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Borg D, Hall K, Youssef GJ, Sloan E, Graeme L, Moulding R. Examining the role of brooding, distress, and negative urgency in dysregulated behaviors: A cross-sectional study in treatment-seeking young people. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:2538-2563. [PMID: 35506609 PMCID: PMC9790647 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulated behaviors including substance use, disordered eating, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) have significant negative implications for individuals and health systems. It is therefore paramount to understand factors influencing behavioral dysregulation, to inform prevention and treatment approaches. The literature suggests that distress and rumination (brooding) prompt individuals to engage in behavioral dysregulation for distraction (Emotional Cascade Model), although these concepts have limited investigation in clinical, treatment-seeking samples, particularly alongside negative urgency. This cross-sectional study sought to examine the relationships of brooding, distress, and negative urgency with behavioral dysregulation, as well as the moderating effect of negative urgency between brooding and behavioral dysregulation, in treatment-seeking young people. METHOD A total of 385 treatment-seeking young people completed cross-sectional, self-report measures of distress, rumination, negative urgency, and engagement in dysregulated behaviors (NSSI, alcohol use, drug use, binge eating, and purging) over the past 1-3 months. RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed that only negative urgency, and not brooding or distress, had a significant positive relationship with behavioral dysregulation. Negative urgency did not significantly moderate the relationship between brooding and behavioral dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS These findings reinforce the importance of considering negative urgency in the conceptualization, prevention, and treatment of behavioral dysregulation, and contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between brooding and various dysregulated behaviors within a treatment-seeking sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Borg
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kate Hall
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia,Centre for Social and Early Emotional DevelopmentDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - George J. Youssef
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia,Centre for Social and Early Emotional DevelopmentDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia,Center for Adolescent HealthMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elise Sloan
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Liam Graeme
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia,Centre for Social and Early Emotional DevelopmentDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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2
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Felton JW, Havewala M, Myerberg L, Lee J, Collado A. Rumination and Co-Rumination and their Associations with Alcohol-Related Problems and Depressive Symptoms among College Students. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-021-00418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sloan E, Moulding R, Weiner C, Dowling RM, Hall K. A qualitative examination of the relationship between rumination, distress, and dysregulated behaviours in vulnerable young people. Psychol Psychother 2021; 94:322-340. [PMID: 32716586 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Young people accessing mental health treatment in Australia frequently engage in dysregulated behaviours, such as substance misuse, deliberate self-harm (DSH), and binge eating and purging. Rumination has been identified as a correlate of behavioural dysregulation; however, a qualitative examination of the functional relationship between ruminative processes and distress and subsequent engagement in dysregulated behaviours has not yet been conducted. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of rumination in young people and examine how this process relates to engagement in DSH, binge eating and purging, and substance misuse in a sample of treatment-seeking young people. DESIGN A qualitative research methodology was used gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experience of rumination as it relates to their engagement in dysregulated behaviours. METHODS Twelve treatment-seeking young people were interviewed about their experience of rumination in the context of a recently recalled situation where they engaged in a dysregulated behaviour. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Themes included the following: (1) triggers to behavioural dysregulation; (2) characteristics and content of rumination; (3) key precipitants to dysregulated behaviours (rumination, distress, and prior ineffective were at managing rumination); and (4) distraction from rumination and regulation of distress as short term, positively reinforcing consequences of dysregulated behaviours, while ongoing cycles of rumination and psychological distress were identified as long-term consequences. CONCLUSIONS DSH, binge/purge behaviours, and substance misuse represent maladaptive ways to distract from intense and pervasive rumination in this cohort of young people. Theoretical and treatment implications pertaining to these findings are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS Rumination is a common experience in young people who engage in dysregulated behaviours including deliberate self-harm, binging and purging, and substance misuse Engagement in behavioural dysregulation functions to distract from rumination, which negatively reinforces further engagement in dysregulated behaviours. Interventions in this population should focus on the development of adaptive skills that provide the same level of distraction provided by the physical sensations associated with engaging in a dysregulated behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Sloan
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-social Behaviour Research, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Moulding
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-social Behaviour Research, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carlye Weiner
- Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS), Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rose-Mary Dowling
- Youth Support and Advocacy Service (YSAS), Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University Centre for Drug Use, Addictive and Anti-social Behaviour Research, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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4
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The relations between Facebook intrusion, emotional functioning, and health problems. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Mollaahmetoglu OM, Palmer E, Maschauer E, Nolan MC, Stevens T, Carlyle M, Hardy L, Watkins ER, Morgan CJA. The acute effects of alcohol on state rumination in the laboratory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1671-1686. [PMID: 33635385 PMCID: PMC8139935 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rumination is a repetitive, negative, self-focused thinking style associated with various forms of psychopathology. Recent studies suggest that rumination increases craving for alcohol and predicts harmful drinking and alcohol-related problems. However, the acute effects of alcohol on rumination have not been previously studied. It is proposed that alcohol may reduce ruminative thinking through decreasing negative mood. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to test the previously unexplored effects of acute alcohol consumption on rumination in a hazardous drinking population. METHODS We conducted a randomised placebo-controlled laboratory study to examine the effect of low (0.4 g kg-1) and high doses (0.8 g kg-1) of alcohol on state rumination compared to placebo. Participants completed a rumination induction task prior to receiving drinks. We then measured state rumination and mood at repeated time points; 30 min, 60 min and 90 min post-drinks consumption. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in state rumination in the low-dose alcohol group compared to placebo at 30 min post-alcohol consumption, but no difference was observed between the high-dose alcohol and placebo groups. Mediation analysis provided evidence for an indirect effect of alcohol on state rumination through concurrent changes in negative mood. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that acute alcohol consumption can regulate negative mood and concurrently rumination, providing preliminary evidence for the role of rumination in alcohol use disorders. Rumination may be a treatment target in alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Merve Mollaahmetoglu
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Edward Palmer
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Emily Maschauer
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Melissa C. Nolan
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Tobias Stevens
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Molly Carlyle
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Lorna Hardy
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Edward R. Watkins
- SMART Lab, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
| | - Celia J. A. Morgan
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre (PARC), University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG UK
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Pollack SR, Kiselica AM, Borders A. The Role of Trait Impulsivity in the Associations between Rumination and Alcohol-Related Outcomes. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:743-750. [PMID: 33754939 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1879143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background/Purpose: Emerging adults engage in high rates of alcohol consumption, which contribute to negative alcohol-related consequences and alcohol-related aggression. Rumination, or repetitive thinking about negative experiences, predicts greater negative alcohol-related consequences and alcohol-related aggression. Mechanisms of these associations are not well understood. We examined whether impulsivity mediates the effect of rumination on alcohol-related outcomes. We also tested an alternative model in which impulsivity moderates the effect of rumination on these outcomes. Methods: In a cross-sectional study with 202 undergraduates, we assessed trait rumination, four facets of impulsivity (urgency, premeditation, perseverance, and sensation seeking), recent alcohol use, negative alcohol-related consequences, and alcohol-related aggression. Results: Mediational analyses revealed that rumination indirectly predicted greater negative alcohol-related consequences and alcohol-related aggression via more urgency. Moderational analyses yielded nonsignificant interactions. Conclusion: Although cross-sectional data cannot suggest causality, the pattern of correlations suggests that rumination may lead to more clinically relevant alcohol-related outcomes because it triggers rash responding to negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew M Kiselica
- University of South Florida College of Arts and Sciences, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Hamonniere T, Laqueille X, Vorspan F, Dereux A, Illel K, Varescon I. Toward a better understanding of the influence of repetitive negative thinking in alcohol use disorder: An examination of moderation effect of metacognitive beliefs and gender. Addict Behav 2020; 111:106561. [PMID: 32739590 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive negative thinking (RNT), the most studied forms of which are depressive ruminations and anxious worry, is a unique transdiagnostic process responsible for the development and maintenance of many mental disorders. Over the past decade, studies have shown that RNT could be involved in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, to date, little is known about the factors that can influence this relationship, even though some theoretical and empirical arguments suggest that variables such as gender or metacognitive beliefs may determine the role of RNT in the onset of symptoms. The aim of the present study was to test the moderation effect of metacognitive beliefs and gender in the relationship between RNT and AUD. Eighty-one AUD patients were administered measures of AUD severity, RNT, metacognitive beliefs about thinking and alcohol use, anxiety, and depression. Results indicated that the 'capture mental resources' factor of RNT is a significant predictor of AUD severity, independent from anxiety and depression, and that this effect is moderated by metacognitive beliefs and gender. RNT is a significant predictor of AUD severity only for people with high negative beliefs about thoughts regarding uncontrollability and danger. Furthermore, RNT was found to predict AUD severity only for men with high beliefs about the need to control thoughts and for men with high positive beliefs about emotional self-regulation. Treatments that reduce attentional impairments caused by RNT and modify dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs could be promising for some patients with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Hamonniere
- Université de Paris, LPPS, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Clinique Médical et Pédagogique Dupré, Fondation Santé des Étudiants de France, Sceaux, France.
| | - Xavier Laqueille
- Service d'Addictologie « Moreau de Tours », Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Site Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Florence Vorspan
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, 200 rue du Fg St Denis, 75010 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Site Villemin, 75010 Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Dereux
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Hôpital Fernand Widal, APHP.NORD, 200 rue du Fg St Denis, 75010 Paris, France; INSERM UMRS 1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Katia Illel
- Service d'Addictologie « Moreau de Tours », Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
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Memedovic S, Slade T, Ross J, Darke S, Mills KL, Marel C, Burns L, Lynskey M, Teesson M. Rumination and problematic substance use among individuals with a long-term history of illicit drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:44-50. [PMID: 31404848 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination is a cognitive process that is implicated in the development and maintenance of various forms of psychopathology, including problematic substance use. Most studies on the role of rumination in substance use have been conducted among community samples or individuals with alcohol use disorders and have predominately focused on overall rumination rather than differentiating between its subtypes, ruminative brooding and ruminative reflection. The current study therefore aimed to investigate i) whether rumination subtypes are associated with problematic substance use among people with a long-term history of illicit drug use independently of related psychological disorders (depression and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]), and ii) whether gender moderates these relationships. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS); a naturalistic prospective cohort study of people with heroin dependence. At the 11-year follow-up of ATOS, a total of 380 participants completed measures of rumination, depression, PTSD, and indices of problematic substance use. RESULTS Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that higher brooding scores were associated with current heroin dependence (OR = 1.11, CI: 1.01-1.22), polydrug use (OR = 1.16, CI: 1.06-1.28) and experience of injection related health problems (OR = 1.08, CI: 1.00-1.17), independently of depression, PTSD, and other covariates. Reflection was not related to any of the substance use measures. These results were not moderated by gender. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that ruminative brooding is related to a poorer substance use profile among people with long-term illicit drug use and highlight the potential benefits of targeting brooding during substance use treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Memedovic
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia.
| | - Tim Slade
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Ross
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia
| | - Shane Darke
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine L Mills
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christina Marel
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucy Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Lynskey
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Australia
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9
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Devynck F, Rousseau A, Romo L. Does Repetitive Negative Thinking Influence Alcohol Use? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1482. [PMID: 31333536 PMCID: PMC6616275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, researchers have used various methodologies to assess different forms of repetitive negative thinking (RNT) and their influence on alcohol consumption. Contrasting results between clinical and general populations were observed. To summarize the current literature on RNT and alcohol use, a systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009). Among the 27 included studies, the seven conducted among patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and the three focusing on other adult samples demonstrated a strong positive association between RNT and alcohol use or alcohol-related problems, regardless of the form of RNT. The results were more heterogeneous in the 17 studies conducted among adolescents and students, leading the authors to conclude that the results varied as a function of the severity of alcohol use. The results of this study suggest to focus on RNT from a transdiagnostic perspective in AUD. This processual approach may improve AUD treatment and relapse prevention. Finally, some gaps in the literature must be addressed: (1) the gender differences in the link between RNT and alcohol use and (2) the specific influence of RNT on alcohol use among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine Devynck
- EA 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interaction, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Amélie Rousseau
- EA 4072 - PSITEC - Psychologie: Interaction, Temps, Emotions, Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Lucia Romo
- EA 4430-CLIPSYD, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Paris, France
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10
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Clancy F, Prestwich A, Caperon L, O'Connor DB. Perseverative Cognition and Health Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:534. [PMID: 27877119 PMCID: PMC5099163 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in stress theory have emphasized the significance of perseverative cognition (worry and rumination) in furthering our understanding of stress-disease relationships. Substantial evidence has shown that perseverative cognition (PC) is associated with somatic outcomes and numerous physiological concomitants have been identified (i.e., cardiovascular, autonomic, and endocrine nervous system activity parameters). However, there has been no synthesis of the evidence regarding the association between PC and health behaviors. This is important given such behaviors may also directly and/or indirectly influence health and disease outcomes (triggered by PC). Therefore, the aim of the current review was to synthesize available studies that have explored the relationship between worry and rumination and health behaviors (health risk: behaviors which, if performed, would be detrimental to health; health promoting: behaviors which, if performed, would be beneficial for health). A systematic review and meta-analyses of the literature were conducted. Studies were included in the review if they reported the association between PC and health behavior. Studies identified in MEDLINE or PsycINFO (k = 7504) were screened, of which 19 studies met the eligibility criteria. Random-effects meta-analyses suggested increased PC was generally associated with increased health risk behaviors but not health promoting behaviors. Further analyses indicated that increases in rumination (r = 0.122), but not reflection (r = −0.080), or worry (r = 0.048) were associated with health risk behaviors. In conclusion, these results showed that increases in PC are associated with increases in health risk behaviors (substance use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy eating, and smoking) that are driven primarily through rumination. These findings provide partial support for our hypothesis that in Brosschot et al.'s (2006) original perseverative cognition hypothesis, there may be scope for additional routes to pathogenic disease via poorer health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Clancy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | | | - Lizzie Caperon
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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Johnson DP, Rhee SH, Friedman NP, Corley RP, Munn-Chernoff MA, Hewitt JK, Whisman MA. A Twin Study Examining Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Correlate of Psychopathology. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:971-987. [PMID: 28111610 PMCID: PMC5241110 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616638825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the genetic and environmental influences on rumination and its associations with several forms of psychopathology in a sample of adult twins (N = 744). Rumination was significantly associated with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety disorder, eating pathology, and substance dependence symptoms. There were distinct patterns of etiological overlap between rumination and each form of psychopathology; rumination had considerable genetic overlap with depression, modest genetic overlap with eating pathology, and almost no genetic overlap with substance dependence. Findings further suggest considerable overlap between genetic and environmental influences on rumination and those contributing to the covariance between forms of psychopathology. Results were specific to ruminative thought and did not extend to self-reflection. These findings support the conceptualization of rumination as a transdiagnostic correlate and risk factor for psychopathology and also suggest that the biological and environmental mechanisms linking rumination to psychopathology may differ depending on the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Mark A Whisman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
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