1
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Yang Z, Tao P, Han X, Kozlova A, He T, Volchkov E, Nesterenko Z, Pershin D, Raykina E, Fatkhudinov T, Korobeynikova A, Aksentijevich I, Yang J, Shcherbina A, Zhou Q, Yu X. Characterization of a Novel Pathogenic PLCG2 Variant Leading to APLAID Syndrome Responsive to a TNF Inhibitor. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024. [PMID: 38965708 DOI: 10.1002/art.42948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoinflammation and phospholipase C (PLC) γ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) syndrome is an autoinflammatory disease caused by gain-of-function variants in PLCG2. This study investigates the pathogenic mechanism of a novel variant of PLCG2 in a patient with APLAID syndrome. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to identify the pathogenic variant in the patient. Single-cell RNA sequencing, immunoblotting, luciferase assay, inositol monophosphate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, calcium flux assay, quantitative PCR, and immunoprecipitation were used to define inflammatory signatures and evaluate the effects of the PLCG2 variant on protein functionality and immune signaling. RESULTS We identified a novel de novo variant, PLCG2 p.D993Y, in a patient with colitis, pansinusitis, skin rash, edema, recurrent respiratory infections, B-cell deficiencies, and hypogammaglobulinemia. The single-cell transcriptome revealed exacerbated inflammatory responses in the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Expression of the D993Y variant in HEK293T, COS-7, and PLCG2 knock-out THP-1 cell lines showed heightened PLCγ2 phosphorylation; elevated inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production and intracellular Ca2+ release; and activation of the MAPK, NF-κB, and NFAT signaling pathways compared with control-transfected cells. In vitro experiments indicated that the D993Y variant altered amino acid properties, disrupting the interaction between the catalytic and autoinhibitory domains of PLCγ2, resulting in PLCγ2 autoactivation. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that the PLCG2 D993Y variant is a gain-of-function mutation via impairing its autoinhibition, activating multiple inflammatory signaling pathways, thus leading to APLAID syndrome. This study further broadens the molecular underpinnings and phenotypic spectrum of PLCγ2-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anna Kozlova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tingyan He
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Egor Volchkov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Zoya Nesterenko
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitryi Pershin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Raykina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) and Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Korobeynikova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, and Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jun Yang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anna Shcherbina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Qing Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Wang T, Wang X, Teng Y, Wu L, Zhu F, Ma D, Wang H, Liu X. APLAID complicated with arrhythmogenic dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a novel PLCG2 variant. Immunol Res 2024; 72:512-519. [PMID: 38243104 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiaxing University Master Degree Cultivation Base Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Yiqun Teng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pinghu Maternal and Child Health Center, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314200, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Danjie Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
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3
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Bull D, Matte JC, Navarron CM, McIntyre R, Whiting P, Katan M, Ducotterd F, Magno L. The hypermorphic PLCγ2 S707Y variant dysregulates microglial cell function - Insight into PLCγ2 activation in brain health and disease, and opportunities for therapeutic modulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166978. [PMID: 38061598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) is highly expressed in hematopoietic and immune cells, where it is a key signalling node enabling diverse cellular functions. Within the periphery, gain-of-function (GOF) PLCγ2 variants, such as the strongly hypermorphic S707Y, cause severe immune dysregulation. The milder hypermorphic mutation PLCγ2 P522R increases longevity and confers protection in central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative disorders, implicating PLCγ2 as a novel therapeutic target for treating these CNS indications. Currently, nothing is known about what consequences strong PLCγ2 GOF has on CNS functionality, and more precisely on the specific biological functions of microglia. Using the PLCγ2 S707Y variant as a model of chronic activation we investigated the functional consequences of strong PLCγ2 GOF on human microglia. PLCγ2 S707Y expressing human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived microglia exhibited hypermorphic enzymatic activity under both basal and stimulated conditions, compared to PLCγ2 wild type. Despite the increase in PLCγ2 enzymatic activity, the PLCγ2 S707Y hiPSC-derived microglia display diminished functionality for key microglial processes including phagocytosis and cytokine secretion upon inflammatory challenge. RNA sequencing revealed a downregulation of genes related to innate immunity and response, providing molecular support for the phenotype observed. Our data suggests that chronic activation of PLCγ2 elicits a detrimental phenotype that is contributing to unfavourable CNS functions, and informs on the therapeutic window for targeting PLCγ2 in the CNS. Drug candidates targeting PLCγ2 will need to precisely mimic the effects of the PLCγ2 P522R variant on microglial function, but not those of the PLCγ2 S707Y variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bull
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Julie C Matte
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen M Navarron
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca McIntyre
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Whiting
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Ducotterd
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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4
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Baysac K, Sun G, Nakano H, Schmitz EG, Cruz AC, Fisher C, Bailey AC, Mace E, Milner JD, Ombrello MJ. PLCG2-associated immune dysregulation (PLAID) comprises broad and distinct clinical presentations related to functional classes of genetic variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:230-242. [PMID: 37769878 PMCID: PMC11337301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants of phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) cause 2 related forms of autosomal-dominant immune dysregulation (ID), PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID) and autoinflammatory PLAID (APLAID). Since describing these conditions, many PLCG2 variants of uncertain significance have been identified by clinical sequencing of patients with diverse features of ID. OBJECTIVE We sought to functionally classify PLCG2 variants and explore known and novel genotype-function-phenotype relationships. METHODS Clinical data from patients with PLCG2 variants were obtained via standardized questionnaire. PLCG2 variants were generated by mutagenesis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-PLCG2 plasmid, which was overexpressed in Plcg2-deficient DT-40 B cells. B-cell receptor-induced calcium flux and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation were assayed by flow cytometry. In some cases, stimulation-induced calcium flux was also measured in primary patient cells. RESULTS Three-fourths of PLCG2 variants produced functional alteration of B-cell activation, in vitro. Thirteen variants led to gain of function (GOF); however, most functional variants defined a new class of PLCG2 mutation, monoallelic loss of function (LOF). Susceptibility to infection and autoinflammation were common with both GOF and LOF variants, whereas a new phenotypic cluster consisting of humoral immune deficiency, autoinflammation, susceptibility to herpesvirus infection, and natural killer cell dysfunction was observed in association with multiple heterozygous LOF variants detected in both familial and sporadic cases. In some cases, PLCG2 variants produced greater effects in natural killer cells than in B cells. CONCLUSIONS This work expands the genotypic and phenotypic associations with functional variation in PLCG2, including a novel form of ID in carriers of heterozygous loss of PLCG2 function. It also demonstrates the need for more diverse assays for assessing the impact of PLCG2 variants on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Baysac
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Guangping Sun
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Hiroto Nakano
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elizabeth G Schmitz
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Anthony C Cruz
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Charles Fisher
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexis C Bailey
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Emily Mace
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Michael J Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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5
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Sullivan NP, Maniam N, Maglione PJ. Interstitial lung diseases in inborn errors of immunity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:500-506. [PMID: 37823528 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our goal is to review current understanding of interstitial lung disease (ILD) affecting patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). This includes understanding how IEI might predispose to and promote development or progression of ILD as well as how our growing understanding of IEI can help shape treatment of ILD in these patients. Additionally, by examining current knowledge of ILD in IEI, we hope to identify key knowledge gaps that can become focus of future investigative efforts. RECENT FINDINGS Recent identification of novel IEI associated with ILD and the latest reports examining treatment of ILD in IEI are included. Of noted interest, are recent clinical studies of immunomodulatory therapy for ILD in common variable immunodeficiency. SUMMARY ILD is a frequent complication found in many IEI. This article provides a guide to identifying manifestations of ILD in IEI. We review a broad spectrum of IEI that develop ILD, including antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation disorders that promote autoimmunity and autoinflammation. This work integrates clinical information with molecular mechanisms of disease and diagnostic assessments to provide an expedient overview of a clinically relevant and expanding topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nivethietha Maniam
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul J Maglione
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Kanemaru K, Nakamura Y. Activation Mechanisms and Diverse Functions of Mammalian Phospholipase C. Biomolecules 2023; 13:915. [PMID: 37371495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays pivotal roles in regulating various cellular functions by metabolizing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. This process generates two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which respectively regulate the intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C activation. In mammals, six classes of typical PLC have been identified and classified based on their structure and activation mechanisms. They all share X and Y domains, which are responsible for enzymatic activity, as well as subtype-specific domains. Furthermore, in addition to typical PLC, atypical PLC with unique structures solely harboring an X domain has been recently discovered. Collectively, seven classes and 16 isozymes of mammalian PLC are known to date. Dysregulation of PLC activity has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, identification of new drug targets that can selectively modulate PLC activity is important. The present review focuses on the structures, activation mechanisms, and physiological functions of mammalian PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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7
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Mulazzani E, Kong K, Aróstegui JI, Ng AP, Ranathunga N, Abeysekera W, Garnham AL, Ng SL, Baker PJ, Jackson JT, Lich JD, Hibbs ML, Wicks IP, Louis C, Masters SL. G-CSF drives autoinflammation in APLAID. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:814-826. [PMID: 36997670 PMCID: PMC10154231 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Missense mutations in PLCG2 can cause autoinflammation with phospholipase C gamma 2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID). Here, we generated a mouse model carrying an APLAID mutation (p.Ser707Tyr) and found that inflammatory infiltrates in the skin and lungs were only partially ameliorated by removing inflammasome function via the deletion of caspase-1. Also, deleting interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor did not fully prevent APLAID mutant mice from autoinflammation. Overall, these findings are in accordance with the poor response individuals with APLAID have to treatments that block interleukin-1, JAK1/2 or tumor necrosis factor. Cytokine analysis revealed increased granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels as the most distinct feature in mice and individuals with APLAID. Remarkably, treatment with a G-CSF antibody completely reversed established disease in APLAID mice. Furthermore, excessive myelopoiesis was normalized and lymphocyte numbers rebounded. APLAID mice were also fully rescued by bone marrow transplantation from healthy donors, associated with reduced G-CSF production, predominantly from non-hematopoietic cells. In summary, we identify APLAID as a G-CSF-driven autoinflammatory disease, for which targeted therapy is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mulazzani
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Klara Kong
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan I Aróstegui
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley P Ng
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Clinical Haematology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nishika Ranathunga
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sze-Ling Ng
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Baker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacob T Jackson
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Lich
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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8
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Bunney TD, Katan M. Targeting G-CSF to treat autoinflammation. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:736-737. [PMID: 36997672 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom D Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Masters SL. Ten things to know about NLRP10. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:561-562. [PMID: 36949288 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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10
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Visvanathan R, Utsuki T, Beck DE, Lendy E, Sun KL, Liu Y, Hering KW, Mesecar A, Zhang ZY, Putt KS. A novel fluorogenic reporter substrate for 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 (PLCγ2): Application to high-throughput screening for activators to treat Alzheimer's disease. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023:S2472-5552(23)00024-2. [PMID: 36933698 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
A rare coding variant in PLCγ2 (P522R) expressed in microglia induces a mild activation of enzymatic activity when compared to wild-type. This mutation is reported to be protective against the cognitive decline associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and therefore, activation of wild-type PLCγ2 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of LOAD. Additionally, PLCγ2 has been associated with other diseases such as cancer and some autoimmune disorders where mutations with much greater increases in PLCγ2 activity have been identified. Here, pharmacological inhibition may provide a therapeutic effect. In order to facilitate our investigation of the activity of PLCγ2, we developed an optimized fluorogenic substrate to monitor enzymatic activity in aqueous solution. This was accomplished by first exploring the spectral properties of various "turn-on" fluorophores. The most promising turn-on fluorophore was incorporated into a water-soluble PLCγ2 reporter substrate, which we named C8CF3-coumarin. The ability of PLCγ2 to enzymatically process C8CF3-coumarin was confirmed, and the kinetics of the reaction were determined. Reaction conditions were optimized to identify small molecule activators, and a pilot screen of the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds 1280 (LOPAC1280) was performed with the goal of identifying small molecule activators of PLCγ2. The optimized screening conditions allowed identification of potential PLCγ2 activators and inhibitors, thus demonstrating the feasibility of this approach for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Visvanathan
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tadanobu Utsuki
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E Beck
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Emma Lendy
- IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kuai-Lin Sun
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 East Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 East Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Kirk W Hering
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 East Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Andrew Mesecar
- IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; IUSM-Purdue TREAT-AD Center, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA.
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11
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Peng Q, Luo D, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Luo Q, Chen H, Chen D, Zhou Z, Lu X. Clinical and immunological features of an APLAID patient caused by a novel mutation in PLCG2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1014150. [PMID: 36776842 PMCID: PMC9911665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The APLAID syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by gain-of-function mutations in the PLCG2 gene. We present a 7-year-old APLAID patient who has recurrent blistering skin lesions, skin infections in the perineum, a rectal perineal fistula, and inflammatory bowel disease. Methods To determine the genetic cause of our patient, WES and bioinformatics analysis were performed. Flow cytometry was used for phenotyping immune cell populations in peripheral blood. Cytokines released into plasma were analyzed using protein chip technology. The PBMCs of patient and a healthy child were subjected to single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. Results The patient carried a novel de novo missense mutation c.2534T>C in exon 24 of the PLCG2 gene that causes a leucine to serine amino acid substitution (p.Leu845Ser). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this mutation had a negative impact on the structure of the PLCγ2 protein, which is highly conserved in many other species. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry revealed that in addition to the typical decrease in circulating memory B cells, the levels of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) in the children's peripheral blood were significantly lower, as were the CD4+ effector T cells induced by their activation. Single-cell sequencing revealed that the proportion of different types of cells in the peripheral blood of the APLAID patient changed. Conclusions We present the first case of APLAID with severely reduced myeloid dendritic cells carrying a novel PLCG2 mutation, and conducted a comprehensive analysis of immunological features in the ALPAID patient, which has not been mentioned in previous reports. This study expands the spectrum of APLAID-associated immunophenotype and genotype. The detailed immune analyses in this patient may provide a basis for the development of targeted therapies for this severe autoinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China,Department of infectious diseases, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yinghua Zhu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China,Department of infectious diseases, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children′ s Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Compartive Medicine Department of Researching and Teaching, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Dongguan Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China,Department of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Children’s Genetics and Infectious Diseases of Dongguan, Dongguan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaomei Lu,
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12
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Giancotta C, Colantoni N, Pacillo L, Santilli V, Amodio D, Manno EC, Cotugno N, Rotulo GA, Rivalta B, Finocchi A, Cancrini C, Diociaiuti A, El Hachem M, Zangari P. Tailored treatments in inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) with skin involvement. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1129249. [PMID: 37033173 PMCID: PMC10073443 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1129249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) are a group of inherited monogenic disorders that occur with immune dysregulation and frequent skin involvement. Several pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions, including immune system defects, alterations of skin barrier and metabolism perturbations. Current technological improvements and the higher accessibility to genetic testing, recently allowed the identification of novel molecular pathways involved in IEIs-A, also informing on potential tailored therapeutic strategies. Compared to other systemic therapy for skin diseases, biologics have the less toxic and the best tolerated profile in the setting of immune dysregulation. Here, we review IEIs-A with skin involvement focusing on the tailored therapeutic approach according to their pathogenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giancotta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Colantoni
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Santilli
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Concetta Manno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Diociaiuti
- Dermatology Unit and Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - May El Hachem
- Dermatology Unit and Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: Paola Zangari
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13
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Wittmann N, Mishra N, Gramenz J, Kuthning D, Behrendt AK, Bossaller L, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Inflammasome activation and formation of ASC specks in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1063772. [PMID: 36936231 PMCID: PMC10014801 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1063772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The formation of large intracellular protein aggregates of the inflammasome adaptor ASC is a hallmark of inflammasome activation and characteristic of autoinflammation. Inflammasome activated cells release the highly proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in addition to ASC specks into the extracellular space. Autoinflammatory activity has been demonstrated in systemic JIA, however minimal data exist on the role of inflammasomes in other JIA subtypes. We therefore investigated, if pyroptotic cells are present in the circulation of oligo- and poly-articular JIA. Methods Peripheral blood of JIA patients (n = 46) was investigated for ASC speck formation, a key step in inflammasome activation, by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Free ASC and proinflammatory cytokine levels were determined by ELISA and multiplex assay. Results Oligo-articular JIA patients showed a significantly increased proportion of ASC speck+ monocytes compared to poly-articular JIA patients. In serum free ASC alone is not sufficient to assess inflammasome activity and does not correlate with ASC speck+ monocytes. Compared to control several cytokines were significantly elevated in samples of JIA patients. JIA serum containing antinuclear antibodies, incubated with ASC specks boosts a secondary inflammation by IL-1β production in macrophages. Conclusion For the first time, we detect ex vivo inflammasome activation by ASC speck formation in oligo- and poly-articular JIA patients. Most notably, inflammasome activation was significantly higher in oligo- compared to poly-articular JIA patients. This data suggests that inflammasome derived autoinflammation may have a greater influence in the previously thought autoimmune oligo-articular JIA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Wittmann
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Neha Mishra
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jana Gramenz
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniela Kuthning
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Behrendt
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Bossaller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Almut Meyer-Bahlburg, ✉
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14
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Raghawan AK, Radha V, Swarup G. HSC70 as a sensor of low temperature: role in cold-triggered autoinflammatory disorders. FEBS J 2022; 289:8037-8049. [PMID: 34535969 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS) is a subset of heritable autoinflammatory disorders wherein inflammatory symptoms aggravate upon exposure of the individual to subnormal temperature. In the past two decades, several mutations in various genes such as NLRP3, NLRP12, PLCG2 and NLRC4 have been identified that cause cold-triggered inflammation. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which cells perceive subnormal temperature, and what keeps the inflammation under check until exposure to low temperature, is very limited. We hypothesise that recognition of FCAS-associated mutants as misfolded polypeptides by temperature-sensitive HSC70 (HSPA8) chaperone determines the FCAS phenotype. At 37 °C, HSC70 would interact with the mutant proteins, keeping them almost inactive, and loss of interaction at low temperature due to a conformational change in HSC70 would lead to their activation. The proposed mechanism of low temperature sensing in the context of FCAS may have wider implications for HSC70 as a cold temperature sensor in various pathological conditions where symptoms get aggravated upon exposure to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vegesna Radha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Corneth OBJ, Neys SFH, Hendriks RW. Aberrant B Cell Signaling in Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213391. [PMID: 36359789 PMCID: PMC9654300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant B cell signaling plays a critical in role in various systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. This is supported by genetic evidence by many functional studies in B cells from patients or specific animal models and by the observed efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. In this review, we first discuss key signal transduction pathways downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) that ensure that autoreactive B cells are removed from the repertoire or functionally silenced. We provide an overview of aberrant BCR signaling that is associated with inappropriate B cell repertoire selection and activation or survival of peripheral B cell populations and plasma cells, finally leading to autoantibody formation. Next to BCR signaling, abnormalities in other signal transduction pathways have been implicated in autoimmune disease. These include reduced activity of several phosphates that are downstream of co-inhibitory receptors on B cells and increased levels of BAFF and APRIL, which support survival of B cells and plasma cells. Importantly, pathogenic synergy of the BCR and Toll-like receptors (TLR), which can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, has been shown to enhance autoimmunity. Finally, we will briefly discuss therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease based on interfering with signal transduction in B cells.
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16
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Li Y, Yu M, Lu M. Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and current management of IL-1 mediated monogenic systemic autoinflammatory diseases, a literature review. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:90. [PMID: 36253853 PMCID: PMC9575291 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are hyperinflammatory and immune-dysregulation conditions that present in childhood. This kind of disease is a rare disease with early-onset, severe condition and difficult diagnosis, which seriously affects the growth and development of children. Most children need a genetic diagnosis. However, with the limitation of access to genetic testing and the detection of somatic mutations, the diagnosis of SAIDs remains challenging. IL-1 is one of the important cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of SAIDs. Here we briefly review monogenic SAIDs mediated by aberrant IL-1 production, with the aim to further understand the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatments of IL-1 mediated SAIDs. METHODS Literature reviews were performed using "PubMed" and "Web of Science" by searching for the terms "autoinflammatory diseases" and "IL-1". RESULTS Monogenic SAIDs mediated by IL-1 include MKD, FMF, TRAPS, PAAND, PAPA, CAPS, DIRA, Majeed syndrome, NAIAD, NLRC4-MAS, PFIT, APLAID. Monogenic SAIDs have early onset, various clinical manifestations and difficult diagnosis, so early recognition and early treatment can reduce the complications and enhance the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS There are many kinds of IL-1 mediated SAIDs. Pediatricians should be alert to SAIDs in the face of the patients with repeated fever, repeated rash and poor effect of routine treatment. The patients should be carried out with gene testing and treatment in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandie Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Meiping Yu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003 China
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Heath, NO.57 Zhugan Lane, Yan-an Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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17
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Li K, Ran B, Wang Y, Liu L, Li W. PLCγ2 impacts microglia-related effectors revealing variants and pathways important in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999061. [PMID: 36147734 PMCID: PMC9485805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. The etiology of AD is complex and remains incompletely understood. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have increasingly highlighted the central role of microglia in AD pathology. As a trans-membrane receptor specifically present on the microglia in the central nervous system, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCγ2) plays an important role in neuroinflammation. GWAS data and corresponding pathological research have explored the effects of PLCG2 variants on amyloid burden and tau pathologies that underline AD. The link between PLCγ2 and other AD-related effectors in human and mouse microglia has also been established, placing PLCγ2 downstream of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Because the research on PLCγ2’s role in AD is still in its early stages, few articles have been published, therefore in this paper, we integrate the relevant research published to date, review the structural features, expression patterns, and related pathways of PLCγ2, and summarize the recent studies on important PLCG2 variants related to AD. Furthermore, the possibility and challenge of using PLCγ2 to develop therapeutic drugs for AD are also discussed.
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Atschekzei F, Dubrowinskaja N, Anim M, Thiele T, Witte T, Sogkas G. Identification of variants in genes associated with autoinflammatory disorders in a cohort of patients with psoriatic arthritis. RMD Open 2022; 8:rmdopen-2022-002561. [PMID: 36113963 PMCID: PMC9486391 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Besides adaptive immunity genes, genetic risk factors for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) include innate immunity loci, which suggests an autoinflammatory disease mechanism, at least in a subset of patients. Here, we aimed at investigating the autoinflammatory genetic background of PsA. Methods A total of 120 patients with PsA visiting the outpatient clinics of the Hannover University hospital underwent targeted next-generation sequencing, searching for variations in genes linked with inborn errors of immunity classified as autoinflammatory disorders (AIDs). Deleteriousness of rare variants was evaluated through in silico analysis. Results We found 45 rare predicted deleterious variants in 37 out of 120 (30.8%) patients with PsA. Relatively common were variants in AP1S3, PLCG2, NOD2 and NLRP12. All 45 variants were monoallelic and 25 of them, identified in 20 out of 120 (16.7%) patients, were localised in genes associated with autosomal dominant (AD) disorders. Detection of those variants is associated with pustular psoriasis or a coexisting inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Conclusions Approximately 30% of patients with PsA harboured at least one variant in a gene associated with an AID, suggesting an autoinflammatory disease mechanism. Detection of variants in genes linked to AD-AIDs may explain extra-articular manifestations of PsA, such as pustular psoriasis and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manfred Anim
- Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thea Thiele
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georgios Sogkas
- Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Welzel T, Oefelein L, Holzer U, Müller A, Menden B, Haack TB, Groβ M, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB. Variant in the PLCG2 Gene May Cause a Phenotypic Overlap of APLAID/PLAID: Case Series and Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154369. [PMID: 35955991 PMCID: PMC9368933 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Variants in the phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) gene can cause PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID)/autoinflammation and PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) syndrome. Linking the clinical phenotype with the genotype is relevant in making the final diagnosis. Methods: This is a single center case series of five related patients (4−44 years), with a history of autoinflammation and immune dysregulation. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded and a literature review of APLAID/PLAID was performed. Results: All patients had recurrent fevers, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, headaches, myalgia, abdominal pain, cold-induced urticaria and recurrent airway infections. Hearing loss was detected in two patients. Inflammatory parameters were slightly elevated during flares. Unswitched B-cells were decreased. Naïve IgD+CD27− B-cells and unswitched IgD+CD27+ B-cells were decreased; switched IgD-CD27+ B-cells were slightly increased. T-cell function was normal. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous missense variant (c.77C>T, p.Thr26Met) in the PLCG2 gene in all patients. Genotype and phenotype characteristics were similar to previously published PLAID (cold-induced urticaria) and APLAID (eye inflammation, musculoskeletal complaints, no circulating antibodies) patients. Furthermore, they displayed characteristics for both PLAID and APLAID (recurrent infections, abdominal pain/diarrhea) with normal T-cell function. Conclusion: The heterozygous missense PLCG2 gene variant (c.77C>T, p.Thr26Met) might cause phenotypical overlap of PLAID and APLAID patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Welzel
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Oefelein
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
| | - Ursula Holzer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Amelie Müller
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Benita Menden
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
| | - Tobias B. Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (A.M.); (B.M.); (T.B.H.)
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Groβ
- Institute of Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Jasmin B. Kuemmerle-Deschner
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology and Autoinflammation Reference Center Tuebingen (arcT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (T.W.); (L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Trifiletti R, Lachman HM, Manusama O, Zheng D, Spalice A, Chiurazzi P, Schornagel A, Serban AM, van Wijck R, Cunningham JL, Swagemakers S, van der Spek PJ. Identification of ultra-rare genetic variants in pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) by exome and whole genome sequencing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11106. [PMID: 35773312 PMCID: PMC9246359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrupt onset of severe neuropsychiatric symptoms including obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, anxiety, mood swings, irritability, and restricted eating is described in children with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Symptom onset is often temporally associated with infections, suggesting an underlying autoimmune/autoinflammatory etiology, although direct evidence is often lacking. The pathological mechanisms are likely heterogeneous, but we hypothesize convergence on one or more biological pathways. Consequently, we conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) on a U.S. cohort of 386 cases, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) on ten cases from the European Union who were selected because of severe PANS. We focused on identifying potentially deleterious genetic variants that were de novo or ultra-rare (MAF) < 0.001. Candidate mutations were found in 11 genes (PPM1D, SGCE, PLCG2, NLRC4, CACNA1B, SHANK3, CHK2, GRIN2A, RAG1, GABRG2, and SYNGAP1) in 21 cases, which included two or more unrelated subjects with ultra-rare variants in four genes. These genes converge into two broad functional categories. One regulates peripheral immune responses and microglia (PPM1D, CHK2, NLRC4, RAG1, PLCG2). The other is expressed primarily at neuronal synapses (SHANK3, SYNGAP1, GRIN2A, GABRG2, CACNA1B, SGCE). Mutations in these neuronal genes are also described in autism spectrum disorder and myoclonus-dystonia. In fact, 12/21 cases developed PANS superimposed on a preexisting neurodevelopmental disorder. Genes in both categories are also highly expressed in the enteric nervous system and the choroid plexus. Thus, genetic variation in PANS candidate genes may function by disrupting peripheral and central immune functions, neurotransmission, and/or the blood-CSF/brain barriers following stressors such as infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert M Lachman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Olivia Manusama
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, UOC Genetica Medica, Rome, Italy
| | - Allan Schornagel
- GGZ-Delfland, Kinderpraktijk Zoetermeer, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | - Andreea M Serban
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Wijck
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janet L Cunningham
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Swagemakers
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Src-related thrombocytopenia: a fine line between a megakaryocyte dysfunction and an immune-mediated disease. Blood Adv 2022; 6:5244-5255. [PMID: 35349645 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src-related thrombocytopenia (SRC-RT) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited platelet disorder due to the p.E527K heterozygous germline gain-of-function variant of Src. To date, genetic diagnosis of the disease has only been reported in seven patients from three unrelated families. The clinical features ranged from isolated thrombocytopenia to complex syndromic manifestations characterized by thrombocytopenia, bleeding, myelofibrosis, splenomegaly, and bone disease. We report a new three-generation kindred with the Src p.E527K variant. Patients presented with rather variable platelet counts (38 - 139 x 109/L), mildly impaired platelet function, >15% immature platelet fraction, and with a significant proportion of large-giant platelets. Four adults from the family were diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and underwent splenectomy, achieving sustained platelet counts above 75 x 109/L for several years; increases in platelet counts were also observed after corticosteroid therapy. Four of seven Src p.E527K variant carriers showed immune defects and recurrent infections. In addition, a range of neurological symptoms, from specific language impairment to epilepsy was seen in some family members. Patient platelets exhibited constitutive Src, BTK, and PLC2 activation, and after stimulating CD19 cells by crosslinking surface IgM, phosphorylated ERK was significantly increased in B cells from individuals carrying the Src p.E527K substitution. In summary, in addition to causing impaired platelet production, SRC-RT may associate immune dysregulation, and increased platelet consumption. In families in whom several members are responsive to ITP directed therapies, an underlying Src p.E527K variant should be excluded.
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Wittmann N, Behrendt AK, Mishra N, Bossaller L, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Instructions for Flow Cytometric Detection of ASC Specks as a Readout of Inflammasome Activation in Human Blood. Cells 2021; 10:2880. [PMID: 34831104 PMCID: PMC8616555 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is linked to the aggregation of the adaptor protein ASC into a multiprotein complex, known as the ASC speck. Redistribution of cytosolic ASC to this complex has been widely used as a readout for inflammasome activation and precedes the downstream proteolytic release of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. Although inflammasomes are important for many diseases such as periodic fever syndromes, COVID-19, gout, sepsis, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, only a little knowledge exists on the precise and cell type specific occurrence of inflammasome activation in patient samples ex vivo. In this report, we provide detailed information about the optimal conditions to reliably identify inflammasome activated monocytes by ASC speck formation using a modified flow cytometric method introduced by Sester et al. in 2015. Since no protocol for optimal sample processing exists, we tested human blood samples for various conditions including anticoagulant, time and temperature, the effect of one freeze-thaw cycle for PBMC storage, and the fast generation of a positive control. We believe that this flow cytometric protocol will help researchers to perform high quality translational research in multicenter studies, and therefore provide a basis for investigating the role of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Wittmann
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (N.W.); (A.-K.B.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Behrendt
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (N.W.); (A.-K.B.)
| | - Neha Mishra
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Lukas Bossaller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Department Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (N.W.); (A.-K.B.)
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23
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Szilveszter KP, Vikár S, Horváth ÁI, Helyes Z, Sárdy M, Mócsai A. Phospholipase Cγ2 is Essential for Experimental Models of Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1114-1125. [PMID: 34656615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) mediates tyrosine kinase‒coupled receptor signaling in various hematopoietic lineages. Although PLCγ2 has been implicated in certain human and mouse inflammatory disorders, its contribution to autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases is poorly understood. In this study, we tested the role of PLCγ2 in a mouse model of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita triggered by antibodies against type VII collagen (C7), a component of the dermo-epidermal junction. PLCγ2-deficient (Plcg2-/-) mice and bone marrow chimeras with a Plcg2-/- hematopoietic system were completely protected from signs of anti-C7-induced skin disease, including skin erosions, dermal‒epidermal separation, and inflammation, despite normal circulating levels and skin deposition of anti-C7 antibodies. PLCγ2 was required for the tissue infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages as well as for the accumulation of proinflammatory mediators (including IL-1β, MIP-2, and LTB4) and reactive oxygen species. Mechanistic experiments revealed a role for PLCγ2 in the release of proinflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species but not in the intrinsic migratory capacity of leukocytes. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 inhibited dermal-epidermal separation of human skin sections incubated with human neutrophils in the presence of anti-C7 antibodies. Taken together, our results suggest a critical role for PLCγ2 in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory form of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata P Szilveszter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon Vikár
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Maccora I, Marrani E, Mastrolia MV, Abu-Rumeileh S, Maniscalco V, Fusco E, Barbati F, Pagnini I, Simonini G. Ocular involvement in monogenic autoinflammatory disease. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102944. [PMID: 34509650 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monogenic Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are a broad spectrum of rare hereditary diseases whose ocular involvement has not been well characterized yet. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge about ocular findings in AIDs. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using 2 electronic databases, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A combination of AIDs and ophthalmology-related search terms were used. All articles were screened by 2 independent reviewers for title, abstract and full text level. We included solely studies that investigated ocular findings in AIDs. RESULTS 198 papers of 4268 records were retained. Data about 1353 patients with a diagnosis of autoinflammatory disease and ocular involvement were collected (680 CAPS, 211 FMF, 138 TRAPS, 238 Blau, 32 MKD, 21 SIFD, 7 Aicardi Goutières, 3 CANDLE, 8 DADA2, 9 HA20, 6 APLAID). Conjunctivitis was significantly more frequent in CAPS (p < 0.00001), uveitis in Blau, MKD, HA20 and CANDLE (p < 0.00001), papillitis/papilledema in CAPS (p < 0.00001), optic neuritis in Aicardi and DADA2 (p < 0.008), retinal vasculitis in FMF (p < 0.00001), progressive reduction in choroidal thickness in FMF and DADA2 (p < 0.00001), periorbital oedema in TRAPS (p < 0.00001) and retinitis in SIFD (p < 0.00001). Among AIDs with uveitis, granulomatous inflammation was more common in Blau syndrome (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION This systematic literature review characterized the ocular involvement of several AIDs, and the present data may encourage to consider a timely ophthalmological screening program for these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Maccora
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Marrani
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Mastrolia
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Sarah Abu-Rumeileh
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Valerio Maniscalco
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fusco
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Barbati
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, School of Human Health Science, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagnini
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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25
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Elmentaite R, Kumasaka N, Roberts K, Fleming A, Dann E, King HW, Kleshchevnikov V, Dabrowska M, Pritchard S, Bolt L, Vieira SF, Mamanova L, Huang N, Perrone F, Goh Kai'En I, Lisgo SN, Katan M, Leonard S, Oliver TRW, Hook CE, Nayak K, Campos LS, Domínguez Conde C, Stephenson E, Engelbert J, Botting RA, Polanski K, van Dongen S, Patel M, Morgan MD, Marioni JC, Bayraktar OA, Meyer KB, He X, Barker RA, Uhlig HH, Mahbubani KT, Saeb-Parsy K, Zilbauer M, Clatworthy MR, Haniffa M, James KR, Teichmann SA. Cells of the human intestinal tract mapped across space and time. Nature 2021; 597:250-255. [PMID: 34497389 PMCID: PMC8426186 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cellular landscape of the human intestinal tract is dynamic throughout life, developing in utero and changing in response to functional requirements and environmental exposures. Here, to comprehensively map cell lineages, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and antigen receptor analysis of almost half a million cells from up to 5 anatomical regions in the developing and up to 11 distinct anatomical regions in the healthy paediatric and adult human gut. This reveals the existence of transcriptionally distinct BEST4 epithelial cells throughout the human intestinal tract. Furthermore, we implicate IgG sensing as a function of intestinal tuft cells. We describe neural cell populations in the developing enteric nervous system, and predict cell-type-specific expression of genes associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Finally, using a systems approach, we identify key cell players that drive the formation of secondary lymphoid tissue in early human development. We show that these programs are adopted in inflammatory bowel disease to recruit and retain immune cells at the site of inflammation. This catalogue of intestinal cells will provide new insights into cellular programs in development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Kenny Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Aaron Fleming
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Hamish W King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Liam Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sara F Vieira
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Issac Goh Kai'En
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steven N Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matilda Katan
- Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Leonard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Thomas R W Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Elizabeth Hook
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lia S Campos
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Justin Engelbert
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Minal Patel
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Michael D Morgan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Krishnaa T Mahbubani
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kylie R James
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Jackson JT, Mulazzani E, Nutt SL, Masters SL. The role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100905. [PMID: 34157287 PMCID: PMC8318911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is a critical signaling molecule activated downstream from a variety of cell surface receptors that contain an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. These receptors recruit kinases such as Syk, BTK, and BLNK to phosphorylate and activate PLCγ2, which then generates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These well-known second messengers are required for diverse membrane functionality including cellular proliferation, endocytosis, and calcium flux. As a result, PLCγ2 dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders. The diverse pathologies associated with PLCγ2 are exemplified by distinct genetic variants. Inherited mutations at this locus cause PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, in some cases with autoinflammation. Acquired mutations at this locus, which often arise as a result of BTK inhibition to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, result in constitutive downstream signaling and lymphocyte proliferation. Finally, a third group of PLCγ2 variants actually has a protective effect in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, presumably by increased uptake and degradation of deleterious neurological aggregates. Therefore, manipulating PLCγ2 activity either up or down could have therapeutic benefit; however, we require a better understanding of the signaling pathways propagated by these variants before such clinical utility can be realized. Here, we review the signaling roles of PLCγ2 in hematopoietic cells to help understand the effect of mutations driving immune disorders and cancer and extrapolate from this to roles which may relate to protection against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Mulazzani
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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27
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Wei XL, Liu QW, Liu FR, Yuan SS, Li XF, Li JN, Yang AL, Ling YH. The clinicopathological significance and predictive value for immunotherapy of programmed death ligand-1 expression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1938381. [PMID: 34235004 PMCID: PMC8216206 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1938381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) was debatable, and no predictive biomarkers for efficacy have been reported. Public reports on anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy-treated EBVaGC with available programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression status were summarized and analyzed. Relevance with clinicopathologic characteristics of PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry was analyzed in 159 patients diagnosed with EBVaGC. Relevance with genomic transcriptome and mutation profile of PD-L1 status in EBVaGC was assessed with three datasets, the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) GSE51575, and GSE62254. Based on the data from 8 reports, patients with positive PD-L1 expression (n = 30) had significantly superior objective response rate (ORR) than patients with negative PD-L1 expression (n = 9) (63.3% vs. 0%, P = .001) in EBVaGC receiving anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy. PD-L1 positivity was associated with less aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and was an independent predictor for a longer disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] and 95% CI: 0.45 [0.22–0.92], P = .03) and overall survival (HR and 95% CI: 0.17 [0.06–0.43], P < .001). Analysis of public EBVaGC transcriptome and mutation datasets revealed enhanced immune-related signal pathways in PD-L1high EBVaGC and distinct mutation patterns in PD-L1low EBVaGC. PD-L1 positivity indicates a subtype of EBVaGC with ‘hot’ immune microenvironment, lower aggressiveness, better prognosis, and higher sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Wen Liu
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Rong Liu
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sha-Sha Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Li
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Ning Li
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - An-Li Yang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hong Ling
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Aksentijevich I, Schnappauf O. Molecular mechanisms of phenotypic variability in monogenic autoinflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:405-425. [PMID: 34035534 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases are a group of rheumatologic disorders caused by dysregulation in the innate immune system. The molecular mechanisms of these disorders are linked to defects in inflammasome-mediated, NF-κB-mediated or interferon-mediated inflammatory signalling pathways, cytokine receptors, the actin cytoskeleton, proteasome complexes and various enzymes. As with other human disorders, disease-causing variants in a single gene can present with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. In some cases, pathogenic variants in the same gene can be inherited either in a recessive or dominant manner and can cause distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypes, although they have a unifying biochemical mechanism. With an enhanced understanding of protein structure and functionality of protein domains, genotype-phenotype correlations are beginning to be unravelled. Many of the mutated proteins are primarily expressed in haematopoietic cells, and their malfunction leads to systemic inflammation. Disease presentation is also defined by a specific effect of the mutant protein in a particular cell type and, therefore, the resulting phenotype might be more deleterious in one tissue than in another. Many patients present with the expanded immunological disease continuum that includes autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and atopy, which necessitate genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Oskar Schnappauf
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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29
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Wu N, Zhang B, Wang T, Shen M, Zeng X. Case Report: A Rare Case of Autoinflammatory Phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)-Associated Antibody Deficiency and Immune Dysregulation Complicated With Gangrenous Pyoderma and Literature Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667430. [PMID: 34093563 PMCID: PMC8170136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoinflammatory phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) is a rare autoinflammatory disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in the PLCG2 gene. Here we report a rare case of APLAID patient carrying a novel heterozygous missense PLCG2 I169V mutation with gangrenous pyoderma and concomitant high serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E level. Methods The patient was diagnosed as APLAID and has been treated in our department. His phenotype and genotype were carefully documented and studied. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review on APLAID. Results A 23-year-old Chinese Han man presented with recurrent fever for 18 years and vesiculopustular rashes for 9 years, along with chronic bronchitis, leukocytosis, increased C-reactive protein, immunodeficiency and high serum IgE. Skin biopsy showed chronic inflammatory cells infiltration. A paternal heterozygous missense variant in exon 6 of the PLCG2 gene p. I169V was identified. His vesiculopustular and IgE level responded to medium dose corticosteroids. After withdrawal of steroids, he developed severe arthritis and a large deteriorating ulceration resembling pyoderma gangrenosum on the left knee. Large dose corticosteroids were suboptimal. Then he received adalimumab with satisfactory response for arthritis and skin lesion. But he got an immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorder 2 months later. Through literature review, there were a total of 10 APLAID patients reported by six English-language publications. Vesiculopustular rashes, sinopulmonary infection and immunodeficiency were the most frequent symptoms of APLAID patients. Glucocorticoids, intravenous immunoglobulin and biologics were clinically used to treat APLAID but none of these patients had a complete recovery. Conclusions The rarity and diversity of APLAID make it difficult to be diagnosed. Our study reported the first case of APLAID with gangrenous pyoderma and concomitant high IgE carrying a novel PLCG2 mutation, which may expand the clinical phenotype and genotype of APLAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Zhang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zeng
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Magno L, Bunney TD, Mead E, Svensson F, Bictash MN. TREM2/PLCγ2 signalling in immune cells: function, structural insight, and potential therapeutic modulation. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:22. [PMID: 33823896 PMCID: PMC8022522 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The central role of the resident innate immune cells of the brain (microglia) in neurodegeneration has become clear over the past few years largely through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and has rapidly become an active area of research. However, a mechanistic understanding (gene to function) has lagged behind. That is now beginning to change, as exemplified by a number of recent exciting and important reports that provide insight into the function of two key gene products – TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed On Myeloid Cells 2) and PLCγ2 (Phospholipase C gamma2) – in microglia, and their role in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review we explore and discuss these recent advances and the opportunities that they may provide for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Magno
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Tom D Bunney
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma Mead
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda N Bictash
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Chen F, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang T, Han Z, Zhang H, Gao S, Hu Y, Liu G. PLCG2 rs72824905 Variant Reduces the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:71-77. [PMID: 33523007 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the association of PLCG2 rs72824905 variant with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) using large-scale genetic association study datasets. We selected 50,024 AD cases and 467,330 controls, and 32,367 MS cases and 36,012 controls. We found moderate heterogeneity of rs72824905 in different studies. We found significant association between rs72824905 G allele and reduced AD risk (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.59-0.74, p = 5.91E-14). Importantly, rs72824905 G allele could also significantly reduce the risk of MS with OR = 0.94, p = 3.63E-05. Hence, the effects of rs72824905 on AD and MS are consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Longcai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifa Han
- School of Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Internet Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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