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Hammerton G, Heron J, Lewis K, Tilling K, Vansteelandt S. Counterfactual Mediation Analysis with a Latent Class Exposure. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2024; 59:818-840. [PMID: 38821136 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2024.2335394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Latent classes are a useful tool in developmental research, however there are challenges associated with embedding them within a counterfactual mediation model. We develop and test a new method "updated pseudo class draws (uPCD)" to examine the association between a latent class exposure and distal outcome that could easily be extended to allow the use of any counterfactual mediation method. UPCD extends an existing group of methods (based on pseudo class draws) that assume that the true values of the latent class variable are missing, and need to be multiply imputed using class membership probabilities. We simulate data based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, examine performance for existing techniques to relate a latent class exposure to a distal outcome ("one-step," "bias-adjusted three-step," "modal class assignment," "non-inclusive pseudo class draws," and "inclusive pseudo class draws") and compare bias in parameter estimates and their precision to uPCD when estimating counterfactual mediation effects. We found that uPCD shows minimal bias when estimating counterfactual mediation effects across all levels of entropy. UPCD performs similarly to recommended methods (one-step and bias-adjusted three-step), but provides greater flexibility and scope for incorporating the latent grouping within any commonly-used counterfactual mediation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Hammerton
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
- Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation (HPRU BSE), University of Bristol
| | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Katie Lewis
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kate Tilling
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Stijn Vansteelandt
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University
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Docherty M, Decrop R, McManamon B, Boxer P, Dubow EF, Huesmann LR. Exposure to violence predicts callous-unemotional traits and aggression in adolescence in the context of persistent ethnic-political conflict and violence. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:655-668. [PMID: 37539489 PMCID: PMC10592434 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
According to social-cognitive ecological theory, violence exposure increases emotional factors-such as callous-unemotional (CU) traits-which then contribute to engagement in aggressive behavior. However, previous research has generally not tested this mediational pathway, particularly in the context of persistent ethnic-political violence exposure. The present study examined associations among violence exposure, CU traits, and aggression in a sample of 1051 youth in the Middle East (Palestine and Israel), using youth- and parent-reported data in a cohort-sequential design with three age cohorts (starting ages 8, 11, and 14 years) assessed over four waves spanning 6 years. Results from structural equation models with latent variables indicated that cumulative violence exposure in childhood and adolescence (measured annually for 3 years, and comprising exposure across multiple settings including political, community, family, and school) predicted later CU traits and aggression in adolescence and early adulthood, even after controlling for earlier levels of aggression and CU traits and demographic characteristics (child age and sex and parental socioeconomic status). Additionally, in mediation analyses, CU significantly mediated the association from earlier cumulative violence exposure to concurrent aggression, while aggression did not significantly mediate the association from earlier exposure to concurrent CU traits. The results of this study suggest that violence exposure leads to both aggressive behavior and a constellation of traits that place youth at greater risk for subsequent aggressive behavior, and that CU traits could partially explain the increased risk of aggression after violence exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Boxer
- University of Michigan
- Rutgers University-Newark
| | - Eric F. Dubow
- Bowling Green State University
- University of Michigan
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Wojciechowski T. ADHD as a Predictor of Quicker Time to Violent Recidivism and a Moderator of the Exposure to Violence-Violent Recidivism Relationship. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:593-610. [PMID: 37380339 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on the role that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) plays as a moderator of the relationship between exposure to violence and violent recidivism is limited. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed to examine these relationships. Survival analysis was used to examine ADHD as a risk factor predicting time to violent recidivism. Cox-proportional hazard modeling was used to assess the impact of ADHD on violent recidivism risk and examine ADHD as a moderator of the relationship between exposure to violence and violent recidivism. Results indicated that ADHD predicted quicker time to recidivism. The effect of witnessed violence was significantly weaker for participants with ADHD at baseline than those without ADHD at baseline. The direct effect of ADHD diagnosis at baseline on violent recidivism risk was only significant when the hypothesized interaction terms were included in the model. These findings suggest that individuals with ADHD may be less vulnerable to the impact of witnessing violence on their own risk for perpetrating violence. Effective targeting of treatment should be understood within this context.
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Trajectories of Psychopathic Traits, Anxiety, and Violence Exposure Differentially Predict Antisociality in Legal System-Involved Youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:833-845. [PMID: 36729263 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathic traits are associated with several forms of antisociality, including criminal offending, legal system involvement, and substance use. Some research suggests that primary (high psychopathic traits, low negative emotions) versus secondary (high psychopathic traits, high negative emotions and/or negative experiences and environments) variants confer different levels of risk for antisociality. However, research has not examined trajectories of co-occurring fluctuations in psychopathic traits, negative emotions, and negative experiences and environments or how trajectory membership relates to antisociality. We implemented group-based multi-trajectory modeling in a sample of 809 justice-involved male (n = 681) and female (n = 128) youth from the Pathways to Desistance Study to address these gaps. We identified four trajectories of co-occurring change in psychopathic traits, anxiety, and violence exposure spanning three years: Low (low levels of each factor); Moderate Psychopathic Traits, High Negative Emotions and Experiences (moderate-decreasing psychopathic traits and high-decreasing anxiety/violence exposure); Potential Primary Psychopathic Traits (elevated-decreasing psychopathic traits, moderate-decreasing anxiety, moderate-stable violence exposure); and High/Secondary Psychopathic Traits (high-stable psychopathic traits, elevated-stable anxiety, high-decreasing violence exposure). Compared to the Low trajectory, all trajectories predicted greater violent crime and substance use three and four years later. Additionally, compared to the Low trajectory, the Potential Primary Psychopathic Traits trajectory predicted more nonviolent offending three years later. Finally, the High/Secondary Psychopathic Traits trajectory showed the most persistent antisociality, predicting more nonviolent crime, higher substance dependence symptoms, and higher likelihood of arrest three and four years later. Youth with co-occurring high psychopathic traits, anxiety, and violence exposure appear most at risk for severe antisociality.
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Plouffe RA, Wilson CA, Saklofske DH. Examining the Relationships Between Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence, the Dark Tetrad of Personality, and Violence Perpetration in Adulthood. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP3449-NP3473. [PMID: 32799706 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520948517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major international public health concern that poses significant mental and physical health risks for affected individuals. To improve prevention efforts, it is imperative that researchers and government bodies understand risk factors for IPV. One such risk factor concerns the extent to which violence is intergenerational, such that exposure to violence predisposes individuals to engage in violence toward intimate partners. The purpose of this research is to assess childhood exposure to violence as a risk factor for perpetration of IPV in adulthood, and to evaluate the Dark Tetrad personality traits as mediators in this relationship. We recruited 153 men and 246 women (age range = 18-73, Mage = 33.50, SDage = 10.26) through Amazon's Mechanical Turk to complete a series of questionnaires and an open-ended IPV perpetration assessment. Results showed no relationship between IPV perpetration and childhood IPV exposure, indicating that mediation analyses were not possible. Possible explanations are discussed. Follow-up exploratory analyses demonstrated that gender moderated the relationships between childhood IPV exposure and levels of Factor 1 psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Specifically, men who were exposed to IPV in childhood were more likely to develop higher levels of Factor 1 psychopathy and Machiavellianism, whereas women were not. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of providing researchers and clinicians with a greater understanding of environmental events preceding maladaptive trait development. It is also important for researchers and clinicians to consider gender differences in pathways between exposure to IPV and subsequent development of dark personality traits. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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COMT Val/Met and Psychopathic Traits in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and New Evidence of a Developmental Trajectory toward Psychopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031782. [PMID: 35163702 PMCID: PMC8836546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychopathic traits in youth may lead to adult criminal behaviors/psychopathy. The Val158Met polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) may influence the risk for psychopathy-related behaviors, while acting as a biomarker for predicting treatment response to dopaminergic medications. The literature shows inconsistent findings, making the interpretation of COMT's role difficult. The aims of this article are (i) to conduct a systematic review to analyze the effects of COMT Val158Met on psychopathic traits in children and adolescents, and (ii) to present new evidence on the developmental trajectory of the association of Val158Met and youth psychopathic traits. For the systematic review, a literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, OVID Medline and PsychINFO with the search terms for psychopathic traits, Val158Met and age of interest. In our genotype study, the COMT Val158Met genotype of 293 youth with European ancestry was analyzed in association with the psychopathy-related behavior scores from the Child Behavior Checklist and the Psychopathy Screening Device. To examine the potential influence of developmental changes, the sample was split into at or above and below age 13, and analyses were performed in males and females separately. The literature search yielded twenty-eight articles to be included in the systematic review, which demonstrated mixed results on the association depending on environmental factors, sex ratios, age groups and behavioral disorder diagnoses. The results from our genotype study revealed that Met homozygous youth in the below age 13 group and conversely Val carrier youth in the above age 13 group were more likely to display psychopathic traits. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically review the effects of COMT Val158Met on psychopathic traits in childhood and adolescence, and to provide new evidence on the changing effects of Val158Met on psychopathy-related behaviors with development. Elucidating the role of the COMT genotype in conjunction with the child versus adolescent stage of development for psychopathic traits may help predict treatment response, and may lead to early intervention and prevention strategies.
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Basto-Pereira M, Gouveia-Pereira M, Pereira CR, Barrett EL, Lawler S, Newton N, Stapinski L, Prior K, Costa MSA, Ximenes JM, Rocha AS, Michel G, Garcia M, Rouchy E, Al Shawi A, Sarhan Y, Fulano C, Magaia AJ, El-Astal S, Alattar K, Sabbah K, Holtzhausen L, Campbell E, Villanueva L, Gomis-Pomares A, Adrián JE, Cuervo K, Sakulku J. The global impact of adverse childhood experiences on criminal behavior: A cross-continental study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 124:105459. [PMID: 35007971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have been associated with a greater risk of later criminal offending. However, existing research in this area has been primarily conducted in Western developed countries and cross-cultural studies are rare. OBJECTIVES This study examined the relationship between ACEs and criminal behaviors in young adults living in 10 countries located across five continents, after accounting for sex, age, and cross-national differences. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING In total, 3797 young adults aged between 18 and 20 years (M = 18.97; DP = 0.81) were assessed locally in community settings within the 10 countries. METHOD The ACE Questionnaire was used to assess maltreatment and household dysfunction during childhood and a subset of questions derived from the Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) was used to determine past-year criminal variety pertaining to 10 acts considered crime across participating countries. RESULTS Physical and sexual abuse, physical neglect, and household substance abuse were related to criminal variety, globally, and independently across sexes and countries ranked differently in the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). In addition, three out of five experiences of household dysfunction were related to criminal variety, but subsequent analyses indicate that some forms of household dysfunction only hold statistical significance among males or females, or in countries ranking lower in the HDI. CONCLUSIONS This research strengthens the finding that there are cross-cultural mechanisms perpetuating the cycle of violence. It also indicates that forms of household dysfunction have an impact on criminal behavior that is shaped by gender and the country's levels of social well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Basto-Pereira
- William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1100-304 Lisboa, Portugal..
| | - Maria Gouveia-Pereira
- APPsyCI, ISPA - Intituto Universitário, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1100-304 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cicero Roberto Pereira
- Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon (ICS-ULisboa), Av. Prof. Aníbal Bettencourt 9, 1600-189, Lisbon, Portugal; Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I - Lot. Cidade Universitaria, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Emma Louise Barrett
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Siobhan Lawler
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lexine Stapinski
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katrina Prior
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Suely Alves Costa
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, Campus Sobral, R. Cel. Estanislau Frota, 563 - Centro, Sobral, CE 62010-560, Brazil
| | - Jocélia Medeiros Ximenes
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, Campus Sobral, R. Cel. Estanislau Frota, 563 - Centro, Sobral, CE 62010-560, Brazil
| | - André Sousa Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, Campus Sobral, R. Cel. Estanislau Frota, 563 - Centro, Sobral, CE 62010-560, Brazil
| | - Grégory Michel
- Institut de Sciences Criminelles et de la Justice (ISCJ), University of Bordeaux, 4 rue du Maréchal Joffre, 1er étage, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, ISCJ, 4 rue du Maréchal Joffre, 33075 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Garcia
- Institut de Sciences Criminelles et de la Justice (ISCJ), University of Bordeaux, 4 rue du Maréchal Joffre, 1er étage, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, ISCJ, 4 rue du Maréchal Joffre, 33075 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emma Rouchy
- Institut de Sciences Criminelles et de la Justice (ISCJ), University of Bordeaux, 4 rue du Maréchal Joffre, 1er étage, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Psychology, University of Bordeaux, ISCJ, 4 rue du Maréchal Joffre, 33075 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ameel Al Shawi
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Fallujah, Fallujah City, Anbar Governorate, Iraq
| | - Yassen Sarhan
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Ramadi city, Anbar Governorate, Iraq
| | - Celso Fulano
- Universidade Pedagógica, Rua João Carlos Raposo Beirão n° 135, Maputo, Mozambique; Maputo Municipal Council, Bairro Chali, n°142, estrada 403, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Angélica José Magaia
- Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, National Director of Children, Av Ahmed S Touré 908, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sofián El-Astal
- Al Azhar University-Gaza, Jamal Abdl Naser St., Gaza, Palestine
| | - Kefaya Alattar
- Al Azhar University-Gaza, Jamal Abdl Naser St., Gaza, Palestine
| | - Khetam Sabbah
- Al Azhar University-Gaza, Jamal Abdl Naser St., Gaza, Palestine
| | - Leon Holtzhausen
- Department of Social Development, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Emma Campbell
- Department of Social Development, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Lidón Villanueva
- Developmental Psychology Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Aitana Gomis-Pomares
- Developmental Psychology Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan E Adrián
- Developmental Psychology Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Keren Cuervo
- Developmental Psychology Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaruwan Sakulku
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, 99 Moo 18 Paholyothin Rd. Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
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Connolly EJ, Said Al-Ghamdi M, Nezar Kobeisy A, Alqurashi FH, Schwartz JA, Beaver KM. Neighborhood Exposure to Violence and Delinquency in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Partial Test of Social Structure and Social Learning Theory. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8747-NP8772. [PMID: 31046548 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519845728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The social structure and social learning (SSSL) model for crime and deviance has received an impressive amount of empirical support in the United States and other Western industrialized countries. Comparatively, less research, however, has examined whether the SSSL model offers a viable framework for explaining variation in delinquent behavior in other geographic contexts, particularly, countries that place a stronger emphasis on social control stemming from both formal and religious sources. The current study addresses this void in the literature by examining a sample of youth from Saudi Arabia, a Middle Eastern country that enforces Sharia (a set of laws based in Islamic tradition) and strict gender roles. The association between neighborhood exposure to violence and risk for violent and nonviolent delinquent behavior was examined using structural equation models. Subsequent models were aimed at more closely examining the mediating role of delinquent peer association between neighborhood exposure to violence and violent and nonviolent delinquent behavior. Results indicate that males exposed to neighborhood violence are more likely to engage in violent and nonviolent delinquent behavior, whereas females are more likely to engage in violent, but not nonviolent, delinquent behavior. In line with the SSSL model, delinquent peer association fully mediates the direct effect of neighborhood exposure to violence on delinquent behavior in both males and females. Findings from the current study suggest that the SSSL model may provide a useful framework for explaining individual differences in delinquent behavior in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin M Beaver
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
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Wojciechowski TW. The Relevance of Victimization Experiences for Predicting the Development of Threat Symptoms During Adolescence and Early Adulthood. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP2346-NP2367. [PMID: 29577840 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518760608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The "threat" portion of the threat/control override symptom constellation is characterized by the belief by an individual that others seek to do them harm. There has yet to be an examination of the link between perceived threat symptomatology and the experience of victimization, despite the fact that both constructs are linked to the perpetration of violent behavior. Furthermore, there has yet to be research which examines the heterogeneity in developmental patterns of threat symptomatology. The present research utilized the Pathways to Desistance data to model the developmental heterogeneity in perceived threat symptomatology across adolescence and early adulthood using group-based trajectory modeling. A series of multinomial logistic regression models were then estimated to examine the relevance of victimization experiences for predicting trajectory group assignment. A five-group model of development during adolescence and early adulthood best fit the threat symptom data. Victimization experienced prior to age 16 predicted assignment to all groups in the model characterized by presentation of threat symptoms at some point during the study. Victimization experienced between ages 16 and 23 predicted assignment to the High Chronic group and marginally predicted assignment to the Accelerating group. These results indicate that victimization does indeed predict the presentation of perceived threat symptomatology. This indicates that presentation of threat symptoms may be indicative of a history of victimization. Proper screening of those presenting threat symptoms may help to better orient treatment plans for modalities centered on victimization experiences. Future research should investigate the possibility that threat symptoms mediate the relationship between victimization and violent behavior.
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Estrada S, Cinguina M, Baskin-Sommers A. The Role of Exposure to Violence and Psychopathy on Violent Crime Perpetration. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wojciechowski TW. The Impact of PTSD-Linked Strain Sensitivity on Violent Offending: Differences in Effects During Adolescence Versus Early Adulthood. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2020; 35:176-194. [PMID: 32273376 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-18-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate the relevance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-linked strain sensitivity associated with exposure to violence for predicting violence outcomes among juvenile offenders during adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS This study uses the Pathways to Desistance data and to test relevant relationships. Two series of negative binomial regression models were estimated to test hypotheses, one corresponding to each period of the life course. RESULTS Results indicated that witnessed violence interacted with PTSD status in adolescence, indicating that individuals afflicted with PTSD demonstrated heightened sensitivity to this strain, manifested in increased violent offending. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that witnessed violence may act as a trigger during adolescence, resulting in juvenile offenders with PTSD responding with violence. This may have treatment implications for individuals suffering from PTSD.
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Siegel JZ, Estrada S, Crockett MJ, Baskin-Sommers A. Exposure to violence affects the development of moral impressions and trust behavior in incarcerated males. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1942. [PMID: 31028269 PMCID: PMC6486592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals exposed to community violence are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior, resulting in a dramatic increase in contact with justice and social service systems. Theoretical accounts suggest that disruptions in learning underlie the link between exposure to violence and maladaptive behaviors. However, empirical evidence specifying these processes is sparse. Here, in a sample of incarcerated males, we investigated how exposure to violence affects the ability to learn about the harmfulness of others and use this information to adaptively modulate trust behavior. Exposure to violence does not impact the ability to accurately develop beliefs about agents' harm preferences and predict their choices. However, exposure to violence disrupts the ability to form moral impressions that dissociate between agents with distinguishable harm preferences, and subsequently, the ability to adjust trust behavior towards different agents. These findings reveal a process that may explain the association between exposure to violence and maladaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Z Siegel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Suzanne Estrada
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Molly J Crockett
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Kerig PK. Linking childhood trauma exposure to adolescent justice involvement: The concept of posttraumatic risk‐seeking. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Walters GD. Exposure to Violence as a Mediator of the CU–Aggression Relationship: on the Importance of Establishing the Causal Direction of Variables in a Path Analysis. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tsang S. Troubled or Traumatized Youth? The Relations Between Psychopathy, Violence Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Antisocial Behavior Among Juvenile Offenders. JOURNAL OF AGGRESSION, MALTREATMENT & TRAUMA 2017; 27:164-178. [PMID: 29743806 PMCID: PMC5937543 DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2017.1372541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined how psychopathy, exposure to violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with antisocial behavior among 1,354 serious delinquent adolescents from the Pathways to Desistance study. Results showed that psychopathy, violence exposure, and PTSD are independently linked to self-reported involvement of delinquency, even after controlling for respondents' demographic characteristics. However, the effect of PTSD on antisocial behavior was small. Differential associations were observed between the 2 factors of psychopathy, interpersonal/affective and social deviance, and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, the effect of social deviance characteristics on delinquency was above and beyond that of interpersonal/affective features. In addition, exposure to violence as a victim or witness were uniquely associated with increased delinquent behavior. Findings clarified the relations among psychopathy, violence exposure, PTSD, and antisocial behavior, and highlighted the differential links between psychopathy factors and delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siny Tsang
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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