the influence of basic parameters such as electrode potential, pH, and buffer capacity is needed for optimized C3+ product formation. To this end, rigorous catalyst evaluation and sensitive analytical tools are required to identify potential new products and minimize increasing quantification errors linked to long-chain carbon compounds. Herein, we contribute to enhance testing accuracy by presenting sensitive 1H NMR spectroscopy protocols for liquid product assessment featuring optimized water suppression and reduced experiment time. When combined with an automated NMR data processing routine, samples containing up to 12 products can be quantified within 15 min with low quantification limits equivalent to Faradaic efficiencies of 0.1%. These developments disclosed performance trends in carbon product formation and the detection of four hitherto unreported compounds: acetate, ethylene glycol, hydroxyacetone, and i-propanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Preikschas
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J Martín
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boon Siang Yeo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Biel-Nielsen TL, Hatton TA, Villadsen SNB, Jakobsen JS, Bonde JL, Spormann AM, Fosbøl PL. Electrochemistry-Based CO 2 Removal Technologies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202345. [PMID: 36861656 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented increase in atmospheric CO2 levels calls for efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective technologies for CO2 removal, including both capture and conversion approaches. Current CO2 abatement is largely based on energy-intensive thermal processes with a high degree of inflexibility. In this Perspective, it is argued that future CO2 technologies will follow the general societal trend towards electrified systems. This transition is largely promoted by decreasing electricity prices, continuous expansion of renewable energy infrastructure, and breakthroughs in carbon electrotechnologies, such as electrochemically modulated amine regeneration, redox-active quinones and other species, and microbial electrosynthesis. In addition, new initiatives make electrochemical carbon capture an integrated part of Power-to-X applications, for example, by linking it to H2 production. Selected electrochemical technologies crucial for a future sustainable society are reviewed. However, significant further development of these technologies within the next decade is needed, to meet the ambitious climate goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Lund Biel-Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian N B Villadsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob L Bonde
- ESTECH A/S, Sverigesvej 13, DK-5700, Svendborg, Denmark
| | - Alfred M Spormann
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 94305, Stanford, California, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Building 3135, 214, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philip L Fosbøl
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Shiraishi Y, Shimabukuro Y, Shima K, Ichikawa S, Tanaka S, Hirai T. Sunlight-Driven Generation of Hypochlorous Acid on Plasmonic Au/AgCl Catalysts in Aerated Chloride Solution. JACS AU 2023; 3:1403-1412. [PMID: 37234114 PMCID: PMC10207101 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
HClO is typically manufactured from Cl2 gas generated by the electrochemical oxidation of Cl- using considerable electrical energy with a large concomitant emission of CO2. Therefore, renewable energy-driven HClO generation is desirable. In this study, we developed a strategy for stable HClO generation by sunlight irradiation of a plasmonic Au/AgCl photocatalyst in an aerated Cl- solution at ambient temperature. Plasmon-activated Au particles by visible light generate hot electrons, which are consumed by O2 reduction, and hot holes, which oxidize the lattice Cl- of AgCl adjacent to the Au particles. The formed Cl2 is disproportionated to afford HClO, and the removed lattice Cl- are compensated by the Cl- in the solution, thus promoting a catalytic HClO generation cycle. A solar-to-HClO conversion efficiency of ∼0.03% was achieved by simulated sunlight irradiation, where the resultant solution contained >38 ppm (>0.73 mM) of HClO and exhibited bactericidal and bleaching activities. The strategy based on the Cl- oxidation/compensation cycles will pave the way for sunlight-driven clean, sustainable HClO generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research
Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative
Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary
Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shimabukuro
- Research
Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kaho Shima
- Research
Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Research
Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tanaka
- Department
of Chemical, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Research
Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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9
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Ha M, Thangavel P, Dang NK, Kim DY, Sultan S, Lee JS, Kim KS. High-Performing Atomic Electrocatalyst for Chlorine Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300240. [PMID: 36794290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysts facilitating chlorine evolution reaction (ClER) play a vital role in chlor-alkali industries. Owing to a huge amount of chlorine consumed worldwide, inexpensive high-performing catalysts for Cl2 production are highly demanded. Here, a superb ClER catalyst fabricated through uniform dispersion of Pt single atoms (SAs) in C2 N2 moieties of N-doped graphene (denoted as Pt-1) is presented, which demonstrates near 100% exclusive ClER selectivity, long-term durability, extraordinary Cl2 production rate (3500 mmol h-1 gPt -1 ), and >140 000-fold increased mass activity over industrial electrodes in acidic medium. Excitingly, at the typical chlor-alkali industries' operating temperature (80 °C), Pt-1 supported on carbon paper electrode requires a near thermoneutral ultralow overpotential of 5 mV at 1 mA cm-2 current density to initiate the ClER, consistent with the predicted density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Altogether these results show the promising electrocatalyst of Pt-1 toward ClER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Ha
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Pandiarajan Thangavel
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Kim Dang
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Siraj Sultan
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang S Kim
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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10
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Yang J, Li WH, Tang HT, Pan YM, Wang D, Li Y. CO 2-mediated organocatalytic chlorine evolution under industrial conditions. Nature 2023; 617:519-523. [PMID: 37198309 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During the chlor-alkali process, in operation since the nineteenth century, electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions generates chlorine and sodium hydroxide that are both important for chemical manufacturing1-4. As the process is very energy intensive, with 4% of globally produced electricity (about 150 TWh) going to the chlor-alkali industry5-8, even modest efficiency improvements can deliver substantial cost and energy savings. A particular focus in this regard is the demanding chlorine evolution reaction, for which the state-of-the-art electrocatalyst is still the dimensionally stable anode developed decades ago9-11. New catalysts for the chlorine evolution reaction have been reported12,13, but they still mainly consist of noble metal14-18. Here we show that an organocatalyst with an amide functional group enables the chlorine evolution reaction; and that in the presence of CO2, it achieves a current density of 10 kA m-2 and a selectivity of 99.6% at an overpotential of only 89 mV and thus rivals the dimensionally stable anode. We find that reversible binding of CO2 to the amide nitrogen facilitates formation of a radical species that plays a critical role in Cl2 generation, and that might also prove useful in the context of Cl- batteries and organic synthesis19-21. Although organocatalysts are typically not considered promising for demanding electrochemical applications, this work demonstrates their broader potential and the opportunities they offer for developing industrially relevant new processes and exploring new electrochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Osiewacz J, Löffelholz M, Weseler L, Turek T. CO poisoning of silver gas diffusion electrodes in electrochemical CO2 reduction. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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12
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Samu AA, Szenti I, Kukovecz Á, Endrődi B, Janáky C. Systematic screening of gas diffusion layers for high performance CO 2 electrolysis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:41. [PMID: 36828885 PMCID: PMC9958001 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain industrially relevant performance metrics of CO2 electrolyzers have already been approached in recent years. The energy efficiency of CO2 electrolyzers, however, is yet to be improved, and the reasons behind performance fading must be uncovered. The performance of the electrolyzer cells is strongly affected by their components, among which the gas diffusion electrode is one of the most critical elements. To understand which parameters of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) affect the cell performance the most, we compared commercially available GDLs in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO, under identical, fully controlled experimental conditions. By systematically screening the most frequently used GDLs and their counterparts differing in only one parameter, we tested the influence of the microporous layer, the polytetrafluoroethylene content, the thickness, and the orientation of the carbon fibers of the GDLs. The electrochemical results were correlated to different physical/chemical parameters of the GDLs, such as their hydrophobicity and surface cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Anita Samu
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary ,eChemicles Zrt, Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726 Hungary
| | - Imre Szenti
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720 Hungary
| | - Balázs Endrődi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Janáky
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary. .,eChemicles Zrt, Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary.
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13
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Zhou H, Zhou H, Tang L, Hong X. Photoelectrocatalytic treatment and resource utilization of industrial waste salt for chlor-alkali electrolysis. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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14
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Baumgartner L, Koopman CI, Forner-Cuenca A, Vermaas DA. When Flooding Is Not Catastrophic-Woven Gas Diffusion Electrodes Enable Stable CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:15125-15135. [PMID: 36590882 PMCID: PMC9795489 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction has the potential to use excess renewable electricity to produce hydrocarbon chemicals and fuels. Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) allow overcoming the limitations of CO2 mass transfer but are sensitive to flooding from (hydrostatic) pressure differences, which inhibits upscaling. We investigate the effect of the flooding behavior on the CO2 reduction performance. Our study includes six commercial gas diffusion layer materials with different microstructures (carbon cloth and carbon paper) and thicknesses coated with a Ag catalyst and exposed to differential pressures corresponding to different flow regimes (gas breakthrough, flow-by, and liquid breakthrough). We show that physical electrowetting further limits the flow-by regime at commercially relevant current densities (≥200 mA cm-2), which reduces the Faradaic efficiency for CO (FECO) for most carbon papers. However, the carbon cloth GDE maintains its high CO2 reduction performance despite being flooded with the electrolyte due to its bimodal pore structure. Exposed to pressure differences equivalent to 100 cm height, the carbon cloth is able to sustain an average FECO of 69% at 200 mA cm-2 even when the liquid continuously breaks through. CO2 electrolyzers with carbon cloth GDEs are therefore promising for scale-up because they enable high CO2 reduction efficiency while tolerating a broad range of flow regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der
Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Christel I. Koopman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der
Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Antoni Forner-Cuenca
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZEindhoven, Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der
Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
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15
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Wu D, Jiao F, Lu Q. Progress and Understanding of CO 2/CO Electroreduction in Flow Electrolyzers. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Zhang J, Sun W, Zhao L. Understanding the Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Chloride to Chlorine from Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weizhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, XinJiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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17
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Hierarchical micro/nanostructured silver hollow fiber boosts electroreduction of carbon dioxide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3080. [PMID: 35654817 PMCID: PMC9163090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient conversion of CO2 to commodity chemicals by sustainable way is of great significance for achieving carbon neutrality. Although considerable progress has been made in CO2 utilization, highly efficient CO2 conversion with high space velocity under mild conditions remains a challenge. Here, we report a hierarchical micro/nanostructured silver hollow fiber electrode that reduces CO2 to CO with a faradaic efficiency of 93% and a current density of 1.26 A · cm−2 at a potential of −0.83 V vs. RHE. Exceeding 50% conversions of as high as 31,000 mL · gcat−1 · h−1 CO2 are achieved at ambient temperature and pressure. Electrochemical results and time-resolved operando Raman spectra demonstrate that enhanced three-phase interface reactions and oriented mass transfers synergistically boost CO production. An activated silver hollow fiber electrode enables enhanced triphasic interface reactions and oriented mass transfers synergistically, facilitating efficient CO2 conversion (> 50%) to boost CO production with a current density of 1.26 A · cm−2.
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18
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Tengattini A, Kardjilov N, Helfen L, Douissard PA, Lenoir N, Markötter H, Hilger A, Arlt T, Paulisch M, Turek T, Manke I. Compact and versatile neutron imaging detector with sub-4μm spatial resolution based on a single-crystal thin-film scintillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:14461-14477. [PMID: 35473188 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A large and increasing number of scientific domains pushes for high neutron imaging resolution achieved in reasonable times. Here we present the principle, design and performance of a detector based on infinity corrected optics combined with a crystalline Gd3Ga5O12 : Eu scintillator, which provides an isotropic sub-4 µm true resolution. The exposure times are only of a few minutes per image. This is made possible also by the uniquely intense cold neutron flux available at the imaging beamline NeXT-Grenoble. These comparatively rapid acquisitions are compatible with multiple high quality tomographic acquisitions, opening new venues for in-operando testing, as briefly exemplified here.
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19
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Baumgartner L, Koopman CI, Forner-Cuenca A, Vermaas DA. Narrow Pressure Stability Window of Gas Diffusion Electrodes Limits the Scale-Up of CO 2 Electrolyzers. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:4683-4693. [PMID: 35433135 PMCID: PMC9006256 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising process to store intermittent renewable energy in the form of chemical bonds and to meet the demand for hydrocarbon chemicals without relying on fossil fuels. Researchers in the field have used gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) to supply CO2 to the catalyst layer from the gas phase. This approach allows us to bypass mass transfer limitations imposed by the limited solubility and diffusion of CO2 in the liquid phase at a laboratory scale. However, at a larger scale, pressure differences across the porous gas diffusion layer can occur. This can lead to flooding and electrolyte breakthrough, which can decrease performance. The aim of this study is to understand the effects of the GDE structure on flooding behavior and CO2 reduction performance. We approach the problem by preparing GDEs from commercial substrates with a range of structural parameters (carbon fiber structure, thickness, and cracks). We then determined the liquid breakthrough pressure and measured the Faradaic efficiency for CO at an industrially relevant current density. We found that there is a trade-off between flooding resistance and mass transfer capabilities that limits the maximum GDE height of a flow-by electrolyzer. This trade-off depends strongly on the thickness and the structure of the carbon fiber substrate. We propose a design strategy for a hierarchically structured GDE, which might offer a pathway to an industrial scale by avoiding the trade-off between flooding resistance and CO2 reduction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz
M. Baumgartner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Christel I. Koopman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Antoni Forner-Cuenca
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven
University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
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20
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Cheng W, Liu Y, Wu L, Chen R, Wang J, Chang S, Ma F, Li Y, Ni H. RuO2/IrO2 nanoparticles decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays for improved activity towards chlorine evolution reaction. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Bienen F, Paulisch MC, Mager T, Osiewacz J, Nazari M, Osenberg M, Ellendorff B, Turek T, Nieken U, Manke I, Friedrich KA. Investigating the electrowetting of silver‐based gas‐diffusion electrodes during oxygen reduction reaction with electrochemical and optical methods. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bienen
- Department Electrochemical Energy Technology Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center Stuttgart Germany
- Institute of Building Energetics Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Thorben Mager
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jens Osiewacz
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Manigah Nazari
- Department Electrochemical Energy Technology Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center Stuttgart Germany
| | - Markus Osenberg
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology Technical University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Barbara Ellendorff
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology Clausthal‐Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ulrich Nieken
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Institute of Applied Materials Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - K. Andreas Friedrich
- Department Electrochemical Energy Technology Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics German Aerospace Center Stuttgart Germany
- Institute of Building Energetics Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany
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22
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Akay Ö, Poon J, Robertson C, Abdi FF, Cuenya BR, Giersig M, Brinkert K. Releasing the Bubbles: Nanotopographical Electrocatalyst Design for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105380. [PMID: 35060365 PMCID: PMC8922132 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical devices integrate the processes of light absorption, charge separation, and catalysis for chemical synthesis. The monolithic design is interesting for space applications, where weight and volume constraints predominate. Hindered gas bubble desorption and the lack of macroconvection processes in reduced gravitation, however, limit its application in space. Physico-chemical modifications of the electrode surface are required to induce gas bubble desorption and ensure continuous device operation. A detailed investigation of the electrocatalyst nanostructure design for light-assisted hydrogen production in microgravity environment is described. p-InP coated with a rhodium (Rh) electrocatalyst layer fabricated by shadow nanosphere lithography is used as a model device. Rh is deposited via physical vapor deposition (PVD) or photoelectrodeposition through a mask of polystyrene (PS) particles. It is observed that the PS sphere size and electrocatalyst deposition technique alter the electrode surface wettability significantly, controlling hydrogen gas bubble detachment and photocurrent-voltage characteristics. The highest, most stable current density of 37.8 mA cm-2 is achieved by depositing Rh via PVD through 784 nm sized PS particles. The increased hydrophilicity of the photoelectrode results in small gas bubble contact angles and weak frictional forces at the solid-gas interface which cause enhanced gas bubble detachment and enhanced device efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Akay
- Department of PhysicsFree University BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Jeffrey Poon
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Fatwa Firdaus Abdi
- Institute for Solar FuelsHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHHahn‐Meitner‐Platz‐114109BerlinGermany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface ScienceFritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society14195BerlinGermany
| | - Michael Giersig
- Department of PhysicsFree University BerlinArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
- Institute of Fundamental Technological ResearchPolish Academy of SciencePawińskiego St. 5bWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Katharina Brinkert
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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23
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IKEZAWA A, MIYAZAKI K, FUKUTSUKA T, ABE T. Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide on Carbon Corrosion in Aqueous KOH Solution. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takeshi ABE
- Hall of Global Environmental Research, Kyoto University
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24
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25
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Hernandez-Aldave S, Andreoli E. Oxygen depolarised cathode as a learning platform for CO 2 gas diffusion electrodes. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen depolarised cathode technology in support of achieving CO2 gas diffusion electrodes industrial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Andreoli
- Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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26
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Wang R, Sheng H, Wang F, Li W, Roberts DS, Jin S. Sustainable Coproduction of Two Disinfectants via Hydroxide-Balanced Modular Electrochemical Synthesis Using a Redox Reservoir. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:2083-2091. [PMID: 34963900 PMCID: PMC8704031 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Challenges posed by the sacrificial auxiliary reactions and expensive ion-exchange membranes in conventional electrosynthesis necessitate developing new electrochemical processes to enable efficient and sustainable distributed electrochemical manufacturing. Modular electrochemical synthesis (ModES) using a redox reservoir (RR) offers a promising membrane-free approach to improve energy efficiency and reduce waste through the pairing of multiple independent oxidative and reductive half-reactions; however, undesired ion-imbalance and induced pH changes in the existing ModES process limit sustained production. Here we present Ni(OH)2 as a heterogeneous RR that can selectively store and transport the hydroxide ions involved in the target half-reactions by reversible conversion with NiOOH to enable an ion-balanced ModES of two common disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). This hydroxide-balanced ModES realizes stable operation without appreciable pH swing to accumulate practically useful concentrations of H2O2 and NaClO up to 251 and 481 ppm, respectively. These results illustrate additional design principles for electrosynthesis without sacrificial auxiliary reactions and the need for ion-selective RRs for modular electrochemical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hongyuan Sheng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David S. Roberts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Song Jin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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27
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Li C, Shi J, Liu J, Duan Y, Hua Y, Wu S, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang B, Dai Y. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in organic electrolyte with HCl oxidized to Cl2 on anode for phosgene synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Röhe M, Franzen D, Kubannek F, Ellendorff B, Turek T, Krewer U. Revealing the degree and impact of inhomogeneous electrolyte distributions on silver based gas diffusion electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Lee JH, Lee JH. Techno-economic and environmental feasibility of mineral carbonation technology for carbon neutrality: A Perspective. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Improving the Treatment Efficiency and Lowering the Operating Costs of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP®) are promising technologies for the decentralized treatment of water and will be important elements in achieving a circular economy. To overcome the drawback of the high operational expenses of EAOP® systems, two novel reactors based on a next-generation boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless steel cathode or a hydrogen-peroxide-generating gas diffusion electrode (GDE) are presented. This reactor design ensures the long-term stability of BDD anodes. The application potential of the novel reactors is evaluated with artificial wastewater containing phenol (COD of 2000 mg L−1); the reactors are compared to each other and to ozone and peroxone systems. The investigations show that the BDD anode can be optimized for a service life of up to 18 years, reducing the costs for EAOP® significantly. The process comparison shows a degradation efficiency for the BDD–GDE system of up to 135% in comparison to the BDD–stainless steel electrode combination, showing only 75%, 14%, and 8% of the energy consumption of the BDD–stainless steel, ozonation, and peroxonation systems, respectively. Treatment efficiencies of nearly 100% are achieved with both novel electrolysis reactors. Due to the current density adaptation and the GDE integration, which result in energy savings as well as the improvements that significantly extend the lifetime of the BDD electrode, less resources and raw materials are consumed for the power generation and electrode manufacturing processes.
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31
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Recovery of High Purity Chlorine by Cu‐Doped Fe
2
O
3
in Nitrogen Containing Carbon Matrix: A Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for HCl Electrolysis. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Hu J, Xu H, Feng X, Lei L, He Y, Zhang X. Neodymium‐Doped IrO
2
Electrocatalysts Supported on Titanium Plates for Enhanced Chlorine Evolution Reaction Performance. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 324000 Quzhou
| | - Haoran Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control Technology for Thermal Power Generation 311121 Hangzhou
- Zhejiang Energy Group R&D Co., Ltd. 310003 Hangzhou
| | - Xiangdong Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control Technology for Thermal Power Generation 311121 Hangzhou
- Zhejiang Energy Group R&D Co., Ltd. 310003 Hangzhou
| | - Lecheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 324000 Quzhou
| | - Yi He
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University 310027 Hangzhou
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 324000 Quzhou
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33
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Dieckhöfer S, Öhl D, Junqueira JRC, Quast T, Turek T, Schuhmann W. Probing the Local Reaction Environment During High Turnover Carbon Dioxide Reduction with Ag-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes. Chemistry 2021; 27:5906-5912. [PMID: 33527522 PMCID: PMC8048634 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Discerning the influence of electrochemical reactions on the electrode microenvironment is an unavoidable topic for electrochemical reactions that involve the production of OH− and the consumption of water. That is particularly true for the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), which together with the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) exert changes in the local OH− and H2O activity that in turn can possibly affect activity, stability, and selectivity of the CO2RR. We determine the local OH− and H2O activity in close proximity to a CO2‐converting Ag‐based gas diffusion electrode (GDE) with product analysis using gas chromatography. A Pt nanosensor is positioned in the vicinity of the working GDE using shear‐force‐based scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves, which allows monitoring changes invoked by reactions proceeding within an otherwise inaccessible porous GDE by potentiodynamic measurements at the Pt‐tip nanosensor. We show that high turnover HER/CO2RR at a GDE lead to modulations of the alkalinity of the local electrolyte, that resemble a 16 m KOH solution, variations that are in turn linked to the reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - João R C Junqueira
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr 17, 38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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34
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System Chemistry in Catalysis: Facing the Next Challenges in Production of Energy Vectors and Environmental Remediation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the catalytic processes that assist the production of either renewable energy vectors or degradation of environmental pollutants rely on the interplay among different factors that can be purposely regulated, in order to improve the overall efficiency of reactions. This perspective analyzes some recent examples of ‘systemic catalysts’, which are based on the modification of the reaction microenvironment and exploitation of concurrent/parasitic reactions or different types of chemical looping, in order to bypass some drawbacks that cannot be easily circumvented by standard approaches. Innovative extensions of those concepts and strategies might inspire new breakthroughs in a variety of key catalytic cycles characterized by high complexity.
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35
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Eggermont SGF, Prato R, Dominguez-Benetton X, Fransaer J. Oxidation-assisted alkaline precipitation of nanoparticles using gas-diffusion electrodes. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By benchmarking gas-diffusion electrocrystallization against alkaline precipitation for the synthesis of (hydr)oxide nanoparticles, oxidation-assisted precipitation of magnetite nanoparticles was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Prato
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
- BE-2400 Mol
- Belgium
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36
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Bondue CJ, Graf M, Goyal A, Koper MTM. Suppression of Hydrogen Evolution in Acidic Electrolytes by Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:279-285. [PMID: 33356205 PMCID: PMC7809687 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article we investigate the electrochemical reduction of CO2 at gold electrodes under mildly acidic conditions. Differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS) is used to quantify the amounts of formed hydrogen and carbon monoxide as well as the consumed amount of CO2. We investigate how the Faradaic efficiency of CO formation is affected by the CO2 partial pressure (0.1-0.5 bar) and the proton concentration (1-0.25 mM). Increasing the former enhances the rate of CO2 reduction and suppresses hydrogen evolution from proton reduction, leading to Faradaic efficiencies close to 100%. Hydrogen evolution is suppressed by CO2 reduction as all protons at the electrode surfaces are used to support the formation of water (CO2 + 2H+ + 2e- → CO + H2O). Under conditions of slow mass transport, this leaves no protons to support hydrogen evolution. On the basis of our results, we derive a general design principle for acid CO2 electrolyzers to suppress hydrogen evolution from proton reduction: the rate of CO/OH- formation must be high enough to match/compensate the mass transfer of protons to the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Bondue
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Graf
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute for Materials Research, Helmholtz Center Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Akansha Goyal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Vogel YB, Evans CW, Belotti M, Xu L, Russell IC, Yu LJ, Fung AKK, Hill NS, Darwish N, Gonçales VR, Coote ML, Swaminathan Iyer K, Ciampi S. The corona of a surface bubble promotes electrochemical reactions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6323. [PMID: 33303749 PMCID: PMC7729901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of gaseous products is a feature common to several electrochemical processes, often resulting in bubbles adhering to the electrode’s surface. Adherent bubbles reduce the electrode active area, and are therefore generally treated as electrochemically inert entities. Here, we show that this general assumption does not hold for gas bubbles masking anodes operating in water. By means of imaging electrochemiluminescent systems, and by studying the anisotropy of polymer growth around bubbles, we demonstrate that gas cavities adhering to an electrode surface initiate the oxidation of water-soluble species more effectively than electrode areas free of bubbles. The corona of a bubble accumulates hydroxide anions, unbalanced by cations, a phenomenon which causes the oxidation of hydroxide ions to hydroxyl radicals to occur at potentials at least 0.7 V below redox tabled values. The downhill shift of the hydroxide oxidation at the corona of the bubble is likely to be a general mechanism involved in the initiation of heterogeneous electrochemical reactions in water, and could be harnessed in chemical synthesis. Gas bubbles forming on the surface of an electrode, a phenomenon common to several industrial electrolytic processes, are usually perceived as inert, passivating entities. Here, the authors show that that this general assumption does not hold for gas bubbles masking anodes operating in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan B Vogel
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Cameron W Evans
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mattia Belotti
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Longkun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Isabella C Russell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Li-Juan Yu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Alfred K K Fung
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nadim Darwish
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Vinicius R Gonçales
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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38
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Teichgraeber H, Brandt AR. Optimal design of an electricity-intensive industrial facility subject to electricity price uncertainty: Stochastic optimization and scenario reduction. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Vos JG, Venugopal A, Smith WA, Koper MT. Competition and selectivity during parallel evolution of bromine, chlorine and oxygen on IrOx electrodes. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Brée LC, Bulan A, Herding R, Kuhlmann J, Mitsos A, Perrey K, Roh K. Techno-Economic Comparison of Flexibility Options in Chlorine Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa C. Brée
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Herding
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kuhlmann
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-ENERGY, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Energy Systems Engineering (IEK-10), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karen Perrey
- Covestro Deutschland AG, 51365 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kosan Roh
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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41
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Pollok D, Waldvogel SR. Electro-organic synthesis - a 21 st century technique. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12386-12400. [PMID: 34123227 PMCID: PMC8162804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01848a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe limitations of fossil fuels and finite resources influence the scientific community to reconsider chemical synthesis and establish sustainable techniques. Several promising methods have emerged, and electro-organic conversion has attracted particular attention from international academia and industry as an environmentally benign and cost-effective technique. The easy application, precise control, and safe conversion of substrates with intermediates only accessible by this method reveal novel pathways in synthetic organic chemistry. The popularity of electricity as a reagent is accompanied by the feasible conversion of bio-based feedstocks to limit the carbon footprint. Several milestones have been achieved in electro-organic conversion at rapid frequency, which have opened up various perspectives for forthcoming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pollok
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany www.aksw.uni-mainz.de
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Exner KS. Overpotential‐Dependent Volcano Plots to Assess Activity Trends in the Competing Chlorine and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai S. Exner
- Sofia University Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy Department of Physical Chemistry 1 James Bourchier Avenue 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
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43
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Electrochemical stability of RuO2(110)/Ru(0001) model electrodes in the oxygen and chlorine evolution reactions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Gebhard M, Tichter T, Franzen D, Paulisch MC, Schutjajew K, Turek T, Manke I, Roth C. Improvement of Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathodes in Highly Alkaline Media by Electrospinning of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Barrier Layers. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gebhard
- Electrochemical Process EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Tim Tichter
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - David Franzen
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process EngineeringClausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Melanie C. Paulisch
- Institute of Applied MaterialsHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 Berlin 14109 Germany
| | - Konstantin Schutjajew
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process EngineeringClausthal University of Technology Leibnizstrasse 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Institute of Applied MaterialsHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 Berlin 14109 Germany
| | - Christina Roth
- Electrochemical Process EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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45
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Exner KS. Design criteria for the competing chlorine and oxygen evolution reactions: avoid the OCl adsorbate to enhance chlorine selectivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22451-22458. [PMID: 32996945 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03667f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of gaseous chlorine within chlor-alkali electrolysis is accompanied by a selectivity problem, as the evolution of gaseous oxygen constitutes a detrimental side reaction in the same potential range. As such, the development of electrode materials with high selectivity toward the chlorine evolution reaction is of particular importance to the chemical industry. Insight into the elementary reaction steps is ultimately required to comprehend chlorine selectivity on a molecular level. Commonly, linear scaling relationships are analyzed by the construction of a volcano plot, using the binding energy of oxygen, ΔEO, as a descriptor in the analysis. The present article reinvestigates the selectivity problem of the competing chlorine and oxygen evolution reactions by applying a different strategy compared to previous literature studies. On the one hand, a unifying material-screening framework that, besides binding energies, also includes the applied overpotential, kinetics, and the electrochemical-step symmetry index is used to comprehend trends in this selectivity issue for transition-metal oxide-based electrodes. On the other hand, the free-energy difference between the adsorbed oxygen and adsorbed hydroxide, ΔG2, rather than ΔEO is used as a descriptor in the analysis. It is demonstrated that the formation of the OCl adsorbate within the chlorine evolution reaction inherently limits chlorine selectivity, whereas, in the optimum case, the formation of the Cl intermediate can result in significantly higher chlorine selectivity. This finding is used to derive the design criteria for highly selective chlorine evolution electrocatalysts, which can be used in the future to search for potential electrode compositions by material-screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai S Exner
- Sofia University, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.
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46
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Gleede B, Selt M, Gütz C, Stenglein A, Waldvogel SR. Large, Highly Modular Narrow-Gap Electrolytic Flow Cell and Application in Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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47
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Zhao A, Zhong F, Feng X, Chen W, Ai X, Yang H, Cao Y. A Membrane-Free and Energy-Efficient Three-Step Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis with Higher-Purity NaOH Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45126-45132. [PMID: 31702134 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chlor-alkali processes are energy-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. To deal with this problem, we developed a three-step electrolysis (TSE) for a cleaner, energy-saving, and lower-cost chlor-alkali process. This new chlor-alkali process consists of three independent steps: a NaOH-production step in a Na0.44MnO2/oxygen-depolarizing cathode cell (step I), a Na+ and CI- extraction step in a Ag/Na0.44-xMnO2 cell (step II), and a CI2-production step in a graphite/AgCl cell (step III). This technology avoids the use of expensive ion-exchange membrane and toxic electrode materials, providing a great prospect to create a cleaner, energy-saving, and lower-cost chlor-alkali electrolysis process. This electrochemical ion coupling/decoupling technology can also be extended to other salt solutions (Na2SO4/NaNO3) to produce corresponding alkali (NaOH) and acid (H2SO4/HNO3), which has potential significance in the chlor-alkali industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Along Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Faping Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Storage Materials , Changsha , 410205 , China
| | - Xiangming Feng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Weihua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Xinping Ai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Hanxi Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Yuliang Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
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48
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Martín-García B, Spirito D, Bellani S, Prato M, Romano V, Polovitsyn A, Brescia R, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Najafi L, Ansaldo A, D'Angelo G, Pellegrini V, Krahne R, Moreels I, Bonaccorso F. Extending the Colloidal Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Library to ReS 2 Nanosheets for Application in Gas Sensing and Electrocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904670. [PMID: 31788951 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the large family of transition metal dichalcogenides, recently ReS2 has stood out due to its nearly layer-independent optoelectronic and physicochemical properties related to its 1T distorted octahedral structure. This structure leads to strong in-plane anisotropy, and the presence of active sites at its surface makes ReS2 interesting for gas sensing and catalysts applications. However, current fabrication methods use chemical or physical vapor deposition (CVD or PVD) processes that are costly, time-consuming and complex, therefore limiting its large-scale production and exploitation. To address this issue, a colloidal synthesis approach is developed, which allows the production of ReS2 at temperatures below 360 °C and with reaction times shorter than 2h. By combining the solution-based synthesis with surface functionalization strategies, the feasibility of colloidal ReS2 nanosheet films for sensing different gases is demonstrated with highly competitive performance in comparison with devices built with CVD-grown ReS2 and MoS2 . In addition, the integration of the ReS2 nanosheet films in assemblies together with carbon nanotubes allows to fabricate electrodes for electrocatalysis for H2 production in both acid and alkaline conditions. Results from proof-of-principle devices show an electrocatalytic overpotential competitive with devices based on ReS2 produced by CVD, and even with MoS2 , WS2 , and MoSe2 electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martín-García
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Spirito
- Optoelectronics Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentino Romano
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche ed Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, S. Agata, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Anatolii Polovitsyn
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Leyla Najafi
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ansaldo
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanna D'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche ed Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, S. Agata, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., Via Albisola 121, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Roman Krahne
- Optoelectronics Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Iwan Moreels
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., Via Albisola 121, 16163, Genova, Italy
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49
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Röhe M, Botz A, Franzen D, Kubannek F, Ellendorff B, Öhl D, Schuhmann W, Turek T, Krewer U. The Key Role of Water Activity for the Operating Behavior and Dynamics of Oxygen Depolarized Cathodes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Röhe
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems EngineeringTechnische Universität Braunschweig Franz-Liszt-Str. 35 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical SciencesFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - David Franzen
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process EngineeringTechnische Universität Clausthal Leibnizstr. 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Fabian Kubannek
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems EngineeringTechnische Universität Braunschweig Franz-Liszt-Str. 35 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Barbara Ellendorff
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process EngineeringTechnische Universität Clausthal Leibnizstr. 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical SciencesFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical SciencesFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process EngineeringTechnische Universität Clausthal Leibnizstr. 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ulrike Krewer
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems EngineeringTechnische Universität Braunschweig Franz-Liszt-Str. 35 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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50
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Li P, Duan X, Wang S, Zheng L, Li Y, Duan H, Kuang Y, Sun X. Amorphous Ruthenium-Sulfide with Isolated Catalytic Sites for Pt-Like Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production Over Whole pH Range. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904043. [PMID: 31529772 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an efficient way to generate hydrogen fuel for the storage of renewable energy. Currently, the widely used Pt-based catalysts suffer from high costs and limited electrochemical stability; therefore, developing an efficient alternative catalyst is very urgent. Herein, one pot hydrothermal synthesis is reported of amorphous ruthenium-sulfide (RuSx ) nanoparticles (NPs) supported on sulfur-doped graphene oxide (GO). The as-obtained composite serves as a Pt-like HER electrocatalyst. Achieving a current density of -10 mA cm-2 only requires a small overpotential (-31, -46, and -58 mV in acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolyte, respectively) with high durability. The isolated Ru active site inducing Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism in the RuSx NPs is demonstrated by the Tafel analysis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy characterization. Theoretical simulation indicates the isolated Ru site exhibits Pt-like Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (-0.21 eV) therefore generating high intrinsic HER activity. Moreover, the strong bonding between the RuSx and S-GO, as well as pH tolerance of RuSx are believed to contribute to the high stability. This work shows a new insight for amorphous materials and provides alternative opportunities in designing advanced electrocatalysts with low-cost for HER in the hydrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Xinxuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian Qu, Beijing Shi, 100084, China
| | - Yun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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