1
|
Luo MM, Hao M, Li XH, Liao J, Wu CM, Wang Q. Prevalence of depressive tendencies among college students and the influence of attributional styles on depressive tendencies in the post-pandemic era. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1326582. [PMID: 38333740 PMCID: PMC10850216 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1326582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depression symptoms are prevalent globally, including China, with a notable impact on college students. This study aims to not only estimate the prevalence of depressive tendencies and attributional styles among college students in the post-pandemic era but also explore the relationship between the two factors. The findings of this study can provide new insights into early intervention and support services for individuals exhibiting tendencies toward depression. Methods The survey was administered to college students from various academic backgrounds at a specific university in southern Jiangxi Province by employing two scales to investigate depressive tendencies and attributional styles. Depressive tendency was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), while the attributional styles were assessed using the Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale (MMCS). Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to identify the related factors of depressive tendency. Results A relatively high (48.9%) prevalence of depression among college students was found in this study. College students with higher grades (OR = 1.574, 95%CI: 1.369-1.810), profession of medicine and allied health sciences (OR = 1.779, 95%CI: 1.203-2.629), experiencing higher study stress (OR = 2.006, 95%CI: 1.601-2.514), and having poor physical condition (OR = 1.527, 95%CI: 1.247-1.869) were identified as risk factors for depressive tendency. The correlation between higher grades and increased learning pressure, coupled with poorer physical condition, heightens the vulnerability of college students to depression. Moreover, the more they attribute these experiences to achievement effort (OR = 0.897, 95%CI: 0.828-0.972), achievement ability (OR = 0.903, 95%CI: 0.838-0.972), and affiliation context (OR = 0.919, 95%CI: 0.860-0.982), the less likely they are to develop depression. Conclusion In the group of college students, especially those in higher grades, profession of medicine and allied health sciences or experiencing high learning pressure and poor physical condition, emphasizing the significance of their mental well-being becomes crucial. Offering suitable support and assistance is essential. Additionally, fostering the cultivation of positive attributional and coping strategies by attributing difficulties to controllable factors and instilling a belief in their ability to overcome challenges can help reduce the risk of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Luo
- Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Cancer Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xu-Huan Li
- The 4th Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Wu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li D, Carnelley KB, Rowe AC. Insecure Attachment Orientation in Adults and Children and Negative Attribution Bias: A Meta-Analysis. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1679-1694. [PMID: 36062321 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221117690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the first meta-analysis to synthesize the literature on insecure attachment and negative attribution bias (NAB) from both developmental and social/personality attachment traditions. This meta-analysis is important because extant studies report inconsistent associations, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the nature of these associations. Based on 41 samples (N = 8,727) from 32 articles, we specify and compare the effect sizes of these associations across studies. Results confirmed positive associations between NAB and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions and an insecure composite, with a medium effect size. Correlations were moderated by age group, type of attachment measurement, and cultural background. Our findings advance knowledge and build on attachment and attribution theories, reconcile mixed findings, and inform the development of NAB interventions. Important gaps in the literature are revealed that will inspire future research.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao B, Li K, Liu J, Liu X, Zhang J, Xu C, He Y, Feng Z, Zhao M. Life events and depression among children and adolescents in southwest China: a two-stage moderated mediation model of social support and cognitive styles. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:819. [PMID: 36544175 PMCID: PMC9773431 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to data from the National Health Commission in 2018, more than 30 million children and adolescents in China suffered from mental health problems of varying degrees, with depression accounting for the largest proportion. Life events occur at every stage of child and adolescent development. Many studies have found a relationship between life events and depression in children and adolescents, but few studies have further explored the mediating and moderating variables that influence this relationship. Based on theoretical and empirical research on social support and cognitive styles, this study established a two-stage moderated mediating model to test whether social support mediates life events to depression, and cognitive style moderates the two mediating pathways. METHODS We recruited 3540 participants from primary and secondary schools in Chongqing and collected 2814 valid data. All the participants completed self-report measures of life events, depression, social support and cognitive styles. The moderated mediation model was examined using SPSS PROCESS model 58. RESULTS (1) There were significant positive correlations between life events and depression. (2) Social support mediates the relationship between life events and depression in children and adolescents. (3) Cognitive style moderates life events to social support and social support to depression. LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional study and the questionnaire is self-reported. CONCLUSIONS In children and adolescents, life events can influence depression through the mediating role of social support and cognitive styles could moderate its two mediating pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Gao
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Military Psychology, Faculty of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Republic of China ,grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuiliang Li
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Faculty of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ju Liu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Dapartment of Foreign Languages, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Liu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Army Health Service Training Base, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Faculty of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Military Psychology, Faculty of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao He
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhi Feng
- Faculty of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengxue Zhao
- Department of Military Psychology, Faculty of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lurie LA, Hangen EJ, Rosen ML, Crosnoe R, McLaughlin KA. Reduced growth mindset as a mechanism linking childhood trauma with academic performance and internalizing psychopathology. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022:105672. [PMID: 35610110 PMCID: PMC10028502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of childhood adversity and well-documented associations with poor academic achievement and psychopathology, effective, scalable interventions remain largely unavailable. Existing interventions targeting growth mindset-the belief that personal characteristics are malleable-have been shown to improve academic achievement and symptoms of psychopathology in youth. OBJECTIVE The present study examines growth mindset as a potential modifiable mechanism underlying the associations of two dimensions of childhood adversity-threat and deprivation-with academic achievement and internalizing psychopathology. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 408 youth aged 10-18 years drawn from one timepoint of two longitudinal studies of community-based samples recruited to have diverse experiences of childhood adversity. METHOD Experiences of threat and deprivation were assessed using a multi-informant, multi-method approach. Youth reported on growth mindset of intelligence and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Parents provided information about youths' academic performance. RESULTS Both threat and deprivation were independently associated with lower growth mindset, but when accounting for co-occurring adversities, only the association between threat and lower growth mindset remained significant. Lower growth mindset was associated with worse academic performance and greater symptoms of both anxiety and depression. Finally, there was a significant indirect effect of experiences of threat on both lower academic performance and greater symptoms of anxiety through lower growth mindset. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that growth mindset could be a promising target for efforts aimed at mitigating the impact of childhood adversity on academic achievement and psychopathology given the efficacy of existing brief, scalable growth mindset interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Lurie
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
| | | | - Maya L Rosen
- Harvard University, United States; Smith College, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodriguez CM, Gowda Ferguson A, Gonzalez S. Mediators between Positive and Negative Parenting and Child Depressive and Anxious Symptoms: Findings from a Diverse, At-Risk Sample. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030350. [PMID: 35327722 PMCID: PMC8947428 DOI: 10.3390/children9030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although children’s depressive and anxious symptoms have been broadly construed as internalizing problems, the current study sought to identify factors that may differentially contribute to these two mental health problems in a high-risk sample. Prior research has not adequately tested both depressive versus anxious symptoms simultaneously, nor has it adequately considered the role of negative versus positive parenting simultaneously, thereby neglecting the potential overlap in both sets of constructs. Overlooking such potential statistical overlap obfuscates how factors may differentially contribute to either depressive versus anxious symptoms. Existing research has also focused on lower-risk community samples. Method: The present study investigated whether children’s negative self-concept or maladaptive attributional style mediated the link between both negative and positive parenting in a racially diverse, at-risk sample of 65 primary school-age children recruited from mental health agencies. Results: When tested together, more negative parenting, but not less positive parenting, retained direct effects on both depressive and anxious symptoms. Both negative self-concept and maladaptive attributional style fully mediated the association between less positive parenting and children’s depressive symptoms, whereas positive self-concept, but not attributional style, mediated between less positive parenting and anxious symptoms. Conclusions: The current findings underscore potential differential intervention targets for these two internalizing problems and highlight the need for future research to consider both depressive and anxious symptoms, and related predictors, simultaneously to control for their shared variance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anjali Gowda Ferguson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Samantha Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee LO, Aldwin CM, Kubzansky LD, Mroczek DK, Spiro A. The long arm of childhood experiences on longevity: Testing midlife vulnerability and resilience pathways. Psychol Aging 2019; 34:884-899. [PMID: 31524422 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adverse early experiences have been associated with higher mortality risk, but evidence varies by type of experiences, and relatively little is known about the role of favorable early experiences on health in later life. This study evaluated the independent contributions to longevity of favorable and unfavorable early experiences, including psychosocial stressors, childhood socioeconomic status (SES), and close relationships. We also examined 4 midlife psychosocial factors as vulnerability and resilience pathways potentially mediating these associations. The sample included 1,042 men from the VA Normative Aging Study. Early experiences were assessed retrospectively in 1961-1970 and 1995. Midlife psychosocial factors were measured in 1985-1991 and included stressful life events (SLEs), negative affect, life satisfaction, and optimism. Mortality was assessed through 2016. In multiple mediator structural equation models, which account for the overlap among pathways, higher number of SLEs in midlife mediated the association of having more childhood psychosocial stressors to reduced longevity, supporting stress continuity as a vulnerability pathway. Higher optimism in midlife also mediated the association of higher childhood SES to greater longevity. In single mediator models, higher life satisfaction in midlife transmitted the benefits of higher childhood SES and presence of close relationships onto longevity. Higher optimism also mediated the association of fewer childhood psychosocial stressors to longevity. However, these indirect effects were attenuated when accounting for shared variance among mediators, suggesting overlapping pathways. Findings offer novel evidence on unique and shared pathways linking specific dimensions of early experiences to longevity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewina O Lee
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
| | | | | | | | - Avron Spiro
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cognitive-Affective Pathways to Child Depressive and Anxious Symptoms: Role of Children's Discipline Attributions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2019; 50:163-171. [PMID: 30019223 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Children's maladaptive cognitive attributions may elicit affective reactions that contribute to depressive and anxious symptoms. This study investigated cognitive-affective pathways in depressive and anxious symptoms in a sample of 110 prepubertal children, evaluating children's specific appraisals of experiences of parental discipline as well as general attributional style, along with their hopelessness, self-esteem, and shame. Pathways toward depressive and anxious symptoms were tested simultaneously to identify potential unique etiological mechanisms. Results suggested that lower self-esteem strongly contributed to depressive and anxious symptoms, whereas shame related to depression only and hopelessness related to depression only marginally. Additionally, general negative attributional style and low sense of control over discipline related to all three affective elements. Lastly, low sense of discipline control directly predicted depressive symptoms, whereas beliefs that discipline was undeserved directly predicted anxious symptoms. Future work should continue to examine the role of children's discipline-specific attributions, which appear important in internalizing symptoms.
Collapse
|
8
|
D'Angelo CM, Mrug S, Grossoehme D, Schwebel DC, Reynolds N, Guion Reynolds K. Coping, Attributions, and Health Functioning Among Adolescents with Chronic Illness and Their Parents: Reciprocal Relations Over Time. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2019; 26:495-506. [PMID: 30612251 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-018-9597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify bidirectional and longitudinal links between attributions, coping, and health functioning among adolescents with chronic illness and their parents. Religious/spiritual coping, attributional styles, and health functioning were assessed among adolescents with chronic illness at two time points approximately 21 months apart. Parental coping and attributions at both time points were also measured. Longitudinal links between variables were tested using an autoregressive cross-lagged path model; adolescent age and disease differences were evaluated via multigroup modeling. Poorer adolescent health functioning at baseline predicted higher use of parent optimistic attributional style at follow-up. Adolescent optimistic attributional style at baseline predicted more positive and less negative religious/spiritual coping at follow-up; adolescent negative religious/spiritual coping at baseline predicted more positive religious/spiritual coping at follow-up. Parent optimistic attributional style and positive religious/spiritual coping at baseline predicted the same constructs among adolescents at follow-up. With respect to age differences, parental negative religious/spiritual coping at baseline was associated with poorer health functioning among younger, but not older, adolescents at follow-up. There were no disease differences in the model. Important links were identified in this family-based model of coping, attributions, and health functioning. The results highlight specific targets for interventions to improve health functioning and coping among adolescents with chronic illness, including parental religious/spiritual coping and adolescent attributional style.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M D'Angelo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 Second Avenue South, HMB 195, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 Second Avenue South, HMB 195, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Daniel Grossoehme
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 Second Avenue South, HMB 195, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nina Reynolds
- Children's Behavioral Health Ireland Center, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kimberly Guion Reynolds
- Child Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santo JB, Martin-Storey A, Recchia H, Bukowski WM. Self-Continuity Moderates the Association Between Peer Victimization and Depressed Affect. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2018; 28:875-887. [PMID: 29388361 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two longitudinal studies conducted with early adolescents (ages 10-13) examined the hypothesis that self-continuity, or the degree to which individuals feel that they remain the same person over time regardless of how their specific characteristics may change, would moderate the association between victimization and depressed affect. Both Study 1 (N = 141) and Study 2 (N = 100) provided evidence of the moderating role of self-continuity as a buffer on the effect of peer victimization. Study 2 confirmed that self-continuity had a moderating effect after controlling for academic performance, number of friends, self-esteem, self-concept clarity, hopelessness, and self-blame. Findings support self-continuity as being protective with regard to negative peer environments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Esposito G, Azhari A, Borelli JL. Gene × Environment Interaction in Developmental Disorders: Where Do We Stand and What's Next? Front Psychol 2018; 9:2036. [PMID: 30416467 PMCID: PMC6212589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the field of psychiatry has witnessed the proliferation of studies on Gene × Environment (G×E) interactions, still limited is the knowledge we possess of G×E interactions regarding developmental disorders. In this perspective paper, we discuss why G×E interaction studies are needed to broaden our knowledge of developmental disorders. We also discuss the different roles of hazardous versus self-generated environmental factors and how these types of factors may differentially engage with an individual's genetic background in predicting a resulting phenotype. Then, we present examplar studies that highlight the role of G×E in predicting atypical developmental trajectories as well as provide insight regarding treatment outcomes. Supported by these examples, we explore the need to move beyond merely examining statistical interactions between genes and the environment, and the motivation to investigate specific genetic susceptibility and environmental contexts that drive developmental disorders. We propose that further parsing of genetic and environmental components is required to fully understand the unique contribution of each factor to the etiology of developmental disorders. Finally, with a greater appreciation of the complexities of G×E interaction, this discussion will converge upon the potential implications for clinical and translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Esposito
- Psychology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Atiqah Azhari
- Psychology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessica L. Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsujimoto KC, Frijters JC, Boada R, Gottwald S, Hill D, Jacobson LA, Lovett MW, Mahone EM, Willcutt EG, Wolf M, Bosson-Heenan J, Gruen JR. Achievement attributions are associated with specific rather than general learning delays. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018; 64:8-21. [PMID: 32523322 DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The causal attributions that children make for success and failure have been associated with later reading motivation and ability perceptions, which have the potential to impact future task engagement. Few studies have investigated whether such attributions are domain specific, that is linked with the specific skill in question, or a general motivational set. Even fewer studies have examined these relationships among diverse racial and ethnic subgroups. The present study examined differences in success and failure attributions among children with and without reading delay (RD) and general language impairments (LI), in a predominately Hispanic and African American sample. Participants were 1311 children, 8 to 15 years old. Significant differences in ability attributions were observed between participants with and without RD and LI, with no additive effect for cases with co-occurring reading and language impairments. When reading and vocabulary were evaluated continuously, significant and substantial positive relationships were observed between skill and ability attributions in situations of success, and negative associations observed in situations of failure. Weaker relationships were observed for vocabulary, though vocabulary did function as a moderator in the relationship between reading skill and ability attributions, with stronger associations at higher vocabulary levels. Overall, the findings suggest that ability attributions for reading success and failure are linked with reading skill and/or deficits, and not with general language impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dina Hill
- University of New Mexico, United States
| | - Lisa A Jacobson
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neuropsychology, United States.,John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | | | - E Mark Mahone
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neuropsychology, United States.,John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shapero BG, Stange JP, McArthur BA, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Cognitive reappraisal attenuates the association between depressive symptoms and emotional response to stress during adolescence. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:524-535. [PMID: 29637806 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1462148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression is associated with increased emotional response to stress. This is especially the case during the developmental period of adolescence. Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy that has been shown to reduce the impact of emotional response on psychopathology. However, less is known about whether cognitive reappraisal impacts the relationship between depressive symptoms and emotional responses, and whether its effects are specific to emotional reactivity or emotional recovery. The current study examined whether cognitive reappraisal moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and trait or state measures of emotional reactivity and recovery. A community sample of 127 adolescents (M-age = 15.28; 49% female, 47% Caucasian), at an age of risk for depression, completed self-report measures of trait emotional responding and depressive symptoms. In addition, they completed an in vivo social stress task and were assessed on state emotional reactivity and recovery from the stressor. Findings suggested that cognitive reappraisal was associated with an attenuated impact of depressive symptoms on trait and state emotional recovery. These results provide evidence that cognitive reappraisal may be an effective strategy for improving some aspects of emotional responding in relation to depressive symptoms among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Shapero
- a Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jonathan P Stange
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Brae Anne McArthur
- d Department of Psychology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Lyn Y Abramson
- e Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- d Department of Psychology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Heleniak C, King KM, Monahan KC, McLaughlin KA. Disruptions in Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism Linking Community Violence Exposure to Adolescent Internalizing Problems. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2018; 28:229-244. [PMID: 28646545 PMCID: PMC5742089 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although community violence is an established risk factor for youth aggression, less research has examined its relation with internalizing psychopathology. This study examined associations of community violence exposure with internalizing symptoms, and state and trait emotion dysregulation as mechanisms underlying these associations, in 287 adolescents aged 16-17 (45.6% male; 40.8% White). Community violence exposure was associated with internalizing symptoms, negative affect during peer evaluation, trait emotional reactivity, and infrequent problem solving. Multiple emotion dysregulation indices were also associated with internalizing symptoms. In simultaneous multiple mediator models, indirect effects of community violence on internalizing problems were significantly explained by state and trait emotion dysregulation. Findings implicate emotion dysregulation as one mechanism linking community violence exposure to adolescent internalizing symptoms.
Collapse
|
14
|
Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased neural response to ambiguous threatening facial expressions in adulthood: Evidence from the late positive potential. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:143-154. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Longitudinal and Incremental Relation of Cybervictimization to Negative Self-Cognitions and Depressive Symptoms in Young Adolescents. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 44:1321-32. [PMID: 26747449 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are among the most frequent users of social media websites, raising concern about the dangers of cyber bullying or cybervictimization (CV). A 12-month longitudinal study examined the unique, prospective relation of CV to the development of negative self-cognitions and depressive symptoms in a community sample of 827 children and young adolescents (ages 8-13; 55.1 % female) from the southeastern United States. Over and above conventional types of peer victimization, CV significantly predicted changes in self-referential negative cognitions, victimization-related cognitive reactions, and depressive symptoms, even after controlling for baseline levels of the dependent variables. Results also showed that CV was significantly less stable than other forms of victimization and tended to increase slightly with time. The study highlights the unique effects of CV and has implications for research and practice.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Depression among children is a prevalent, distressing phenomenon. Children's hope and negative attributional style are significant precursors for children's depressive symptoms. Thus, the aim of the current study is to examine parents' characteristics that contribute to children's attributional style and hope in a sample of 85 Israeli young elementary school age children (mean [SD] age, 6.70 [0.49] years) and their parents. Results demonstrated positive associations between both mothers' and fathers' positive attributional style and children's hope and positive attributional style; however, parents' hope was not associated with children's hope or with children's positive attributional style. Mothers' overprotectiveness and psychological control were negatively associated with children's hope and positive attributional style, whereas fathers' overprotectiveness was positively associated with these variables. Moreover, few parent and child sex effects were found with fathers' criticism associating negatively with boys' attributional style and hope and positively with girls' attributional style. Finally, our study demonstrated a possible advantage of the fit between mothers' and fathers' practices to children's positive attributional style and hope. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Günther V, Dannlowski U, Kersting A, Suslow T. Associations between childhood maltreatment and emotion processing biases in major depression: results from a dot-probe task. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:123. [PMID: 26047613 PMCID: PMC4458030 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment is considered an important risk factor for the development of major depression. Research indicates an association between childhood adversity and altered emotion processing. Depression is characterized by mood-congruent cognitive biases, which play a crucial role in symptom persistence and recurrence. However, whether attentional biases in adult major depression are associated with experienced childhood neglect or abuse remains unclear. METHODS A sample of 45 patients suffering from major depression were recruited to examine correlations between maltreatment experienced during childhood and attentional biases to sad and happy facial expressions. Attention allocation was assessed using the dot-probe task and a history of childhood maltreatment was measured by means of the 25-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). RESULTS Our results indicate an association between childhood maltreatment and sustained attention toward sad facial expressions. This relationship was not confounded by severity of symptoms, age, verbal intelligence or more recent stressful experiences. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the hypothesis that a mood-congruent bias in emotion processing observed in major depression is related to early traumatic experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany.
| | - Anette Kersting
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Suslow
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamilton JL, Connolly SL, Liu RT, Stange JP, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. It gets better: future orientation buffers the development of hopelessness and depressive symptoms following emotional victimization during early adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:465-74. [PMID: 25052625 PMCID: PMC4305347 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research consistently has linked hopelessness to a range of negative outcomes, including depression, during adolescence. Although interpersonal stressors such as familial and peer emotional victimization have been found to contribute to hopelessness, less research has examined whether adolescents with a greater tendency to think about and plan for the future (i.e., future orientation) are protected against the development of hopelessness, particularly in the context of negative events. Thus, the current study evaluated whether peer and familial emotional victimization predicted increases in hopelessness more strongly among adolescents with a weaker future orientation than those with a stronger orientation towards the future, and whether hopelessness in turn predicted increases in depression. In a diverse sample of 259 early adolescents (54% female; 51% African American; Mage = 12.86 years), both peer and familial emotional victimization predicted increases in hopelessness more strongly among adolescents with weaker future orientations than among those with stronger future orientations. Further, moderated mediation analyses revealed that hopelessness significantly mediated the relationship between emotional victimization and increases in depressive symptoms more strongly among adolescents with weaker orientations towards the future compared to those with stronger future orientations. These findings indicate that adolescents' tendency to think about the future may impact whether emotional victimization induces hopelessness and ultimately depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Results have important implications regarding intervention and prevention of depression during the critical developmental period of adolescence.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hopelessness scales devised by Beck and by Kazdin have been used in hundreds of studies of both non-clinical and clinical samples. The present study identified non-clinical adolescent samples to see if the mean scores differed by age, sex, year of publication of the study, and nation. METHODS Studies of school students administered the Beck Hopelessness Scale or the Kazdin Hopelessness Scale for Children were identified from a literature search using PsycINFO and the search term "hopelessness" anywhere in the text. Seventy-eight studies were found reporting mean scores, 44 for American students and 34 for students in other countries. RESULTS The scores of American students were significantly lower than those of students in other countries, and there was a tendency for boys to have higher scores than girls (in 18 of the 27 studies which reported differences by sex). There was no tendency for the hopelessness scores of American students to have increased in recent years. CONCLUSIONS American adolescents appear to be less hopeless than adolescent in other nations, and the scores of American adolescents do not seem to have changed significantly over the last 30 years.
Collapse
|
20
|
Auerbach RP, Ho MHR, Kim JC. Identifying cognitive and interpersonal predictors of adolescent depression. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 42:913-24. [PMID: 24398789 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research has begun to examine cognitive and interpersonal predictors of stress and subsequent depression in adolescents. This research is critical as cognitive and interpersonal vulnerability factors likely shape expectations, perspectives, and interpretations of a given situation prior to the onset of a stressor. In the current study, adolescents (n = 157; boys=64, girls=93), ages 12 to 18, participated in a 6-month, multi-wave longitudinal study examining the impact of negative cognitive style, self-criticism, and dependency on stress and depression. Results of time-lagged, idiographic multilevel analyses indicate that depressogenic attributional styles (i.e., composite score and weakest link approach) and self-criticism predict dependent interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal stress. Moreover, the occurrence of stress mediates the relationship between cognitive vulnerability and depressive symptoms over time. At the same time, self-criticism predicts above and beyond depressogenic attributional styles (i.e., composite and weakest link approach). In contrast to our hypotheses, dependency does not contribute to the occurrence of stress, and additionally, no gender differences emerge. Taken together, the findings suggest that self-criticism may be a particularly damaging vulnerability factor in adolescence, and moreover, it may warrant greater attention in the context of psychotherapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy P Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, deMarneffe, Room 240, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Padilla Paredes P, Calvete E. Cognitive vulnerabilities as mediators between emotional abuse and depressive symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 42:743-53. [PMID: 24292965 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether childhood parental emotional abuse and peer emotional bullying serve as antecedents of depression in adolescence and identified the cognitive mechanisms involved in this process. It was hypothesized that the experience of emotional abuse would predict depressive symptoms via development of rumination and negative inferences. A 3-wave longitudinal study was carried out with 998 adolescents (471 girls and 526 boys) between 13 and 17 years of age. Results showed that emotional abuse by parents and peers at Time 1 predicted a worsening of several cognitive vulnerabilities at Time 2. In addition, brooding mediated between the experiences of abuse and the increase of depressive symptoms at Time 3. Thus, findings suggest that the experiences of childhood emotional abuse by parents and peers serve as antecedents to develop a negative cognitive style, vulnerability that, once developed, is a risk factor for the onset of depressive symptoms in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Padilla Paredes
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Apdo. 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain,
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McLean HR, Bailey HN, Lumley MN. The secure base script: associated with early maladaptive schemas related to attachment. Psychol Psychother 2014; 87:425-46. [PMID: 24634390 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relations between traditionally assessed early maladaptive schemas and the attachment-specific secure base script (a script-like representation of what individuals expect to happen when they face distress), to inform our understanding of beliefs about the self in relation to others. The present study took an ecologically driven approach, assessing knowledge of the secure base script from descriptions of current relationships. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used. METHODS One hundred forty-six undergraduate students, recruited as part of a larger study on adversity and self-concept, provided narrative descriptions of their current relationships. Narratives were coded for attachment-related 'secure base' content using a secure base script scale for relationship narratives. Early maladaptive schemas were assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire, and attachment was additionally evaluated using the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire. RESULTS Self-reported attachment avoidance and anxiety were related to secure base script content in theory-consistent ways. The extent to which participants described secure base script content was inversely associated with four out of five maladaptive schemas characterized most centrally by disconnection from others. Furthermore, these associations remained significant when controlling for self-reported attachment style. Self-reported attachment avoidance and anxiety also were related to maladaptive schemas in a predictable pattern. CONCLUSIONS Results bridge cognitive and attachment theories, supporting the interrelatedness of secure base script knowledge assessed in current relationships, and schema-related content regarding connectedness with others. Better integration of theories regarding internal representations may serve to enrich psychotherapeutic formulation from a variety of clinical perspectives. PRACTITIONER POINTS Schema Therapy's (Young, Klosko, & Weishaar, 2003 , Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press) early maladaptive schemas, with themes of disconnection from others/in relationships, are related to the attachment construct of knowledge of a secure base script. Applying secure base script coding procedure to a relationship speech task provides a potentially valuable performance-based tool for evaluating important attachment related constructs in a brief, non-obtrusive format. Better understanding of how self-schema and attachment constructs are associated may be of benefit to case formulation for psychotherapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hamilton JL, Stange JP, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Stress and the Development of Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression Explain Sex Differences in Depressive Symptoms during Adolescence. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 3:702-714. [PMID: 26509106 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614545479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cognitive vulnerabilities to depression have received considerable empirical support, little research has evaluated the differential development of cognitive vulnerabilities in adolescent girls and boys. The current study examined the role of stressful life events, as well as sex differences in reactivity and exposure to stress, in the development of negative cognitive style and rumination in a multi-wave study of 382 adolescents. Path analyses indicated that interpersonal dependent stress predicted higher prospective levels of negative cognitive styles and rumination. Additionally, girls' greater exposure to interpersonal dependent stress explained their higher levels of rumination, which accounted for girls' higher levels of depressive symptoms than boys. These findings suggest that interpersonal dependent stress is a significant risk factor for the formation of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression during adolescence, and that the sex difference in depressive symptoms may result from girls' greater exposure to interpersonal dependent stress and ruminative response style than boys.
Collapse
|
24
|
Vélez CE, Krause ED, Brunwasser SM, Freres DR, Abenavoli RM, Gillham JE. Parent predictors of adolescents' explanatory style. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2014; 35:931-946. [PMID: 28090130 PMCID: PMC5226089 DOI: 10.1177/0272431614547050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study tested the prospective relations (six month lag) between three aspects of the parent-child relationship at Time 1 (T1) and adolescents' explanatory styles at Time 2 (T2): caregiving behaviors, parents' explanatory style for their own negative events, and parents' explanatory style for their children's negative events. The sample included 129 adolescents aged 11 to 14 years at baseline and their parents. Adolescents reported on their own explanatory style and their parents' caregiving behaviors; parents self-reported on their caregiving behaviors and their explanatory style for their own and their children's events. Regression analyses identified maternal acceptance as a significant predictor of T2 adolescents' explanatory style. Marginal effects emerged for fathers' psychological control and fathers' explanatory style for their children's events. Findings suggest that the ways parents - especially mothers - interact with their children may play a role in adolescents' cognitive vulnerability to depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clorinda E. Vélez
- Department of Psychology, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA
| | - Elizabeth D. Krause
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Derek R. Freres
- Annenberg School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel M. Abenavoli
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jane E. Gillham
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA
- Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Calvete E. Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: contributions to the development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:735-746. [PMID: 24252743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The schema therapy model posits that maltreatment generates early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) that lead to the development of emotional disorders throughout the life span. The model also stipulates that temperament moderates the influence of maltreatment on EMSs. This study examines (a) whether emotional abuse perpetrated by parents and peers, both alone and interactively with temperament, predicts the worsening of EMSs; and (b) whether EMSs in turn predict an increase in depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. A total of 1,052 adolescents (Mage=13.43; SD=1.29) were assessed at three time points, each of which was separated by 6 months. The subjects completed measures of emotional abuse by parents and peers, neuroticism, extraversion, EMSs, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety. The findings indicate that emotional bullying victimization and neuroticism predict a worsening of all schema domains over time. Contrary to expectations, there was no significant interaction between temperament dimensions and emotional abuse. The results confirmed the mediational hypothesis that changes in EMSs mediated the predictive association between bullying victimization and emotional symptoms. This study provides partial support for the schema therapy model by demonstrating the role of emotional abuse and temperament in the genesis of EMSs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu RT, Alloy LB, Mastin BM, Choi JY, Boland EM, Jenkins A. Vulnerability-specific stress generation: an examination of depressogenic cognitive vulnerability across multiple domains. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2014; 27:695-711. [PMID: 24679143 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.909927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although there is supporting evidence for the stress generation hypothesis (i.e., the tendency for depression-prone individuals to experience more negative dependent events influenced by their behaviors and characteristics), additional research is required to advance current understanding of the specific types of dependent events relevant to this effect. The present study elaborated on the stress generation hypothesis, in which the content of negative dependent events experienced by individuals is contingent upon, and matches, the nature of their particular vulnerabilities. This extension was tested within the context of Cole's competency-based model of depression. DESIGN Participants (n=185) were assessed at two time-points separated by a four-month interval. METHODS Self-perceived competence in academic, social, and appearance domains at the initial time-point were examined in relation to negative life events prospectively occurring over the four-month follow-up period, assessed using the "contextual threat" method. RESULTS Partial support was obtained for vulnerability-specific stress generation. Stress-generation specificity was found for self-perceived competence in appearance and academic domains, but not for self-perceived social competence. CONCLUSIONS The current findings are consistent with the possibility of a more complex relation between self-perceived social competence and domain-congruent stress generation. Individuals may be more likely to experience negative dependent events in domains matching their specific vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Liu
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Michael T. Morrow, Julie A. Hubbard, Lauren E. Swift. Relations Among Multiple Types of Peer Victimization, Reactivity to Peer Victimization, and Academic Achievement in Fifth-Grade Boys and Girls. MERRILL-PALMER QUARTERLY-JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.60.3.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Liu RT, Kraines MA, Massing-Schaffer M, Alloy LB. Rejection Sensitivity and Depression: Mediation by Stress Generation. Psychiatry 2014; 77:86-97. [PMID: 24575915 PMCID: PMC4064307 DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2014.77.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rejection sensitivity has been found to confer risk for depression. The process through which this occurs remains unclear. This risk factor also has been associated with negative behavioral tendencies and interpersonal difficulties. Drawing on these different lines of research, the current investigation aimed to evaluate stress generation, the tendency for depression-prone individuals to experience higher rates of life stressors that are at least in part influenced by their own behavior, as a potential mechanism mediating the link between rejection sensitivity and subsequent depressive symptoms. Sixty-six adults with a history of depression were followed over a 4-month interval and completed assessments of rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms at baseline, and depressive symptoms, a diagnostic interview for depression, and a contextual threat life stress interview at 4-month follow-up. Consistent with the stress generation hypothesis, rejection sensitivity predicted higher rates of dependent stressors, but not independent ones, over the 4-month prospective follow-up period. Furthermore, prospectively occurring dependent stressors mediated the relationship between baseline rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms at follow-up. The finding that stress generation may operate as a mediating mechanism underlying the pathway between rejection sensitivity and depression lends preliminary support for the importance of targeting maladaptive behavioral tendencies in rejection-sensitive individuals in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Corresponding author. Richard T. Liu, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI 02915 (address: )
| | - Morganne A. Kraines
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maya Massing-Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shapero BG, Hamilton JL, Liu RT, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Internalizing symptoms and rumination: the prospective prediction of familial and peer emotional victimization experiences during adolescence. J Adolesc 2013; 36:1067-76. [PMID: 24215953 PMCID: PMC3856637 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is marked by increases in stressful life events. Although research has demonstrated that depressed individuals generate stress, few studies investigate the generation of emotional victimization. The current study examined the effects of rumination and internalizing symptoms on experiences of peer victimization and familial emotional abuse. Participants were 216 adolescents (M = 14-years-old; 58% female; 47% African-American) who completed two assessments. Results showed that rumination predicted peer victimization and emotional abuse. The effect of rumination on emotional victimization is heightened for those who have higher levels of depression symptoms. That is, individuals who ruminate and who have depression symptoms experience increases in both peer emotional victimization and parental emotional abuse. This study builds upon prior research and indicates that rumination may be a stronger predictor of emotional victimization than symptoms of depression or anxiety. Identifying underlying mechanisms may yield targets for interventions aimed at addressing the chronic nature of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Shapero
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, 1701 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Calvete E, Orue I, Hankin BL. Transactional relationships among cognitive vulnerabilities, stressors, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 41:399-410. [PMID: 23093441 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transactional cognitive vulnerability to stress model Hankin & Abramson (Psychological Bulletin, 127:773-796, 2001) extends the traditional diathesis-stress model by proposing that the relationships among cognitions, depressive symptoms, and stressors are dynamic and bidirectional. In this study three different pathways among these variables were assessed simultaneously: (1) cognitive vulnerabilities and stressors as predictors of depressive symptoms (vulnerability model), (2) depressive symptoms and cognitive vulnerabilities as predictors of stressors (stress generation model), and (3) depressive symptoms and stressors as predictors of cognitive vulnerabilities (consequence model). A fully cross-lagged design panel was employed with 1,187 adolescents (545 girls and 642 boys, Mean Age = 13.42 years) who were assessed at two time points separated by 6 months. They completed measures of cognitive vulnerabilities (maladaptive schema domains and negative inferential style), stressors, and depressive symptoms. Inferential style and schemas of the disconnection and rejection domain predicted prospective increases in depressive symptoms. Initial levels of depressive symptoms and most cognitive vulnerabilities predicted greater stress generation. Initial levels of stressors and depressive symptoms predicted an increase in negative inferential style and maladaptive schema domains over time. These bidirectional relationships were mostly similar for boys and girls, although there were a few gender differences. The findings support a transactional model with reciprocal relationships among stress, depressive symptoms, and cognitive vulnerabilities. Transactional implications for depression interventions among adolescents are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Calvete
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Emam MM. Problem-solving orientation and attributional style as predictors of depressive symptoms in Egyptian adolescents with visual impairment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0264619613486377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The association between attributional style (AS), problem-solving orientation (PSO), and gender on depressive symptoms was investigated in Egyptian adolescents with visual impairment (VI). After being written in Braille, measures of AS, PSO, and depression were administered to 110 adolescents with VI, ages 12–17 years, from a residential school for pupils with VI. Regression analyses showed that gender, negative general (NG) attributions, and negative problem-solving orientation (NPSO) were the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms in adolescents with VI, whereas negative internal (NI) attributions and avoidant problem-solving orientation (APSO) were weak predictors. The findings are discussed in relation to different perspectives and models of depression, particularly the stress-diathesis model. The theory that these cognitive variables are core constituents of a cognitive diathesis model of depression in individuals with VI is not supported by this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Emam
- Assiut University, Egypt; Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu RT, Choi JY, Boland EM, Mastin BM, Alloy LB. Childhood abuse and stress generation: the mediational effect of depressogenic cognitive styles. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206:217-22. [PMID: 23273609 PMCID: PMC4081492 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
According to the stress generation hypothesis (Hammen, 1991), depressed and depression-prone individuals experience higher rates of negative life events influenced by their own behaviors and characteristics (i.e., dependent events), which in part may account for the often recurrent nature of depression. Relatively little is known about the interrelation between stress generation predictors, and distal risk factors for this phenomenon. This study examined whether childhood emotional, sexual, and physical abuse, each uniquely predicted negative dependent events in individuals with a history of depression. The role of negative inferential styles as a potential mediator was also assessed. A sample of 66 adults with a history of depression completed self-report measures of childhood abuse history and negative inferential styles at baseline. The "contextual threat" method was used to assess the occurrence of negative life events over a 4-month prospective follow-up period. Childhood emotional abuse, but not sexual or physical abuse, prospectively predicted greater stress generation. Negative inferential styles mediated this relation. These findings suggest that targeting negative cognitive styles in clinical settings, especially in patients with a history of childhood emotional abuse, may be important for reducing the occurrence of negative life events, thereby possibly decreasing risk for depression recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, 1011 Veterans Memorial Parkway, East Providence, RI 02915, USA,Corresponding author. (R.T. Liu)
| | - Jimmy Y. Choi
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Elaine M. Boland
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Becky M. Mastin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guion K, Mrug S. The role of parental and adolescent attributions in adjustment of adolescents with chronic illness. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2013; 19:262-9. [PMID: 22430813 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-011-9288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous literature has demonstrated the separate contributions of parental attributions and adolescent attributions to psychosocial adjustment of adolescents with chronic illness. However, it is unknown whether parental attributions affect adolescents' mental health directly or indirectly by influencing the youths' attributional style. This study evaluated the direct and indirect (through adolescent attributions) effects of parental attributions on internalizing and externalizing problems of adolescents with chronic illness. Adolescents (N = 128; M = 14.7 years) diagnosed with cystic fibrosis or diabetes and their caregivers completed measures of attributional style and adolescent adjustment. Parents' optimistic attributions were associated with fewer adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. These effects were partly mediated by adolescent attributions. These results suggest that targeting both adolescent and parent attributions may be important for improving adolescents' adjustment to a chronic illness.
Collapse
|
34
|
Stange JP, Alloy LB, Flynn M, Abramson LY. Negative inferential style, emotional clarity, and life stress: integrating vulnerabilities to depression in adolescence. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 42:508-18. [PMID: 23215673 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.743104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Negative inferential style and deficits in emotional clarity have been identified as vulnerability factors for depression in adolescence, particularly when individuals experience high levels of life stress. However, previous research has not integrated these characteristics when evaluating vulnerability to depression. In the present study, a racially diverse community sample of 256 early adolescents (ages 12 and 13) completed a baseline visit and a follow-up visit 9 months later. Inferential style, emotional clarity, and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline, and intervening life events and depressive symptoms were assessed at follow-up. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that there was a significant three-way interaction between adolescents' weakest-link negative inferential style, emotional clarity, and intervening life stress predicting depressive symptoms at follow-up, controlling for initial depressive symptoms. Adolescents with low emotional clarity and high negative inferential styles experienced the greatest increases in depressive symptoms following life stress. Emotional clarity buffered against the impact of life stress on depressive symptoms among adolescents with negative inferential styles. Similarly, negative inferential styles exacerbated the impact of life stress on depressive symptoms among adolescents with low emotional clarity. These results provide evidence of the utility of integrating inferential style and emotional clarity as constructs of vulnerability in combination with life stress in the identification of adolescents at risk for depression. They also suggest the enhancement of emotional clarity as a potential intervention technique to protect against the effects of negative inferential styles and life stress on depression in early adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Stange
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gibb BE, Stone LB, Crossett SE. Peer victimization and prospective changes in children's inferential styles. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 41:561-9. [PMID: 22853556 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.703124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the cognitive vulnerabilities featured in the hopelessness theory of depression-inferential styles for the causes, consequences, and self-worth implications of negative events-increase risk for depression. Given this, it is important to understand how these inferential styles develop. In this study, we examined the impact of overt and relational peer victimization in a multiwave prospective study of 100 children (8-12 years of age) with peer victimization and inferential styles assessed every 2 months for 6 months (4 assessments total). Overt victimization uniquely predicted prospective changes in children's inferential styles for consequences and relational victimization uniquely predicted changes in inferential styles for self-characteristics. It is important to note that these relations were maintained even after controlling for the impact of concurrent depressive symptoms. These results add to a growing body of research suggesting that peer victimization may increase risk for the development of cognitive vulnerability to depression in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Gibb
- Department of Psychology , Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lau JY, Belli SD, Gregory AM, Napolitano M, Eley TC. The role of children’s negative attributions on depressive symptoms: an inherited characteristic or a product of the early environment? Dev Sci 2012; 15:569-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Gibb BE, Grassia M, Stone LB, Uhrlass DJ, McGeary JE. Brooding rumination and risk for depressive disorders in children of depressed mothers. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:317-26. [PMID: 21826445 PMCID: PMC3253178 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to examine the role of brooding rumination in children at risk for depression. We found that children of mothers with a history of major depression exhibited higher levels of brooding rumination than did children of mothers with no depression history. Examining potential mechanisms of this risk, we found no evidence for shared genetic influences (BDNF or 5-HTTLPR) or modeling of mothers' rumination. However, we did find that children with a history of prior depressive disorders exhibited higher current levels of brooding rumination than children with no depression history. Importantly, children's brooding predicted prospective onsets of new depressive episodes over a 20-month follow-up even when we statistically controlled for depressive symptom levels at the initial assessment, suggesting that the predictive effect of brooding rumination in children was not due simply to co-occurring depressive symptoms.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Gibb BE, Johnson AL, Benas JS, Uhrlass DJ, Knopik VS, McGeary JE. Children's 5-HTTLPR genotype moderates the link between maternal criticism and attentional biases specifically for facial displays of anger. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:1104-20. [PMID: 21895572 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.508267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Theorists have proposed that negative experiences in childhood may contribute to the development of experience-specific information-processing biases, including attentional biases. There are also clear genetic influences on cognitive processes, with evidence that polymorphisms in specific candidate genes may moderate the impact of environmental stress on attentional biases (e.g., a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene; 5-HTTLPR). In the current study, we tested a gene×environment (G×E) model of risk for attentional biases. We hypothesised that children whose mothers exhibit high levels of expressed emotion criticism (EE-Crit) would display attentional biases specifically for angry, but not happy or sad, faces, and that this link would be stronger among children carrying one or two copies of the 5-HTTLPR short allele than among those homozygous for the long allele. Results generally supported these hypotheses, though we found that carriers of the 5-HTTLPR short allele who also had a critical mother exhibited attentional avoidance of angry faces rather than preferential attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Gibb
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hanley AJ, Gibb BE. Verbal victimization and changes in hopelessness among elementary school children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2011; 40:772-6. [PMID: 21916695 PMCID: PMC3176633 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2011.597086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hopelessness is a known risk factor for a number of negative outcomes including suicide attempts and deaths. However, little is known about how hopelessness may develop. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of verbal victimization on changes in children's levels of hopelessness. Participants were 448 fourth- and fifth-grade children who were assessed twice, 6 months apart. As hypothesized, reports of verbal victimization occurring during the follow-up period predicted residual change in children's levels of hopelessness. This relation was maintained even after statistically controlling for children's depressive symptoms. Together, these findings suggest that verbal victimization is associated with a greater risk for developing hopelessness in elementary school children, an effect that appears at least partially independent of concurrent depressive symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Catterson J, Hunter SC. Cognitive mediators of the effect of peer victimization on loneliness. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 80:403-16. [DOI: 10.1348/000709909x481274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
42
|
Lex C, Meyer TD. Do Personality-Like Risk Factors for Bipolar and Unipolar Mood Disorder Predict Attributional Style? Int J Cogn Ther 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2009.2.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
43
|
Hankin BL, Oppenheimer C, Jenness J, Barrocas A, Shapero BG, Goldband J. Developmental origins of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: review of processes contributing to stability and change across time. J Clin Psychol 2009; 65:1327-38. [PMID: 19827008 PMCID: PMC3071684 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression have been shown to be potent predictors of future increases in depressive symptoms and disorder in children, adolescents, and adults. This article focuses on potential developmental origins of the main cognitive vulnerabilities, including dysfunctional attitudes, negative cognitive style, and rumination. We selectively review processes and factors that have been hypothesized to contribute to the emergence and stabilization of these cognitive risk factors. This review focuses on genetic factors, temperament, parents and peers as salient interpersonal influences, and stressful life events. We end with suggestions for future theory development and research. In particular, we emphasize the need for additional conceptual and empirical work integrating these disparate processes together into a coherent, developmental psychopathological model, and we highlight the coexistence of both stability and change in the development of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bogaerts S, J. Kunst MJ, Winkel FW. Dismissive Attachment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Securely and Insecurely Attached Belgian Security Workers. Psychol Rep 2009; 105:889-99. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.105.3.889-899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in relation to secure and insecure attachment styles based on data collected in a sample of 81 Belgian security workers. All had experienced one traumatic event in the previous year. The sample was divided into a securely attached and an insecurely attached group. The three PTSD symptom scales, Re-experiencing, Avoidance, and Hyperarousal, differentiated significantly between the two attachment groups; the dismissive attachment style was negatively related to PTSD. Individuals with a positive view of themselves and a negative view of others have less risk of developing PTSD than those with a fearful or preoccupied attachment style. A relationship between the dismissive attachment style with grandiose narcissism seems possible. Interest has been expressed in medical approaches; therefore, the importance of medical research on PTSD is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bogaerts
- Faculty of Law, Intervict, Faculty of Social Sciences and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Faculty of Law, Department of Criminology, Catholic University of Louvain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu RT, Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Iacoviello BM, Whitehouse WG. Emotional maltreatment and depression: prospective prediction of depressive episodes. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26:174-81. [PMID: 19152341 PMCID: PMC2832855 DOI: 10.1002/da.20545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most research to date on the role of maltreatment experiences in depression has focused on physical and sexual maltreatment. However, several researchers have theorized that emotional maltreatment may be more strongly linked to depression. Furthermore, prospective studies in this area are lacking. This study addressed these issues by examining whether experiences of current emotional maltreatment predicted the development of new prospective episodes of major (MD) or minor depression (MiD), and the subtype of hopelessness depression (HD) in young adults. It also assessed whether current emotional maltreatment from peers and from authority figures separately predicted the occurrence of depressive episodes. METHOD One hundred and sixty-five participants from the Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project were followed prospectively for 2.5 years. Current emotional maltreatment and new depressive episodes were assessed with life event and diagnostic interviews administered every 6 weeks. RESULTS Greater overall emotional maltreatment predicted shorter time to onset of new MD, MiD, and HD episodes. Peer- and authority-perpetrated emotional maltreatment separately predicted shorter time to development of new HD episodes. CONCLUSIONS Greater emotional maltreatment in young adults prospectively predicts onset of depression, particularly HD. These findings highlight the importance of adult emotional maltreatment experiences in determining targets for prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
46
|
Courtney EA, Johnson JG, Alloy LB. Associations of Childhood Maltreatment with Hopelessness and Depression among Adolescent Primary Care Patients. Int J Cogn Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2008.1.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Wade TD, Gillespie N, Martin NG. A comparison of early family life events amongst monozygotic twin women with lifetime anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or major depression. Int J Eat Disord 2007; 40:679-86. [PMID: 17868128 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the differential profile of early family life events associated with lifetime anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and major depression (MD). METHOD Only data from the monozygotic twins (n = 622) were examined from a community sample of female twins who had participated in three waves of data collection. Eating disorder and MD diagnoses were ascertained from the Eating Disorder Examination at Wave 3 and interview at Wave 2 respectively. Early family events were ascertained from self-report measures at Waves 1 and 3. Two case control designs were used, including a comparison of women: (1) who had lifetime AN, BN, MD, and controls, and (2) twin pairs discordant for either AN, BN, or MD (where the unaffected cotwin formed the control group). RESULTS Across the two types of designs, compared to controls, both AN and BN were associated with more comments from the family about weight and shape when growing up. AN was uniquely associated with higher levels of paternal protection while BN was associated with higher levels of parental expectations. CONCLUSION While some overlap among early life events was indicated, especially related to parental conflict and criticism, there was evidence to support some degree of nonoverlap among life events associated with AN, BN, and MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey D Wade
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: a cognitive science and developmental perspective. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 28:759-82. [PMID: 18068882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We summarize and integrate research on cognitive vulnerability to depression among children and adolescents. We first review prospective longitudinal studies of the most researched cognitive vulnerability factors (attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-perception) and depression among youth. We next review research on information processing biases in youth. We propose that the integration of these two literatures will result in a more adequate test of cognitive vulnerability models. Last, we outline a program of research addressing methodological, statistical, and scientific limitations in the cognitive vulnerability literature.
Collapse
|
50
|
Grandin LD, Alloy LB, Abramson LY. Childhood Stressful Life Events and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.4.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|