1
|
Bourne ME, Gloder G, Weldegergis BT, Slingerland M, Ceribelli A, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Jacquemyn H, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011262. [PMID: 36947551 PMCID: PMC10069771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Slingerland
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ceribelli
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ode PJ, Vyas DK, Harvey JA. Extrinsic Inter- and Intraspecific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:305-328. [PMID: 34614367 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-071421-073524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host-parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;
| | - Dhaval K Vyas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Hyperparasitoids are some of the most diverse members of insect food webs. True hyperparasitoids parasitize the larvae of other parasitoids, reaching these larvae with their ovipositor through the herbivore that hosts the parasitoid larva. During pupation, primary parasitoids also may be attacked by pseudohyperparasitoids that lay their eggs on the parasitoid (pre)pupae. By attacking primary parasitoids, hyperparasitoids may affect herbivore population dynamics, and they have been identified as a major challenge in biological control. Over the past decades, research, especially on aphid- and caterpillar-associated hyperparasitoids, has revealed that hyperparasitoids challenge rules on nutrient use efficiency in trophic chains, account for herbivore outbreaks, or stabilize competitive interactions in lower trophic levels, and they may use cues derived from complex interaction networks to locate their hosts. This review focuses on the fascinating ecology of hyperparasitoids related to how they exploit and locate their often inconspicuous hosts and the insect community processes in which hyperparasitoids are prominent players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aeres University of Applied Sciences, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gloder G, Bourne ME, Verreth C, Wilberts L, Bossaert S, Crauwels S, Dicke M, Poelman EH, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Parasitism by endoparasitoid wasps alters the internal but not the external microbiome in host caterpillars. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:73. [PMID: 34654483 PMCID: PMC8520287 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome of many insects consists of a diverse community of microorganisms that can play critical roles in the functioning and overall health of their hosts. Although the microbial communities of insects have been studied thoroughly over the past decade, little is still known about how biotic interactions affect the microbial community structure in and on the bodies of insects. In insects that are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, it can be expected that the microbiome of the host insect is affected by the presence of these parasitic organisms that develop in close association with their host. In this study, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting both bacteria and fungi to test the hypothesis that parasitism by the endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata affected the microbiome of its host Pieris brassicae. Healthy and parasitized caterpillars were collected from both natural populations and a laboratory culture. RESULTS Significant differences in bacterial community structure were found between field-collected caterpillars and laboratory-reared caterpillars, and between the external and the internal microbiome of the caterpillars. Parasitism significantly altered the internal microbiome of caterpillars, but not the external microbiome. The internal microbiome of all parasitized caterpillars and of the parasitoid larvae in the caterpillar hosts was dominated by a Wolbachia strain, which was completely absent in healthy caterpillars, suggesting that the strain was transferred to the caterpillars during oviposition by the parasitoids. CONCLUSION We conclude that biotic interactions such as parasitism have pronounced effects on the microbiome of an insect host and possibly affect interactions with higher-order insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christel Verreth
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Wilberts
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bossaert
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu XL, Feng Y, Feng ZJ, Chana P, Zhu GX, Xia PL, Liu TX. Effects of mummy consumption on fitness and oviposition site selection on Harmonia axyridis. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:1101-1110. [PMID: 31487096 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intraguild predation (IGP) has been commonly reported between predators and parasitoids used as biological control agents as predators consuming parasitoids within their hosts. However, the effect of parasitoid-mummy consumption on the fitness of the predator and subsequent oviposition site selection have not been well studied. In our study, we conducted two laboratory experiments to examine the influence of Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) mummies as prey on fitness and subsequently oviposition site selection of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Results indicate that when H. axyridis was reared on A. gifuensis mummies only, its larval development was prolonged, and body weight of the 4th instar larvae and newly emerged adults, and fecundity decreased. Moreover, H. axyridis did not exhibit oviposition preference on plants infested with unparasitized aphids or aphids parasitized for shorter than 9 days. However, compared with plants with mummies (parasitized ≥9 days), H. axyridis laid more eggs on plants with unparasitized aphids. In contrast, H. axyridis previously fed with A. gifuensis mummies did not show a significant oviposition preference between plants with unparasitized aphids and those with mummies (parasitized ≥9 days). Overall, our results suggest that mummy consumption reduced the fitness of H. axyridis. Although H. axyridis avoided laying eggs on plants with A. gifuensis mummies, prior feeding experience on A. gifuensis mummies could alter the oviposition site preference. Thus, in biological control practice, prior feeding experience of H. axyridis should be carefully considered for reduction of IGP and increase of fitness of H. axyridis on A. gifuensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Phongsakorn Chana
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guan-Xiong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng-Liang Xia
- Hubei Tobacco Company Enshi State Co., Ltd., Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vyas DK, Paul RL, Gates MW, Kubik T, Harvey JA, Kondratieff BC, Ode PJ. Shared enemies exert differential mortality on two competing parasitic wasps. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
de Boer JG, Hollander PJ, Heinen D, Jagger D, van Sliedregt P, Salis L, Kos M, Vet LEM. Do plant volatiles confuse rather than guide foraging behavior of the aphid hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus aphidum? CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany species of parasitoid wasps use plant volatiles to locate their herbivorous hosts. These volatiles are reliable indicators of host presence when their emission in plants is induced by herbivory. Hyperparasitoids may also use information from lower trophic levels to locate their parasitoid hosts but little is known about the role of volatiles from the plant–host complex in the foraging behavior of hyperparasitoids. Here, we studied how Dendrocerus aphidum (Megaspilidae) responds to plant and host volatiles in a series of experiments. This hyperparasitoid uses aphid mummies as its host and hampers biological control of aphids by parasitoids in greenhouse horticulture. We found that D. aphidum females were strongly attracted to volatiles from mummy-infested sweet pepper plants, but only when clean air was offered as an alternative odor source in the Y-tube olfactometer. Hyperparasitoid females did not have a preference for mummy-infested plants when volatiles from aphid-infested or healthy pepper plants were presented as an alternative. These olfactory responses of D. aphidum were mostly independent of prior experience. Volatiles from the host itself were also highly attractive to D. aphidum, but again hyperparasitoid females only had a preference in the absence of plant volatiles. Our findings suggest that plant volatiles may confuse, rather than guide the foraging behavior of D. aphidum. Mummy hyperparasitoids, such as D. aphidum, can use a wide variety of mummies and are thus extreme generalists at the lower trophic levels, which may explain the limited role of (induced) plant volatiles in their host searching behavior.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cusumano A, Harvey JA, Bourne ME, Poelman EH, G de Boer J. Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:432-443. [PMID: 31713945 PMCID: PMC7004005 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top-carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco-friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top-carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical-based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push-pull strategy could be a promising approach to 'push' hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and 'pull' them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology-based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ecological dissociation and re-association with a superior competitor alters host selection behavior in a parasitoid wasp. Oecologia 2019; 191:261-270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
10
|
Aartsma Y, Cusumano A, Fernández de Bobadilla M, Rusman Q, Vosteen I, Poelman EH. Understanding insect foraging in complex habitats by comparing trophic levels: insights from specialist host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid systems. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:54-60. [PMID: 31113632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects typically forage in complex habitats in which their resources are surrounded by non-resources. For herbivores, pollinators, parasitoids, and higher level predators research has focused on how specific trophic levels filter and integrate information from cues in their habitat to locate resources. However, these insights frequently build specific theory per trophic level and seldom across trophic levels. Here, we synthesize advances in understanding of insect foraging behavior in complex habitats by comparing trophic levels in specialist host-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid systems. We argue that resources may become less apparent to foraging insects when they are member of higher trophic levels and hypothesize that higher trophic level organisms require a larger number of steps in their foraging decisions. We identify important knowledge gaps of information integration strategies by insects that belong to higher trophic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yavanna Aartsma
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Quint Rusman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilka Vosteen
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cusumano A, Harvey JA, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Hyperparasitoids exploit herbivore-induced plant volatiles during host location to assess host quality and non-host identity. Oecologia 2019; 189:699-709. [PMID: 30725370 PMCID: PMC6418317 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although consumers often rely on chemical information to optimize their foraging strategies, it is poorly understood how top carnivores above the third trophic level find resources in heterogeneous environments. Hyperparasitoids are a common group of organisms in the fourth trophic level that lay their eggs in or on the body of other parasitoid hosts. Such top carnivores use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to find caterpillars containing parasitoid host larvae. Hyperparasitoids forage in complex environments where hosts of different quality may be present alongside non-host parasitoid species, each of which can develop in multiple herbivore species. Because both the identity of the herbivore species and its parasitization status can affect the composition of HIPV emission, hyperparasitoids encounter considerable variation in HIPVs during host location. Here, we combined laboratory and field experiments to investigate the role of HIPVs in host selection of hyperparasitoids that search for hosts in a multi-parasitoid multi-herbivore context. In a wild Brassica oleracea-based food web, the hyperparasitoid Lysibia nana preferred HIPVs emitted in response to caterpillars parasitized by the gregarious host Cotesia glomerata over the non-host Hyposoter ebeninus. However, no plant-mediated discrimination occurred between the solitary host C. rubecula and the non-host H. ebeninus. Under both laboratory and field conditions, hyperparasitoid responses were not affected by the herbivore species (Pieris brassicae or P. rapae) in which the three primary parasitoid species developed. Our study shows that HIPVs are an important source of information within multitrophic interaction networks allowing hyperparasitoids to find their preferred hosts in heterogeneous environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu F, Cusumano A, Bloem J, Weldegergis BT, Villela A, Fatouros NE, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Harvey JA, Vogel H, Poelman EH. Symbiotic polydnavirus and venom reveal parasitoid to its hyperparasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5205-5210. [PMID: 29712841 PMCID: PMC5960289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717904115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships may provide organisms with key innovations that aid in the establishment of new niches. For example, during oviposition, some species of parasitoid wasps, whose larvae develop inside the bodies of other insects, inject polydnaviruses into their hosts. These symbiotic viruses disrupt host immune responses, allowing the parasitoid's progeny to survive. Here we show that symbiotic polydnaviruses also have a downside to the parasitoid's progeny by initiating a multitrophic chain of interactions that reveals the parasitoid larvae to their enemies. These enemies are hyperparasitoids that use the parasitoid progeny as host for their own offspring. We found that the virus and venom injected by the parasitoid during oviposition, but not the parasitoid progeny itself, affected hyperparasitoid attraction toward plant volatiles induced by feeding of parasitized caterpillars. We identified activity of virus-related genes in the caterpillar salivary gland. Moreover, the virus affected the activity of elicitors of salivary origin that induce plant responses to caterpillar feeding. The changes in caterpillar saliva were critical in inducing plant volatiles that are used by hyperparasitoids to locate parasitized caterpillars. Our results show that symbiotic organisms may be key drivers of multitrophic ecological interactions. We anticipate that this phenomenon is widespread in nature, because of the abundance of symbiotic microorganisms across trophic levels in ecological communities. Their role should be more prominently integrated in community ecology to understand organization of natural and managed ecosystems, as well as adaptations of individual organisms that are part of these communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Nouhuys S, Kohonen M, Duplouy A. Wolbachia increases the susceptibility of a parasitoid wasp to hyperparasitism. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2984-2990. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The success of maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria, such as Wolbachia, is directly linked to their host reproduction but in direct conflict with other parasites that kill the host before it reaches reproductive maturity. Therefore, symbionts that have evolved strategies to increase their host’s ability to evade lethal parasites may have high penetrance, while detrimental symbionts would be selected against, leading to lower penetrance or extinction from the host population. In a natural population of the parasitoid wasp Hyposoter horticola in the Åland Islands (Finland), the Wolbachia strain wHho persists at an intermediate prevalence (∼50%). Additionally, there is a negative correlation between the prevalence of Wolbachia and a hyperparasitoid wasp, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus, in the landscape. Using a manipulative field experiment, we addressed the persistence of Wolbachia at this intermediate level, and tested whether the observed negative correlation could be due to Wolbachia inducing either susceptibility or resistance to parasitism. We show that infection with Wolbachia does not influence the ability of the wasp to parasitize its butterfly host, Melitaea cinxia, but that hyperparasitism of the wasp increases in the presence of wHho. Consequently, the symbiont is detrimental, and in order to persist in the host population, must also have a positive effect on fitness that outweighs the costly burden of susceptibility to widespread parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PL 65, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Minna Kohonen
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PL 65, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anne Duplouy
- University of Helsinki, Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, PL 65, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaplan I, Carrillo J, Garvey M, Ode PJ. Indirect plant-parasitoid interactions mediated by changes in herbivore physiology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:112-119. [PMID: 27436656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In occupying an intermediate trophic position, herbivorous insects serve a vital link between plants at the base of the food chain and parasitoids at the top. Although these herbivore-mediated indirect plant-parasitoid interactions are well-documented, new studies have uncovered previously undescribed mechanisms that are fundamentally changing how we view tri-trophic relationships. In this review we highlight recent advances in this field focusing on both plant-driven and parasitoid-driven outcomes that flow up and down the trophic web, respectively. From the bottom-up, plant metabolites can impact parasitoid success by altering host immune function; however, few have considered the potential effects of other plant defense strategies such as tolerance on parasitoid ecology and behavior. From the top-down, parasitoids have long been considered plant bodyguards, but in reality the consequences of parasitism for herbivory rates and induction of plant defensive chemistry are far more complicated with cascading effects on community-level interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States.
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Michael Garvey
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pashalidou FG, Frago E, Griese E, Poelman EH, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Fatouros NE. Early herbivore alert matters: plant-mediated effects of egg deposition on higher trophic levels benefit plant fitness. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:927-36. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini G. Pashalidou
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Biocommunication & Entomology; ETH Zürich; 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Eddie Griese
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; 12163 Berlin Germany
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Nina E. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; 12163 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu F, Broekgaarden C, Weldegergis BT, Harvey JA, Vosman B, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Parasitism overrides herbivore identity allowing hyperparasitoids to locate their parasitoid host using herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2886-99. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Plant-Microbe Interactions; Department of Biology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben Vosman
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|