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McNaughter PD, Moore J, Yeates SG, Lewis DJ. Semiconductor Deposition via Laser Printing of a Bespoke Toner Containing Metal Xanthate Complexes. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2024; 2:1225-1233. [PMID: 38808267 PMCID: PMC11129185 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.3c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A methodology to use laser printing, a form of electrophotography, to print metal chalcogenide complexes on paper, is described. After fusing the toner to paper, a heating step is used to cause the printed metal xanthate complexes to thermolyze within the toner and form three target metal chalcogenides: CuS, SnS, and ZnS. To achieve this, we synthesize a poly(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate) thermopolymer that emulates the thermal properties of a commercial toner and is also solution processable with the metal xanthate complexes used: [Zn(S2COEt)2], [Cu(S2COEt)·(PPh3)2], and [Sn(S2COEt)2]. We demonstrate through energy dispersive X-ray mapping that the toner is deposited following printing and that thermolysis of the metal xanthate complexes occurs in the fused toner, demonstrating the first example of laser printing of inorganic complexes and, in turn, semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. McNaughter
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Joshua Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Yeates
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - David J. Lewis
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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2
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Spectroscopy and kinetics of intermediates in photochemistry of xanthate Ni(S2COEt)2 complex in CCl4. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Ezukwoke N, Oparaku OU, Uzoejinwa BB, Ezema FI, Ezea MO, Omeje SC, Chijindu VC. The effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the optical, electrical and solid state properties of copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) deposited by sensitive spray pyrolysis (SSP). J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Paraye A, Manivannan R, Victoria SN. CZTS nanoparticles by one-pot sonochemical route – Effect of power density, pH and bath temperature. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Alharbi YT, Alam F, Salhi A, Missous M, Lewis DJ. Direct synthesis of nanostructured silver antimony sulfide powders from metal xanthate precursors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3053. [PMID: 33542323 PMCID: PMC7862388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver(I) ethylxanthate [AgS2COEt] (1) and antimony(III) ethylxanthate [Sb(S2COEt)3] (2) have been synthesised, characterised and used as precursors for the preparation of AgSbS2 powders and thin films using a solvent-free melt method and spin coating technique, respectively. The as-synthesized AgSbS2 powders were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The crystalline AgSbS2 powder was investigated using XRD, which shows that AgSbS2 has cuboargyrite as the dominant phase, which was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. SEM was also used to study the morphology of the resulting material which is potentially nanostructured. EDX spectra gives a clear indication of the presence of silver (Ag), antimony (Sb) and sulfur (S) in material, suggesting that decomposition is clean and produces high quality AgSbS2 crystalline powder, which is consistent with the XRD and Raman data. Electronic properties of AgSbS2 thin films deposited by spin coating show a p-type conductivity with measured carrier mobility of 81 cm2 V-1 s-1 and carrier concentration of 1.9 × 1015 cm-3. The findings of this study reveal a new bottom-up route to these compounds, which have potential application as absorber layers in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser T Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Firoz Alam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Abdelmajid Salhi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohamed Missous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Lewis
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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6
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Ahmad R, Saddiqi NUH, Wu M, Prato M, Spiecker E, Peukert W, Distaso M. Phase evolution of Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) nanoparticles from in situ formed binary sulphides under solvothermal conditions. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals form both by direct nucleation and growth and by conversion of binary sulphides into the quaternary phase via internal recrystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Ahmad
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstraße 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Naeem-ul-Hasan Saddiqi
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstraße 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructure Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research and Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructure Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstraße 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monica Distaso
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Haberstraße 9a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Vakalopoulou E, Buchmaier C, Pein A, Saf R, Fischer RC, Torvisco A, Warchomicka F, Rath T, Trimmel G. Synthesis and characterization of zinc di( O-2,2-dimethylpentan-3-yl dithiocarbonates) bearing pyridine or tetramethylethylenediamine coligands and investigation of their thermal conversion mechanisms towards nanocrystalline zinc sulfide. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14564-14575. [PMID: 33107536 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal xanthates are versatile single source precursors for the preparation of various metal sulfides. In this study, we present the synthesis of the two novel zinc xanthate complexes bis(O-2,2-dimethylpentan-3-yl-dithiocarbonato)(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)zinc(ii) and bis(O-2,2-dimethylpentan-3-yl-dithiocarbonato)(pyridine)zinc(ii). A thorough investigation of these compounds revealed distinct differences in their structural and thermal properties. While in the complex containing the chelating tetramethylethylenediamine, the xanthate groups coordinate in a monodentate way, they are bidentally coordinated to the zinc atom in the pyridine containing complex. Both compounds show a two-step thermal decomposition with an onset temperature of 151 °C and 156 °C for the tetramethylethylenediamine and pyridine containing complex, respectively. Moreover, different mechanisms are revealed for the two phases of the decomposition based on high resolution mass spectrometry investigations. By the thermal conversion process nanocrystalline zinc sulfide is produced and the coligand significantly influences its primary crystallite size, which is 4.4 nm using the tetramethylethylenediamine and 11.4 nm using the pyridine containing complex for samples prepared at a temperature of 400 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Vakalopoulou
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christine Buchmaier
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Pein
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fernando Warchomicka
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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8
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Murtaza G, Alderhami S, Alharbi YT, Zulfiqar U, Hossin M, Alanazi AM, Almanqur L, Onche EU, Venkateswaran SP, Lewis DJ. Scalable and Universal Route for the Deposition of Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Metal Sulfide Materials from Molecular Precursors. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2020; 3:1952-1961. [PMID: 32296758 PMCID: PMC7147260 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A range of binary, ternary (CFS), and quaternary (CZTS) metal sulfide materials have been successfully deposited onto the glass substrates by air-spray deposition of metal diethyldithiocarbamate molecular precursors followed by pyrolysis (18 examples). The as-deposited materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), Raman spectroscopy, secondary electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, which in all cases showed that the materials were polycrystalline with the expected elemental stoichiometry. In the case of the higher sulfides, EDX spectroscopy mapping demonstrated the spatial homogeneity of the elemental distributions at the microscale. By using this simple and inexpensive method, we could potentially fabricate thin films of any given main group or transition metal chalcogenide material over large areas, theoretically on substrates with complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Murtaza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- International
Centre for Advanced Materials (ICAM, Manchester Hub), University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Suliman Alderhami
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Yasser T Alharbi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Usama Zulfiqar
- International
Centre for Advanced Materials (ICAM, Manchester Hub), University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Mousa Hossin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Abdulaziz M. Alanazi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Laila Almanqur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Usman Onche
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Sai P. Venkateswaran
- BP
America, Incorporated, 501 Westlake Park Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77079, United States
| | - David J. Lewis
- International
Centre for Advanced Materials (ICAM, Manchester Hub), University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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9
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Syafiq U, Ataollahi N, Maggio RD, Scardi P. Solution-Based Synthesis and Characterization of Cu 2ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) Thin Films. Molecules 2019; 24:E3454. [PMID: 31547625 PMCID: PMC6803857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) ink was synthesized from metal chloride precursors, sulfur, and oleylamine (OLA), as a ligand by a simple and low-cost hot-injection method. Thin films of CZTS were then prepared by spin coating, followed by thermal annealing. The effects of the fabrication parameters, such as ink concentration, spinning rate, and thermal treatment temperatures on the morphology and structural, optical, and electrical properties of the films were investigated. As expected, very thin films, for which the level of transmittance and band-gap values increase, can be obtained either by reducing the concentration of the inks or by increasing the rate of spinning. Moreover, the thermal treatment affects the phase formation and crystallinity of the film, as well as the electrical conductivity, which decreases at a higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaidah Syafiq
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
- Solar Energy Research Institute, National University of Malaysia (SERI-UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Narges Ataollahi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Rosa Di Maggio
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Paolo Scardi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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10
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Alanazi AM, Alam F, Salhi A, Missous M, Thomas AG, O'Brien P, Lewis DJ. A molecular precursor route to quaternary chalcogenide CFTS (Cu2FeSnS4) powders as potential solar absorber materials. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24146-24153. [PMID: 35527861 PMCID: PMC9069629 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work we report on the synthesis of a tetragonal phase of stannite Cu2FeSnS4 powder from Sn(ii) and Sn(iv) using a solvent free melt method using a mixture of Cu, Fe, Sn(ii)/Sn(iv) O-ethylxanthates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Firoz Alam
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- School of Materials
| | - Abdelmajid Salhi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Mohamed Missous
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - Paul O'Brien
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- School of Materials
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11
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Electrophoretic deposition of single-source precursors as a general approach for the formation of hybrid nanorod array heterostructures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 515:221-231. [PMID: 29335188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Subjecting colloids to electric fields often results in (electrophoretic) deposition on conductive substrates. Dispersing a single-source precursor (SSP) of choice in an appropriate solvent, should allow its deposition on different substrates. The SSP-solvent interaction might play a role in the deposition (e.g., direction, rate, coverage). After thermal decomposition, the SSPs convert to the designed material, thus allowing formation of thin films or hybrid nanostructures. EXPERIMENTS Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was applied on two representative SSPs in different solvents. These SSPs were deposited onto substrates covered with vertically-aligned ZnO nanorod (NR) arrays. After thermal decomposition, hybrid nanostructures were obtained and their morphology and interfaces were characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis, and electrochemistry. FINDINGS Tuning the organic dispersant-SSP interaction allows control over the final film morphology, which can result in coating and filling of NRs with metal-sulfides or metal-oxides after thermal decomposition of the SSP. These findings introduce a new facile method for a fast and large-scale uniform deposition of different (nanostructured) thin film semiconductors on a variety of substrates. We discuss the influence of the dispersant medium on the deposition of metallo-organic SSPs. As an example, the formed ZnO-CdS interface supports charge transfer upon illumination.
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12
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Al-Shakban M, Matthews PD, Zhong XL, Vitorica-Yrezabal I, Raftery J, Lewis DJ, O'Brien P. On the phase control of CuInS2 nanoparticles from Cu-/In-xanthates. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5304-5309. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report the synthesis characterisation of six In(iii) xanthate complexes that have been used for the synthesis of CuInS2 nanoparticles in conjunction with a Cu(i)-xanthate – we have also demonstrated an ability to control the phase of the material through choice of solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter D. Matthews
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Keele University
- Keele
- UK
| | | | | | - James Raftery
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - Paul O'Brien
- School of Materials
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- School of Chemistry
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Khan MD, Murtaza G, Revaprasadu N, O'Brien P. Synthesis of chalcopyrite-type and thiospinel minerals/materials by low temperature melts of xanthates. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8870-8873. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00953h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthate complexes are used in the low temperature atom efficient synthesis of some geological and technologically important ternary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Dilshad Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zululand
- Kwa-Dlangezwa
- South Africa
- School of Chemistry
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | | | - Paul O'Brien
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
- School of Materials
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14
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Al-Shakban M, Matthews PD, O'Brien P. A simple route to complex materials: the synthesis of alkaline earth – transition metal sulfides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10058-10061. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05643e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple, low-temperature synthesis of a family of alkaline earth metal chalcogenide thin films is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mundher Al-Shakban
- School of Materials
- University of Manchester
- Oxford Road
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | | | - Paul O'Brien
- School of Materials
- University of Manchester
- Oxford Road
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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