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Uher R, Pavlova B, Radua J, Provenzani U, Najafi S, Fortea L, Ortuño M, Nazarova A, Perroud N, Palaniyappan L, Domschke K, Cortese S, Arnold PD, Austin JC, Vanyukov MM, Weissman MM, Young AH, Hillegers MH, Danese A, Nordentoft M, Murray RM, Fusar‐Poli P. Transdiagnostic risk of mental disorders in offspring of affected parents: a meta-analysis of family high-risk and registry studies. World Psychiatry 2023; 22:433-448. [PMID: 37713573 PMCID: PMC10503921 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The offspring of parents with mental disorders are at increased risk for developing mental disorders themselves. The risk to offspring may extend transdiagnostically to disorders other than those present in the parents. The literature on this topic is vast but mixed. To inform targeted prevention and genetic counseling, we performed a comprehensive, PRISMA 2020-compliant meta-analysis. We systematically searched the literature published up to September 2022 to retrieve original family high-risk and registry studies reporting on the risk of mental disorders in offspring of parents with any type of mental disorder. We performed random-effects meta-analyses of the relative risk (risk ratio, RR) and absolute risk (lifetime, up to the age at assessment) of mental disorders, defined according to the ICD or DSM. Cumulative incidence by offspring age was determined using meta-analytic Kaplan-Meier curves. We measured heterogeneity with the I2 statistic, and risk of bias with the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Sensitivity analyses addressed the impact of study design (family high-risk vs. registry) and specific vs. transdiagnostic risks. Transdiagnosticity was appraised with the TRANSD criteria. We identified 211 independent studies that reported data on 3,172,115 offspring of parents with psychotic, bipolar, depressive, disruptive, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, anxiety, substance use, eating, obsessive-compulsive, and borderline personality disorders, and 20,428,575 control offspring. The RR and lifetime risk of developing any mental disorder were 3.0 and 55% in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders; 2.6 and 17% in offspring of those with psychosis; 2.1 and 55% in offspring of those with bipolar disorder; 1.9 and 51% in offspring of those with depressive disorders; and 1.5 and 38% in offspring of those with substance use disorders. The offspring's RR and lifetime risk of developing the same mental disorder diagnosed in their parent were 8.4 and 32% for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; 5.8 and 8% for psychosis; 5.1 and 5% for bipolar disorder; 2.8 and 9% for substance use disorders; 2.3 and 14% for depressive disorders; 2.3 and 1% for eating disorders; and 2.2 and 31% for anxiety disorders. There were 37 significant transdiagnostic associations between parental mental disorders and the RR of developing a different mental disorder in the offspring. In offspring of parents with psychosis, bipolar and depressive disorder, the risk of the same disorder onset emerged at 16, 5 and 6 years, and cumulated to 3%, 19% and 24% by age 18; and to 8%, 36% and 46% by age 28. Heterogeneity ranged from 0 to 0.98, and 96% of studies were at high risk of bias. Sensitivity analyses restricted to prospective family high-risk studies confirmed the pattern of findings with similar RR, but with greater absolute risks compared to analyses of all study types. This study demonstrates at a global, meta-analytic level that offspring of affected parents have strongly elevated RR and lifetime risk of developing any mental disorder as well as the same mental disorder diagnosed in the parent. The transdiagnostic risks suggest that offspring of parents with a range of mental disorders should be considered as candidates for targeted primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Uher
- Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of PsychiatryHalifaxNSCanada
- Nova Scotia Health AuthorityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Barbara Pavlova
- Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of PsychiatryHalifaxNSCanada
- Nova Scotia Health AuthorityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Umberto Provenzani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Sara Najafi
- Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of PsychiatryHalifaxNSCanada
- Nova Scotia Health AuthorityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Lydia Fortea
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Maria Ortuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Anna Nazarova
- Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of PsychiatryHalifaxNSCanada
- Nova Scotia Health AuthorityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Nader Perroud
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQBCanada
- Robarts Research InstituteWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Samuele Cortese
- School of Psychology, and Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Solent NHS TrustSouthamptonUK
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied PsychologyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU LangoneNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & EducationUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryALCanada
| | - Jehannine C. Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michael M. Vanyukov
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Psychiatry, and Human GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Translational EpidemiologyNew York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkNYUSA
- Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Allan H. Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Manon H.J. Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
- National and Specialist CAMHS Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety, and DepressionSouth London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health ServicesCapital Region of DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Robin M. Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paolo Fusar‐Poli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Early Psychosis: Intervention and Clinical‐detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis StudiesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Outreach and Support in South‐London (OASIS) NHS Foundation Trust, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
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2
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Carrion P, Semaka A, Batallones R, Slomp C, Morris E, Inglis A, Moretti M, Austin J. Reflections of parents of children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome on the experience of receiving psychiatric genetic counseling: 'Awareness to Act'. J Genet Couns 2021; 31:140-152. [PMID: 34224608 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) have a 25%-41% risk for a psychotic disorder. Although early intervention for psychiatric conditions leads to the best long-term outcomes, healthcare providers often provide inadequate information about these issues and psychiatric services are underused by this population. We conducted semi-structured interviews with parents of children with 22qDS a month after they received psychiatric genetic counseling (pGC), to evaluate outcomes and perceived value of pGC with respect to parents' needs. Using grounded theory, we generated a theoretical framework of the process of building parental awareness of psychiatric risks associated with 22qDS and protective and management strategies for mental health (MH). Parents described how after their child's diagnosis with 22qDS, a variety of barriers stalled their building awareness of psychiatric risk and protective/management strategies: dealing with the immediate symptoms of 22qDS; child's young age; parental fear and stigma; and missing MH guidance. These barriers led them to carry the burden of worrying over missing emerging psychiatric symptoms and the stress over advocating for their child's MH. Parents indicated pGC was beneficial in that led them to achieve an 'awareness to act,' feeling confident in being alert and equipped to protect and/or manage their child's MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla Carrion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alicia Semaka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rolan Batallones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Slomp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emily Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marlene Moretti
- Psychology Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Polygenic risk scores for genetic counseling in psychiatry: Lessons learned from other fields of medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:119-127. [PMID: 33301779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) may aid in the identification of individuals at-risk for psychiatric disorders, treatment optimization, and increase in prognostic accuracy. PRS may also add significant value to genetic counseling. Thus far, integration of PRSs in genetic counseling sessions remains problematic because of uncertainties in risk prediction and other concerns. Here, we review the current utility of PRSs in the context of clinical psychiatry. By comprehensively appraising the literature in other fields of medicine including breast cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, and cardiovascular disease, we outline several lessons learned that could be applied to future studies and may thus benefit the incorporation of PRS in psychiatric genetic counseling. These include integrating PRS with environmental factors (e.g. lifestyle), setting up large-scale studies, and applying reproducible methods allowing for cross-validation between cohorts. We conclude that psychiatry may benefit from experiences in these fields. PRS may in future have a role in genetic counseling in clinical psychiatric practice, by advancing prevention strategies and treatment decision-making, thus promoting quality of life for (potentially) affected individuals.
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Heiman GA, Rispoli J, Seymour C, Leckman JF, King RA, Fernandez TV. Empiric Recurrence Risk Estimates for Chronic Tic Disorders: Implications for Genetic Counseling. Front Neurol 2020; 11:770. [PMID: 32849224 PMCID: PMC7432137 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tourette disorder (TD) and other chronic tic disorders are neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by motor and/or vocal tics. Family studies indicate that TD strongly aggregates within families and that other chronic tic disorders are biologically related such that studies typically combine them into any chronic tic disorder (CTD). Because of stigma, bullying, and comorbidity with other neuropsychiatric disorders, CTDs can severely impact the quality of life of individuals with these disorders. Objectives: The genetic architecture of CTDs is complex and heterogeneous, involving a myriad of genetic variants. Thus, providing familial recurrence risks is based on empirical recurrence risk estimates rather than genetic testing. Because empiric recurrence risks for CTDs have not been published, the purpose of this study is to calculate and report these recurrence risks estimates. Methods: Based on population prevalence and increased risk to different relatives from a large population-based family study, we calculated the empiric recurrent risk estimate for each relative type (full sibling, parents, offspring, all first-degree, and all second-degree). Results: The recurrence risk estimate for CTDs in first-degree relatives is 29.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 23.2-38.5%]. The risk is higher in males, 33.7% (95% CI = 26.2-43.3%), than females, 24.3% (95% CI = 18.9-31.3%). Conclusions: Given the complex, heterogeneous genetic architecture of CTDs, individuals concerned about recurrence risk should be referred to genetic counseling. Such counseling should include discussion of the derivation and limitations of these empiric recurrence risk estimates, including the upper and lower limits of the range of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jessica Rispoli
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Christine Seymour
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robert A. King
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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5
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Austin JC. Evidence-Based Genetic Counseling for Psychiatric Disorders: A Road Map. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036608. [PMID: 31501264 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, are common conditions that arise as a result of complex and heterogeneous combinations of genetic and environmental factors. In contrast to childhood neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism and intellectual disability, there are no clinical practice guidelines for applying genetic testing in the context of these conditions. But genetic counseling and genetic testing are not synonymous, and people who live with psychiatric disorders and their family members are often interested in what psychiatric genetic counseling can offer. Further, research shows that it can improve outcomes like empowerment for this population. Despite this, psychiatric genetic counseling is not yet routinely or widely offered. This review describes the state of the evidence about the process and outcomes of psychiatric genetic counseling, focusing on its clinical implications and remaining research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehannine C Austin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 2A9, Canada
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6
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Lázaro-Muñoz G, Sabatello M, Huckins L, Peay H, Degenhardt F, Meiser B, Lencz T, Soda T, Docherty A, Crepaz-Keay D, Austin J, Peterson RE, Davis LK. International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Ethics Committee: Issues facing us. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:543-554. [PMID: 31124312 PMCID: PMC6861601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric genetics research is improving our understanding of the biological underpinnings of neurodiversity and mental illness. Using psychiatric genetics in ways that maximize benefits and minimize harms to individuals and society depends largely on how the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of psychiatric genetics are managed. The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) is the largest international organization dedicated to psychiatric genetics. Given its history, membership, and international reach, we believe the ISPG is well-equipped to contribute to the resolution of these ELSI challenges. As such, we recently created the ISPG Ethics Committee, an interdisciplinary group comprised of psychiatric genetics researchers, clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, mental health professionals, patients, patient advocates, bioethicists, and lawyers. This article highlights key ELSI challenges identified by the ISPG Ethics Committee to be of paramount importance for the ethical translation of psychiatric research into society in three contexts: research settings, clinical settings, and legal proceedings. For each of these arenas, we identify and discuss pressing psychiatric genetics ELSI dilemmas that merit attention and require action. The goal is to increase awareness about psychiatric genetics ELSI issues and encourage dialogue and action among stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Huckins
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA 10029
| | - Holly Peay
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27709
| | | | - Bettina Meiser
- University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Todd Lencz
- Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA 11549
| | - Takahiro Soda
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
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7
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Moldovan R, McGhee KA, Coviello D, Hamang A, Inglis A, Ingvoldstad Malmgren C, Johansson-Soller M, Laurino M, Meiser B, Murphy L, Paneque M, Papsuev O, Pawlak J, Rovira Moreno E, Serra-Juhe C, Shkedi-Rafid S, Laing N, Voelckel MA, Watson M, Austin JC. Psychiatric genetic counseling: A mapping exercise. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:523-532. [PMID: 31222934 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric genetic counseling (PGC) is gradually developing globally, with countries in various stages of development. In some, PGC is established as a service or as part of research projects while in others, it is just emerging as a concept. In this article, we describe the current global landscape of this genetic counseling specialty and this field's professional development. Drawing on information provided by expert representatives from 16 countries, we highlight the following: (a) current understanding of PGC; (b) availability of services for patients; (c) availability of training; (d) healthcare system disparities and cultural differences impacting practice; and (e) anticipated challenges going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Moldovan
- Department of Psychology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A McGhee
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Coviello
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Research Institute and Children Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Anniken Hamang
- Department of Medical Genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charlotta Ingvoldstad Malmgren
- Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mercy Laurino
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Bettina Meiser
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren Murphy
- University of Texas Genetic Counseling Program, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Milena Paneque
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CGPP - Centre for Predictive and Preventive Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oleg Papsuev
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eulàlia Rovira Moreno
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Serra-Juhe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Genetics, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shiri Shkedi-Rafid
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem
| | - Nakita Laing
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Melanie Watson
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jehannine C Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Morris E, Best J, Inglis A, Austin J. Impact of the physical environment on patient outcomes of genetic counseling: An exploratory study. J Genet Couns 2019; 28:760-766. [PMID: 30896068 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The psychology literature shows that the physical space in which counseling sessions are conducted influences outcomes of the interaction. However, this phenomenon has not been quantitatively explored in genetic counseling (GC). Through retrospective review of naturalistic data from a psychiatric GC clinic (where data on patient outcomes are routinely tracked from pre- to 1 month post-appointment using the Genetic Counseling Outcome Scale (GCOS, empowerment) and the Illness Management Self Efficacy Scale (IMSES), we tested the hypotheses that patients seen in comfortably furnished counseling (C-type) rooms would have greater increases in (a) empowerment and (b) self-efficacy after GC than patients seen in medically oriented (M-type) rooms. We matched each patient with complete GCOS and/or IMSES who was seen in a C-type room between February 2012 and December 2017 to four M-type room controls where possible. We used t tests to compare change in outcome scale scores between groups. There were no significant differences in change in scores between patients seen in M-type (GCOS n = 84, IMSES n = 56) and C-type rooms (GCOS n = 22, IMSES n = 18) (p = 0.241, d = 0.26, and p = 0.602, d = 0.14, respectively). The effect sizes we demonstrate allow estimation of sample size calculations for the design of future prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Morris
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacob Best
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Angela Inglis
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED) are heritable conditions that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of AN have identified specific genetic loci implicated in AN, and genetic correlations have implicated both psychiatric and metabolic factors in its origin. No GWAS have been performed for BN or BED. Genetic counseling is an important tool and can aid families and patients in understanding risk for these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, UNC Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, CB 7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lauren Blake
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Cummings Life Science Center, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jehannine Austin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Translational Lab Building Room a3-112 - 3rd Floor, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Translational Lab Building Room a3-112 - 3rd Floor, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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10
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Nurnberger JI, Austin J, Berrettini WH, Besterman AD, DeLisi LE, Grice DE, Kennedy JL, Moreno-De-Luca D, Potash JB, Ross DA, Schulze TG, Zai G. What Should a Psychiatrist Know About Genetics? Review and Recommendations From the Residency Education Committee of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics. J Clin Psychiatry 2018; 80:17nr12046. [PMID: 30549495 PMCID: PMC6480395 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.17nr12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) created a Residency Education Committee with the purpose of identifying key genetic knowledge that should be taught in psychiatric training programs. Thirteen committee members were appointed by the ISPG Board of Directors, based on varied training, expertise, gender, and national origin. The Committee has met quarterly for the past 2 years, with periodic reports to the Board and to the members of the Society. The information summarized includes the existing literature in the field of psychiatric genetics and the output of ongoing large genomics consortia. An outline of clinically relevant areas of genetic knowledge was developed, circulated, and approved. This document was expanded and annotated with appropriate references, and the manuscript was developed. Specific information regarding the contribution of common and rare genetic variants to major psychiatric disorders and treatment response is now available. Current challenges include the following: (1) Genetic testing is recommended in the evaluation of autism and intellectual disability, but its use is limited in current clinical practice. (2) Commercial pharmacogenomic testing is widely available, but its utility has not yet been clearly established. (3) Other methods, such as whole exome and whole genome sequencing, will soon be clinically applicable. The need for informed genetic counseling in psychiatry is greater than ever before, knowledge in the field is rapidly growing, and genetic education should become an integral part of psychiatric training.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Nurnberger
- 320 W 15th St, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jehannine Austin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron D Besterman
- University of California Los Angeles Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - James L Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James B Potash
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Ross
- Yale University School of Medicine, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Borle K, Morris E, Inglis A, Austin J. Risk communication in genetic counseling: Exploring uptake and perception of recurrence numbers, and their impact on patient outcomes. Clin Genet 2018; 94:239-245. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Borle
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - E. Morris
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - A. Inglis
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - J. Austin
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
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Training to Provide Psychiatric Genetic Counseling: How Does It Impact Recent Graduates’ and Current Students’ Readiness to Provide Genetic Counseling for Individuals with Psychiatric Illness and Attitudes towards this Population? J Genet Couns 2017; 27:301-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Inglis A, Morris E, Austin J. Prenatal genetic counselling for psychiatric disorders. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:6-13. [PMID: 27466037 PMCID: PMC5247258 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are common disorders with complex aetiology. They can exact a heavy toll on the individual with the condition and can have significant impact on family members too. Accordingly, psychiatric disorders can arise as a concern in the prenatal context - couples may be interested in learning about the chance for their child to develop the illness that manifests in the family and may be interested in discussing options for prenatal testing. However, the complex nature of these conditions can present challenges for clinicians who seek to help families with these issues. We established the world's first specialist genetic counselling service of its kind in Vancouver, Canada, in 2012, and to date, have provided counselling for ~500 families and have demonstrated increases in patients' empowerment and self efficacy after genetic counselling. We draw on our accumulated clinical experience to outline the process by which we approach prenatal genetic counselling for psychiatric disorders to assist other clinicians in providing thoughtful, comprehensive support to couples seeking out this service. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Inglis
- UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emily Morris
- UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jehannine Austin
- UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hippman C, Ringrose A, Inglis A, Cheek J, Albert AYK, Remick R, Honer WG, Austin JC. A pilot randomized clinical trial evaluating the impact of genetic counseling for serious mental illnesses. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:e190-8. [PMID: 26930535 PMCID: PMC4864025 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.14m09710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serious mental illnesses schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder are complex conditions affecting 1% to 4% of the population. Individuals with serious mental illnesses express interest in genetic counseling, an intervention showing promise for increasing patient knowledge and adaptation. This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of genetic counseling for people with serious mental illnesses as compared to an educational intervention or wait list. METHOD A pilot 3-arm (each n = 40; genetic counseling, a control intervention involving an educational booklet, or wait list), parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was conducted from September 2008 through November 2011 in Vancouver, Canada. Participants with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV) completed outcome measures assessing knowledge, risk perception, internalized stigma, and perceived control over illness at baseline and 1-month follow-up. The Brief Symptom Inventory was administered to control for current symptoms. Analyses included linear mixed-effects models and χ(2) tests. RESULTS Knowledge increased for genetic counseling/educational booklet compared to wait list at follow-up (LRT1 = 19.33, Holm-adjusted P = .0003, R(2)LMM(m) = 0.17). Risk perception accuracy increased at follow-up for genetic counseling compared to wait list (Yates continuity corrected χ(2)1 = 9.1, Bonferroni P = .003) and educational booklet (Yates continuity corrected χ(2)1 = 8.2, Bonferroni P = .004). There were no significant differences between groups for stigma or perceived control scores. CONCLUSIONS Genetic counseling and the educational booklet improved knowledge, and genetic counseling, but not the educational booklet, improved risk perception accuracy for this population. The impact of genetic counseling on internalized stigma and perceived control is worth further investigation. Genetic counseling should be considered for patients with serious mental illnesses. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00713804.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hippman
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Vancouver, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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15
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Communication of Psychiatric Risk in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Pilot Project. J Genet Couns 2015; 25:6-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Parent of origin, mosaicism, and recurrence risk: probabilistic modeling explains the broken symmetry of transmission genetics. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:345-59. [PMID: 25242496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most new mutations are observed to arise in fathers, and increasing paternal age positively correlates with the risk of new variants. Interestingly, new mutations in X-linked recessive disease show elevated familial recurrence rates. In male offspring, these mutations must be inherited from mothers. We previously developed a simulation model to consider parental mosaicism as a source of transmitted mutations. In this paper, we extend and formalize the model to provide analytical results and flexible formulas. The results implicate parent of origin and parental mosaicism as central variables in recurrence risk. Consistent with empirical data, our model predicts that more transmitted mutations arise in fathers and that this tendency increases as fathers age. Notably, the lack of expansion later in the male germline determines relatively lower variance in the proportion of mutants, which decreases with paternal age. Subsequently, observation of a transmitted mutation has less impact on the expected risk for future offspring. Conversely, for the female germline, which arrests after clonal expansion in early development, variance in the mutant proportion is higher, and observation of a transmitted mutation dramatically increases the expected risk of recurrence in another pregnancy. Parental somatic mosaicism considerably elevates risk for both parents. These findings have important implications for genetic counseling and for understanding patterns of recurrence in transmission genetics. We provide a convenient online tool and source code implementing our analytical results. These tools permit varying the underlying parameters that influence recurrence risk and could be useful for analyzing risk in diverse family structures.
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The impact of participation in genetic research for families with cleft lip with and without cleft palate: a qualitative study. J Community Genet 2014; 5:249-56. [PMID: 24500770 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-014-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being the most common congenital facial anomaly, little is understood about the genetic contribution to isolated clefts of the lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). 'OzCleft', a family-based genotype/phenotype study, is investigating this further. Participation for families involves various clinical investigations of the child with the cleft, and their unaffected sibling(s) and parents. Informal feedback from individuals involved in OzCleft suggested that participation in this research programme had benefits for families. Taking a qualitative approach, this study sought to investigate this hypothesis further. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine parents who had participated in OzCleft. All parents described participation as a positive experience for themselves and their families. Perceived benefits included a greater appreciation of the cleft treatment experience by unaffected family members. Being involved in a genetic study raised issues for parents regarding the cause of clefting in their child. While some parents found the possibility of a genetic component reassuring, it also raised questions about the potential implications for future generations. Parents were largely unsure about how to communicate this information to their children and the predictive value of this information. This study suggests a lack of genetic understanding and/or perceived value of genetic information by parents of children with CL/P that, in turn, highlights the need for increased support from genetic health professionals in this area.
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Costain G, Esplen MJ, Toner B, Scherer SW, Meschino WS, Hodgkinson KA, Bassett AS. Evaluating genetic counseling for individuals with schizophrenia in the molecular age. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:78-87. [PMID: 23236078 PMCID: PMC3885288 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in schizophrenia genetics are shedding new light on etiopathogenesis, but issues germane to translation of findings into clinical practice are relatively understudied. We assessed the need for, and efficacy of, a contemporary genetic counseling protocol for individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS After characterizing rare copy number variation in a cohort of adults with schizophrenia, we recruited subjects from the majority of individuals who had no clinically relevant structural genetic variant. We used a pre-post study design with longitudinal follow-up to assess both the profile of need and the impact of general genetic counseling on key knowledge-based and psychological factors. RESULTS Thirty-nine (60.0%) of 65 patients approached actively expressed an interest in the study. At baseline, participants (n = 25) tended to overestimate the risk of familial recurrence of schizophrenia, express considerable concern related to this perceived risk, endorse myths about schizophrenia etiology, and blame themselves for their illness. Postcounseling, there was a significant improvement in understanding of the empiric recurrence risk (P = .0090), accompanied by a decrease in associated concern (P = .0020). There were also significant gains in subjective (P = .0007) and objective (P = .0103) knowledge, and reductions in internalized stigma (P = .0111) and self-blame (P = .0401). Satisfaction with genetic counseling, including endorsement of the need for such counseling (86.4%), was high. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial evidence of need for, and efficacy of, genetic counseling for individuals with schizophrenia. The findings may help facilitate development of a contemporary genetic counseling process that could optimize outcomes in the nascent field of evidence-based psychiatric genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; 33 Russell Street, Room 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1; tel: (416) 535-8501 x2731, fax: (416) 535-7199, e-mail:
| | - Mary Jane Esplen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Behavioural Sciences and Health Research Division, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Toner
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Social Equity and Health Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Molecular Genetics and the McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy S. Meschino
- Department of Genetics, North York General Hospital, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Hodgkinson
- Clinical Epidemiology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; 33 Russell Street, Room 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1; tel: (416) 535–8501 x2731, fax: (416) 535–7199, e-mail:
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Costain G, Esplen MJ, Toner B, Hodgkinson KA, Bassett AS. Evaluating genetic counseling for family members of individuals with schizophrenia in the molecular age. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:88-99. [PMID: 23104866 PMCID: PMC3885286 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myths and concerns about the extent and meaning of genetic risk in schizophrenia may contribute to significant stigma and burden for families. Genetic counseling has long been proposed to be a potentially informative and therapeutic intervention for schizophrenia. Surprisingly, however, available data are limited. We evaluated a contemporary genetic counseling protocol for use in a community mental health-care setting by non-genetics professionals. METHODS We used a pre-post study design with longitudinal follow-up to assess the impact of genetic counseling on family members of individuals with schizophrenia, where molecular testing had revealed no known clinically relevant genetic risk variant. We assessed the outcome using multiple measures, including standard items and scales used to evaluate genetic counseling for other complex diseases. RESULTS Of the 122 family members approached, 78 (63.9%) actively expressed an interest in the study. Participants (n = 52) on average overestimated the risk of familial recurrence at baseline, and demonstrated a significant improvement in this estimate postintervention (P < .0001). This change was associated with an enduring decrease in concern about recurrence (P = .0003). Significant and lasting benefits were observed in other key areas, including increased knowledge (P < .0001) and a decreased sense of stigma (P = .0047). Endorsement of the need for genetic counseling was high (96.1%). CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial evidence of the efficacy of schizophrenia genetic counseling for families, even in the absence of individually relevant genetic test results or professional genetics services. The findings support the integration of contemporary genetic counseling for families into the general management of schizophrenia in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Costain
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Room 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1; tel: +1-416-535-8501 ext. 2731, fax: +1-416-535-7199, e-mail:
| | - Mary Jane Esplen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Behavioural Sciences and Health Research Division, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Toner
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Social Equity and Health Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Hodgkinson
- Clinical Epidemiology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Room 1100, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1; tel: +1-416-535-8501 ext. 2731, fax: +1-416-535-7199, e-mail:
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Rasic D, Hajek T, Alda M, Uher R. Risk of mental illness in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of family high-risk studies. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:28-38. [PMID: 23960245 PMCID: PMC3885302 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Offspring of parents with severe mental illness (SMI; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) are at an increased risk of developing mental illness. We aimed to quantify the risk of mental disorders in offspring and determine whether increased risk extends beyond the disorder present in the parent. METHOD Meta-analyses of absolute and relative rates of mental disorders in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression in family high-risk studies published by December 2012. RESULTS We included 33 studies with 3863 offspring of parents with SMI and 3158 control offspring. Offspring of parents with SMI had a 32% probability of developing SMI (95% CI: 24%-42%) by adulthood (age >20). This risk was more than twice that of control offspring (risk ratio [RR] 2.52; 95% CI 2.08-3.06, P < .001). High-risk offspring had a significantly increased rate of the disorder present in the parent (RR = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.57-5.02, P < .001) and of other types of SMI (RR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.48-2.49, P < .001). The risk of mood disorders was significantly increased among offspring of parents with schizophrenia (RR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.02-2.58; P = .042). The risk of schizophrenia was significantly increased in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (RR = 6.42; 95% CI: 2.20-18.78, P < .001) but not among offspring of parents with depression (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.19-15.16, P = .631). CONCLUSIONS Offspring of parents with SMI are at increased risk for a range of psychiatric disorders and one third of them may develop a SMI by early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rasic
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Canada Research Chair in Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Room 3089, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada; fax: 902-473-4877, e-mail:
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Prague Psychiatric Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada;,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Canada Research Chair in Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Room 3089, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada; fax: 902-473-4877, e-mail:
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Hippman C, Lohn Z, Ringrose A, Inglis A, Cheek J, Austin JC. "Nothing is absolute in life": understanding uncertainty in the context of psychiatric genetic counseling from the perspective of those with serious mental illness. J Genet Couns 2013; 22:625-32. [PMID: 23604904 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-013-9594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No genetic tests are currently clinically available for serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Rather, the full spectrum of genetic variants that confer susceptibility remain unknown, and estimates of probability of condition recurrence typically have the form of ranges rather than single absolute numbers. Genetic counselors have been shown to feel that the information that can be provided for patients with serious mental illness could be more confusing than helpful. However, how those with serious mental illness perceive this uncertainty remains unknown. So, to investigate this, individuals with serious mental illness participated in a psychiatric genetic counseling (GC) session and responded to a single open ended question about their reactions towards the uncertainty that they encountered in their GC session immediately and one month post-counseling (from which themes were identified), and completed the Genetic Counseling Satisfaction Scale immediately post-session (descriptive statistics applied). While some of the 37 participants were disappointed with the uncertainty, twice as many were unconcerned. Overall, responses from immediately and one month after GC were very similar; participants were very satisfied with, and found value in GC despite uncertainty, and four approaches to coping with uncertainty emerged. Ultimately, these findings offer insight into providing GC for those with serious mental illness, and potentially could be applied to other areas of GC where uncertainty lies, with downstream impact on GC practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hippman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
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Austin JC, Hippman C, Honer WG. Descriptive and numeric estimation of risk for psychotic disorders among affected individuals and relatives: implications for clinical practice. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:52-6. [PMID: 22421074 PMCID: PMC3723521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that individuals with psychotic illnesses and their families want information about psychosis risks for other relatives. However, deriving accurate numeric probabilities for psychosis risk is challenging, and people have difficulty interpreting probabilistic information; thus, some have suggested that clinicians should use risk descriptors, such as "moderate" or "quite high", rather than numbers. Little is known about how individuals with psychosis and their family members use quantitative and qualitative descriptors of risk in the specific context of chance for an individual to develop psychosis. We explored numeric and descriptive estimations of psychosis risk among individuals with psychotic disorders and unaffected first-degree relatives. In an online survey, respondents numerically and descriptively estimated risk for an individual to develop psychosis in scenarios where they had: A) no affected family members; and B) an affected sibling. Participants comprised 219 affected individuals and 211 first-degree relatives participated. Affected individuals estimated significantly higher risks than relatives. Participants attributed all descriptors between "very low" and "very high" to probabilities of 1%, 10%, 25% and 50%+. For a given numeric probability, different risk descriptors were attributed in different scenarios. Clinically, brief interventions around risk (using either probabilities or descriptors alone) are vulnerable to miscommunication and potentially negative consequences-interventions around risk are best suited to in-depth discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehannine C. Austin
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Corresponding Author: Jehannine C. Austin PhD CGC/CCGC, Assistant Professor, UBC Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Rm A3-112 - 3rd Floor, CFRI Translational Lab Building, 938 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Tel: (604) 875 2000 ext. 5943, Fax: 604 875 3871,
| | - Catriona Hippman
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William G. Honer
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Psychiatrists' attitudes, knowledge, and experience regarding genetics: a preliminary study. Genet Med 2008; 10:439-49. [DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318177014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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