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Ferveur JF, Cortot J, Moussian B, Cobb M, Everaerts C. Replenishment of Drosophila Male Pheromone After Mating. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:100-109. [PMID: 38270733 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Insect exocrine gland products can be involved in sexual communication, defense, territory labelling, aggregation and alarm. In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster the ejaculatory bulb synthesizes and releases 11-cis-Vaccenyl acetate (cVa). This pheromone, transferred to the female during copulation, affects aggregation, courtship and male-male aggressive behaviors. To determine the ability of male flies to replenish their cVa levels, males of a control laboratory strain and from the desat1 pheromone-defective mutant strain were allowed to mate successively with several females. We measured mating frequency, duration and latency, the amount of cVa transferred to mated females and the residual cVa in tested males. Mating duration remained constant with multiple matings, but we found that the amount of cVa transferred to females declined with multiple matings, indicating that, over short, biologically-relevant periods, replenishment of the pheromone does not keep up with mating frequency, resulting in the transfer of varying quantities of cVa. Adult responses to cVa are affected by early developmental exposure to this pheromone; our revelation of quantitative variation in the amount of cVa transferred to females in the event of multiple matings by a male suggests variable responses to cVa shown by adults produced by such matings. This implies that the natural role of this compound may be richer than suggested by laboratory experiments that study only one mating event and its immediate behavioral or neurobiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre Des Sciences du Goût Et de L'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Jérôme Cortot
- Centre Des Sciences du Goût Et de L'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew Cobb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Claude Everaerts
- Centre Des Sciences du Goût Et de L'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
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2
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Tungadi TD, Powell G, Shaw B, Fountain MT. Factors influencing oviposition behaviour of the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii, derived from interactions with other Drosophila species: potential applications for control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4132-4139. [PMID: 37516913 PMCID: PMC10952728 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) or spotted wing Drosophila is a worldwide invasive pest of soft- and stone-fruit production. Female D. suzukii lay their eggs in ripening fruit and the hatched larvae damage fruit from the inside, rendering it unmarketable and causing significant economic loss. Current methods to reduce D. suzukii population in the field primarily rely on chemical insecticides which are not a sustainable long-term solution and increase the risk of resistance developing. Several studies demonstrate that when D. suzukii encounter or coexist with other Drosophila on a food source, this is usually a disadvantage to D. suzukii, leading to reduced oviposition and increased larval mortality. These effects have potential to be exploited from a pest management perspective. In this review we summarise recent research articles focusing on the interspecific interactions between D. suzukii and other Drosophila species aimed at understanding how this drives D. suzukii behaviour. Potential semiochemical and microbiome impacts are postulated as determinants of D. suzukii behaviour. Development of control practices focusing on reducing D. suzukii populations and deterring them from laying eggs by utilising factors that drive their behaviour are discussed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bethan Shaw
- NIABCambridgeUK
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdAucklandNew Zealand
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3
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Babin A, Gatti JL, Poirié M. Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide influences Drosophila oviposition decision. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230565. [PMID: 37650056 PMCID: PMC10465210 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural avoidance has obvious benefits for animals facing environmental stressors such as pathogen-contaminated foods. Most current bioinsecticides are based on the environmental and opportunistic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that kills targeted insect pests upon ingestion. While food and oviposition avoidance of Bt bioinsecticide by targeted insect species was reported, this remained to be addressed in non-target organisms, especially those affected by chronic exposure to Bt bioinsecticide such as Drosophila species. Here, using a two-choice oviposition test, we showed that female flies of three Drosophila species (four strains of D. melanogaster, D. busckii and D. suzukii) avoided laying eggs in the presence of Bt var. kurstaki bioinsecticide, with potential benefits for the offspring and female's fitness. Avoidance occurred rapidly, regardless of the fraction of the bioinsecticide suspension (spores and toxin crystals versus soluble toxins/compounds) and independently of the female motivation for egg laying. Our results suggest that, in addition to recent findings of developmental and physiological alterations upon chronic exposure to non-target Drosophila, this bioinsecticide may modify the competitive interactions between Drosophila species in treated areas and the interactions with their associated natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Babin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Agrobiotech Institute (ISA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Agrobiotech Institute (ISA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Sophia Agrobiotech Institute (ISA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
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4
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Titova AV, Kau BE, Tibor S, Mach J, Vo-Doan TT, Wittlinger M, Straw AD. Displacement experiments provide evidence for path integration in Drosophila. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245289. [PMID: 37226998 PMCID: PMC10281513 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Like many other animals, insects are capable of returning to previously visited locations using path integration, which is a memory of travelled direction and distance. Recent studies suggest that Drosophila can also use path integration to return to a food reward. However, the existing experimental evidence for path integration in Drosophila has a potential confound: pheromones deposited at the site of reward might enable flies to find previously rewarding locations even without memory. Here, we show that pheromones can indeed cause naïve flies to accumulate where previous flies had been rewarded in a navigation task. Therefore, we designed an experiment to determine if flies can use path integration memory despite potential pheromonal cues by displacing the flies shortly after an optogenetic reward. We found that rewarded flies returned to the location predicted by a memory-based model. Several analyses are consistent with path integration as the mechanism by which flies returned to the reward. We conclude that although pheromones are often important in fly navigation and must be carefully controlled for in future experiments, Drosophila may indeed be capable of performing path integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Titova
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt E. Kau
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shir Tibor
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Mach
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - T. Thang Vo-Doan
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wittlinger
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew D. Straw
- Institute of Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Taisz I, Donà E, Münch D, Bailey SN, Morris BJ, Meechan KI, Stevens KM, Varela-Martínez I, Gkantia M, Schlegel P, Ribeiro C, Jefferis GSXE, Galili DS. Generating parallel representations of position and identity in the olfactory system. Cell 2023; 186:2556-2573.e22. [PMID: 37236194 PMCID: PMC10403364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila, a dedicated olfactory channel senses a male pheromone, cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), promoting female courtship while repelling males. Here, we show that separate cVA-processing streams extract qualitative and positional information. cVA sensory neurons respond to concentration differences in a 5-mm range around a male. Second-order projection neurons encode the angular position of a male by detecting inter-antennal differences in cVA concentration, which are amplified through contralateral inhibition. At the third circuit layer, we identify 47 cell types with diverse input-output connectivity. One population responds tonically to male flies, a second is tuned to olfactory looming, while a third integrates cVA and taste to coincidentally promote female mating. The separation of olfactory features resembles the mammalian what and where visual streams; together with multisensory integration, this enables behavioral responses appropriate to specific ethological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Taisz
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erika Donà
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Billy J Morris
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Katie M Stevens
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marina Gkantia
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philipp Schlegel
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Gregory S X E Jefferis
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Dana S Galili
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Verschut TA, Ng R, Doubovetzky NP, Le Calvez G, Sneep JL, Minnaard AJ, Su CY, Carlsson MA, Wertheim B, Billeter JC. Aggregation pheromones have a non-linear effect on oviposition behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1544. [PMID: 36941252 PMCID: PMC10027874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Female fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) oviposit at communal sites where the larvae may cooperate or compete for resources depending on group size. This offers a model system to determine how females assess quantitative social information. We show that the concentration of pheromones found on a substrate increases linearly with the number of adult flies that have visited that site. Females prefer oviposition sites with pheromone concentrations corresponding to an intermediate number of previous visitors, whereas sites with low or high concentrations are unattractive. This dose-dependent decision is based on a blend of 11-cis-Vaccenyl Acetate (cVA) indicating the number of previous visitors and heptanal (a novel pheromone deriving from the oxidation of 7-Tricosene), which acts as a dose-independent co-factor. This response is mediated by detection of cVA by odorant receptor neurons Or67d and Or65a, and at least five different odorant receptor neurons for heptanal. Our results identify a mechanism allowing individuals to transform a linear increase of pheromones into a non-linear behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Verschut
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renny Ng
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nicolas P Doubovetzky
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Le Calvez
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan L Sneep
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chih-Ying Su
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Tolassy V, Cazalé-Debat L, Houot B, Reynaud R, Heydel JM, Ferveur JF, Everaerts C. Drosophila Free-Flight Odor Tracking is Altered in a Sex-Specific Manner By Preimaginal Sensory Exposure. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:179-194. [PMID: 36881326 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
In insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, flight guidance is based on converging sensory information provided by several modalities, including chemoperception. Drosophila flies are particularly attracted by complex odors constituting volatile molecules from yeast, pheromones and microbe-metabolized food. Based on a recent study revealing that adult male courtship behavior can be affected by early preimaginal exposure to maternally transmitted egg factors, we wondered whether a similar exposure could affect free-flight odor tracking in flies of both sexes. Our main experiment consisted of testing flies differently conditioned during preimaginal development in a wind tunnel. Each fly was presented with a dual choice of food labeled by groups of each sex of D. melanogaster or D. simulans flies. The combined effect of food with the cis-vaccenyl acetate pheromone (cVA), which is involved in aggregation behavior, was also measured. Moreover, we used the headspace method to determine the "odorant" identity of the different labeled foods tested. We also measured the antennal electrophysiological response to cVA in females and males resulting from the different preimaginal conditioning procedures. Our data indicate that flies differentially modulated their flight response (take off, flight duration, food landing and preference) according to sex, conditioning and food choice. Our headspace analysis revealed that many food-derived volatile molecules diverged between sexes and species. Antennal responses to cVA showed clear sex-specific variation for conditioned flies but not for control flies. In summary, our study indicates that preimaginal conditioning can affect Drosophila free flight behavior in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tolassy
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Laurie Cazalé-Debat
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Park Road, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin Houot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.,Institut Gustave Roussel, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Rémy Reynaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Claude Everaerts
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE, UMR1324, Université de Bourgogne, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
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8
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Nöbel S, Monier M, Villa D, Danchin É, Isabel G. 2-D sex images elicit mate copying in fruit flies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22127. [PMID: 36550183 PMCID: PMC9780341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the environment is three-dimensional (3-D), humans are able to extract subtle information from two-dimensional (2-D) images, particularly in the domain of sex. However, whether animals with simpler nervous systems are capable of such information extraction remains to be demonstrated, as this ability would suggest a functional generalisation capacity. Here, we performed mate-copying experiments in Drosophila melanogaster using 2-D artificial stimuli. Mate copying occurs when naïve females observe the mating success of potential mates and use that social information to build their own mating preference. By replacing live demonstrations with (i) photos or (ii) simplified images of copulating pairs, we found that even crudely simplified images of sexual intercourse still elicit mate copying, suggesting that Drosophila is able to extract sex-related information even from a degraded image. This new method constitutes a powerful tool to further investigate mate copying in that species and sexual preferences in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Nöbel
- Université Toulouse 1 Capitole and Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse (IAST), Esplanade de l’Université, 31080 Toulouse Cedex 06, France ,grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XLaboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France ,grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Magdalena Monier
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XLaboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - David Villa
- grid.508721.9Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS UMR 5169, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Étienne Danchin
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XLaboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Isabel
- grid.508721.9Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS UMR 5169, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
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9
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Fowler EK, Leigh S, Rostant WG, Thomas A, Bretman A, Chapman T. Memory of social experience affects female fecundity via perception of fly deposits. BMC Biol 2022; 20:244. [PMID: 36310170 PMCID: PMC9620669 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animals can exhibit remarkable reproductive plasticity in response to their social surroundings, with profound fitness consequences. The presence of same-sex conspecifics can signal current or future expected competition for resources or mates. Plastic responses to elevated sexual competition caused by exposure to same-sex individuals have been well-studied in males. However, much less is known about such plastic responses in females, whether this represents sexual or resource competition, or if it leads to changes in investment in mating behaviour and/or reproduction. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster to measure the impact of experimentally varying female exposure to other females prior to mating on fecundity before and after mating. We then deployed physical and genetic methods to manipulate the perception of different social cues and sensory pathways and reveal the potential mechanisms involved. Results The results showed that females maintained in social isolation prior to mating were significantly more likely to retain unfertilised eggs before mating, but to show the opposite and lay significantly more fertilised eggs in the 24h after mating. More than 48h of exposure to other females was necessary for this social memory response to be expressed. Neither olfactory nor visual cues were involved in mediating fecundity plasticity—instead, the relevant cues were perceived through direct contact with the non-egg deposits left behind by other females. Conclusions The results demonstrate that females show reproductive plasticity in response to their social surroundings and can carry this memory of their social experience forward through mating. Comparisons of our results with previous work show that the nature of female plastic reproductive responses and the cues they use differ markedly from those of males. The results emphasise the deep divergence in how each sex realises its reproductive success. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01438-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. K. Fowler
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - S. Leigh
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - W. G. Rostant
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - A. Thomas
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - A. Bretman
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - T. Chapman
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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10
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Keesey IW. Sensory neuroecology and multimodal evolution across the genus Drosophila. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.932344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural basis and genetic mechanisms for sensory evolution are increasingly being explored in depth across many closely related members of the Drosophila genus. This has, in part, been achieved due to the immense efforts toward adapting gene-editing technologies for additional, non-model species. Studies targeting both peripheral sensory variations, as well as interspecies divergence in coding or neural connectivity, have generated numerous, tangible examples of how and where the evolution of sensory-driven animal behavior has occurred. Here, we review and discuss studies that each aim to identify the neurobiological and genetic components of sensory system evolution to provide a comparative overview of the types of functional variations observed across both perceptual input and behavioral output. In addition, we examined the roles neuroecology and neuroevolution play in speciation events, such as courtship and intraspecies communication, as well as those aspects related to behavioral divergence in host navigation or egg-laying preferences. Through the investigation of comparative, large-scale trends and correlations across diverse, yet closely related species within this highly ecologically variable genus of flies, we can begin to describe the underlying pressures, mechanisms, and constraints that have guided sensory and nervous system evolution within the natural environments of these organisms.
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11
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Tungadi TD, Shaw B, Powell G, Hall DR, Bray DP, Harte SJ, Farman DI, Wijnen H, Fountain MT. Live Drosophila Melanogaster Larvae Deter Oviposition by Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080688. [PMID: 36005313 PMCID: PMC9408982 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The invasive insect pest, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura or spotted-wing drosophila (SWD) lays its eggs in soft and stone fruit. Eggs hatch into larvae, which feed on fruit, causing fruit collapse and significant economic losses worldwide. Current control methods rely primarily on foliar insecticide applications, which are not sustainable long-term solutions. In nature, D. suzukii interacts with and encounters other Drosophila species, especially towards the end of the growing season when ripening fruits are scarce. We showed previously that D. suzukii were deterred from laying eggs on artificial media exposed to egg laying Drosophila melanogaster, its sister species. It was hypothesized that a signal was left by D. melanogaster which deterred D. suzukii from laying eggs. This study aimed to identify from which D. melanogaster life stage the egg laying deterrent signal originated and we showed that the presence of live D. melanogaster larvae on the egg laying media deter D. suzukii from laying eggs. Drosophila melanogaster cuticular hydrocarbons were examined as the signal source, but no evidence was found for their involvement. These results have improved our understanding of the interspecific interactions between D. suzukii and other Drosophila species and could provide new innovative approaches to D. suzukii management strategies. Abstract The worldwide invasive insect pest, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (spotted-wing Drosophila), lays eggs in soft and stone fruit before harvest. Hatched larvae cause fruit collapse and significant economic losses. Current control methods rely primarily on foliar insecticide applications, which are not sustainable long-term solutions due to regulatory restrictions and the risk of insecticide resistance developing. We showed before that D. suzukii were deterred from laying eggs on artificial media previously visited by its sister species—Drosophila melanogaster. In the current study, laboratory choice test experiments were conducted to identify which D. melanogaster life stage (eggs, larvae, or adult) deterred D. suzukii oviposition. We demonstrated that the presence of live D. melanogaster larvae on the egg-laying media consistently deterred D. suzukii oviposition. Drosophila melanogaster cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) were examined as candidate for the oviposition deterrent. CHCs of larval and adult D. melanogaster and D. suzukii were analyzed. In both species, the composition of the CHCs of larvae was similar to that of adults, although quantities present were much lower. Furthermore, the CHC profiles of the two species were markedly different. However, when assayed as deterrents in the laboratory choice test experiment, CHC extracts from D. melanogaster did not deter oviposition by D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethan Shaw
- NIAB, East Malling, West Malling ME19 6BJ, UK; (T.D.T.); (B.S.)
| | | | - David R. Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Southampton ME4 4TB, UK; (D.R.H.); (D.P.B.); (S.J.H.); (D.I.F.)
| | - Daniel P. Bray
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Southampton ME4 4TB, UK; (D.R.H.); (D.P.B.); (S.J.H.); (D.I.F.)
| | - Steven J. Harte
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Southampton ME4 4TB, UK; (D.R.H.); (D.P.B.); (S.J.H.); (D.I.F.)
| | - Dudley I. Farman
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Southampton ME4 4TB, UK; (D.R.H.); (D.P.B.); (S.J.H.); (D.I.F.)
| | - Herman Wijnen
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
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12
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Cortot J, Farine JP, Cobb M, Everaerts C, Ferveur JF. Factors affecting the biosynthesis and emission of a Drosophila pheromone. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275647. [PMID: 35678110 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The most studied pheromone in Drosophila melanogaster, cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), is synthesized in the male ejaculatory bulb and transferred to the female during copulation. Combined with other chemicals, cVA can modulate fly aggregation, courtship, mating and fighting. We explored the mechanisms underlying both cVA biosynthesis and emission in males of two wild types and a pheromonal mutant line. The effects of ageing, adult social interaction, and maternally transmitted cVA and microbes - both associated with the egg chorion - on cVA biosynthesis and emission were measured. While ageing and genotype changed both biosynthesis and emission in similar ways, early developmental exposure to maternally transmitted cVA and microbes strongly decreased cVA emission but not the biosynthesis of this molecule. This indicates that the release - but not the biosynthesis - of this sex pheromone strongly depends on early developmental context. The mechanism by which the preimaginal effects occur is unknown, but reinforces the significance of development in determining adult physiology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Cortot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Matthew Cobb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Claude Everaerts
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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13
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Abstract
In this review, we highlight sources of alcohols in nature, as well as the behavioral and ecological roles that these fermentation cues play in the short lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. With a focus on neuroethology, we describe the olfactory detection of alcohol as well as ensuing neural signaling within the brain of the fly. We proceed to explain the plethora of behaviors related to alcohol, including attraction, feeding, and oviposition, as well as general effects on aggression and courtship. All of these behaviors are shaped by physiological state and social contexts. In a comparative perspective, we also discuss inter- and intraspecies differences related to alcohol tolerance and metabolism. Lastly, we provide corollaries with other dipteran and coleopteran insect species that also have olfactory systems attuned to ethanol detection and describe ecological and evolutionary directions for further studies of the natural history of alcohol and the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Keesey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA;
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
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14
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Kienzle R, Rohlfs M. Mind the Wound!-Fruit Injury Ranks Higher than, and Interacts with, Heterospecific Cues for Drosophila suzukii Oviposition. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050424. [PMID: 34065090 PMCID: PMC8151711 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii is a globally distributed insect that infests many economically important fruit varieties by ovipositing into ripening fruits. The mechanisms underlying host selection, in particular the fly's preference for fresh, intact, and competitor-free fruits, are only partially understood. We hypothesize that D. suzukii females use cues of different fruit properties to rank potential host fruits in a hierarchical manner. We created four naturally occurring fruit (blueberries) categories: (1) intact; (2) artificially wounded; (3) wounded + containing eggs of different Drosophila species; and (4) intact + exposed to D. melanogaster. Individual D. suzukii females were offered several fruits in different two-way combinations of the fruit categories. Females showed a robust oviposition preference for intact vs. wounded + infested fruits, which was even stronger compared to the intact-wounded combination. Females preferred ovipositing into intact vs. intact + exposed blueberries; however, they preferred intact + exposed over wounded blueberries. This implies a hierarchical host preference in D. suzukii, which is determined by heterospecific cues (possibly fecal matter components) and an unknown "wounding factor" of fruits.
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15
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Elsensohn JE, Aly MFK, Schal C, Burrack HJ. Social signals mediate oviposition site selection in Drosophila suzukii. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3796. [PMID: 33589670 PMCID: PMC7884846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The information that female insects perceive and use during oviposition site selection is complex and varies by species and ecological niche. Even in relatively unexploited niches, females interact directly and indirectly with conspecifics at oviposition sites. These interactions can take the form of host marking and re-assessment of prior oviposition sites during the decision-making process. Considerable research has focused on the niche breadth and host preference of the polyphagous invasive pest Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), but little information exists on how conspecific signals modulate oviposition behavior. We investigated three layers of social information that female D. suzukii may use in oviposition site selection-(1) pre-existing egg density, (2) pre-existing larval occupation, and (3) host marking by adults. We found that the presence of larvae and host marking, but not egg density, influenced oviposition behavior and that the two factors interacted over time. Adult marking appeared to deter oviposition only in the presence of an unmarked substrate. These results are the first behavioral evidence for a host marking pheromone in a species of Drosophila. These findings may also help elucidate D. suzukii infestation and preference patterns within crop fields and natural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E. Elsensohn
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Marwa F. K. Aly
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya, Egypt
| | - Coby Schal
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Hannah J. Burrack
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC State University, Raleigh, NC USA
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16
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Ðurović G, Alawamleh A, Carlin S, Maddalena G, Guzzon R, Mazzoni V, Dalton DT, Walton VM, Suckling DM, Butler RC, Angeli S, De Cristofaro A, Anfora G. Liquid Baits with Oenococcus oeni Increase Captures of Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010066. [PMID: 33450937 PMCID: PMC7828427 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Among the challenges arising from climate change and the transformation of agroecosystems is that agricultural production is heavily affected by invasive insect species. Invasive insects can establish in new areas where their development can progress due to a suitable climate and lack of natural enemies. Farmers have few options to mitigate those insects’ attacks. Current control tactics using pesticides must be replaced with more sustainable methods to counter invasive insect species. We approached the control of the invasive spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, using a baiting system that manipulates insect behavior without use of toxic or non-sustainable chemicals. The results of our work are utilized for the monitoring and mass trapping of this devastating invasive species. In our innovative smart-design trap system, we use odors that attract flies and decrease damage in open field scenarios. Our trapping system can efficiently detect the first spring arrival of D. suzukii in agricultural fields and as a such, represents a good early monitoring tool. We conducted four years of laboratory and open-field trials in different berry crops. As a source of odor attraction, we used a mixture of wine, apple cider vinegar, and different commercially available strains of lactic acid bacteria. Abstract The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), native to Eastern Asia, is an invasive alien species in Europe and the Americas, where it is a severe pest of horticultural crops, including soft fruits and wine grapes. The conventional approach to controlling infestations of SWD involves the use of insecticides, but the frequency of application for population management is undesirable. Consequently, alternative strategies are urgently needed. Effective and improved trapping is important as an early risk detection tool. This study aimed to improve Droskidrink® (DD), a commercially available attractant for SWD. We focused on the chemical and behavioral effects of adding the bacterium Oenococcus oeni (Garvie) to DD and used a new trap design to enhance the effects of attractive lures. We demonstrate that microbial volatile compounds produced by O. oeni are responsible for the increase in the attractiveness of the bait and could be later utilized for the development of a better trapping system. Our results showed that the attractiveness of DD was increased up to two-fold by the addition of commercially available O. oeni when combined with an innovative trap design. The new trap-bait combination increased the number of male and especially female catches at low population densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Ðurović
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.Ð.); (S.C.); (V.M.); (G.A.)
- Biobest Group NV, Ilse Velden, 2260 Westerlo, Belgium;
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Amani Alawamleh
- Biobest Group NV, Ilse Velden, 2260 Westerlo, Belgium;
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Silvia Carlin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.Ð.); (S.C.); (V.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Maddalena
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Guzzon
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (R.G.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.Ð.); (S.C.); (V.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Daniel T. Dalton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Ag and Life Sciences Bldg., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (D.T.D.); (V.M.W.)
| | - Vaughn M. Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, 4017 Ag and Life Sciences Bldg., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (D.T.D.); (V.M.W.)
| | - David M. Suckling
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (R.G.); (D.M.S.)
- Biosecurity Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, PB 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ruth C. Butler
- Biosecurity Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, PB 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.Ð.); (S.C.); (V.M.); (G.A.)
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38100 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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17
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Park A, Tran T, Scheuermann EA, Smith DP, Atkinson NS. Alcohol potentiates a pheromone signal in flies. eLife 2020; 9:59853. [PMID: 33141025 PMCID: PMC7671682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, numerous researchers have documented the presence of the fruit fly or Drosophila melanogaster on alcohol-containing food sources. Although fruit flies are a common laboratory model organism of choice, there is relatively little understood about the ethological relationship between flies and ethanol. In this study, we find that when male flies inhabit ethanol-containing food substrates they become more aggressive. We identify a possible mechanism for this behavior. The odor of ethanol potentiates the activity of sensory neurons in response to an aggression-promoting pheromone. Finally, we observed that the odor of ethanol also promotes attraction to a food-related citrus odor. Understanding how flies interact with the complex natural environment they inhabit can provide valuable insight into how different natural stimuli are integrated to promote fundamental behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Park
- Department of Neuroscience and Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Tracy Tran
- Department of Neuroscience and Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Scheuermann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Dean P Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Nigel S Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience and Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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18
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Park SJ, Pandey G, Castro-Vargas C, Oakeshott JG, Taylor PW, Mendez V. Cuticular Chemistry of the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). Molecules 2020; 25:E4185. [PMID: 32932681 PMCID: PMC7571174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticular layer of the insect exoskeleton contains diverse compounds that serve important biological functions, including the maintenance of homeostasis by protecting against water loss, protection from injury, pathogens and insecticides, and communication. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is the most destructive pest of fruit production in Australia, yet there are no published accounts of this species' cuticular chemistry. We here provide a comprehensive description of B. tryoni cuticular chemistry. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize compounds in hexane extracts of B. tryoni adults reared from larvae in naturally infested fruits. The compounds found included spiroacetals, aliphatic amides, saturated/unsaturated and methyl branched C12 to C20 chain esters and C29 to C33 normal and methyl-branched alkanes. The spiroacetals and esters were found to be specific to mature females, while the amides were found in both sexes. Normal and methyl-branched alkanes were qualitatively the same in all age and sex groups but some of the alkanes differed in amounts (as estimated from internal standard-normalized peak areas) between mature males and females, as well as between mature and immature flies. This study provides essential foundations for studies investigating the functions of cuticular chemistry in this economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J. Park
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Gunjan Pandey
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Black Mountain, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Cynthia Castro-Vargas
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Black Mountain, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John G. Oakeshott
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Black Mountain, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Phillip W. Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivian Mendez
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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Keesey IW, Grabe V, Knaden M, Hansson BS. Divergent sensory investment mirrors potential speciation via niche partitioning across Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e57008. [PMID: 32602834 PMCID: PMC7402680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The examination of phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics of the nervous system, such as behavior and neuroanatomy, can be utilized as a means to assess speciation. Recent studies have proposed a fundamental tradeoff between two sensory organs, the eye and the antenna. However, the identification of ecological mechanisms for this observed tradeoff have not been firmly established. Our current study examines several monophyletic species within the obscura group, and asserts that despite their close relatedness and overlapping ecology, they deviate strongly in both visual and olfactory investment. We contend that both courtship and microhabitat preferences support the observed inverse variation in these sensory traits. Here, this variation in visual and olfactory investment seems to provide relaxed competition, a process by which similar species can use a shared environment differently and in ways that help them coexist. Moreover, that behavioral separation according to light gradients occurs first, and subsequently, courtship deviations arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Keesey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPICE), Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyJenaGermany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPICE), Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyJenaGermany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPICE), Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyJenaGermany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPICE), Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyJenaGermany
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20
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Tait G, Park K, Nieri R, Crava MC, Mermer S, Clappa E, Boyer G, Dalton DT, Carlin S, Brewer L, Walton VM, Anfora G, Rossi-Stacconi MV. Reproductive Site Selection: Evidence of an Oviposition Cue in a Highly Adaptive Dipteran, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:355-363. [PMID: 31977012 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a vinegar fly species that originates from Eastern Asia and has spread throughout Europe and the Americas since its initial detection in United States in 2008. Its relatively large, sclerotized, and serrated ovipositor enables the ability to penetrate ripening fruits, providing a protected environment for its egg and larval stages. Because the mechanism of oviposition site selection of D. suzukii is a matter of hypothesis, the aim of the present study was to elucidate behavioral and chemical aspects of short-range ovipositional site selection within the context of D. suzukii reproductive biology. The preference of D. suzukii to lay eggs on artificially pierced, previously infested, or intact fruits was tested. Video recordings and photographic evidence documented the release of an anal secretion over the fruit surface near the oviposition sites. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 11 compounds detected only on the skin of egg-infested berries. Electroantennographic experiments with both sexes of D. suzukii highlighted the importance of six volatile compounds: methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and palmitoleic acid. Finally, a synthetic blend composed of the six compounds in a ratio similar to that found on the skin of egg-infested berries increased the oviposition rate of conspecific females. Data from our work suggest that the identified volatiles are cues for reproductive site selection. We discuss how these oviposition cues may affect the fitness of D. suzukii. The knowledge gained from this study may accelerate establishment of control strategies based on the interference and disruption of D. suzukii communication during the oviposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tait
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Kyoo Park
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Rachele Nieri
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - M Cristina Crava
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Eri Biotecmed, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Serhan Mermer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Elena Clappa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriella Boyer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Daniel T Dalton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Silvia Carlin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Linda Brewer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Vaughn M Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center of Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - M Valerio Rossi-Stacconi
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Flying Drosophila show sex-specific attraction to fly-labelled food. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14947. [PMID: 31628403 PMCID: PMC6802089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals searching for food and sexual partners often use odourant mixtures combining food-derived molecules and pheromones. For orientation, the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster uses three types of chemical cues: (i) the male volatile pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), (ii) sex-specific cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs; and CH-derived compounds), and (iii) food-derived molecules resulting from microbiota activity. To evaluate the effects of these chemicals on odour-tracking behaviour, we tested Drosophila individuals in a wind tunnel. Upwind flight and food preference were measured in individual control males and females presented with a choice of two food sources labelled by fly lines producing varying amounts of CHs and/or cVA. The flies originated from different species or strains, or their microbiota was manipulated. We found that (i) fly-labelled food could attract—but never repel—flies; (ii) the landing frequency on fly-labelled food was positively correlated with an increased flight duration; (iii) male—but not female or non-sex-specific—CHs tended to increase the landing frequency on fly-labelled food; (iv) cVA increased female—but not male—preference for cVA-rich food; and (v) microbiota-derived compounds only affected male upwind flight latency. Therefore, sex pheromones interact with food volatile chemicals to induce sex-specific flight responses in Drosophila.
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Keesey IW, Grabe V, Gruber L, Koerte S, Obiero GF, Bolton G, Khallaf MA, Kunert G, Lavista-Llanos S, Valenzano DR, Rybak J, Barrett BA, Knaden M, Hansson BS. Inverse resource allocation between vision and olfaction across the genus Drosophila. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 30858374 PMCID: PMC6411718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent populations across different environments are exposed to critical sensory information related to locating a host or mate, as well as avoiding predators and pathogens. These sensory signals generate evolutionary changes in neuroanatomy and behavior; however, few studies have investigated patterns of neural architecture that occur between sensory systems, or that occur within large groups of closely-related organisms. Here we examine 62 species within the genus Drosophila and describe an inverse resource allocation between vision and olfaction, which we consistently observe at the periphery, within the brain, as well as during larval development. This sensory variation was noted across the entire genus and appears to represent repeated, independent evolutionary events, where one sensory modality is consistently selected for at the expense of the other. Moreover, we provide evidence of a developmental genetic constraint through the sharing of a single larval structure, the eye-antennal imaginal disc. In addition, we examine the ecological implications of visual or olfactory bias, including the potential impact on host-navigation and courtship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Keesey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Gruber
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Koerte
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - George F Obiero
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, Haille-Sellasie Avenue, Workshop Road, 0200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grant Bolton
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences, 3-22I Agriculture Building, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Mohammed A Khallaf
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sofia Lavista-Llanos
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dario Riccardo Valenzano
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing and CECAD at University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str 9b and 26, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rybak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bruce A Barrett
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences, 3-22I Agriculture Building, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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Qiao H, Keesey IW, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Gut microbiota affects development and olfactory behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.192500. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that gut microbes are very important for the behavior and development of Drosophila, as the beneficial microbes are involved in the identification of suitable feeding and oviposition places. However, in what way these associated gut microbes influence the fitness-related behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster remains unclear. Here we show that D. melanogaster exhibits different behavioral preferences towards gut microbes. Both adults and larvae were attracted by the headspace of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum, but were repelled by Acetobacter malorum in behavioral assays, indicating an olfactory mechanism involved in these preference behaviors. While the attraction to yeast was governed by olfactory sensory neurons expressing the odorant co-receptor Orco, the observed behaviors towards the other microbes still remained in flies lacking this co-receptor. By experimentally manipulating the microbiota of the flies, we found that flies did not strive for a diverse microbiome by e.g. increasing their preference towards gut microbes that they had not experienced previously. Instead, in some cases the flies even increased preference for the microbes they were reared on. Furthermore, exposing Drosophila larvae to all three microbes promoted Drosophila’s development while only exposure to S. cerevisiae and A. malorum resulted in the development of larger ovaries and in increased egg numbers the flies laid in an oviposition assay. Thus our study provides a better understanding of how gut microbes affect insect behavior and development, and offers an ecological rationale for preferences of flies for different microbes in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Qiao
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
- Henan Provincial Key laboratory of Funiu Mountain Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Ian W. Keesey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
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24
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Naniwa K, Sugimoto Y, Osuka K, Aonuma H. Defecation initiates walking in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:117-122. [PMID: 30468738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Feces provides information about the donor and potentially attracts both conspecifics and predators and also parasites. The excretory system must be coordinated with other behaviors in insects. We found that crickets started walking forward following defecation. Most intact crickets walked around the experimental arena, stopped at a particular site and raised their bodies up with a slight backward drift to defecate. After the feces dropped to the floor, a cricket started walking with a non-coordinated gait pattern away from the defecation site, and then changed to a tripod gait. To demonstrate that walking is a reflex response to defecation we analyzed the behavior of headless crickets and found that they also showed walking following defecation. In more than half of defecation events, headless crickets walked backwards before defecation. The posture adopted during defecation was similar to that of intact crickets, and forward walking after defecation was also observed. The frequency of forward walking after defecation in headless crickets was greater than in intact crickets. The gait pattern during forward walking was not coordinated and never transitioned to a tripod gait in headless crickets. In animals whose abdominal nerve cords were cut, in any position, pre- or post-defecation walking was not shown in either intact or headless crickets, although they defecated. These results indicated that the terminal abdominal ganglion receives information regarding hind gut condition. It also indicated that ascending signals from the terminal abdominal ganglion initiated leg movement through the neuronal circuits within the thoracic ganglia, and that descending signals from the brain must regulate the leg motor circuit to express the appropriate walking gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Naniwa
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sugimoto
- Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Osuka
- Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Japan.
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25
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Sehdev A, Mohammed YG, Tafrali C, Szyszka P. Social foraging extends associative odor-food memory expression in an automated learning assay for Drosophila. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.207241. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Animals socially interact during foraging and share information about the quality and location of food sources. The mechanisms of social information transfer during foraging have been mostly studied at the behavioral level, and its underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. Fruit flies have become a model for studying the neural bases of social information transfer, because they provide a large genetic toolbox to monitor and manipulate neuronal activity, and they show a rich repertoire of social behaviors. Fruit flies aggregate, they use social information for choosing a suitable mating partner and oviposition site, and they show better aversive learning when in groups. However, the effects of social interactions on associative odor-food learning have not yet been investigated. Here we present an automated learning and memory assay for walking flies that allows studying the effect of group size on social interactions and on the formation and expression of associative odor-food memories. We found that both inter-fly attraction and the duration of odor-food memory expression increase with group size. We discuss possible behavioral and neural mechanisms of this social effect on odor-food memory expression. This study opens up opportunities to investigate how social interactions during foraging are relayed in the neural circuitry of learning and memory expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sehdev
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Neurobiology, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Yunusa G. Mohammed
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Neurobiology, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Cansu Tafrali
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Neurobiology, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Paul Szyszka
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Neurobiology, Konstanz 78457, Germany
- University of Otago, Department of Zoology, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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26
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Gómez E, Martín F, Nogacka AM, Salazar N, Aláez L, Alcorta E, Gueimonde M, De Los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Impact of probiotics on development and behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster - a potential in vivo model to assess probiotics. Benef Microbes 2018; 10:179-188. [PMID: 30574803 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models are frequently used in probiotic research. However, such models often fail to predict in vivo functionality and efficacy. This fact complicates the screening process for selecting the most suitable strains, prior to accomplish expensive animal studies and clinical intervention trials. Therefore, additional sensitive, discriminating and cost-effective models are needed to conduct preliminary assays before undertaking human intervention studies definitely proving efficacy. With this purpose in mind, we explored the potential of axenic Drosophila melanogaster populations as well as of these axenic flies treated with probiotic microbial strains as a model to test the effects of probiotics on a subset of developmental and behavioural traits. An axenic D. melanogaster progeny from the wild-type Canton S strain was obtained and its eggs were further developed until pupae eclosion occurred in growth medium containing either of two probiotic strains: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Whereas B. animalis Bb12 colonised the flies, the capacity of L. rhamnosus LGG to colonise was considerably lower in our experimental conditions. Regarding the influence of microbial load on the flies' development, the axenic condition caused a decrease in egg survival, and lowered adults' average weight with respect to wild-type flies. Both probiotics were able to counteract these effects. An earlier emergence of adults was observed from eggs treated with L. rhamnosus GG in comparison to the other fly populations. The axenic condition did not influence negative geotaxis behaviour in Drosophila; however, flies mono-associated with B. animalis Bb12 moved faster than wild-type. Our results suggest that the use of axenic/probiotic-treated D. melanogaster populations may be an affordable model for preliminary testing of the effects of probiotics on developmental or behavioural aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gómez
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,2 Department of Functional Biology, Genetics Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julian Claveria 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - F Martín
- 2 Department of Functional Biology, Genetics Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julian Claveria 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - A M Nogacka
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,3 Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - N Salazar
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,3 Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - L Aláez
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - E Alcorta
- 2 Department of Functional Biology, Genetics Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Julian Claveria 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - M Gueimonde
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,3 Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - C G De Los Reyes-Gavilán
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.,3 Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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27
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Mercier D, Tsuchimoto Y, Ohta K, Kazama H. Olfactory Landmark-Based Communication in Interacting Drosophila. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2624-2631.e5. [PMID: 30078566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To communicate with conspecifics, animals deploy various strategies to release pheromones, chemical signals modulating social and sexual behaviors [1-5]. Importantly, a single pheromone induces different behaviors depending on the context and exposure dynamics [6-8]. Therefore, to comprehend the ethological role of pheromones, it is essential to characterize how neurons in the recipients respond to temporally and spatially fluctuating chemical signals emitted by donors during natural interactions. In Drosophila melanogaster, the male pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA) [9] activates specific olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) [10, 11] to regulate diverse social and sexual behaviors in recipients [12-15]. Physicochemical analyses have identified this chemical on an animal's body [16, 17] and in its local environment [18, 19]. However, because these methods are imprecise in capturing spatiotemporal dynamics, it is poorly understood how individual pheromone cues are released, detected, and interpreted by recipients. Here, we developed a system based on bioluminescence to monitor neural activity in freely interacting Drosophila, and investigated the active detection and perception of the naturally emitted cVA. Unexpectedly, neurons specifically tuned to cVA did not exhibit significant activity during physical interactions between males, and instead responded strongly to olfactory landmarks deposited by males. These landmarks mediated attraction through Or67d receptors and allured both sexes to the marked region. Importantly, the landmarks remained attractive even when a pair of flies was engaged in courtship behavior. In contrast, female deposits did not affect the exploration pattern of either sex. Thus, Drosophila use pheromone marking to remotely signal their sexual identity and to enhance social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mercier
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Tsuchimoto
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ohta
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hokto Kazama
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN CBS-KAO Collaboration Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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28
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29
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Monier M, Nöbel S, Isabel G, Danchin E. Effects of a sex ratio gradient on female mate-copying and choosiness in Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Zool 2018; 64:251-258. [PMID: 30402066 PMCID: PMC5905535 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In many sexually reproducing species, individuals can gather information about potential mates by observing their mating success. This behavioral pattern, that we call mate-copying, was reported in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster where females choosing between 2 males of contrasting phenotypes can build a preference for males of the phenotype they previously saw being chosen by a demonstrator female. As sex ratio is known to affect mate choice, our goal was to test whether mate-copying is also affected by encountered sex ratios. Thus, we created a gradient of sex ratio during demonstrations of mate-copying experiments by changing the number of females observing from a central arena 6 simultaneous demonstrations unfolding in 6 peripheral compartments of a hexagonal device. We also tested whether the sex ratio experienced by females during demonstrations affected their choosiness (male courtship duration and double courtship rate) in subsequent mate-choice tests. Experimental male:female sex ratio during demonstrations did not affect mate-copying indices, but positively affected the proportion of both males courting the female during mate-choice tests, as well as male courtship duration, the latter potentially explaining the former relationship. As expected, the sex ratio affected female choosiness positively, and Drosophila females seem to have evolved a mate-copying ability independently of sex ratio, and a capacity to adapt their choosiness to male availability. This suggests that, as in many animal species, individuals, especially females, can adapt their mate choice depending on the current sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Monier
- UMR-5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sabine Nöbel
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Isabel
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Etienne Danchin
- UMR-5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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30
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Billeter JC, Wolfner MF. Chemical Cues that Guide Female Reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:750-769. [PMID: 29557077 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals released into the environment by food, predators and conspecifics play critical roles in Drosophila reproduction. Females and males live in an environment full of smells, whose molecules communicate to them the availability of food, potential mates, competitors or predators. Volatile chemicals derived from fruit, yeast growing on the fruit, and flies already present on the fruit attract Drosophila, concentrating flies at food sites, where they will also mate. Species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons displayed on female Drosophila as they mature are sensed by males and act as pheromones to stimulate mating by conspecific males and inhibit heterospecific mating. The pheromonal profile of a female is also responsive to her nutritional environment, providing an honest signal of her fertility potential. After mating, cuticular and semen hydrocarbons transferred by the male change the female's chemical profile. These molecules make the female less attractive to other males, thus protecting her mate's sperm investment. Females have evolved the capacity to counteract this inhibition by ejecting the semen hydrocarbon (along with the rest of the remaining ejaculate) a few hours after mating. Although this ejection can temporarily restore the female's attractiveness, shortly thereafter another male pheromone, a seminal peptide, decreases the female's propensity to re-mate, thus continuing to protect the male's investment. Females use olfaction and taste sensing to select optimal egg-laying sites, integrating cues for the availability of food for her offspring, and the presence of other flies and of harmful species. We argue that taking into account evolutionary considerations such as sexual conflict, and the ecological conditions in which flies live, is helpful in understanding the role of highly species-specific pheromones and blends thereof, as well as an individual's response to the chemical cues in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana F Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Sweet-insensitive Drosophila mutants are unable to readily identify sugar. In presence of wild-type (WT) flies, however, these mutant flies demonstrated a marked increase in their preference for nutritive sugar. Real-time recordings of starved WT flies revealed that these flies discharge a drop from their gut end after consuming nutritive sugars, but not nonnutritive sugars. We proposed that the drop may contain a molecule(s) named calorie-induced secreted factor (CIF), which serves as a signal to inform other flies about its nutritional value. Consistent with this, we observed a robust preference of flies for nutritive sugar containing CIF over nutritive sugar without CIF. Feeding appears to be a prerequisite for the release of CIF, given that fed flies did not produce it. Additionally, correlation analyses and pharmacological approaches suggest that the nutritional value, rather than the taste, of the consumed sugar correlates strongly with the amount (or intensity) of the released CIF. We observed that the release of this attractant signal requires the consumption of macronutrients, specifically nutritive sugars and l-enantiomer essential amino acids (l-eAAs), but it is negligibly released when flies are fed nonnutritive sugars, unnatural d-enantiomer essential amino acids (d-eAAs), fatty acids, alcohol, or salts. Finally, CIF (i) is not detected by the olfactory system, (ii) is not influenced by the sex of the fly, and (iii) is not limited to one species of Drosophila.
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Aprison EZ, Ruvinsky I. Counteracting Ascarosides Act through Distinct Neurons to Determine the Sexual Identity of C. elegans Pheromones. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2589-2599.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Keesey IW, Koerte S, Khallaf MA, Retzke T, Guillou A, Grosse-Wilde E, Buchon N, Knaden M, Hansson BS. Pathogenic bacteria enhance dispersal through alteration of Drosophila social communication. Nat Commun 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28814724 PMCID: PMC5559524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens and parasites can manipulate their hosts to optimize their own fitness. For instance, bacterial pathogens have been shown to affect their host plants' volatile and non-volatile metabolites, which results in increased attraction of insect vectors to the plant, and, hence, to increased pathogen dispersal. Behavioral manipulation by parasites has also been shown for mice, snails and zebrafish as well as for insects. Here we show that infection by pathogenic bacteria alters the social communication system of Drosophila melanogaster. More specifically, infected flies and their frass emit dramatically increased amounts of fly odors, including the aggregation pheromones methyl laurate, methyl myristate, and methyl palmitate, attracting healthy flies, which in turn become infected and further enhance pathogen dispersal. Thus, olfactory cues for attraction and aggregation are vulnerable to pathogenic manipulation, and we show that the alteration of social pheromones can be beneficial to the microbe while detrimental to the insect host.Behavioral manipulation of host by pathogens has been observed in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Here the authors show that in Drosophila, infection with pathogenic bacteria leads to increased pheromone release, which attracts healthy flies. This process benefits the pathogen since it enhances bacterial dispersal, but is detrimental to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Keesey
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Koerte
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammed A Khallaf
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tom Retzke
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aurélien Guillou
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 5124 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 5124 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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Maternally-transmitted microbiota affects odor emission and preference in Drosophila larva. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6062. [PMID: 28729609 PMCID: PMC5519639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies show that early sensory experience often affects subsequent sensory preference, suggesting that the heterogeneity of sensory cues in nature could induce significant inter-individual behavioral variation, potentially contributing to maintain intraspecific diversity. To test this hypothesis, we explored the behavioral effect induced by variation in the levels of a self-produced chemical, acetoin, and its link with intraspecific diversity. Acetoin is a pheromone-like substance produced by gut-associated microorganisms in Drosophila. Using wild-type Drosophila melanogaster populations producing variable acetoin levels, we (i) characterized factors involved in this variation and (ii) manipulated some of these factors to affect acetoin responses in larvae. We found that increased and decreased variations in acetoin levels were caused by microorganisms associated with the outside and inside of the egg, respectively. Wild-type larvae preferred acetoin-rich food only when they both produced and were exposed to substantial amounts of acetoin. The removal of the outside of the egg or the genetic alteration of olfaction abolished this preference. In contrast, larvae exposed to high doses of synthetic acetoin were repulsed by acetoin. The similar effects obtained with freshly caught wild-type lines suggest that this acetoin "production-preference" link underlies the diversity of acetoin-producing microorganisms among natural D. melanogaster populations.
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McConnell MW, Fitzpatrick MJ. 'Foraging' for a place to lay eggs: A genetic link between foraging behaviour and oviposition preferences. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179362. [PMID: 28622389 PMCID: PMC5473555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravid female arthropods in search of egg-laying substrates embark on foraging-like forays: they survey the environment assessing multiple patches, tasting each with their tarsi and proboscis, and then, if interested, they deposit an egg (or eggs). In fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, allelic variation in the foraging gene (for) underlies the rover/sitter foraging behaviour polymorphism. Rover flies (forR) are more active foragers (both within and between food patches) compared to sitters (fors). In nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans, a mutation in egl-4, the ortholog of for, leads to aberrations in egg laying. Given this and the notion that females may 'forage' for a place to oviposit, we hypothesized that for may underlie egg-laying decisions in the fruit fly. Indeed, when given a choice between patches of low- and high-nutrient availability, rovers lay significantly more eggs on the low-nutrient patches than sitters and also a sitter mutant (fors2). We confirm the role of for by inducing rover-like oviposition preferences in a sitter fly using the transgenic overexpression of for-mRNA in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray W. McConnell
- Integrative Behaviour & Neuroscience Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J. Fitzpatrick
- Integrative Behaviour & Neuroscience Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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