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Huang G, Song L, Du X, Huang X, Wei F. Evolutionary genomics of camouflage innovation in the orchid mantis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4821. [PMID: 37563121 PMCID: PMC10415354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The orchid mantises achieve camouflage with morphological modifications in body color and pattern, providing an interesting model for understanding phenotypic innovation. However, a reference genome is lacking for the order Mantodea. To unveil the mechanisms of plant-mimicking body coloration and patterns, we performed de novo assembly of two chromosome-level genomes of the orchid mantis and its close relative, the dead leaf mantis. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the Scarlet gene plays an important role in the synthesis of xanthommatin, an important pigment for mantis camouflage coloration. Combining developmental transcriptomic analysis and genetic engineering experiments, we found that the cuticle was an essential component of the 'petal-like' enlargement, and specific expression in the ventral femur was controlled by Wnt signaling. The prolonged expression of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) accompanied by femoral expansion suggested that Ubx determines leg remodeling in the early developmental stage. We also found evidence of evolution of the Trypsin gene family for insectivory adaptation and ecdysone-dependent sexual dimorphism in body size. Overall, our study presents new genome catalogs and reveals the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the unique camouflage of the praying mantis, providing evolutionary developmental insights into phenotypic innovation and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lingyun Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuwen Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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2
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Forman KA, Thulin CD. Ommochrome Wing Pigments in the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 36562324 PMCID: PMC9780745 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use bright orange coloration to warn off predators as well as for sexual selection. Surprisingly the underlying pigment compounds have not been previously characterized. We used LCMS and fragmentation MS (including MSMS and MSn) of extracted pigments from nonmigratory summer-generation female monarch forewings to identify and provide relative quantitation of various orange pigments from D. plexippus. We observed seven ommochrome pigments, with xanthommatin and decarboxylated xanthommatin being the most abundant followed by xanthommatin methyl ester. Among the seven pigments, we also observed molecules that correspond to deaminated forms of these three amine-containing pigments. To the best of our knowledge, these deaminated compounds have not been previously discovered. A seventh pigment that we observed was α-hydroxyxanthommatin methyl ester, previously described in other nymphalid butterflies. We also show that chemical reduction of pigment extracts results in a change of their color from yellow to red, concomitant with the appearance of dihydro-xanthommatin and similarly reduced forms of the other pigment compounds. These findings indicate that monarchs may employ differences in the redox states of these pigments in order to achieve different hues of orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyri A Forman
- Department of Chemistry, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
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3
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Lewis-Luján LM, Rosas-Burgos EC, Ezquerra-Brauer JM, Burboa-Zazueta MG, Assanga SBI, del Castillo-Castro T, Penton G, Plascencia-Jatomea M. Inhibition of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi by Natural Phenoxazinone from Octopus Ommochrome Pigments. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:989-1002. [PMID: 35909165 PMCID: PMC9628961 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods, in particular octopus (Octopus vulgaris), have the ability to alter their appearance or body pattern by showing a wide range of camouflage by virtue of their chromatophores, which contain nanostructured granules of ommochrome pigments. Recently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ommochromes have become of great interest; therefore, in this study, the pH-dependent redox effect of the extraction solvent on the antioxidant potential and the structural characterization of the pigments were evaluated. Cell viability was determined by the microdilution method in broth by turbidity, MTT, resazurin, as well as fluorescence microscopy kit assays. A Live/Dead Double Staining Kit and an ROS Kit were used to elucidate the possible inhibitory mechanisms of ommochromes against bacterial and fungal strains. The results obtained revealed that the redox state alters the color changes of the ommochromes and is dependent on the pH in the extraction solvent. Natural phenoxazinone (ommochromes) is moderately toxic to the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Candida albicans, while the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the filamentous fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Alternaria spp. and Fusarium verticillioides, were tolerant to these pigments. UV/visible spectral scanning and Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggest the presence of reduced ommatin in methanol/ HCl extract with high intrinsic fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidianys María Lewis-Luján
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Micotoxinas, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ema Carina Rosas-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Micotoxinas, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Micotoxinas, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Burboa-Zazueta
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Simon Bernard Iloki Assanga
- Department of Biological Chemical Sciences. Sonora University, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales. Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Teresa del Castillo-Castro
- Department of Research on Polymers and Materials, Sonora University. Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales. Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Giselle Penton
- Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Cubanacán, Playa, Habana, CP 6162, Cuba
| | - Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Micotoxinas, Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico,Corresponding author Phone/Fax: +52-662-259-2207 E-mail:
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4
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Bu X, Bai H. Recent Progress of Bio-inspired Camouflage Materials: From Visible to Infrared Range. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Robledo-Ospina LE, Rao D. Dangerous visions: a review of visual antipredator strategies in spiders. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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ESPARZA-ESPINOZA DM, SANTACRUZ-ORTEGA HDC, CHAN-HIGUERA JE, CÁRDENAS-LÓPEZ JL, BURGOS-HERNÁNDEZ A, CARBONELL-BARRACHINA ÁA, EZQUERRA-BRAUER JM. Chemical structure and antioxidant activity of cephalopod skin ommochrome pigment extracts. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.56520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Glenszczyk M, Outomuro D, Gregorič M, Kralj-Fišer S, Schneider JM, Nilsson DE, Morehouse NI, Tedore C. The jumping spider Saitis barbipes lacks a red photoreceptor to see its own sexually dimorphic red coloration. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2021; 109:6. [PMID: 34894274 PMCID: PMC8665921 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Examining the role of color in mate choice without testing what colors the study animal is capable of seeing can lead to ill-posed hypotheses and erroneous conclusions. Here, we test the seemingly reasonable assumption that the sexually dimorphic red coloration of the male jumping spider Saitis barbipes is distinguishable, by females, from adjacent black color patches. Using microspectrophotometry, we find clear evidence for photoreceptor classes with maximal sensitivity in the UV (359 nm) and green (526 nm), inconclusive evidence for a photoreceptor maximally sensitive in the blue (451 nm), and no evidence for a red photoreceptor. No colored filters within the lens or retina could be found to shift green sensitivity to red. To quantify and visualize whether females may nevertheless be capable of discriminating red from black color patches, we take multispectral images of males and calculate photoreceptor excitations and color contrasts between color patches. Red patches would be, at best, barely discriminable from black, and not discriminable from a low-luminance green. Some color patches that appear achromatic to human eyes, such as beige and white, strongly absorb UV wavelengths and would appear as brighter "spider-greens" to S. barbipes than the red color patches. Unexpectedly, we discover an iridescent UV patch that contrasts strongly with the UV-absorbing surfaces dominating the rest of the spider. We propose that red and black coloration may serve identical purposes in sexual signaling, functioning to generate strong achromatic contrast with the visual background. The potential functional significance of red coloration outside of sexual signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Glenszczyk
- Zoological Institute, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - David Outomuro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matjaž Gregorič
- Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Novi trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Kralj-Fišer
- Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Novi trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jutta M Schneider
- Zoological Institute, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dan-Eric Nilsson
- Lund Vision Group, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathan I Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cynthia Tedore
- Zoological Institute, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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8
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Deravi LF, Cox NC, Martin CA. Evaluation of biologically-inspired ammonium xanthommatin as a multi-functional cosmetic ingredient. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 2:100081. [PMID: 35601056 PMCID: PMC9121326 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the investigation of an organic natural product, ammonium xanthommatin (Xanthochrome), in a series of studies designed to not only assess its impact on endocrine receptor function in vitro but also interrogate its mutagenic potential using bacterial reverse mutation assays. As a multifunctional raw material, ammonium xanthommatin functions as an antioxidant with a broad absorption profile spanning the UV through the visible spectrum, making it an interesting target for cosmetic applications. In solution, ammonium xanthommatin contributes to <30% inhibition of hormonal activities, indicating that it is not an endocrine disruptor. Furthermore, the compound does not cause gene mutations in the bacterial strains used, indicating that it is nonmutagenic. Applications are also described, highlighting xanthommatin’s ability to boost the UVA and UVB absorptive properties of traditional chemical UV filters by >50% across all filters tested. In addition to these features, xanthommatin exhibited no phototoxic hazards in vitro when irradiated with UVA and visible light, demonstrating its utility as a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient. Although these findings encourage the use of xanthommatin in cosmetics, they represent only the beginning of the complete in vitro and in vivo data package needed to support safety and efficacy claims for future applications in skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila F. Deravi
- Seaspire Skincare, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Camille A. Martin
- Seaspire Skincare, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Correspondence: Camille A. Martin, Seaspire Skincare, 501 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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9
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Disruption of kynurenine pathway reveals physiological importance of tryptophan catabolism in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1091-1104. [PMID: 34089391 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is critically important to catabolize tryptophan, to produce eye chromes, and to protect nervous system in insects. However, several issues related to tryptophan degradation remain to be clarified. In the present paper, we identified three genes (karmoisin, vermilion and cardinal) involved in kynurenine pathway in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. The karmoisin and cardinal were highly expressed in the pupae and adults having compound eyes. Consistently, high-performance liquid chromatography result showed that three ommochrome peaks were present in adult heads rather than bodies (thoraces, legs, wings and abdomens). RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of vermilion caused accumulation of tryptophan in both adult heads and bodies, disappearance of ommochromes in the heads and a complete loss of eye color in both pupae and adults. Depletion of cardinal brought about excess of 3-hydroxykynurenine and insufficient ommochromes in the heads and decolored eyes. RNAi of karmoisin resulted in a decrease in ommochromes in the heads, and a partial loss of eye color. Moreover, a portion of karmoisin-, vermilion- or cardinal-silenced adults exhibited negative phototaxis, whereas control beetles showed positive phototaxis. Furthermore, dysfunctions of tryptophan catabolism impaired climbing ability. Our findings clearly illustrated several issues related to kynurenine pathway and provided a new insight into the physiological importance of tryptophan catabolism in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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10
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G‐Santoyo I, González‐Tokman D, Tapia‐Rodríguez M, Córdoba‐Aguilar A. What doesn't kill you makes you stronger: Detoxification ability as a mechanism of honesty in a sexually selected signal. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G‐Santoyo
- Neuroecology Lab Facultad de Psicología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria Ciudad de México México
| | | | - Miguel Tapia‐Rodríguez
- Unidad de MicroscopíaInstituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria Ciudad de México México
| | - Alex Córdoba‐Aguilar
- Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria Ciudad de México México
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11
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Martin CA, Lin Z, Kumar A, Dinneen SR, Osgood RM, Deravi LF. Biomimetic Colorants and Coatings Designed with Cephalopod-Inspired Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:507-513. [PMID: 35014300 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brilliant and dynamic colors in nature have stimulated the design of dyes and pigments with broad applications ranging from electronic displays to apparel. Inspired by the nanostructured pigment granules present in cephalopod chromatophore organs, we describe the design and fabrication of biohybrid colorants containing the cephalopod-specific pigment, xanthommatin (Xa), encased within silica-based nanostructures. We employed a biomimetic approach to encapsulate Xa with amine-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer templates, which helped stabilize the pigment during encapsulation. Depending on the concentration of Xa used in the reaction, the resultant biohybrid nanomaterials generated a range of neutral colors of differing hues. When applied as coatings, these colorants can be triggered to change color from yellow/gold to red in the presence of a chemical reducing agent, as we leverage the natural redox-dependent color change of Xa. Altogether, these capabilities demonstrated the ability to process biochromes like Xa as nanomaterials that can be applied as coatings with a tunable and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zhuangsheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sean R Dinneen
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Richard M Osgood
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Dontsov AE, Sakina NL, Yakovleva MA, Bastrakov AI, Bastrakova IG, Zagorinsky AA, Ushakova NA, Feldman TB, Ostrovsky MA. Ommochromes from the Compound Eyes of Insects: Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:668-678. [PMID: 32586230 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was screening of ommochromes from the compound eyes of insects and comparison of their antioxidant properties. Ommochromes were isolated in preparative quantities from insects of five different families: Stratiomyidae, Sphingidae, Blaberidae, Acrididae, and Tenebrionidae. The yield of ommochromes (dry pigment weight) was 0.9-5.4% of tissue wet weight depending on the insect species. Isolated pigments were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and represented a mixture of several ommochromes of the ommatin series. The isolated ommochromes displayed a pronounced fluorescence with the emission maxima at 435-450 nm and 520-535 nm; furthermore, the emission intensity increased significantly upon ommochrome oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The ommochromes produced a stable EPR signal consisting of a singlet line with g = 2.0045-2.0048, width of 1.20-1.27 mT, and high concentration of paramagnetic centers (> 1017 spin/g dry weight). All the investigated ommochromes demonstrated high antiradical activity measured from the degree of chemiluminescence quenching in a model system containing luminol, hemoglobin, and hydrogen peroxide. The ommochromes strongly inhibited peroxidation of the photoreceptor cell outer segments induced by visible light in the presence of lipofuscin granules from the human retinal pigment epithelium, as well as suppressed iron/ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation. The obtained results are important for understanding the biological functions of ommochromes in invertebrates and identifying invertebrate species that could be used as efficient sources of ommochromes for pharmacological preparations to prevent and treat pathologies associated with the oxidative stress development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - N L Sakina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - M A Yakovleva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - A I Bastrakov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - I G Bastrakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Silviculture and Mechanization of Forestry, Pushkino, Moscow Region, 141200, Russia
| | - A A Zagorinsky
- Russian Forest Protection Center, Pushkino, Moscow Region, 141202, Russia
| | - N A Ushakova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - T B Feldman
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M A Ostrovsky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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13
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Shen G, Zhang H, Lin Y, Long W, Zhao P. A novel system for separation and purification of egg pigments from the nondiapause red-egg mutant Re-nd in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21728. [PMID: 32710467 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Re-nd, which was induced from the wild-type C108 by the chemical mutagen N-methane-N-methylnitrourea, is a nondiapause red-egg mutant of silkworm Bombyx mori. The special significance of the Re-nd mutant is that it is an independent dominant mutant. The aim of this study was to establish the type of pigment responsible for the red coloration in the Re-nd mutant eggs in silkworm. We compared the eggs of Re-nd mutants with those of the other B. mori egg color strains and confirmed that the Re-nd mutant is the only strain with red color and red pigment granules in nondiapause, showing this mutant belongs to the pigmentation in the serosa. We speculated that the red substance, which contributed to the bright red pigmentation for nondiapause eggs of the Re-nd mutant, could potentially be a novel pigment according to its solubility, optimum absorption peak, and oxidation-reduction reaction. Moreover, we have successfully constituted the system for enrichment, extraction, and purification of the red substance responsible for the Re-nd mutant, providing a new method for the separation and purification of other known and unknown pigments or substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwang Shen
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Long
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Figon F, Munsch T, Croix C, Viaud-Massuard MC, Lanoue A, Casas J. Uncyclized xanthommatin is a key ommochrome intermediate in invertebrate coloration. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 124:103403. [PMID: 32574597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are widespread pigments that mediate multiple functions in invertebrates. The two main families of ommochromes are ommatins and ommins, which both originate from the kynurenine pathway but differ in their backbone, thereby in their coloration and function. Despite its broad significance, how the structural diversity of ommochromes arises in vivo has remained an open question since their first description. In this study, we combined organic synthesis, analytical chemistry and organelle purification to address this issue. From a set of synthesized ommatins, we derived a fragmentation pattern that helped elucidating the structure of new ommochromes. We identified uncyclized xanthommatin as the elusive biological intermediate that links the kynurenine pathway to the ommatin pathway within ommochromasomes, the ommochrome-producing organelles. Due to its unique structure, we propose that uncyclized xanthommatin functions as a key branching metabolite in the biosynthesis and structural diversification of ommatins and ommins, from insects to cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Thibaut Munsch
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA 2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Cécile Croix
- Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer, UMR CNRS 7292, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA 2106, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200, Tours, France
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15
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Rodríguez-Gironés MA, Maldonado M. Detectable but unseen: imperfect crypsis protects crab spiders from predators. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Denon Start
- Center for Population Biology University of California Davis CA USA
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17
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Xanthommatin is Behind the Antioxidant Activity of the Skin of Dosidicus gigas. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193420. [PMID: 31547094 PMCID: PMC6811751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine bioactive compounds have been found in very different sources and exert a very vast array of activities. Squid skin, normally considered a discard, is a source of bioactive compounds such as pigments. Recovering these compounds is a potential means of valorizing seafood byproducts. Until now, the structure and molecular properties of the bioactive pigments in jumbo squid skin (JSS) have not been established. In this study, methanol-HCl (1%) pigment extracts from JSS were fractionated by open column chromatography and grouped by thin-layer chromatography in order to isolate antioxidant pigments. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing power (FRAP) assay. Fractions 11-34 were separated and grouped according to flow rate values (F1-F8). Fractions F1, F3, and F7 had the lowest IC50 against ABTS●+ per milligram, and fractions F3 and F7 showed the lowest IC50 in the FRAP assay. Finally, fraction F7 had the highest DPPH● scavenging activity. The chemical structure of the F7 fraction was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. One of the compounds identified in the fraction was xanthommatin (11-(3-amino-3-carboxypropanoyl)-1-hydroxy-5-oxo-5H-pyrido[3,2-a]phenoxazine-3-carboxylic acid) and their derivatives (hydro- and dihydroxanthommatin). The results show that JSS pigments contain ommochrome molecules like xanthommatin, to which the antioxidant activity can be attributed.
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18
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Ushakova N, Dontsov A, Sakina N, Bastrakov A, Ostrovsky M. Antioxidative Properties of Melanins and Ommochromes from Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E408. [PMID: 31450873 PMCID: PMC6770681 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of melanin and ommochrome-containing samples, isolated from the black soldier fly (BSF) by enzymatic hydrolysis, alkaline and acid alcohol extraction or by acid hydrolysis, was carried out. Melanin was isolated both as a melanin-chitin complex and as a water-soluble melanin. Acid hydrolysis followed by delipidization yielded a more concentrated melanin sample, the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of which was 2.6 × 1018 spin/g. The ommochromes were extracted from the BSF eyes with acid methanol. The antiradical activity of BSF melanins and ommochromes was determined by the method of quenching of luminol chemiluminescence. It has been shown that delipidization of water-soluble melanin increases its antioxidant properties. A comparison of the antioxidant activity of BSF melanins and ommochromes in relation to photoinduced lipid peroxidation was carried out. The ESR characteristics of native and oxidized melanins and ommochromes were studied. It is assumed that H. illucens adult flies can be a useful source of natural pigments with antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ushakova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Dontsov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Sakina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Bastrakov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ostrovsky
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Figon F, Casas J. Ommochromes in invertebrates: biochemistry and cell biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:156-183. [PMID: 29989284 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are widely occurring coloured molecules of invertebrates, arising from tryptophan catabolism through the so-called Tryptophan → Ommochrome pathway. They are mainly known to mediate compound eye vision, as well as reversible and irreversible colour patterning. Ommochromes might also be involved in cell homeostasis by detoxifying free tryptophan and buffering oxidative stress. These biological functions are directly linked to their unique chromophore, the phenoxazine/phenothiazine system. The most recent reviews on ommochrome biochemistry were published more than 30 years ago, since when new results on the enzymes of the ommochrome pathway, on ommochrome photochemistry as well as on their antiradical capacities have been obtained. Ommochromasomes are the organelles where ommochromes are synthesised and stored. Hence, they play an important role in mediating ommochrome functions. Ommochromasomes are part of the lysosome-related organelles (LROs) family, which includes other pigmented organelles such as vertebrate melanosomes. Ommochromasomes are unique because they are the only LRO for which a recycling process during reversible colour change has been described. Herein, we provide an update on ommochrome biochemistry, photoreactivity and antiradical capacities to explain their diversity and behaviour both in vivo and in vitro. We also highlight new biochemical techniques, such as quantum chemistry, metabolomics and crystallography, which could lead to major advances in their chemical and functional characterisation. We then focus on ommochromasome structure and formation by drawing parallels with the well-characterised melanosomes of vertebrates. The biochemical, genetic, cellular and microscopic tools that have been applied to melanosomes should provide important information on the ommochromasome life cycle. We propose LRO-based models for ommochromasome biogenesis and recycling that could be tested in the future. Using the context of insect compound eyes, we finally emphasise the importance of an integrated approach in understanding the biological functions of ommochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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20
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Kumar A, Williams TL, Martin CA, Figueroa-Navedo AM, Deravi LF. Xanthommatin-Based Electrochromic Displays Inspired by Nature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43177-43183. [PMID: 30507139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Color is a signature visual feature in nature; however, the ability to trigger color change in the presence of different environmental stimuli is unique to only a handful of species in the animal kingdom. We exploit the natural color-changing properties of the predominant pigment in arthropods and cephalopods-xanthommatin (Xa)-and describe its utility as a new broad-spectrum electrochromic material. To accomplish this goal, we explored the spectroelectrochemical properties of Xa adsorbed to an indium-doped tin oxide-coated substrate chemically modified with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). We identified a synergistic role between PEDOT:PSS and Xa that contributed to its absorption profile, which could be modulated across multiple cycles. By varying the ratio of the two electroactive components, we also altered the perceived visible color of Xa-based devices, which cycled from different shades of red to yellow under reducing and oxidizing potentials, respectively. Together, our data illustrate the utility of Xa-based devices as new broad-spectrum electrochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Camille A Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Amanda M Figueroa-Navedo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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21
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Panettieri S, Gjinaj E, John G, Lohman DJ. Different ommochrome pigment mixtures enable sexually dimorphic Batesian mimicry in disjunct populations of the common palmfly butterfly, Elymnias hypermnestra. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202465. [PMID: 30208047 PMCID: PMC6135364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With varied, brightly patterned wings, butterflies have been the focus of much work on the evolution and development of phenotypic novelty. However, the chemical structures of wing pigments from few butterfly species have been identified. We characterized the orange wing pigments of female Elymnias hypermnestra butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from two Southeast Asian populations. This species is a sexually dimorphic Batesian mimic of several model species. Females are polymorphic: in some populations, females are dark, resemble conspecific males, and mimic Euploea spp. In other populations, females differ from males and mimic orange Danaus spp. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified nine ommochrome pigments: six from a population in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and five compounds from a population in Bali, Indonesia. Two ommochromes were found in both populations, and only two of the nine compounds have been previously reported. The sexually dimorphic Thai and Balinese populations are separated spatially by monomorphic populations in peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Sumatra, suggesting independent evolution of mimetic female wing pigments in these disjunct populations. These results indicate that other butterfly wing pigments remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Panettieri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Erisa Gjinaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - George John
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJL); (GJ)
| | - David J. Lohman
- Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Entomology Section, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- * E-mail: (DJL); (GJ)
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22
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Hsiung BK, Justyn NM, Blackledge TA, Shawkey MD. Spiders have rich pigmentary and structural colour palettes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:1975-1983. [PMID: 28566355 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms of colour production in organisms is important for understanding how selection acts upon a variety of behaviours. Spiders provide many spectacular examples of colours used in courtship, predation, defence and thermoregulation, but are thought to lack many types of pigments common in other animals. Ommochromes, bilins and eumelanin have been identified in spiders, but not carotenoids or melanosomes. Here, we combined optical microscopy, refractive index matching, confocal Raman microspectroscopy and electron microscopy to investigate the basis of several types of colourful patches in spiders. We obtained four major results. First, we show that spiders use carotenoids to produce yellow, suggesting that such colours may be used for condition-dependent courtship signalling. Second, we established the Raman signature spectrum for ommochromes, facilitating the identification of ommochromes in a variety of organisms in the future. Third, we describe a potential new pigmentary-structural colour interaction that is unusual because of the use of long wavelength structural colour in combination with a slightly shorter wavelength pigment in the production of red. Finally, we present the first evidence for the presence of melanosomes in arthropods, using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, overturning the assumption that melanosomes are a synapomorphy of vertebrates. Our research shows that spiders have a much richer colour production palette than previously thought, and this has implications for colour diversification and function in spiders and other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Kai Hsiung
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA .,Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Nicholas M Justyn
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Todd A Blackledge
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA.,Biology Department, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures group, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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23
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Rodríguez-Morales D, Rico-Gray V, García-Franco JG, Ajuria-Ibarra H, Hernández-Salazar LT, Robledo-Ospina LE, Rao D. Context-dependent crypsis: a prey's perspective of a color polymorphic predator. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:36. [PMID: 29754205 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many animals use body coloration as a strategy to communicate with conspecifics, prey, and predators. Color is a trade-off for some species, since they should be visible to conspecifics but cryptic to predators and prey. Some flower-dwelling predators, such as crab spiders, are capable of choosing the color of flowers where they ambush flower visitors and pollinators. In order to avoid being captured, visitors evaluate flowers visually before landing. The crab spider Mecaphesa dubia is a polymorphic species (white/purple color morphs), which inhabits the flower heads of a dune plant, Palafoxia lindenii. Using full-spectrum photography of spiders and flowers, we evaluated how honeybees perceived the spiders at different distances. Using visual modeling, we obtained the chromatic and achromatic contrasts of the spiders on flower heads as perceived by honeybees. Purple morphs were found mainly on the receptacle area and white morphs were equally likely to be found in the flowers and receptacle. According to theoretical modeling, white morphs were visible to honeybees from a distance of 10 cm in receptacle area but appeared to be cryptic in the flower area. Purple morphs were cryptic on the receptacle and less so when they were on the flowers. Spiders on flower heads are predicted to be more easily detected by honeybees using chromatic contrast. Our study shows that the conspicuousness of flower dwelling spiders to honeybees depends on the color morph, the distance of observation, and the position of spider on the flower head.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rodríguez-Morales
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - V Rico-Gray
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - J G García-Franco
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - H Ajuria-Ibarra
- Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Culturas Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa, 91090, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - L T Hernández-Salazar
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo, Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - L E Robledo-Ospina
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico.,Grupo de Aracnología, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - D Rao
- Instituto de Biotecnologia y Ecologia Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Culturas Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa, 91090, Veracruz, Mexico
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24
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Martínez‐Lendech N, Golab MJ, Osorio‐Beristain M, Contreras‐Garduño J. Sexual signals reveal males’ oxidative stress defences: Testing this hypothesis in an invertebrate. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Martínez‐Lendech
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Mexico
| | - Maria J. Golab
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Marcela Osorio‐Beristain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Mexico
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25
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Stavenga DG, Otto JC, Wilts BD. Splendid coloration of the peacock spider Maratus splendens. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0437. [PMID: 27512139 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping spiders are well known for their acute vision and often bright colours. The male peacock spider Maratus splendens is richly coloured by scales that cover the body. The colours of the white, cream and red scales, which have an elaborate shape with numerous spines, are pigmentary. Blue scales are unpigmented and have a structural colour, created by an intricate photonic system consisting of two chitinous layers with ridges, separated by an air gap, with on the inner sides of the chitin layers an array of filaments. We have characterized the optical properties of the scales by microspectrophotometry, imaging scatterometry and light and scanning electron microscopy. Optical modelling revealed that the filament array constitutes a novel structural coloration system, which subtly fine tunes the scale reflectance to the observed blue coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen C Otto
- 19 Grevillea Avenue, St. Ives, New South Wales 2075, Australia
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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26
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Zhang H, Lin Y, Shen G, Tan X, Lei C, Long W, Liu H, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Wu J, Gu J, Xia Q, Zhao P. Pigmentary analysis of eggs of the silkworm Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 101:142-150. [PMID: 28750999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are major pigments involved in coloration of eggs, eyes, wings, and epidermis of insects. Bombyx mori (silkworm) eggs contain a mixture of ommochrome pigments and their precursors. Here, we analyzed the pigment composition of every egg color strain using egg color mutants (w-2, pe, and re) and wild-type strains (dazao and C108) by using full wavelength scanning and high-performance liquid chromatography. We identified ommochrome pigments and their precursors in pigment extracts from non-diapause eggs and diapause eggs, and found that the quantities of ommochrome precursor 3-hydroxy-kynurenine were much higher in the diapause eggs. Ommochrome pigments were absent in the non-diapause eggs. We analyzed the pigment composition of every egg color strain and found an accumulation of 3-hydroxy-kynurenine and absence of ommochromes in the yellow eggs (w-2 and pe), suggesting that the essential factors for ommochrome biosynthesis are high levels of 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, enzymes for ommochrome synthesis and transferase, and spermatiation. Moreover, we confirmed that both decarboxylated xanthommatin and xanthommatin are major ommochrome pigments, and the quantity of decarboxylated xanthommatin is much higher than that of xanthommatin in silkworm eggs. Since ommochrome pigments can change color under oxidative/reductive conditions and the egg color mutant re turns crimson when preserved at a low temperature for a few weeks, we used an oxidation-reduction reaction in vitro to explore mechanisms behind the pigment-based color change. Specifically, during diapause, the contents of decarboxylated xanthommatin and xanthommatin are increased, and the ommochrome pigments convert into their reduced forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xue Tan
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chao Lei
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yinying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jinxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianjian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400716, China.
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27
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Gawryszewski FM, Calero-Torralbo MA, Gillespie RG, Rodríguez-Gironés MA, Herberstein ME. Correlated evolution between coloration and ambush site in predators with visual prey lures. Evolution 2017; 71:2010-2021. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M. Gawryszewski
- Department of Biology; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
- Departmento de Genética; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Calero-Torralbo
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology; Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC); Almeria Spain
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California; Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Miguel A. Rodríguez-Gironés
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology; Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC); Almeria Spain
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28
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Dinneen SR, Osgood RM, Greenslade ME, Deravi LF. Color Richness in Cephalopod Chromatophores Originating from High Refractive Index Biomolecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:313-317. [PMID: 28009511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods are arguably one of the most photonically sophisticated marine animals, as they can rapidly adapt their dermal color and texture to their surroundings using both structural and pigmentary coloration. Their chromatophore organs facilitate this process, but the molecular mechanism potentiating color change is not well understood. We hypothesize that the pigments, which are localized within nanostructured granules in the chromatophore, enhance the scattering of light within the dermal tissue. To test this, we extracted the phenoxazone-based pigments from the chromatophore and extrapolated their complex refractive index (RI) from experimentally determined real and approximated imaginary portions of the RI. Mie theory was used to calculate the absorbance and scattering cross sections (cm2/particle) across a broad diameter range at λ = 589 nm. We observed that the pigments were more likely to scatter attenuated light than absorb it and that these characteristics may contribute to the color richness of cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Dinneen
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Richard M Osgood
- Nanomaterials Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center , Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
| | - Margaret E Greenslade
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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29
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Functional analysis of the ABCs of eye color in Helicoverpa armigera with CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40025. [PMID: 28053351 PMCID: PMC5214861 DOI: 10.1038/srep40025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insect pigments are localized in subcellular pigment granules, and transport of pigment precursors from the cytoplasm is accomplished by ABC proteins. Drosophila melanogaster has three half-transporter genes (white, scarlet, and brown, all affecting eye pigments) and Bombyx mori has a fourth (ok). The White, Brown, Scarlet and Ok proteins each have one transmembrane and one cytoplasmic domain and they heterodimerize to form functional transporters with different substrate specificities. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to create somatic and germ-line knockout mutations of these four genes in the noctuid moth Helicoverpa armigera. Somatic knockouts of white block pigmentation of the egg, first instar larva and adult eye, but germ-line knockouts of white are recessive lethal in the embryo. Knockouts of scarlet are viable and produce pigmentless first instar larvae and yellow adult eyes lacking xanthommatin. Knockouts of brown show no phenotypic effects on viability or pigmentation. Knockouts of ok are viable and produce translucent larval cuticle and black eyes. CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations are a useful tool for analyzing how essential and non-essential genes interact to produce the diversity of insect pigmentation patterns found in nature.
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Williams TL, DiBona CW, Dinneen SR, Labadie SFJ, Chu F, Deravi LF. Contributions of Phenoxazone-Based Pigments to the Structure and Function of Nanostructured Granules in Squid Chromatophores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3754-3759. [PMID: 27049640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-function relationships of pigment-based nanostructures can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms behind biological signaling, camouflage, or communication experienced in many species. In squid Doryteuthis pealeii, combinations of phenoxazone-based pigments are identified as the source of visible color within the nanostructured granules that populate dermal chromatophore organs. In the absence of the pigments, granules experience a reduction in diameter with the loss of visible color, suggesting important structural and functional features. Energy gaps are estimated from electronic absorption spectra, revealing highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies that are dependent upon the varying carboxylated states of the pigment. These results implicate a hierarchical mechanism for the bulk coloration in cephalopods originating from the molecular components confined within in the nanostructured granules of chromatophore organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Christopher W DiBona
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Sean R Dinneen
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Stephanie F Jones Labadie
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Feixia Chu
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry, §Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, and ∥Materials Science Program, University of New Hampshire , Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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Zhao N, Wang Z, Cai C, Shen H, Liang F, Wang D, Wang C, Zhu T, Guo J, Wang Y, Liu X, Duan C, Wang H, Mao Y, Jia X, Dong H, Zhang X, Xu J. Bioinspired materials: from low to high dimensional structure. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6994-7017. [PMID: 25212698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The surprising properties of biomaterials are the results of billions of years of evolution. Generally, biomaterials are assembled under mild conditions with very limited supply of constituents available for living organism, and their amazing properties largely result from the sophisticated hierarchical structures. Following the biomimetic principles to prepare manmade materials has drawn great research interests in materials science and engineering. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in fabricating bioinspired materials with the emphasis on mimicking the structure from one to three dimensions. Selected examples are described with a focus on the relationship between the structural characters and the corresponding functions. For one-dimensional materials, spider fibers, polar bear hair, multichannel plant roots and so on have been involved. Natural structure color and color shifting surfaces, and the antifouling, antireflective coatings of biomaterials are chosen as the typical examples of the two-dimensional biomimicking. The outstanding protection performance, and the stimuli responsive and self-healing functions of biomaterials based on the sophisticated hierarchical bulk structures are the emphases of the three-dimensional mimicking. Finally, a summary and outlook are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, China
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Speiser DI, DeMartini DG, Oakley TH. The shell-eyes of the chitonAcanthopleura granulata(Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment. J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.959572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gawryszewski FM, Birch D, Kemp DJ, Herberstein ME. Dissecting the variation of a visual trait: the proximate basis of
UV
‐Visible reflectance in crab spiders (Thomisidae). Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M. Gawryszewski
- Deparment of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales2109 Australia
| | - Debra Birch
- Deparment of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales2109 Australia
| | - Darrell J. Kemp
- Deparment of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales2109 Australia
| | - Marie E. Herberstein
- Deparment of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales2109 Australia
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Stavenga DG, Leertouwer HL, Wilts BD. Coloration principles of nymphaline butterflies - thin films, melanin, ommochromes and wing scale stacking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:2171-80. [PMID: 24675561 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.098673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The coloration of the common butterflies Aglais urticae (small tortoiseshell), Aglais io (peacock) and Vanessa atalanta (red admiral), belonging to the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae, is due to the species-specific patterning of differently coloured scales on their wings. We investigated the scales' structural and pigmentary properties by applying scanning electron microscopy, (micro)spectrophotometry and imaging scatterometry. The anatomy of the wing scales appears to be basically identical, with an approximately flat lower lamina connected by trabeculae to a highly structured upper lamina, which consists of an array of longitudinal, parallel ridges and transversal crossribs. Isolated scales observed at the abwing (upper) side are blue, yellow, orange, red, brown or black, depending on their pigmentation. The yellow, orange and red scales contain various amounts of 3-OH-kynurenine and ommochrome pigment, black scales contain a high density of melanin, and blue scales have a minor amount of melanin pigment. Observing the scales from their adwing (lower) side always revealed a structural colour, which is blue in the case of blue, red and black scales, but orange for orange scales. The structural colours are created by the lower lamina, which acts as an optical thin film. Its reflectance spectrum, crucially determined by the lamina thickness, appears to be well tuned to the scales' pigmentary spectrum. The colours observed locally on the wing are also due to the degree of scale stacking. Thin films, tuned pigments and combinations of stacked scales together determine the wing coloration of nymphaline butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein L Leertouwer
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bodo D Wilts
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Umbers KDL, Fabricant SA, Gawryszewski FM, Seago AE, Herberstein ME. Reversible colour change in Arthropoda. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:820-48. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate D. L. Umbers
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney 2109 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong 2252 Australia
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology; University of Western Australia; Perth 6008 Australia
| | - Scott A. Fabricant
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney 2109 Australia
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Llandres AL, Figon F, Christidès JP, Mandon N, Casas J. Environmental and hormonal factors controlling reversible colour change in crab spiders. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:3886-95. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Habitat heterogeneity that occurs within an individual's lifetime may favour the evolution of reversible plasticity. Colour reversibility has many different functions in animals, such as thermoregulation, crypsis through background matching and social interactions. However, the mechanisms underlying reversible colour changes are yet to be thoroughly investigated. This study aims to determine the environmental and hormonal factors underlying morphological colour changes in Thomisus onustus crab spiders and the biochemical metabolites produced during these changes. We quantified the dynamics of colour changes over time: spiders were kept in yellow and white containers under natural light conditions and their colour was measured over 15 days using a spectrophotometer. We also characterised the chemical metabolites of spiders changing to a yellow colour using HPLC. Hormonal control of colour change was investigated by injecting 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into spiders. We found that background colouration was a major environmental factor responsible for colour change in crab spiders: individuals presented with white and yellow backgrounds changed to white and yellow colours, respectively. An ommochrome precursor, 3-OH-kynurenine, was the main pigment responsible for yellow colour. Spiders injected with 20E displayed a similar rate of change towards yellow colouration as spiders kept in yellow containers and exposed to natural sunlight. This study demonstrates novel hormonal manipulations that are capable of inducing reversible colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Llandres
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université de Tours, UMR CNRS 635, Avenue Monge-Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université de Tours, UMR CNRS 635, Avenue Monge-Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Christidès
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université de Tours, UMR CNRS 635, Avenue Monge-Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Nicole Mandon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université de Tours, UMR CNRS 635, Avenue Monge-Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université de Tours, UMR CNRS 635, Avenue Monge-Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
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Abstract
Body color change associated with sexual maturation--so-called nuptial coloration--is commonly found in diverse vertebrates and invertebrates, and plays important roles for their reproductive success. In some dragonflies, whereas females and young males are yellowish in color, aged males turn vivid red upon sexual maturation. The male-specific coloration plays pivotal roles in, for example, mating and territoriality, but molecular basis of the sex-related transition in body coloration of the dragonflies has been poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that yellow/red color changes in the dragonflies are regulated by redox states of epidermal ommochrome pigments. Ratios of reduced-form pigments to oxidized-form pigments were significantly higher in red mature males than yellow females and immature males. The ommochrome pigments extracted from the dragonflies changed color according to redox conditions in vitro: from red to yellow in the presence of oxidant and from yellow to red in the presence of reductant. By injecting the reductant solution into live insects, the yellow-to-red color change was experimentally reproduced in vivo in immature males and mature females. Discontinuous yellow/red mosaicism was observed in body coloration of gynandromorphic dragonflies, suggesting a cell-autonomous regulation over the redox states of the ommochrome pigments. Our finding extends the mechanical repertoire of pigment-based body color change in animals, and highlights an impressively simple molecular mechanism that regulates an ecologically important color trait.
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Yuasa HJ, Ball HJ. The evolution of three types of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenases in fungi with distinct molecular and biochemical characteristics. Gene 2012; 504:64-74. [PMID: 22564706 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme and known as a mammalian immunosuppressive molecule. In fungi, the primary role of IDO is to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) via the kynurenine pathway. We previously reported that the koji-mold, Aspergillus oryzae has two IDO genes, IDOα and IDOβ. In the present study, we found that A. oryzae also has the third IDO, IDOγ. These three-types of IDOs are widely distributed among the Pezizomycotina fungi, although the black truffle, Tuber melanosporum has only one corresponding gene to IDOα/IDOβ. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a single IDO gene. Generally, Pezizomycotina IDOα showed similar enzymatic properties to the yeast IDO, suggesting that the IDOα is a functional homologue of the S. cerevisiae IDO. In contrast to IDOα, the K(m) value of IDOβ is higher. However, the reaction velocity of IDOβ is very fast, resulting in comparable or higher catalytic efficiency than IDOα. Thus IDOβ may functionally substitute for IDOα in fungal L-Trp metabolism. The enzymatic activity of IDOγ was comparatively very low with the values of enzymatic parameters comparable to vertebrate IDO2 enzymes. IDOα and IDOβ have similar gene structures, suggesting that they were generated by gene duplication which occurred rather early in Pezizomycotina evolution, although the timing of the duplication remains debatable. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees suggest that IDOγs form an evolutionarily distinct group of IDO enzymes, with a closer relationship to group I bacterial IDOs than other fungal IDOs. The ancestor of the IDOγ family is likely to have diverged from other eukaryotic IDOs at a very early stage of eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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