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Williams EDG, Smith MJ. Virtual Interview Training Among BIPOC Autistic Transition-Age Youth: A Secondary Analysis of an Initial Effectiveness RCT. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:2789-2801. [PMID: 37269499 PMCID: PMC10759921 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color (BIPOC) autistic transition-aged youth (TAY) report lower rates of competitive employment compared to White autistic TAY and even greater deficits with social skills associated with positive job interviewing. A virtual job interviewing program was adapted to support and improve the job interviewing skills of autistic TAY. The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an efficacious virtual interview training program on the job interview skills, interview anxiety, and likeliness to be hired, for a subsample of 32 BIPOC autistic TAY, ages 17-26 years old from a previous randomized control trial of the program. Bivariate analyses were used to evaluate between-group differences at pre-test related to background characteristics, and whether Virtual Interview Training for Transition-Age Youth (VIT-TAY) was associated with changes between pre-test and post-test measures of job interview skills. Additionally, a Firth logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between VIT-TAY and competitive integrative employment at 6 months, covarying for fluid cognition, having ever had a job interview, and baseline employment status. Participants receiving pre-employment services (Pre-ETS) and virtual interview training had better job interview skills (F = 12.7, ρ < .01; η ρ 2 = .32), lower job interview anxiety (F = .3.96, ρ < .05; η ρ 2 = .12), and a higher likeliness of receiving employment (F = 4.34, ρ < .05; η ρ 2 = .13 at the 6-month follow up compared to participants that only had Pre-ETS. Findings from this study suggest that virtual interview training for TAY is effective for BIPOC autistic TAY in improving their interview skills to gain competitive employment and lower their job interview anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed-Dee G Williams
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Boston College School of Social Work, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| | - Matthew J Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Musich M, Beversdorf DQ, McCrae CS, Curtis AF. Subjective-Objective Sleep Discrepancy in a Predominately White and Educated Older Adult Population: Examining the Associations With Cognition and Insomnia. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79:gbae074. [PMID: 38679960 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined associations between various cognitive domains and sleep discrepancy (self-reported vs objectively measured sleep), and evaluated interactive associations with insomnia status (non-insomnia vs insomnia). METHODS Older adults (N = 65, Mage = 68.72, SD = 5.06, 43 insomnia/22 non-insomnia) aged 60+ reported subjective sleep (7 days of sleep diaries), objective sleep assessment (one-night polysomnography, PSG, via Sleep Profiler during the 7-day period), and completed cognitive tasks (National Institutes of Health Toolbox-Cognition Battery) measuring attention and processing speed, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and episodic memory. The sleep diary variable corresponding to the same one night of PSG was used to calculate the sleep discrepancy (diary minus PSG parameter) variables for total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency. Regression analyses determined independent and interactive (with insomnia status) associations between cognition and sleep discrepancy, controlling for age, sex, apnea-hypopnea index, and sleep medication usage. RESULTS Working memory interacted with insomnia status in associations with sleep discrepancy related to TST and sleep efficiency. In those with insomnia, worse working memory was associated with shorter self-reported TST (p = .008) and lower sleep efficiency (p = .04) than PSG measured. DISCUSSION In older adults with insomnia, worse working memory may be a contributing factor to sleep discrepancy. Future investigations of underlying neurophysiological factors and consideration of other objective sleep measures (actigraphy) are warranted. Prospective findings may help determine whether sleep discrepancy is a potential marker of future cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Musich
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Q Beversdorf
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Ashley F Curtis
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Dickson KS, Galligan M, Holt T, Kenworthy L, Anthony L, Roesch S, Brookman-Frazee L. Randomized Feasibility Pilot of an Executive Functioning Intervention Adapted for Children's Mental Health Settings. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06365-8. [PMID: 38678517 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The critical role of executive functioning in autism as well as the co-occurring mental health challenges common among autistic youth support to the immense value of interventions targeting executive functioning for enhancing mental health services for autistic children. The goal of the present study was to conduct a randomized feasibility trial of Unstuck and On Target, an executive functioning intervention, adapted for delivery in children's community mental health setting. Mental health therapists (n = 26) enrolled with participating autistic clients (n = 32) were randomized to receive training in and deliver the adapted Unstuck intervention or to deliver care as usual. We completed masked observational measures of Unstuck strategy use (fidelity) during recorded sessions of participating therapist-client dyads and collected measures of acceptability from participating clients and their caregivers. We also collected measures of pre-post changes in executive functioning and mental health symptoms. Therapists trained in Unstuck demonstrated significantly higher use of Unstuck strategies compared to usual care therapists. Caregivers and autistic clients perceive adapted Unstuck as highly acceptability and helpful. Autistic clients whose therapists were trained in adapted Unstuck demonstrated larger pre-post changes in executive functioning compared to usual care. Across all participating clients, changes in executive functioning were significantly related to changes in mental health symptoms. Finally, clients of therapists trained in adapted Unstuck demonstrated moderate improvements in overall mental health symptoms. The current study provides preliminary evidence of the feasibility and impact of Unstuck and On Target for children's community mental health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Dickson
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Megan Galligan
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tana Holt
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Center for Autism- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington University Medical School, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Laura Anthony
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Scott Roesch
- San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital- San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wallace J, Ceschin R, Lee VK, Beluk NH, Burns C, Beers S, Lo C, Panigrahy A, Badaly D. Psychometric properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries among children and adolescents with congenital heart defects. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38247350 PMCID: PMC11260899 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2302690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The NIH Toolbox offers brief, computerized measures of cognitive and psychosocial functioning. However, its psychometric properties were established among typically developing children and adolescents. The current study provides the first comprehensive assessment of its psychometric properties among young patients with congenital heart defects (CHD). We prospectively recruited 58 patients with CHD and 80 healthy controls between the ages of 6 and 17. Participants completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition and Emotion Batteries, a battery of clinician-administered neuropsychological tests, and ratings of their quality of life. Their parents also completed ratings of their functioning. On the Cognition Battery, we found expectable group differences and developmentally expected gains across ages. For the most part, composites and subtests were significantly correlated with neuropsychological measures of similar constructs. Higher scores were generally associated with ratings of better day-to-day functioning among children with CHD. On the Emotion Battery, we found no significant group differences, echoing prior research. For the most part, scales showed acceptable internal consistency among both groups. There was adequate construct coherence for most of questionnaires among healthy control but not participants with CHD. Correlations with a comparison tool were largely within expectable directions. The NIH Toolbox may provide a valid and useful assessment of cognitive functioning among youths with CHD. While it may offer reliable and valid scales of psychosocial functioning, further research is needed to understand the meaningfulness of the scales for participants with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wallace
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Rafael Ceschin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Vince K. Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nancy H. Beluk
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Cheryl Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Sue Beers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh
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Brown AD, Liese AD, Shapiro ALB, Frongillo EA, Wilkening G, Fridriksson J, Merchant AT, Henkin L, Jensen ET, Reboussin BA, Shah AS, Marcovina S, Dolan LM, Dabelea D, Pihoker C, Mendoza JA. Household Food Insecurity and Cognition in Youth and Young Adults with Youth-Onset Diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2023; 2023:6382663. [PMID: 38765732 PMCID: PMC11100256 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6382663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective We evaluated the association of household food insecurity (FI) with cognition in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design In this cross-sectional study, age-adjusted scores for composite Fluid Cognition, and sub-domain scores for Receptive Language and Inhibitory Control and Attention, were modeled stratified by diabetes-type using linear regression, with FI in the past year as the predictor, controlling for covariates. Tests for processing speed, inhibitory control/attention, working memory, episodic memory, and cognitive flexibility were administered to measure composite Fluid Cognition score. The NIHT-CB Picture Vocabulary Test was used to assess Crystallized Cognition score and rapid identification of congruent versus noncongruent items were used to assess Inhibitory Control and Attention score. Setting The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, representative of 5 U.S. states. Participants Included 1574 youth and young adults with T1D or T2D, mean age of 21 years, mean diabetes duration of 11 years, 51% non-Hispanic white, and 47% had higher HbA1c levels (>9% HbA1c). Results Approximately 18% of the 1,240 participants with T1D and 31% of the 334 with T2D experienced FI. The food-insecure group with T1D had a lower composite Fluid Cognition score (β= -2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)= -4.8, -0.1) and a lower Crystallized Cognition score (β= -3.4, CI= -5.6, -1.3) than food-secure peers. Findings were attenuated to non-significance after adjustment for demographics. Among T2D participants, no associations were observed. In participants with T1D effect modification by glycemic levels were found in the association between FI and composite Fluid Cognition score but adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics attenuated the interaction (p=0.0531). Conclusions Food-insecure youth and young adults with T1D or T2D did not have different cognition compared to those who were food-secure after adjustment for confounders. Longitudinal research is needed to further understand relations amongst these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D. Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, USA 29208
| | - Angela D. Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, USA 29208
| | - Allison L. B. Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Edward A. Frongillo
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street Columbia, SC, USA 29208
| | - Greta Wilkening
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street Columbia, SC, USA 29208
| | - Anwar T. Merchant
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC, USA 29208
| | - Leora Henkin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 475 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 27101
| | - Elizabeth T. Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 475 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC USA 27101
| | - Beth A. Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 475 Vine Street, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 27101
| | - Amy S. Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4002 Cincinnati, OH, USA 45229
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Medpace Reference Laboratories, 5365 Medpace Way, Cincinnati, OH, USA 45227
| | - Lawrence M. Dolan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4002 Cincinnati, OH, USA 45229
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Mail Stop B119, Aurora, CO, USA 80045
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Box 356320, Seattle WA, USA 98115-8160
| | - Jason A. Mendoza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Box 356320, Seattle WA, USA 98115-8160
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, PO Box 5371, Seattle, WA, USA 98145-5005
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Iverson GL, Gaudet CE, Kissinger-Knox A, Karr JE. Normative Reference Values for Crystallized-Fluid Discrepancy Scores for the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 38:608-618. [PMID: 36225110 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to translate NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores into research and clinical practice with adults by providing normative data for discrepancy scores for both age-adjusted standard scores (SSs) and demographically adjusted T-scores. METHOD We included adult participants from the NIHTB-CB standardization sample who denied having neurodevelopmental, medical, psychiatric, or neurological conditions (n = 730; M = 47.4 years old, SD = 17.6, range: 18-85; 64.4% women; 63.1% White). Descriptive statistics were calculated for the Fluid and Crystallized composite scores and Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy score, along with correlations between the composite scores and reliability estimates of the discrepancy score. Percentiles were calculated for the discrepancy score, with stratifications by the gender, education, and Crystallized composite for the age-adjusted SSs and demographically adjusted T-scores (T). RESULTS Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores ranged from -40 to 44 (M = -0.63, SD = 14.89, Mdn = -1, interquartile range [IQR]: -11 to 10) for age-adjusted SSs and from -29 to 27 (M = -0.39, SD = 10.49, Mdn = -1, IQR = -8 to 7) for demographically adjusted T-scores. Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores of SS = 15 and T = 11 were at the 16th percentile (1 SD below the mean) and discrepancy scores of SS = 21 and T = 15 were at the 7th percentile (1.5 SD below the mean). CONCLUSIONS Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores may be, with future research, a useful within-person interpretive approach for detecting a decline from pre-injury or pre-disease levels of cognitive functioning. These normative reference values assist clinicians and researchers in determining the frequency at which given Crystallized-Fluid discrepancy scores occurred among healthy adults in the normative sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Rehabilitation Institute, Charlestown, MA, USA
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Charles E Gaudet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Rehabilitation Institute, Charlestown, MA, USA
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Alicia Kissinger-Knox
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Rehabilitation Institute, Charlestown, MA, USA
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Justin E Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Christ SE, Clocksin HE, Zalik M, Goodlett BD, Sacharow SJ, Abbene EE. Neuropsychological assessment of adults with phenylketonuria using the NIH toolbox. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 139:107579. [PMID: 37099821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Among researchers and clinicians, there is a call for the development and validation of new measures to better assess and characterize neurocognitive difficulties associated with early-treated phenylketonuria (ETPKU) and other metabolic disorders. The NIH Toolbox represents a relatively new computer-administered assessment tool and provides a sampling of performance across multiple cognitive domains, several of which (e.g., executive function, processing speed) are at risk for disruption in ETPKU. The goal of the present study was to provide an initial evaluation of the value and sensitivity of the NIH Toolbox for use with individuals with ETPKU. To this end, a sample of adults with ETPKU and a demographically-matched comparison group without PKU completed the cognitive and motor batteries of the Toolbox. Results indicate that overall performance (as reflected by the Fluid Cognition Composite) was sensitive to both group differences (ETPKU vs non-PKU) as well as blood Phe levels (a marker of metabolic control). The present findings offer preliminary support for the utility of the NIH Toolbox as a measure of neurocognitive functioning in individuals with ETPKU. Future research including a larger sample size and broader age range is needed to fully validate the Toolbox for clinical and research use with individuals with ETPKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn E Christ
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Hayley E Clocksin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Maia Zalik
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Stephanie J Sacharow
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily E Abbene
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Condy EE, Becker L, Farmer C, Kaat AJ, Chlebowski C, Kozel BA, Thurm A. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery Feasibility in Individuals With Williams Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 127:473-484. [PMID: 36306408 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-127.6.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) was developed for epidemiological and longitudinal studies across a wide age span. Such a tool may be useful for intervention trials in conditions characterized by intellectual disability (ID), such as Williams syndrome (WS). Three NIHTB-CB tasks, including two executive functioning (Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort) and one episodic memory (Picture Sequence Memory) task, were given to 47 individuals with WS, ages 4 to 50, to evaluate feasibility (i.e., proportion of valid administrations) in this population. Findings indicated that NIHTB-CB tests showed good feasibility. Flanker and DCCS age-corrected scores were negatively correlated with age and showed floor effects, indicating these scores may not be useful for quantifying performance on these NIHTB-CB tests in ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Condy
- Emma E. Condy, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Lindsey Becker
- Lindsey Becker, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development
| | | | - Aaron J Kaat
- Aaron J. Kaat, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | - Beth A Kozel
- Beth A. Kozel, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Audrey Thurm, National Institute of Mental Health
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Williams EDG, Smith MJ, Sherwood K, Lovelace TS, Bishop L. Brief Report: Initial Evidence of Depressive Symptom Disparities among Black and White Transition Age Autistic Youth. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3740-3745. [PMID: 34417653 PMCID: PMC8858325 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kari Sherwood
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Temple S Lovelace
- Department of Counseling, Psychology, and Special Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Bishop
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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