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Figuracion MT, Kozlowski MB, Macknyk KS, Heise MB, Pieper SM, Alperin BR, Morton HE, Nigg JT, Karalunas SL. The Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Error Monitoring in Adolescents with ADHD. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:605-620. [PMID: 37843650 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is emblematic of the limitations of existing diagnostic categories. One potential solution, consistent with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, is to interrogate psychological mechanisms at the behavioral and physiological level together to try and identify meaningful subgroups within existing categories. Such approaches provide a way to revise diagnostic boundaries and clarify individual variation in mechanisms. Here, we illustrate this approach to help resolve heterogeneity in ADHD using a combination of behaviorally-rated temperament measures from the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire; cognitive performance on three difference conditions of an emotional go/no-go task; and electroencephalogram (EEG)-measured variation in multiple stages of error processing, including the error-related negativity (ERN) and positivity (Pe). In a large (N = 342), well-characterized sample of adolescents with ADHD, latent profile analysis identified two ADHD temperament subgroups: 1) emotionally regulated and 2) emotionally dysregulated (with high negative affect). Cognitive and EEG assessment in a subset of 272 adolescents (nADHD = 151) found that the emotionally dysregulated group showed distinct patterns of change in early neural response to errors (ERN) across emotional task conditions as compared to emotionally-regulated ADHD adolescents and typically-developing controls. Both ADHD groups showed blunted later response to errors (Pe) that was stable across emotional task conditions. Overall, neural response patterns identified important differences in how trait and state emotion interact to affect cognitive processing. Results highlight important temperament variation within ADHD that helps clarify its relationship to the ERN, one of the most prominent putative neural biomarkers for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Kozlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katelyn S Macknyk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Madelyn B Heise
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah M Pieper
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brittany R Alperin
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hannah E Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah L Karalunas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Eng AG, Bansal PS, Goh PK, Nirjar U, Petersen MK, Martel MM. Evidence-Based Assessment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Assessment 2024; 31:42-52. [PMID: 36633097 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221149957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals from all life stages, genders, and races/ethnicities. Accurate assessment of ADHD across different populations is essential as undiagnosed ADHD is associated with numerous costly negative public health outcomes and is complicated by high comorbidity and developmental change in symptoms over time. Predictive analysis suggests that best-practice evidence-based assessment of ADHD should include both ADHD-specific and broadband rating scales from multiple informants with consideration of IQ, academic achievement, and executive function when there are concerns about learning. For children under age 12, parent and teacher ratings should be averaged. For adolescents and adults, informant reports should be prioritized when self- and other-report are inconsistent. Future research should provide more stringent evaluation of the sensitivity of measures to treatment response and developmental change over time as well as further validate measures on historically understudied populations (i.e., adults, women, and racial/ethnic minorities).
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Goh PK, Smith TE, Lee CA, Bansal PS, Eng AG, Martel MM. Etiological Networks of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder during Childhood and Adolescence. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023; 52:230-243. [PMID: 34348521 PMCID: PMC8814051 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1946820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to use network analysis techniques to parse relations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom domains, domains of executive function, and temperament traits. METHODS Participants were 420 children aged 6-17 years (55% boys). The majority of the participants were Caucasian (72.86%) and 50% of the sample met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Both parents and teachers provided ratings of participants' ADHD symptom severity. Parents completed questionnaires pertaining to participants' temperament traits, and participants completed well-validated laboratory measures of executive function. RESULTS Results suggested effortful control as demonstrating the strongest relations with ADHD, particularly the parent-reported inattentive symptom domain. Additionally, negative effects appeared to demonstrate weaker but still notable relations primarily with the parent-reported hyperactive/impulsive symptom domain. Measures of executive function did not appear to demonstrate relations with any measures of ADHD symptoms or temperament traits. The results were generally replicated in a distinct sample (n = 732, 7-13 years, 63% boys, 81% White), although differences emerged pertaining to the role of surgency (i.e., related to the hyperactive/impulsive symptom domain in the replication but not the primary sample). CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings provided support for the primary role of effortful control, as well as secondary roles for negative affect and surgency, as key risk markers for the characterization of ADHD. Additional exploration of the overlap between temperament and executive function, as pertaining to ADHD, may help clarify heterogeneity in phenotypes and suggest priorities for targeted interventions outside of traditional symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tess E Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
| | - Christine A Lee
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | - Ashley G Eng
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
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Goh PK, Elkins AR, Bansal PS, Eng AG, Martel MM. Data-Driven Methods for Predicting ADHD Diagnosis and Related Impairment: The Potential of a Machine Learning Approach. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:679-691. [PMID: 36656406 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Current diagnostic criteria for ADHD include several symptoms that highly overlap in conceptual meaning and interpretation. Additionally, inadequate sensitivity and specificity of current screening tools have hampered clinicians' ability to identify those at risk for related outcomes. Using machine learning techniques, the current study aimed to propose a novel algorithm incorporating key ADHD symptoms to predict concurrent and future (i.e., five years later) ADHD diagnosis and related impairment levels. Participants were 399 children with and without ADHD; multiple informant measures of ADHD symptoms, global impairment, academic performance, and social skills were included as part of an accelerated longitudinal design. Results suggested eight symptoms as most important in predicting impairment outcomes five years later: (1) Has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities, (2) Does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish work, (3) Has difficulty organizing tasks and activities, (4) Avoids tasks (e.g., schoolwork, homework) that require sustained mental effort, (5) Is often easily distracted, (6) Is often forgetful in daily activities, (7) Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat, and (8) Interrupts/intrudes on others. The algorithm comprising this abbreviated list of symptoms performed just as well as or significantly better than one comprising all 18 symptoms in predicting future global impairment and academic performance, but not social skills. It also predicted concurrent and future ADHD diagnosis with 81-93% accuracy. Continued development of screening tools will be key to ensuring access to clinical services for youth at risk for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Goh
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2530 Dole Street, Sakamaki C400, Honolulu, HI, 96822-2294, USA.
| | - Anjeli R Elkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Pevitr S Bansal
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Ashley G Eng
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Yang Y, Shields GS, Zhang Y, Wu H, Chen H, Romer AL. Child executive function and future externalizing and internalizing problems: A meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 97:102194. [PMID: 35964337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To determine the association between executive function and later externalizing and internalizing problems, we conducted a meta-analysis of 167 studies (1098 effect sizes, total N = 66,119) that explored the longitudinal associations between executive functions in children and subsequent externalizing and internalizing problems. The results indicated that greater child executive function was prospectively associated with fewer attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, fewer conduct problems, fewer oppositional defiant disorder symptoms, less substance use, fewer broad externalizing problems, fewer depression symptoms, and fewer broad internalizing problems, but not with subsequent anxiety symptoms. Moderator analyses revealed that the sample type moderated the associations of executive function with both ADHD symptoms and conduct problems. Age of assessment moderated the association with broad externalizing problems, and executive function context moderated associations with both substance use and broad internalizing problems. These findings suggest that executive function in children prospectively predicts numerous externalizing and internalizing behaviors, suggesting that executive function may be an important target for psychopathology prevention programs and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Grant S Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Adrienne L Romer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.; Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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Waxmonsky J, Fosco W, Waschbusch D, Babinski D, Baweja R, Pegg S, Cao V, Shroff D, Kujawa A. The Impact of Irritability and Callous Unemotional Traits on Reward Positivity in Youth with ADHD and Conduct Problems. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1027-1040. [PMID: 35182261 PMCID: PMC9388699 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems exhibit significant variability in functioning and treatment response that cannot be fully accounted for by differences in symptom severity. Reward responsivity (RR) is a potential transdiagnostic means to account for this variability. Irritability and callous-unemotional (CU) traits moderate associations between both ADHD and conduct problems with multiple realms of functioning. Both are theorized to be associated with RR, but associations in clinical samples are unknown. In 48 youth ages 5-12 with ADHD referred for treatment of conduct problems, we examined RR using a guessing task where participants select a door icon to win and lose money. Analyses focused on the reward positivity (RewP) event-related potential in response to gain and loss feedback, which reliably peaks approximately 300 ms after feedback. Frequentist and Bayesian approaches assessed main effects of ADHD, Conduct Disorder (CD) and non-irritable Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms with RR, plus interactions between symptoms and affective dimensions (irritability, CU). CD and ODD were hypothesized to be associated with altered RR, with irritability and CU moderating these associations. Across models, a reliable CD x irritability interaction emerged, indicating enhanced RewP when irritability was elevated and CD symptoms were low. CU did not moderate any associations with RR, and little support was found for associations between RR and other symptom domains. As neural response to reward varied with levels of irritability and CD symptoms, RR may hold potential as a clinically-relevant biomarker in youth with ADHD and conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Waxmonsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Whitney Fosco
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Waschbusch
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dara Babinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Raman Baweja
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Samantha Pegg
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vanessa Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Delshad Shroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Lahey BB, Tong L, Pierce B, Hedeker D, Berman MG, Cardenas-Iniguez C, Moore TM, Applegate B, Tiemeier H, Kaczkurkin AN. Associations of polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with general and specific dimensions of childhood psychological problems and facets of impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:187-193. [PMID: 35752070 PMCID: PMC10001434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been found to be associated with ADHD in multiple studies, but also with many other dimensions of problems. Little is known, however, about the processes underlying these transdiagnostic associations. Using data from the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments of 9- to 10-year-old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development™ (ABCD©) Study, associations were assessed between an ADHD PRS and both general and specific factors of psychological problems defined in bifactor modeling. Additionally, prospective mediated paths were tested from the ADHD PRS to dimensions of problems in the follow-up assessment through baseline measures of executive functioning (EF) and two facets of impulsivity: lower perseverance and greater impulsiveness in the presence of surgent positive emotions. Previous findings of modest but significant direct associations of the ADHD PRS with the general factor of psychological problems were replicated in both assessments in 4,483 children of European ancestry. In addition, significant statistical mediation was found from the ADHD PRS to the general factor, specific ADHD, and conduct problems in the follow-up assessment through each of the two facets of impulsivity. In contrast, EF did not statistically mediate associations between the ADHD PRS and psychological problems. These results suggest that polygenic risk transdiagnostically influences both psychological problems and facets of impulsivity, perhaps partly through indirect pathways via facets of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Lahey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Brandon Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marc G Berman
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 S University Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Brooks Applegate
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research & Technology, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Antonia N Kaczkurkin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37240-7817, USA.
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Morris SE, Sanislow CA, Pacheco J, Vaidyanathan U, Gordon JA, Cuthbert BN. Revisiting the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med 2022; 20:220. [PMID: 35768815 PMCID: PMC9245309 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2013, a few years after the launch of the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, Cuthbert and Insel published a paper titled "Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC." The RDoC project is a translational research effort to encourage new ways of studying psychopathology through a focus on disruptions in normal functions (such as reward learning or attention) that are defined jointly by observable behavior and neurobiological measures. The paper outlined the principles of the RDoC research framework, including emphases on research that acquires data from multiple measurement classes to foster integrative analyses, adopts dimensional approaches, and employs novel methods for ascertaining participants and identifying valid subgroups. DISCUSSION To mark the first decade of the RDoC initiative, we revisit the seven pillars and highlight new research findings and updates to the framework that are related to each. This reappraisal emphasizes the flexible nature of the RDoC framework and its application in diverse areas of research, new findings related to the importance of developmental trajectories within and across neurobehavioral domains, and the value of computational approaches for clarifying complex multivariate relations among behavioral and neurobiological systems. CONCLUSION The seven pillars of RDoC have provided a foundation that has helped to guide a surge of new studies that have examined neurobehavioral domains related to mental disorders, in the service of informing future psychiatric nosology. Building on this footing, future areas of emphasis for the RDoC project will include studying central-peripheral interactions, developing novel approaches to phenotyping for genomic studies, and identifying new targets for clinical trial research to facilitate progress in precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Morris
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neuroscience Center, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | | | - Jenni Pacheco
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neuroscience Center, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Uma Vaidyanathan
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neuroscience Center, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Present affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neuroscience Center, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bruce N Cuthbert
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neuroscience Center, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Pacheco J, Garvey MA, Sarampote CS, Cohen ED, Murphy ER, Friedman-Hill SR. Annual Research Review: The contributions of the RDoC research framework on understanding the neurodevelopmental origins, progression and treatment of mental illnesses. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:360-376. [PMID: 34979592 PMCID: PMC8940667 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) proposed the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative as an alternate way to organize research of mental illnesses, by looking at dimensions of functioning rather than being tied to categorical diagnoses. This paper briefly discusses the motivation for and organization of RDoC, and then explores the NIMH portfolio and recent work to monitor the utility and progress that RDoC has afforded developmental research. To examine how RDoC has influenced the NIMH developmental research portfolio over the last decade, we employed a natural language processing algorithm to identify the number of developmental science grants classified as incorporating an RDoC approach. Additional portfolio analyses examine temporal trends in funded RDoC-relevant grants, publications and citations, and research training opportunities. Reflecting on how RDoC has influenced the focus of grant applications, we highlight examples from research on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), childhood irritability, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Lastly, we consider how the dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches emphasized in RDoC have facilitated research on personalized intervention for heterogeneous disorders and preventive/early interventions targeting emergent or subthreshold psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pacheco
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health
- RDoC Unit, National Institute of Mental Health
| | | | | | - Elan D. Cohen
- Office of Science Policy, Planning, and Communications, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Eric R. Murphy
- Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health
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Martel MM, Goh PK, Lee CA, Karalunas SL, Nigg JT. Longitudinal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom networks in childhood and adolescence: Key symptoms, stability, and predictive validity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 130:562-574. [PMID: 34472891 PMCID: PMC8480395 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study visualized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom networks in a longitudinal sample of participants across childhood and adolescence with exploratory examination of age and gender effects. Eight hundred thirty-six children ages 7-13 years were followed annually for 8 years in total. Across parent and teacher report, results suggested "is easily distracted" and "difficulties sustaining attention" as central symptoms across three testing points (i.e., Year 1, Year 3, and Years 5-8 collapsed). "Difficulties following instructions" and "intrudes/interrupts" also emerged as parent-reported central symptoms. Assessment of network structure across the three testing points suggested global robustness of relations among ADHD symptoms from midchildhood into early adolescence. However, relations among symptoms that cause problems in school settings (i.e., being easily distracted) were stronger in teacher-reported than parent-reported networks. When aggregated into a sum score, central symptoms during Year 1 predicted total difficulties related to mental health problems 5 years later just as well as all 18 symptoms. Central symptoms of ADHD may be useful as screeners of future emotional and behavioral difficulties. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bansal PS, Goh PK, Eng AG, Elkins AR, Thaxton M, Smith TE, Martel MM. Identifying the Inter-Domain Relations Among ODD, CD, and CU Traits in Preschool Children Using Network Analysis. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1289-1301. [PMID: 34128173 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are two of the most common forms of disruptive behavior disorders during childhood. Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are an important factor in understanding the presentation of these externalizing forms of psychopathology. ODD, CD, and CU traits are highly related constructs, yet little work has examined how these externalizing forms of psychopathology are related at the domain level. The current study utilized network analysis to identify the distinct domains that explain the associations among ODD, CD, and CU traits. In a sample of 104 preschoolers (M age = 4.76), results demonstrated that the symptom domains of (a) angry/irritable mood and argumentative/defiant behavior, (b) aggression to people and animals, and (c) callousness were the primary bridge domains for ODD, CD, and CU traits, respectively. Findings of the current study offer a more nuanced insight into the relations amongst ODD, CD, and CU traits. Identification of bridge symptom domains can inform intervention practices by targeting specific symptom domains that are contributing to the maintenance of such aggressive and disruptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashley G Eng
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | | | | | - Tess E Smith
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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