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Lestingi A. Alternative and Sustainable Protein Sources in Pig Diet: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38275770 PMCID: PMC10812645 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative protein sources to soybean meal (SBM) in animal feeding is a strategic objective to reduce production costs and contribute to sustainable animal production. Spirulina, due to the high protein content, has emerged as a potential cost-effective, sustainable, viable, and high-nutritional-value food resource for many animal species. Insect larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) are also considered potential alternatives to SBM, given their high edible percentage of almost 100%, as well as a protein value higher than that of vegetable proteins. Rapeseed meal and grain legumes, such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea, can also be used as locally producible protein ingredients. This study reviews the nutritional value of these potential alternatives to SBM in pig diets, and their effects on animal performance, digestion, immune system, and the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of meat, including processed pork products. The limits on their use in pig feeding are also reviewed to indicate gaps to be filled in future research on the supplementation level of these potential alternative protein sources in pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lestingi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Lugarà R, Realini L, Kreuzer M, Giller K. Effects of maternal high-energy diet and spirulina supplementation in pregnant and lactating sows on performance, quality of carcass and meat, and its fatty acid profile in male and female offspring. Meat Sci 2022; 187:108769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vejdani Nia M, Emtyazjoo M, Chamani M. Functional Quails Eggs using Enriched Spirulina during the Biosorption Process. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:34-45. [PMID: 35028572 PMCID: PMC8728498 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis was included at 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of the diet as a phytobiotic either as a crude preparation or after enrichment by a biosorption process and fed to 126 Japanese quail and the eggs collected and examined for 6 weeks. Assessments were made of physical and chemical characteristics of the eggs. All treatments with added Spirulina increased unsaturated fatty acids and decreased saturated fatty acids with the largest responses for linolenic (omega 3) and oleic (omega 9) acids. The changes in fatty acids were greater with enriched than crude Spirulina. These results suggest that eggs from quail fed with Spirulina may have positive effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mozhgan Emtyazjoo
- Department of Marine Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chamani
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Michalak I, Mironiuk M, Godlewska K, Trynda J, Marycz K. Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: An effective biosorbent for nutrients. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dineshbabu G, Goswami G, Kumar R, Sinha A, Das D. Microalgae–nutritious, sustainable aqua- and animal feed source. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Balakrishnan J, Dhavamani S, Sadasivam SG, Arumugam M, Vellaikumar S, Ramalingam J, Shanmugam K. Omega-3-rich Isochrysis sp. biomass enhances brain docosahexaenoic acid levels and improves serum lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6066-6075. [PMID: 31228262 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isochrysis sp. is a marine microalga, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The potential use of its biomass as an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has not been studied in animal models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups and treated for 28 days. The rats were fed with (1) standard chow (control group), (2) microalgal biomass rich in EPA and DHA along with standard chow (microalga group), and (3) fish oil that contains equivalent amounts of EPA and DHA along with standard chow (fish oil group). After intervention, biochemical indices, histopathological indices, relative mRNA expression of PUFA genes, antioxidant genes, inflammatory markers, and the fatty acid profile of major tissues were studied. RESULTS Animals treated with microalgal biomass showed significantly increased serum HDL levels (P < 0.05) and reduced oxidative stress markers with a concomitant decrease in urea and creatinine levels. Oral supplementation of microalgal biomass did not show any toxicity or damage in any major organs. The mRNA expression of PUFA genes was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) and antioxidant genes were upregulated. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) and anti-inflammatory markers were upregulated. Oral supplementation of microalgal biomass improved DHA status in brain and liver. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that Isochrysis sp. can be used as a safe, alternative food supplement for ω-3 fatty acids. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyakumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugasini Dhavamani
- Division of Lipidomics and Endocrinology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Selvam Govindan Sadasivam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Arumugam
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, India
| | - Sampathrajan Vellaikumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jagadeesan Ramalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Agriculture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiresan Shanmugam
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Effects of dietary supplementation with S. platensis and probiotics on the growth performance, immune response and the fecal Lactobacillus spp. and E. coli contents of weaned piglets. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Michalak I, Mironiuk M, Marycz K. A comprehensive analysis of biosorption of metal ions by macroalgae using ICP-OES, SEM-EDX and FTIR techniques. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205590. [PMID: 30321205 PMCID: PMC6188872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a comprehensive approach to the biosorption process was proposed. Biosorption of Cr(III), Mn(II) and Mg(II) ions by a freshwater macroalga Cladophora glomerata was examined using several advanced techniques including FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry) and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy). The enriched biomass can become a valuable, bioactive feed additive for different breeds of animals. Additionally, the collected algal biomass was soaked in water in order to reduce the content of carbohydrate, what is especially important for animals with metabolic disorders. The content of starch was reduced by 22% but additionally some elements-mainly Si, K and P were removed from the biomass. It was shown that the natural macroalga had better biosorption properties than soaked. Cr(III) ions were sorbed by the biomass in the highest extent, then Mn(II) and finally Mg(II) ions. The content of chromium in the enriched algal biomass increased almost ~200 000 times, manganese ~75 times and magnesium ~4.5 times (both for Mg(II) ions used from magnesium sulphate, as well as from magnesium chloride) when compared to the natural Cladophora glomerata. In the case of the soaked biomass the increase of the content of elements in the enriched biomass was as follows ~17 165 times for Cr, ~25 times for Mn and for Mg ~3.5 times for chloride and 3.8 times for sulphate. The type of magnesium salt (chloride or sulphate) had no significant effect on the algal sorption capacity. The proposed mechanism of the biosorption is ion exchange in which mainly potassium participated. The applied FTIR analysis enabled the identification of the functional groups that participated in the biosorption process-mainly carboxyl and hydroxyl. The main changes in the appearance of the spectra were observed for the following wavenumbers- 3300-3400; 2900; 1700; 1400-1500 and 1200-1300 cm-1. The application of SEM-EDX proved that the metal ions were sorbed on the surface of both tested algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Małgorzata Mironiuk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic—Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
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Furmaniak MA, Misztak AE, Franczuk MD, Wilmotte A, Waleron M, Waleron KF. Edible Cyanobacterial Genus Arthrospira: Actual State of the Art in Cultivation Methods, Genetics, and Application in Medicine. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2541. [PMID: 29326676 PMCID: PMC5741684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial genus Arthrospira appears very conserved and has been divided into five main genetic clusters on the basis of molecular taxonomy markers. Genetic studies of seven Arthrospira strains, including genome sequencing, have enabled a better understanding of those photosynthetic prokaryotes. Even though genetic manipulations have not yet been performed with success, many genomic and proteomic features such as stress adaptation, nitrogen fixation, or biofuel production have been characterized. Many of above-mentioned studies aimed to optimize the cultivation conditions. Factors like the light intensity and quality, the nitrogen source, or different modes of growth (auto-, hetero-, or mixotrophic) have been studied in detail. The scaling-up of the biomass production using photobioreactors, either closed or open, was also investigated to increase the production of useful compounds. The richness of nutrients contained in the genus Arthrospira can be used for promising applications in the biomedical domain. Ingredients such as the calcium spirulan, immulina, C-phycocyanin, and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) show a strong biological activity. Recently, its use in the fight against cancer cells was documented in many publications. The health-promoting action of "Spirulina" has been demonstrated in the case of cardiovascular diseases and age-related conditions. Some compounds also have potent immunomodulatory properties, promoting the growth of beneficial gut microflora, acting as antimicrobial and antiviral. Products derived from Arthrospira were shown to successfully replace biomaterial scaffolds in regenerative medicine. Supplementation with the cyanobacterium also improves the health of livestock and quality of the products of animal origin. They were also used in cosmetic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Furmaniak
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka E Misztak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna D Franczuk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Małgorzata Waleron
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof F Waleron
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Saeid A, Chojnacka K, Opaliński S, Korczyński M. Biomass of Spirulina maxima enriched by biosorption process as a new feed supplement for laying hens. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hac ME, Dhama K. Nutritional and Healthical Aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) for Poultry, Animals and Human. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.36.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bubel F, Dobrzański Z, Gaweł A, Pogoda-Sewerniak K, Grela E. Effect of humic-plant feed preparations on biochemical blood parameters of laying hens in deep litter housing system. Pol J Vet Sci 2015; 18:131-9. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn influence of various humic-plant feed additives based on some herbs (nettle, chamomile, yarrow, perforatum), lucerne and humic materials on biochemical indices of Lohmann Brown (LB) layers blood plasma was estimated. Hens were housed in deep litter system, 20 birds in a group. Four groups were formed: control (C – standard feeding), and experimental, supplemented with preparations: E-1 herbal-humic, E-2 humic-herbal and E-3 – humic-lucerne. Hens were placed in the pens on the 16thweek of life, addition of preparations with standard food mixture started at the 22ndwk and lasted until 66thwk of life. Blood for analyses was collected four times in the following periods: 27, 37, 54 and 65thwk of life. The applied humic-plant preparations to a limited degree affected the values of examined biochemical parameters in serum: total protein (TP), albumins (Albs), glucose (Glu), urea, triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (TCh), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It is difficult to determine based on these study, which preparation is one the most active biologically, however is seems that humic-lucerne preparation affected the examined blood parameters to the highest degree. The reference values ranges in hens blood serum LB hens were proposed for: TP (43-65 g/l), Albs (15-22 g/l), urea (0.5-1.2 mmol/l), Glu 10-15 mmol/l), TCh (2.2-4.5 mmol/l), TAG (10-24 mmol/l), AST (4-12 U/l), ALT (150-280 mmol/l) and ALP (190-350 U/l).
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Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Korniewicz D. New feed supplement from macroalgae as the dietary source of microelements for pigs. OPEN CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2015-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to perform feeding experiments on growing pigs in order to assess the impact of macroalga Enteromorpha sp. enriched with Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions via the biosorption process on the mineral composition of blood, meat, liver, feces and urine. In the control group, microelements were supplemented as inorganic salts, whereas in the experimental groups they were replaced by enriched macroalga. After 3 months of the feeding experiment, it was found that the meat was biofortified with Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. The average content of Zn in the blood from the pigs fed with algae was higher by 9.5%, compared to that in the blood from pigs in the control group. The liver of growing pigs from the experimental group contained 16% less Cu and 18% less Zn than the liver in the control group. Growing pigs fed with macroalgae excreted in feces 27% more Zn than growing pigs in the control group, but 3.5 times less Cu. It could be concluded that the bioavailability of microelements to pigs from algae was higher than from the inorganic salts. Baltic macroalgae enriched with microelement ions could be potentially used as a biological feed additive.
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Witkowska Z, Michalak I, Korczyński M, Szołtysik M, Świniarska M, Dobrzański Z, Tuhy Ł, Samoraj M, Chojnacka K. Biofortification of milk and cheese with microelements by dietary feed bio-preparations. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:6484-92. [PMID: 26396393 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports studies on biofortification of milk and cheese with microelements. The diet of goats was supplemented with soya-based preparations with Cu(II), Fe(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II), produced by biosorption, instead of mineral salts. In innovative preparations, soya was the biological carrier of microelements. The utilitarian properties of the new preparations were tested in two groups (8 goats in each): experimental and control. The concentration of supplemented microelements was monitored in milk during the experiment. The collected milk was then used to produce cheese by enzymatic and acidic coagulation method. The effect of milk and cheese biofortification in microelements was confirmed. In milk, the level of the following microelements was higher than in the control: Cu(II) - 8.2 %, Mn(II) - 29.2 %, Zn(II) - 14.6 %. In cheese the content of Zn(II) obtained in enzymatic (19.8 %) and in acidic (120 %) coagulation was higher when compared to the control group. By using bio-preparations with microelements it was possible to produce new generation of functional food biofortified with microelements, by agronomic, and thus sustainable and ethically acceptable way. Biofortified milk and cheese can be used as designer milk to prevent from micronutrient deficiencies. Graphical Abstractᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Witkowska
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Korczyński
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Szołtysik
- Department of Animal Product Technology and Quality Management, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marita Świniarska
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dobrzański
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tuhy
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Samoraj
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract
AbstractThis paper discusses the biosorption in a multi-cation system as an example of advances in the method of ions removal/binding to the biomass.Biosorption experiments were conducted on Chlorella kessleri biomass. The ions used in the experiment were Co(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) and had the following configurations: binary, ternary and quaternary system. Also, the effect of the following anions Cl-, NOThe affinity order determined in the experiment was as follows: Cu(II)>Zn(II)>Mn(II)>Co(II). At higher concentrations of Cu(II) cations, the strong competition effect between Cu(II) cations with the remaining cations was observed. The modified Langumir competition model was proposed to support the biosorption method in the description of the experimental data of inhibited metal ions biosorption. After the influence of anions was examined, the highest total biosorption capacity was obtained for 1:1:2 system (Cl-: NO
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Dmytryk A, Saeid A, Chojnacka K. Biosorption of microelements by Spirulina: towards technology of mineral feed supplements. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:356328. [PMID: 25386594 PMCID: PMC4217324 DOI: 10.1155/2014/356328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface characterization and metal ion adsorption properties of Spirulina sp. and Spirulina maxima were verified by various instrumental techniques. FTIR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration were used for qualitative and quantitative determination of metal ion-binding groups. Comparative FTIR spectra of natural and Cu(II)-treated biomass proved involvement of both phosphoryl and sulfone groups in metal ions sorption. The potentiometric titration data analysis provided the best fit with the model assuming the presence of three types of surface functional groups and the carboxyl group as the major binding site. The mechanism of metal ions biosorption was investigated by comparing the results from multielemental analyses by ICP-OES and SEM-EDX. Biosorption of Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), and Co(II) ions by lyophilized Spirulina sp. was performed to determine the metal affinity relationships for single- and multicomponent systems. Obtained results showed the replacement of naturally bound ions: Na(I), K(I), or Ca(II) with sorbed metal ions in a descending order of Mn(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II) for single- and Cu(II) > Mn(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) for multicomponent systems, respectively. Surface elemental composition of natural and metal-loaded material was determined both by ICP-OES and SEM-EDX analysis, showing relatively high value of correlation coefficient between the concentration of Na(I) ions in algal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dmytryk
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Saeid
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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