1
|
Woźniak NJ, Sartori K, Kappel C, Tran TC, Zhao L, Erban A, Gallinger J, Fehrle I, Jantzen F, Orsucci M, Ninkovic V, Rosa S, Lenhard M, Kopka J, Sicard A. Convergence and molecular evolution of floral fragrance after independent transitions to self-fertilization. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2702-2711.e6. [PMID: 38776901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Studying the independent evolution of similar traits provides valuable insights into the ecological and genetic factors driving phenotypic evolution.1 The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is common in plant evolution2 and is often associated with a reduction in floral attractive features such as display size, chemical signals, and pollinator rewards.3 These changes are believed to result from the reallocation of the resources used for building attractive flowers, as the need to attract pollinators decreases.2,3 We investigated the similarities in the evolution of flower fragrance following independent transitions to self-fertilization in Capsella.4,5,6,7,8,9 We identified several compounds that exhibited similar changes in different selfer lineages, such that the flower scent composition reflects mating systems rather than evolutionary history within this genus. We further demonstrate that the repeated loss of β-ocimene emission, one of the compounds most strongly affected by these transitions, was caused by mutations in different genes. In one of the Capsella selfing lineages, the loss of its emission was associated with a mutation altering subcellular localization of the ortholog of TERPENE SYNTHASE 2. This mutation appears to have been fixed early after the transition to selfing through the capture of variants segregating in the ancestral outcrossing population. The large extent of convergence in the independent evolution of flower scent, together with the evolutionary history and molecular consequences of a causal mutation, suggests that the emission of specific volatiles evolved as a response to changes in ecological pressures rather than resource limitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Joanna Woźniak
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kevin Sartori
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thi Chi Tran
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jannicke Gallinger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ines Fehrle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marion Orsucci
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cordeiro GD, Dötterl S. Global warming impairs the olfactory floral signaling in strawberry. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:549. [PMID: 37936058 PMCID: PMC10631152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming is expected to impact the chemical communication between flowering plants and their pollinators. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether and how temperature-induced changes in scent emission affect pollinator behavior. Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a plant primarily pollinated by bees and hoverflies, with the former group being particularly attracted to the floral scent they emit. RESULTS Using chemical analytical, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches we tested whether temperature-induced shifts in floral scent of strawberry affect chemical communication with its main bee pollinators (Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Osmia bicornis). While strawberry flowers in the optimum scenario released 10.4 ng/flower/hour, mainly p-anisaldehyde (81%) and seven other scent compounds, in the warmer scenario, the flowers did not emit any detectable scent. In the behavioral experiments, the pollinators were attracted by the scents of the optimum scenario. CONCLUSIONS We predict that the absence of detectable scent emissions from strawberry plants grown under heat stress will reduce the attractiveness of the flowers to the bee pollinators. Our study raises important ecological and agricultural questions, as decreased attractiveness of flowers to pollinators might potentially lead to insufficient bee pollination, with potential negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and crop yields, particularly in regions reliant on bees as primary pollinators. Given that our study centered on bee pollinators, it is needed to conduct further research to evaluate the impact on hoverflies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guaraci Duran Cordeiro
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fenner ED, Scapini T, da Costa Diniz M, Giehl A, Treichel H, Álvarez-Pérez S, Alves SL. Nature's Most Fruitful Threesome: The Relationship between Yeasts, Insects, and Angiosperms. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:984. [PMID: 36294549 PMCID: PMC9605484 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of insects for angiosperm pollination is widely recognized. In fact, approximately 90% of all plant species benefit from animal-mediated pollination. However, only recently, a third part player in this story has been properly acknowledged. Microorganisms inhabiting floral nectar, among which yeasts have a prominent role, can ferment glucose, fructose, sucrose, and/or other carbon sources in this habitat. As a result of their metabolism, nectar yeasts produce diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other valuable metabolites. Notably, some VOCs of yeast origin can influence insects' foraging behavior, e.g., by attracting them to flowers (although repelling effects have also been reported). Moreover, when insects feed on nectar, they also ingest yeast cells, which provide them with nutrients and protect them from pathogenic microorganisms. In return, insects serve yeasts as transportation and a safer habitat during winter when floral nectar is absent. From the plant's point of view, the result is flowers being pollinated. From humanity's perspective, this ecological relationship may also be highly profitable. Therefore, prospecting nectar-inhabiting yeasts for VOC production is of major biotechnological interest. Substances such as acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, and isobutanol have been reported in yeast volatomes, and they account for a global market of approximately USD 15 billion. In this scenario, the present review addresses the ecological, environmental, and biotechnological outlooks of this three-party mutualism, aiming to encourage researchers worldwide to dig into this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D. Fenner
- Graduate Program in Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Cerro Largo, Cerro Largo 97900-000, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
| | - Thamarys Scapini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Erechim, Erechim 99700-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Costa Diniz
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
| | - Anderson Giehl
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Erechim, Erechim 99700-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sérgio L. Alves
- Graduate Program in Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Cerro Largo, Cerro Largo 97900-000, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gfrerer E, Laina D, Wagner R, Gibernau M, Hörger AC, Comes HP, Dötterl S. Antennae of psychodid and sphaerocerid flies respond to a high variety of floral scent compounds of deceptive Arum maculatum L. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5086. [PMID: 35332183 PMCID: PMC8948215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-pollinated plants often release complex mixtures of floral scents to attract their pollinators. Yet scent compounds eliciting physiological or behavioural responses in pollinators have only been identified in few plant species. The sapromyiophilous aroid Arum maculatum releases a highly diverse dung-like scent with overall more than 300 different compounds recorded so far to attract its psychodid and other fly pollinators. The volatiles' role in pollinator attraction is mostly unknown. To identify potential behaviourally active compounds, we recorded electroantennographic responses of four Psychodidae and one Sphaeroceridae species to (1) inflorescence scents of A. maculatum and (2) the scents released by cow dung, likely imitated by the plant species. Here we show that these flies are sensitive to 78 floral volatiles of various chemical classes, 18 of which were also found in cow dung. Our study, which for the first time determined physiologically active compounds in the antennae of Psychoda spp. and Sphaeroceridae, identified various volatiles not known to be biologically active in any floral visitors so far. The obtained results help deciphering the chemical basis that enables A. maculatum and other plants, pollinated by psychodids and sphaerocerids, to attract and deceive their pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gfrerer
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Danae Laina
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rüdiger Wagner
- Department of Limnology, University of Kassel, 34127, Kassel, Germany
| | - Marc Gibernau
- Laboratory of Sciences for the Environment, CNRS - University of Corsica, 20000, Ajaccio, France
| | - Anja C Hörger
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong WY, Wang B, Wang GR. Morphological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Antennal Sensilla and the Detection of Floral Scent Volatiles in Eupeodes corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Front Neuroanat 2022; 15:791900. [PMID: 34975421 PMCID: PMC8716465 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.791900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory sensing system of the syrphid fly Eupeodes corollae is essential in pollination and prey localization, but little is known about the ultrastructural organization of their olfactory organs. In this study, the morphology, distribution, and ultrastructural organization of antennal sensilla of E. corollae in both sexes were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neuronal responses of a subtype of sensilla basiconica to floral scent compounds were recorded by single sensillum recording (SSR). Ten morphological types, including Böhm bristles, sensilla chaetica, microtrichiae, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla clavate, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla placodea, and sensory pit, were identified. Except for Böhm bristles and sensilla chaetica, which were distributed on the scape and pedicel of E. corollae antennae, innervated sensilla were densely distributed on the flagellum, a vital sensory organ. Further, observing ultrastructural organization showed that the sensilla trichodea, basiconica, and clavate are single-walled with multiple nanoscale pores perforating the cuticle. Sensilla coeloconica are double-walled and have no wall pores, but instead, have longitudinal grooves along with the pegs. Sensilla chaetica, Böhm bristles, and microtrichiae did not have wall pores on the cuticle or sensory cells at the base. The SSR results indicated that neuron B housed in the subtype of sensilla basiconica I (SBI) mainly responded to methyl eugenol and other aromatic compounds. Overall, our results provide valuable information to understand the morphology and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla from E. corollae. These findings are beneficial for the studies of the neuronal function map of olfactory sensilla and for determining evolutionary relationships in Diptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia JE, Hannah L, Shrestha M, Burd M, Dyer AG. Fly pollination drives convergence of flower coloration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:52-61. [PMID: 34460949 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pollinator interactions provide a natural experiment in signal evolution. Flowers are known to have evolved colour signals that maximise their ease of detection by the visual systems of important pollinators such as bees. Whilst most angiosperms are bee pollinated, our understanding on how the second largest group of pollinating insects, flies, may influence flower colour evolution is limited to the use of categorical models of colour discrimination that do not reflect the small colour differences commonly observed between and within flower species. Here we show by comparing flower signals that occur in different environments including total absence of bees, a mixture of bee and fly pollination within one plant family (Orchidaceae) from a single community, and typical flowers from a broad taxonomic sampling of the same geographic region, that perceptually different colours, empirically measured, do evolve in response to different types of insect pollinators. We show evidence of both convergence among fly-pollinated floral colours but also of divergence and displacement of colour signals in the absence of bee pollinators. Our findings give an insight into how both ecological and agricultural systems may be affected by changes in pollinator distributions around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jair E Garcia
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing Laboratory, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., 3000, Australia
| | - Lea Hannah
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia
| | - Mani Shrestha
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- School of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3168, Australia
| | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., 3168, Australia
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing Laboratory, School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeavons E, Chevrie O, Le Lann C, Renault D, Floch M, Bourgeois T, Bodiguel R, Fontaine‐Breton T, van Baaren J. Exploitative competition for floral resources reduces sugar intake but differently impacts the foraging behaviour of two non‐bee flower visitors. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jeavons
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale Yves Rocher, La Croix des Archers La Gacilly France
| | - Ondine Chevrie
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - David Renault
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
- Inst. Univ. de France Paris France
| | - Maëva Floch
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Thomas Bourgeois
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Rémi Bodiguel
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Fontaine‐Breton
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Joan van Baaren
- Univ. of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR 6553 Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Larcenaire C, Wang F, Holásková I, Turcotte R, Gutensohn M, Park YL. Characterization of the Insect Assemblage and Associated Floral Volatiles of Black Cherry (Prunus serotina). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102195. [PMID: 34686004 PMCID: PMC8538322 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Black cherry is an ecologically important high-value wood. A decline of its regeneration has been reported in the USA, which could be associated with a lack of pollination. This study was conducted to identify insects visiting black cherry flowers, to determine whether insects captured on the flowers carry black cherry pollen and to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by flowers of black cherry. A two-year insect survey was conducted before, during and after the black cherry bloom. A total of 9533 insects were captured in traps and Diptera was the most abundant (64.1%). Significantly more insects in Diptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera were captured in the traps installed in the canopy than those on the ground, and Anthalia bulbosa (Diptera: Hybotidae) was the dominant species. Electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that insects captured in the canopy indeed carried black cherry pollen. Black cherry flowers emitted a VOC blend that is composed of 34 compounds and dominated by β-ocimene and several phenylpropanoids/benzenoids. This floral VOC profile is similar to that of other pollinator-dependent Prunus species. This study reports pollinator insects and associated VOCs, for the first time, that could play a significant role in the pollination and regeneration of black cherry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Larcenaire
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (C.L.); (R.T.)
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (F.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Fumin Wang
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (F.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Ida Holásková
- Office of Statistics, West Virginia Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Richard Turcotte
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (C.L.); (R.T.)
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (F.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (F.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Yong-Lak Park
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (F.W.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-2882
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sladecek FXJ, Dötterl S, Schäffler I, Segar ST, Konvicka M. Succession of Dung-Inhabiting Beetles and Flies Reflects the Succession of Dung-Emitted Volatile Compounds. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:433-443. [PMID: 33830431 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cues, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are often essential for insects to locate food. Relative to the volume of studies on the role of VOCs in insect-plant relationships, the role of VOCs emitted by dung and carrion in mediating the behavior of insect decomposers is understudied. Such relationships may provide a mechanistic understanding of the temporal axis of community assembly processes in decomposing insect communities. We focused on the temporal succession of volatiles released by cow dung pats and the potential influence on dung-inhabiting insects. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry we identified and quantified VOCs released from dung 1-h, and 1, 2 3, 5, and 7 d-old. We then related changes in VOCs to successional patterns of dung-inhabiting beetles and flies. We detected 54 VOCs which could be assigned to two successional groups, with chemical turnover in dung changing around day 2. The early successional group consisted primarily of aliphatic alcohols and phenols, and the late one of aliphatic esters, nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing compounds. Flies were predominately associated with the early successional group, mainly with 1-butanol. Beetles were associated predominately with the late-successional group, mainly with dimethyl trisulfide. This association between insect and chemical successional patterns supports the idea that habitat filtering drives the community assembly of dung-inhabiting insects on an aging resource. Moreover, the affinity of both insect groups to specific VOC groups provides a mechanistic explanation for the predictability of successional patterns found in dung-inhabiting insect communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Xaver Jiri Sladecek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irmgard Schäffler
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Martin Konvicka
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li HM, Liu WB, Yang LL, Cao HQ, Pelosi P, Wang GR, Wang B. Aromatic Volatiles and Odorant Receptor 25 Mediate Attraction of Eupeodes corollae to Flowers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12212-12220. [PMID: 33103425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants attract pollinators with volatile chemicals that include aromatic compounds. Syrphid flies are the largest group of flower visitors in Diptera, but little is known about how they detect floral scents at the molecular level. Here, electroantennogram (EAG) recordings from the antennae of Eupeodes corollae were used to measure responses from 14 aromatic compounds. To identify odorant receptors (ORs) of E. corollae tuned to aromatic volatiles, we analyzed functional profiles of Drosophila melanogaster odorant receptors (ORs), DmelOR46a and DmelOR71a, which are narrowly tuned to phenolic compounds and represent the orthologues of E. corollae OR25 and OR28, respectively. The two genes that are expressed in the antennae of both sexes were functionally characterized. EcorOR25 is narrowly tuned to several structurally related floral scent volatiles, including eugenol, p-cresol, and methyl eugenol. Finally, choice behavior assays showed that eugenol and methyl eugenol were attractants for both sexes of E. corollae adults. This study identified the odorant receptors used by E. corollae to detect aromatic volatiles, suggesting environmentally friendly strategies to attract these beneficial insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Wen-Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenzstraße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gui-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Linnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120 Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lukas K, Dötterl S, Ayasse M, Burger H. Olfactory and Visual Floral Signals of Hedera helix and Heracleum sphondylium Involved in Host Finding by Nectar-Foraging Social Wasps. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.571454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
13
|
Interactive Effects of an Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile and Color on an Insect Community in Cranberry. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080524. [PMID: 32806513 PMCID: PMC7469195 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plants often increase their odor emissions after herbivore feeding damage, which in turn attract natural enemies of the herbivores such as insect predators. Synthetic versions of these so-called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can be used to monitor populations of beneficial insects in agriculture. In addition, HIPVs can potentially attract the herbivores themselves. However, whether synthetic HIPVs interact with color to affect insect communities in farms is unknown. In this study, we tested a lure containing the HIPV methyl salicylate (named ‘PredaLure’) in combination with five different colored sticky traps to monitor insect populations in cranberry fields (also known as bogs). We found that hoverflies (also called flower flies or syrphid flies), whose larvae are predators of several insect pests including aphids and thrips, were attracted to PredaLure but this attraction was affected by the color of the trap. In fact, the numbers of hoverflies were 2–4 higher on yellow and white traps baited with PredaLure than on unbaited traps. Irrespective of trap color, plant-feeding thrips were also more attracted to PredaLure-baited than unbaited traps. Our study provides guidelines for the use of odor-baited colored sticky traps to monitor natural enemies such as hoverflies in an agricultural system like cranberries. Abstract Synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) could be used to monitor insect populations in agroecosystems, including beneficial insects such as natural enemies of herbivores. However, it is unknown whether insect responses to HIPVs are influenced by visual cues, e.g., color. We hypothesized that the HIPV methyl salicylate (MeSA) interacts with color to affect insect captures on sticky traps. To test this, we conducted a 5 × 2 factorial field experiment in a commercial cranberry farm to monitor numbers of insect predators, parasitoids, and herbivores by using five colored sticky traps that were either baited with a MeSA lure (named ‘PredaLure’) or unbaited. At the community level, PredaLure increased captures of predators. At the individual-taxon level, captures of the hoverfly Toxomerus marginatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were higher on PredaLure-baited traps. However, only captures of T. marginatus on PredaLure-baited traps interacted significantly with color such that the numbers of this hoverfly on yellow and white traps were 2–4 times higher when baited with PredaLure. This study is the first to document the interactive effects of synthetic HIPVs and color on an insect community. Our findings have implications for optimal selection of HIPV-baited colored traps to monitor natural enemy populations in agroecosystems.
Collapse
|
14
|
Clem CS, Sparbanie TM, Luro AB, Harmon-Threatt AN. Can anthophilous hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) discriminate neonicotinoid insecticides in sucrose solution? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234820. [PMID: 32559247 PMCID: PMC7304583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neonicotinoid insecticides affect non-target arthropods, especially pollinators, is an area of high priority and popular debate. Few studies have considered how pollinators interact and detect neonicotinoids, and almost none have examined for these effects in anthophilous Diptera such as hover flies (Syrphidae). We investigated behavioral responses of two species of hover flies, Eristalis arbustorum L. (Eristalinae) and Toxomerus marginatus Say (Syrphinae), when given a choice between artificial flowers with uncontaminated sucrose solution and neonicotinoid-contaminated (clothianidin) sucrose solution at field-realistic levels 2.5 ppb (average) and 150 ppb (high). We examined for 1) evidence that wild-caught flies could detect the insecticide gustatorily by analyzing amount of time spent feeding on floral treatments, and 2) whether flies could discriminate floral treatments visually by comparing visitation rates, spectral reflectance differences, and hover fly photoreceptor sensitivities. We did not find evidence that either species fed more or less on either of the treatment solutions. Furthermore, T. marginatus did not appear to visit one of the flower choices over the other. Eristalis arbustorum, however, visited uncontaminated flowers more often than contaminated flowers. Spectral differences between the flower treatments overlap with Eristalis photoreceptor sensitivities, opening the possibility that E. arbustorum could discriminate sucrose-clothianidin solution visually. The relevance of our findings in field settings are uncertain but they do highlight the importance of visual cues in lab-based choice experiments involving insecticides. We strongly encourage further research in this area and the consideration of both behavioral responses and sensory mechanisms when determining insecticidal impacts on beneficial arthropods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Scott Clem
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Taylor M. Sparbanie
- Environmental & Plant Biology Department, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Alec B. Luro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexandra N. Harmon-Threatt
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cook DF, Voss SC, Finch JTD, Rader RC, Cook JM, Spurr CJ. The Role of Flies as Pollinators of Horticultural Crops: An Australian Case Study with Worldwide Relevance. INSECTS 2020; 11:E341. [PMID: 32498457 PMCID: PMC7349676 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Australian horticulture relies heavily on the introduced managed honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), to pollinate crops. Given the risks associated with reliance upon a single species, it would be prudent to identify other taxa that could be managed to provide crop pollination services. We reviewed the literature relating to the distribution, efficiency and management potential of a number of flies (Diptera) known to visit pollinator-dependent crops in Australia and worldwide. Applying this information, we identified the taxa most suitable to play a greater role as managed pollinators in Australian crops. Of the taxa reviewed, flower visitation by representatives from the dipteran families Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae and Syrphidae was frequently reported in the literature. While data available are limited, there was clear evidence of pollination by these flies in a range of crops. A review of fly morphology, foraging behaviour and physiology revealed considerable potential for their development as managed pollinators, either alone or to augment honey bee services. Considering existing pollination evidence, along with the distribution, morphology, behaviour and life history traits of introduced and endemic species, 11 calliphorid, two rhiniid and seven syrphid species were identified as candidates with high potential for use in Australian managed pollination services. Research directions for the comprehensive assessment of the pollination abilities of the identified taxa to facilitate their development as a pollination service are described. This triage approach to identifying species with high potential to become significant managed pollinators at local or regional levels is clearly widely applicable to other countries and taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Cook
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Sasha C Voss
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Jonathan T D Finch
- Plants Animals and Interactions, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (J.T.D.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Romina C Rader
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Madgewick Drive, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia;
| | - James M Cook
- Plants Animals and Interactions, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (J.T.D.F.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Cameron J Spurr
- SeedPurity Pty Ltd., 2 Derwent Avenue, Margate, Tasmania 7054, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
LeCroy KA, Arceo-Gómez G, Koski MH, Morehouse NI, Ashman TL. Floral Color Properties of Serpentine Seep Assemblages Depend on Community Size and Species Richness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602951. [PMID: 33488651 PMCID: PMC7820368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits, particularly those that impact fitness, can shape the ecological and evolutionary relationships among coexisting species of the same trophic level. Thus, examining these traits and properties of their distributions (underdispersion, overdispersion) within communities can provide insights into key ecological interactions (e.g., competition, facilitation) involved in community assembly. For instance, the distribution of floral colors in a community may reflect pollinator-mediated interactions between sympatric plant species, and the phylogenetic distribution of color can inform how evolutionary contingencies can continue to shape extant community assemblages. Additionally, the abundance and species richness of the local habitat may influence the type or strength of ecological interactions among co-occurring species. To evaluate the impact of community size and species richness on mechanisms shaping the distribution of ecologically relevant traits, we examined how floral color (defined by pollinator color vision models) is distributed within co-flowering assemblages. We modeled floral reflectance spectra of 55 co-flowering species using honeybee (Apis mellifera) and syrphid fly (Eristalis tenax) visual systems to assess the distributions of flower color across 14 serpentine seep communities in California. We found that phylogenetic relatedness had little impact on the observed color assemblages. However, smaller seep communities with lower species richness were more overdispersed for flower color than larger, more species-rich communities. Results support that competitive exclusion could be a dominant process shaping the species richness of flower color in smaller-sized communities with lower species richness, but this is less detectable or overwhelmed by other processes at larger, more speciose communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. LeCroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kathryn A. LeCroy,
| | - Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Matthew H. Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Nathan I. Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Image statistics of the environment surrounding freely behaving hoverflies. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:373-385. [PMID: 30937518 PMCID: PMC6579776 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Natural scenes are not as random as they might appear, but are constrained in both space and time. The 2-dimensional spatial constraints can be described by quantifying the image statistics of photographs. Human observers perceive images with naturalistic image statistics as more pleasant to view, and both fly and vertebrate peripheral and higher order visual neurons are tuned to naturalistic image statistics. However, for a given animal, what is natural differs depending on the behavior, and even if we have a broad understanding of image statistics, we know less about the scenes relevant for particular behaviors. To mitigate this, we here investigate the image statistics surrounding Episyrphus balteatus hoverflies, where the males hover in sun shafts created by surrounding trees, producing a rich and dense background texture and also intricate shadow patterns on the ground. We quantified the image statistics of photographs of the ground and the surrounding panorama, as the ventral and lateral visual field is particularly important for visual flight control, and found differences in spatial statistics in photos where the hoverflies were hovering compared to where they were flying. Our results can, in the future, be used to create more naturalistic stimuli for experimenter-controlled experiments in the laboratory.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zito P, Rosselli S, Bruno M, Maggio A, Sajeva M. Floral scent in Iris planifolia (Iridaceae) suggests food reward. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 158:86-90. [PMID: 30481663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Iris species can adopt different pollination strategies to attract their pollinators, generalized shelter-mimicking, specialized deceptive sexual-mimicking or food-rewarding. As attractive stimuli, Iris flowers may use their colours, large-size, symmetry, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, relatively few studies investigated Iris floral olfactory cues in the context of plant-visitor/pollinator interactions. In the present study we combined the identification of the floral volatiles of the nectariferous I. planifolia with insects visiting its flowers to gather data on its biology. Floral volatiles were collected in the natural environment by dynamic headspace and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Insect visitors/pollinators were also recorded. The volatile bouquet was aromatic-dominated with 1,4 dimethoxybenzene as major compound. Among the insects visiting its flowers, bumble and honey bees were the most abundant followed by hover flies. Overall, our results suggest that I. planifolia advertises its food reward by an aromatic dominated volatile composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Zito
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosselli
- University of Palermo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Maggio
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sajeva
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
An L, Neimann A, Eberling E, Algora H, Brings S, Lunau K. The yellow specialist: dronefly Eristalis tenax prefers different yellow colours for landing and proboscis extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.184788. [PMID: 30190319 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Droneflies, imagoes of the hoverfly Eristalis tenax, are known to possess a preference for yellow flowers, i.e. they prefer to visit yellow flowers and prefer to extend the proboscis to yellow colours. In this study we disentangle these colour preferences by investigating the landing reaction and proboscis reflex with particular reference to intensity, spectral purity and dominant wavelength of colour stimuli and their UV reflection properties. In multiple-choice tests, naïve and non-trained flies prefer to land on yellow colours independent of their UV reflection characteristics, but also accept blue, white and pink colours if they absorb UV and are of sufficient brightness. Flies trained to land on colours other than yellow still prefer yellow colours to some extent. Moreover, the flies prefer bright over dark yellow colours even if trained to dark yellow ones. The flies refuse to land on dark colours of all hues. Naïve flies exhibit the proboscis reflex only to pure yellow pollen. These experiments show for the first time that landing in droneflies is triggered by a yellow colour independent of its UV reflection properties, but proboscis extension is triggered by yellow colours strongly absorbing blue and UV. The ability to discriminate colours is better than predicted by the categorical colour vision model. The colour preferences in E. tenax represent a fine-tuned ability to visit yellow flowers displaying a UV bull's-eye pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina An
- College of Plant Protection, Entomology Department, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China.,Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Neimann
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eugen Eberling
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hanna Algora
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brings
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scents in orchards: floral volatiles of four stone fruit crops and their attractiveness to pollinators. CHEMOECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-018-0254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Pérez-Barrales R, Abarca CA, Santos-Gally R, Schiestl FP, Arroyo J. The function of the floral corona in the pollination of a Mediterranean style dimorphic daffodil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:118-127. [PMID: 29105981 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus papyraceus is a style dimorphic species with two floral forms, with anthers at similar height and stigmas above (long-styled L) and below (short-styled S) the anther level. The species is self-incompatible, but intra- and inter-morph compatible. Populations are either dimorphic (including both morphs) in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar, or L-monomorphic (with only L plants) in the inland of the Iberian Peninsula. This variation correlates with the most common floral visitors, being primarily long-tongued and short-tongued pollinators, respectively, a rare condition in Mediterranean plants. The maintenance of S-flowers relies on long-tongued insects, as only those deliver pollen to short-styled stigmas. Narcissus flowers present a long and narrow tube, at the bottom of which nectar accumulates, and a floral corona, which has been proposed as an important trait for the attraction of pollinators. Here we tested the importance of the corona on pollination of L and S flowers. We described UV reflectance patterns of the corona and tepals, and characterised VOCs in intact flowers and flowers with trimmed coronas. We also conducted a field experiment in the dimorphic and monomorphic region to estimate the importance of corona removal on seed production in stands with solitary plants and in groups to control for compatible pollen limitation. Reflectance was higher in the tepals than the corona, although both traits presented a reflectance peak around 450 nm wavelength. L- and S-flowers produced similar volatiles, regardless of the manipulation of the corona. Across dimorphic and monomorphic regions, S-flowers with the corona removed suffered a reduction in seed production of ca. 50%, while seed production remained similar in L flowers both with the corona intact and removed. Plants in solitary stands suffered a strong reduction in seed production, which was more pronounced in the monomorphic region. Our results suggest that the corona in Narcissus is more important for the pollination of S-flowers, which generally have lower seed production compared to L-flowers. Taken together, these results suggest that the floral corona indirectly plays an important role for maintenance of the polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez-Barrales
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - C A Abarca
- Unidad Lerma Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, México
| | - R Santos-Gally
- CONACYT-Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Mexico City, México
| | - F P Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
In situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13218-13223. [PMID: 29180408 PMCID: PMC5740637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714414114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coeveolution of flowers and pollinators is well known, but how generalist pollinators identify suitable flowers across environments and flower species is not well understood. Hoverflies, which are found across the globe, are one of the most important alternative pollinators after bees and bumblebees. Here we measured, predicted, and finally recreated multimodal cues from individual flowers visited by hoverflies in three different environments (hemiboreal, alpine, and tropical). We found that although “flower signatures” were unique for each environment, some cues were ubiquitously attractive, despite not resembling cue combinations from real flowers. Our results provide unique insights into how a cosmopolitan pollinator identifies flower objects across environments, which has important implications for our understanding of pollination as a global ecological service. With more than 80% of flowering plant species specialized for animal pollination, understanding how wild pollinators utilize resources across environments can encourage efficient planting and maintenance strategies to maximize pollination and establish resilience in the face of environmental change. A fundamental question is how generalist pollinators recognize “flower objects” in vastly different ecologies and environments. On one hand, pollinators could employ a specific set of floral cues regardless of environment. Alternatively, wild pollinators could recognize an exclusive signature of cues unique to each environment or flower species. Hoverflies, which are found across the globe, are one of the most ecologically important alternative pollinators after bees and bumblebees. Here, we have exploited their cosmopolitan status to understand how wild pollinator preferences change across different continents. Without employing any a priori assumptions concerning the floral cues, we measured, predicted, and finally artificially recreated multimodal cues from individual flowers visited by hoverflies in three different environments (hemiboreal, alpine, and tropical) using a field-based methodology. We found that although “flower signatures” were unique for each environment, some multimodal lures were ubiquitously attractive, despite not carrying any reward, or resembling real flowers. While it was unexpected that cue combinations found in real flowers were not necessary, the robustness of our lures across insect species and ecologies could reflect a general strategy of resource identification for generalist pollinators. Our results provide insights into how cosmopolitan pollinators such as hoverflies identify flowers and offer specific ecologically based cues and strategies for attracting pollinators across diverse environments.
Collapse
|
23
|
Muola A, Weber D, Malm LE, Egan PA, Glinwood R, Parachnowitsch AL, Stenberg JA. Direct and Pollinator-Mediated Effects of Herbivory on Strawberry and the Potential for Improved Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:823. [PMID: 28572811 PMCID: PMC5435809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The global decline in pollinators has partly been blamed on pesticides, leading some to propose pesticide-free farming as an option to improve pollination. However, herbivores are likely to be more prevalent in pesticide-free environments, requiring knowledge of their effects on pollinators, and alternative crop protection strategies to mitigate any potential pollination reduction. Strawberry leaf beetles (SLB) Galerucella spp. are important strawberry pests in Northern Europe and Russia. Given that SLB attack both leaf and flower tissue, we hypothesized pollinators would discriminate against SLB-damaged strawberry plants (Fragaria vesca, cultivar 'Rügen'), leading to lower pollination success and yield. In addition we screened the most common commercial cultivar 'Rügen' and wild Swedish F. vesca genotypes for SLB resistance to assess the potential for inverse breeding to restore high SLB resistance in cultivated strawberry. Behavioral observations in a controlled experiment revealed that the local pollinator fauna avoided strawberry flowers with SLB-damaged petals. Low pollination, in turn, resulted in smaller more deformed fruits. Furthermore, SLB-damaged flowers produced smaller fruits even when they were hand pollinated, showing herbivore damage also had direct effects on yield, independent of indirect effects on pollination. We found variable resistance in wild woodland strawberry to SLB and more resistant plant genotypes than the cultivar 'Rügen' were identified. Efficient integrated pest management strategies should be employed to mitigate both direct and indirect effects of herbivory for cultivated strawberry, including high intrinsic plant resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Muola
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
| | - Lisa E. Malm
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul A. Egan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Amy L. Parachnowitsch
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Johan A. Stenberg,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Identification of a floral-derived kairomone for currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis. CHEMOECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-016-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Filella I, Primante C, Llusià J, Martín González AM, Seco R, Farré-Armengol G, Rodrigo A, Bosch J, Peñuelas J. Floral advertisement scent in a changing plant-pollinators market. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3434. [PMID: 24305624 PMCID: PMC3852139 DOI: 10.1038/srep03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pollinator systems may be considered as biological markets in which pollinators choose between different flowers that advertise their nectar/pollen rewards. Although expected to play a major role in structuring plant-pollinator interactions, community-wide patterns of flower scent signals remain largely unexplored. Here we show for the first time that scent advertisement is higher in plant species that bloom early in the flowering period when pollinators are scarce relative to flowers than in species blooming later in the season when there is a surplus of pollinators relative to flowers. We also show that less abundant flowering species that may compete with dominant species for pollinator visitation early in the flowering period emit much higher proportions of the generalist attractant β-ocimene. Overall, we provide a first community-wide description of the key role of seasonal dynamics of plant-specific flower scent emissions, and reveal the coexistence of contrasting plant signaling strategies in a plant-pollinator market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Filella
- 1] CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain [2] CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cha DH, Adams T, Rogg H, Landolt PJ. Identification and field evaluation of fermentation volatiles from wine and vinegar that mediate attraction of spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:1419-31. [PMID: 23065086 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that olfactory cues from damaged and fermented fruits play important roles in resource recognition of polyphagous spotted wing Drosophila flies (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). They are attracted to fermented sweet materials, such as decomposing fruits but also wines and vinegars, and to ubiquitous fermentation volatiles, such as acetic acid and ethanol. Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), two-choice laboratory bioassays, and field trapping experiments were used to identify volatile compounds from wine and vinegar that are involved in SWD attraction. In addition to acetic acid and ethanol, consistent EAD responses were obtained for 13 volatile wine compounds and seven volatile vinegar compounds, with all of the vinegar EAD-active compounds also present in wine. In a field trapping experiment, the 9-component vinegar blend and 15-component wine blend were similarly attractive when compared to an acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, but were not as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture. In two-choice laboratory bioassays, 7 EAD-active compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl lactate, 1-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, and ethyl sorbate), when added singly to the mixture at the same concentrations tested in the field, decreased the attraction of SWD to the mixture of acetic acid and ethanol. The blends composed of the remaining EAD-active chemicals, an 8-component wine blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + methionol + isoamyl lactate + 2-phenylethanol + diethyl succinate] and a 5-component vinegar blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + 2-phenylethanol] were more attractive than the acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, and as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture in both laboratory assays and the field trapping experiment. These results indicate that these volatiles in wine and vinegar are crucial for SWD attraction to fermented materials on which they feed as adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Cha
- Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Wapato, WA 98951, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Behavioural plasticity and sex differences in host finding of a specialized bee species. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2011; 197:1119-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-011-0673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|