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Murphy MP, Murphy R, Roberts A. Correlates of Problematic Gambling in Emerging Adult University Students in Ireland. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10323-5. [PMID: 38849661 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the correlates of problematic gambling among emerging adult university students is crucial for developing effective approaches to minimise harm. METHODS This cross-sectional survey study reports on 397 18-25 year old emerging adults studying at Irish universities who completed an online survey about problematic gambling and a range of biopsychosocial variables. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses explored the relationships between problematic gambling and the biopsychosocial variables measured. RESULTS Chi-square analyses showed that being male, having an online gambling account, having a mobile gambling app, novelty seeking (impulsivity), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), and high alcohol volume consumption were significantly associated with problematic gambling. Regression analyses showed that individuals were more likely to report problematic gambling if they were male (OR = 9.57 times), had an online gambling account (OR = 17.05 times), had a mobile gambling app (OR = 20.37 times), scored high in impulsivity (OR = 7.79 times), and reported high alcohol volume consumption (OR = 4.66 times). Individuals were less likely to report problematic gambling if they scored high in fear of uncertainty (OR = 0.26 times). CONCLUSIONS A high rate of problematic gambling was observed among the current study sample. Participants were more likely to reported problematic gambling if they were male, had online gambling accounts, mobile gambling apps, scored high in impulsivity, scored low in fear of uncertainty, or consumed high volumes of alcohol in typical drinking sessions. These findings have implications for Irish legislation and policy-makers, Irish higher education institutions, and young adult Irish university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Knowsley and St Helens Community Learning Disability Team, Willis House, 23 Cumber Lane, Whiston, Merseyside, L35 2YZ, UK.
| | - Raegan Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ahmad I, Taimur H, Shabbir S, Shabbir CA, Ahsan A, Ahmad HS, Masuda G. Examining Communicative, Critical Health Literacy and eHealth Literacy among International University Students Residing in Japan. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:941. [PMID: 38727498 PMCID: PMC11083772 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: International students with sufficient health literacy are better equipped to respond to public health emergencies and reduce any unintentional harm that may occur during such events. This study aims to assess the current status of health literacy among international students and investigate the factors that influence health literacy. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tokyo on international university students using a questionnaire consisting of the Communicative and Critical Health Literacy and eHealth Literacy Scales. The study analyzed 205 valid responses. Descriptive statistics were utilized to assess the level of health literacy, and linear regression was used to identify the association of socio-demographic characteristics and disease status with health and e-health literacy. (3) Results: Health literacy and e-health literacy were low in 48.29% and 47.29% of international students, respectively. The mean scores of CCHL items ranged from 3.13 to 3.26, while the mean scores of eHEALS items ranged from 3.33 to 3.49. Both health literacy and e-health literacy were better with unmarried status (p = 0.015), and e-health literacy was worse with higher age (p = 0.007). (4) Conclusions: Overall, international students' health literacy and e-health literacy were at intermediate levels, with considerable room for improvement, and affected by certain student attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Ahmad
- Department of Global Health Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hira Taimur
- Department of Global Health Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sameera Shabbir
- Central Campus, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek 720054, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Chaudhry Ahmed Shabbir
- Department of Medical Quality and Safety Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ali Ahsan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hafiz Sultan Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Gaku Masuda
- The Section of Global Health, Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Dodig Hundric D, Lotar Rihtaric M, Mandić S, Ricijaš N. The Mediating Effect of Danger Invulnerability in the Relationship Between Sensation Seeking and Gambling Among University Students. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:219-235. [PMID: 36593423 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between sensation-seeking and gambling is well established, yet the research on mediators of this relationship is limited. The proposed model of the present study includes sensation seeking as an antecedent variable, danger invulnerability as a mediator, and gambling frequency as an outcome variable.Self-report data obtained from a convenient sample of 641 university students aged 18-40 years (Mage = 21.25; F = 52.7%, M = 47.3%) were analysed. This study supported proposed hypothesis that both sensation seeking and danger invulnerability are in significant positive relation with the frequency of gambling. Moreover, the results show that tested mediation model fit the data well, and that danger invulnerability completely mediates the relationship between sensation seeking and gambling frequency, such that higher sensation seeking is related to higher danger invulnerability and higher danger invulnerability is related to higher gambling frequency. The model explained 42.4% of the variance in danger invulnerability and 32.7% of the variance in gambling frequency. This study underscores the importance of examining both the direct and indirect effects of different variables on gambling behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Dodig Hundric
- Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Martina Lotar Rihtaric
- Department of Criminology, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sabina Mandić
- Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Ricijaš
- Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Noel JK, Rosenthal SR, Jacob S. Internet, App-Based, and Casino Gambling: Associations Between Modality, Problem Gambling, and Substance Use. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9. [PMID: 38311694 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Technology-based gambling prevalence is not well understood since relevant questions are not included in health and disease surveillance studies. The current study sought to estimate the prevalence of internet-based and smartphone app-based gambling, along with casino gambling, in a sample of U.S. young adults and determine if gambling modality was associated with problem gambling symptoms or substance use. The 2022 Rhode Island Young Adult Survey included N = 1,022 students between the ages of 18 to 25 years old who had lived in Rhode Island, with n = 414 lifetime gamblers (40.5%) included in this study. Odds of gambling via a smartphone app and on the internet, respectively, were greater in heterosexual cis-males compared to heterosexual cis-females (OR[95%CI] = 3.14 [1.25,7.91]; OR[95%CI] = 6.30 [2.05,19.3]). Internet gambling amongst employed students was less common than among those who were not a student and not employed (OR[95%CI] = 0.25 [0.06,1.00]). Odds of problem gambling symptoms were higher among those who gambled via a smartphone app (OR[95%CI] = 3.23 [1.21,8.60]). All forms of gambling were associated with alcohol consumption, although the strength of the association was stronger in app and internet gamblers. Casino gamblers were more likely to be high risk marijuana and illicit drug users. The rising availability of app gambling coupled with its social, psychological, and cultural context may presents an alternative pathway to problem gambling. Bans on internet gambling and/or strict guidelines on the frequency of wagers and cash placed per wager, should be considered as viable methods to mitigate associated consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Steve Jacob
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Sullivan KA, Jaganathan KS, Kinmond S. Sports fans, wagering, and concussion knowledge: implications for injury nondisclosure. BRAIN IMPAIR 2023; 24:103-113. [PMID: 38167580 DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2022.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Athletes perceive sports fans as a source of concussion nondisclosure pressure. Sports fans are exposed to injury depictions from the media that could lead them to underestimate its seriousness. This study examined the concussion knowledge of non-sports fans, sports fans, and wagering sports fans, as knowledge is a modifiable factor that can influence injury disclosure. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 443 Australian adults completed an online survey. DESIGN Cross-sectional. MAIN MEASURES Self-rated and actual concussion knowledge (the Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey; RoCKAS). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the concussion knowledge of self-identified sports (n = 157) and non-sports (n = 286) fans; but sports fans rated their knowledge as significantly higher than non-sports fans (p < .05). Wagering sports fans (n = 24) had significantly less concussion knowledge than non-wagering sports fans (η2 = .03, small effect). DISCUSSION Athletes who feel nondisclosure pressure from sports fans may be influenced by people with incomplete concussion knowledge, particularly wagering sports fans. Sports fans over-estimated their knowledge, and this could contribute to the nondisclosure pressure felt by athletes. Programmes to increase injury disclosure by athletes should take these factors into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Sullivan
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Sally Kinmond
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Fulton C. The hidden, manipulated, and secret information world of gambling addiction: Maximizing use of in-depth, narrative interviews to understand social impact. LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lisr.2022.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gambling Behavior Among Hong Kong College and University Students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Dowling NA, Brown M, Aarsman S, Merkouris SS. Brief Report: Problem Gambling in International and Domestic University Students. Am J Addict 2019; 29:77-81. [PMID: 31799775 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES International students comprise an ethnic minority subpopulation who may be at increased risk for the development of gambling problems. This study aimed to explore the psychosocial factors associated with gambling problems in international and domestic university students in Australia. METHODS One hundred seventy-three (n = 173) university students (127 domestic, 45 international) completed measures of gambling participation, problem gambling, psychosocial factors (depression, anxiety, perceived social support, loneliness, gambling-related cognitive distortions) and English language difficulties. RESULTS Gambling participation, but not problem gambling status, was lower in international than domestic students. Only anxiety and cognitive distortions were associated with problem gambling in domestic students; and only cognitive distortions were associated with problem gambling in international students. International student status failed to moderate the relationships between any psychosocial factor and problem gambling status. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Future research is required to elucidate problem gambling risk and protective factors in this ethnic minority subgroup, with a view to guide culturally sensitive initiatives. (Am J Addict 2019;00:00-00).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith Brown
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Aarsman
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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McGivern P, Hussain Z, Lipka S, Stupple E. The impact of pop-up warning messages of losses on expenditure in a simulated game of online roulette: a pilot study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:822. [PMID: 31242890 PMCID: PMC6595584 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ‘Pop-up’ warning messages have potential as a Responsible Gambling tool, but many warning messages in the literature are generic. The present study simulated digital roulette to compare the effectiveness of expenditure-specific, generic and control messages, during online roulette. Methods Forty-five casual gamblers participated in a laboratory setting. Gambles were ‘rigged’ such that participants suffered a net loss. Total ‘play money’ wagers from individual bets after the presentation of the messages were measured. Results Expenditure-specific warning messages demonstrated significant reductions in wager amounts compared with other message types - Generic (p = .035) and Control messages (p < .001). No significant differences were found between Generic and Control messages (p > .05). Thus expenditure-specific warning messages about current losses were more effective than generic messages for reducing expenditure. Conclusions Expenditure-specific warning messages exhibit potential for ameliorating potentially harmful gambling behaviour. Expenditure-specific messages should be tested in a broader range of gambling contexts to examine their generalizability and potential for implementation in the gambling industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaheer Hussain
- University of Derby, Derby, UK. .,School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK.
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Gambling Behaviour, Problem Gambling and Reasons for Gambling Among International Students in Tasmania, Australia. J Gambl Stud 2019; 35:155-170. [PMID: 30617902 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-09819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who undertake tertiary study outside their home countries ("international students") may be at increased risk of problem gambling behaviour. To inform this issue, we examined gambling behaviour, problem gambling behaviour and reasons for gambling among international students, primarily from Asian countries, attending university in Tasmania, Australia. Online surveys that included established measures of each outcome were completed by these students (n = 382) along with a comparison group of domestic students (n = 1013). While most forms of gambling assessed were less common among international students than among domestic students, rates of problem gambling were higher among international students (2.6%) than among domestic (1.4%) students. Further, whereas rates of problem gambling did not differ by sex among domestic students, problem gambling among international students was confined to males. Hence, rates of problem gambling were markedly elevated in this subgroup (5% of all male international students, 15% of male international students who reported any form of gambling in the past 12 months). International students were more likely than domestic students to report engaging in gambling as a means of regulating their internal states and for a challenge and these and other reasons for gambling were positively correlated with problem gambling behaviour. The findings support the need for population- and campus-based health promotion and early intervention programs targeting international students, male students in particular. Information concerning individuals' reasons for gambling might usefully be included in these programs.
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11
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Fulton C. Secrets and secretive behaviours: Exploring the hidden through harmful gambling. LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lisr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sanscartier MD, Edgerton JD, Roberts LW. A Latent Class Analysis of Gambling Activity Patterns in a Canadian University Sample of Emerging Adults: Socio-demographic, Motivational, and Mental Health Correlates. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:863-880. [PMID: 29197954 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This analysis of gambling habits of Canadian university students (ages 18-25) dovetails two recent developments in the field of gambling studies. First, the popularity of latent class analysis to identify heterogeneous classes of gambling patterns in different populations; second, the validation of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (with financial motives) among university students-specifically to understand both how and why emerging adults gamble. Our results support a four-class model of gambling activity patterns, consisting of female-preponderant casual and chance-based gambling groups, and male-preponderant skill-based and extensive gambling groups. Each class shows a specific combination of motives, underscoring the necessity for nuanced responses to problem gambling among emerging adults. More specifically, gambling for the skill-based group appears primarily to be a source of thrill and a way to cope; for the chance-based group, gambling appears but one symptom of a set of wider issues involving depression, anxiety, substance use, and low self-esteem; while extensive gamblers seem to seek excitement, sociality, and coping, in that order. Only the chance-based group was significantly more likely than casual gamblers to be motivated by financial reasons. Situating our analysis in the literature, we suggest that interventions for the predominantly male subtypes should address gambling directly (e.g. re-focusing excitement seeking into other activities, instilling more productive coping mechanisms) while interventions for predominantly female subtypes should address low self-esteem in conjunction with depression, substance abuse, and problematic levels of gambling. We conclude future research should focus on links between self-esteem, depression, substance abuse, and financial motives for gambling among female emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D Edgerton
- Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, 323 Isbister Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Lance W Roberts
- Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Hum S, Carr SM. Testing the Emotional Vulnerability Pathway to Problem Gambling in Culturally Diverse University Students. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:915-927. [PMID: 29435823 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Loneliness and adapting to an unfamiliar environment can increase emotional vulnerability in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) university students. According to Blaszczynski and Nower's pathways model of problem and pathological gambling, this emotional vulnerability could increase the risk of problem gambling. The current study examined whether loneliness was associated with problem gambling risk in CALD students relative to their Australian peers. Additionally, differences in coping strategies were examined to determine their buffering effect on the relationship. A total of 463 female and 165 male university students (aged 18-38) from Australian (38%), mixed Australian and CALD (23%) and CALD (28%) backgrounds responded to an online survey of problem gambling behaviour, loneliness, and coping strategies. The results supported the hypothesis that loneliness would be related to problem gambling in CALD students. There was no evidence of a moderating effect of coping strategies. Future research could test whether the introduction of programs designed to alleviate loneliness in culturally diverse university students reduces their risk of developing problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hum
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia, PO Box 663, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia
| | - Sherilene M Carr
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Federation University Australia, PO Box 3191, Gippsland, VIC, 3841, Australia.
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Skromanis S, Cooling N, Rodgers B, Purton T, Fan F, Bridgman H, Harris K, Presser J, Mond J. Health and Well-Being of International University Students, and Comparison with Domestic Students, in Tasmania, Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1147. [PMID: 29865174 PMCID: PMC6025303 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
International students comprise an increasingly larger proportion of higher education students globally. Empirical evidence about the health and well-being of these students is, however, limited. We sought to examine the health and well-being of international students, primarily from Asian countries, attending the University of Tasmania, Australia, using domestic students as a comparison group. Ethics approval was given to invite (via email) all currently enrolled students to participate in the study by completing a pilot-tested, online survey. The survey was completed by 382 international students (response rate = 8.9%) and 1013 domestic students (9.2%). Independent samples t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests were used for bivariate comparisons between international and domestic students, and between subgroups of international students. Regression models were used to examine the associations between student status (international vs. domestic) and health outcomes, controlling for demographic and enrolment variables. International students, particularly male students, were found to be at increased risk of several adverse health outcomes while also being less likely to seek help for mental health and related problems. The findings indicate the need for accessible, targeted, culturally-sensitive health promotion and early intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Skromanis
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia.
| | - Nick Cooling
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Bryan Rodgers
- School of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
| | - Terry Purton
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia.
| | - Frances Fan
- School of Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia.
| | - Heather Bridgman
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia.
| | - Keith Harris
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Presser
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2560, Australia.
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Kam SM, Wong ILK, So EMT, Un DKC, Chan CHW. Gambling behavior among Macau college and university students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:2. [PMID: 28435769 PMCID: PMC5380714 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-017-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This survey investigated gambling behavior among Chinese students studying in Macau colleges and universities. It also aimed to examine the relationship between problem gambling, affect states and sensation seeking propensity. A convenience sample of 999 students (370 men, 629 women) filled a self-administered questionnaire consisted of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) (Ferris and Wynne in The Canadian problem gambling index: User manual. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Toronto 2001a), the 8-item Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-8) (Hoyle et al. Pers Individ Diff 32(3): 401–414, 2002), Bradburn’s Affect Balance Scale (BABS) (Bradburn in The structure of psychological well-being. Aldine, Chicago 1969) and questions on gambling activities. The response rate is 65%. Results indicate 32.3% (n = 323) of the survey participants wagered on mahjong (61.8%), soccer matches (40.2%), Mark Six lottery (37.2%), card games (28.1%), land-based casino gambling (13.1%), slot machines (7.5%) and online casino games (2.0%). The average monthly stake was MOP $411. Seeking entertainment (18.7%), killing time (12.5%) and peer influence (11.1%) were the three main reasons for gambling. Using the PGSI, 3.6 and 5.3% of the students could be identified as moderate-risk and problem gamblers respectively. Men were significantly more vulnerable to gambling problems (X2(1) = 35.00, p < 0.01) than women. Most of the problematic gamblers (76%) made their first bet before 14 years. The PGSI scores are significantly correlated with the BSSS-8 scores (r = 0.23, p < 0.01) but not with the overall ABS scores (r = −0.06, p > 0.05). The study findings inform campus prevention programs and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sut Mei Kam
- Yat On Responsible Gambling Counseling Centre, Macau, China
| | - Irene Lai Kuen Wong
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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George S, Ts J, Nair S, Rani A, Menon P, Madhavan R, Rajan JC, Radhakrishnan KS, Jose V, Benegal V, Thennarasu K, Petry NM. A cross-sectional study of problem gambling and its correlates among college students in South India. BJPsych Open 2016; 2:199-203. [PMID: 27703776 PMCID: PMC4995164 DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Western world, a significant portion of college students have gambled. College gamblers have one of the highest rates of problem gambling. To date, there have been no studies on gambling participation or the rates of problem gambling in India. AIMS This study evaluated the prevalence of gambling participation and problem gambling in college students in India. It also evaluated demographic and psychosocial correlates of gambling in that population. METHOD We surveyed 5784 college students from 58 colleges in the district of Ernakulam, Kerala, India, using cluster random sampling. Students completed questionnaires that addressed gambling, substance use, psychological distress, suicidality and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESULTS A total of 5580 completed questionnaires were returned, and while only 1090 (19.5%) college students reported having ever gambled, 415 (7.4%) reported problem gambling. Lotteries were the most popular form of gambling. Problem gamblers in comparison with non-gamblers were significantly more likely to be male, have a part-time job, greater academic failures, higher substance use, higher psychological distress scores, higher suicidality and higher ADHD symptom scores. In comparison with non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers were significantly more likely to have greater academic failures, higher psychological distress scores, higher suicidality and higher ADHD symptom scores. CONCLUSIONS This study, the first to look at the prevalence of gambling in India, found relatively low rates of gambling participation in college students but high rates of problem gambling among those who did gamble. Correlates of gambling were generally similar to those noted in other countries. Since 38% of college students who had gambled had a gambling problem, there is a need for immediate public health measures to raise awareness about gambling, and to prevent and treat problem gambling in this population. DECLARATION OF INTEREST S.G. was (until October 2014) a member of the UK Responsible Gambling Strategy Board, and authored the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Faculty report FR/AP/01 Gambling: The Hidden Addiction - Future Trends in Addictions (2014). COPYRIGHT AND USAGE © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanju George
- , FRCPsych, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunagamvely, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Jaisoorya Ts
- , MD, MRCPsych, Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sivasankaran Nair
- , DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, India
| | - Anjana Rani
- , MD, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, India
| | - Priya Menon
- , DPM, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, India
| | - Revamma Madhavan
- , MSW, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, India
| | | | | | - Vineeta Jose
- , MBBS, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ernakulam, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- , MD, Unit of Addiction Medicine, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Nancy M Petry
- , PhD, Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Gambling-Related Problems as a Mediator Between Treatment and Mental Health with At-Risk College Student Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2016; 31:1005-13. [PMID: 24706331 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-014-9456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Disordered gambling has been linked to increased negative affect, and some promising treatments have been shown to be effective at reducing gambling behaviors and related problems (Larimer et al. in Addiction 107:1148-1158, 2012). The current study seeks to expand upon the findings of Larimer et al. (Addiction 107:1148-1158, 2012) by examining the relationship between gambling-related problems and mental health symptoms in college students. Specifically, the three-group design tested the effects of two brief interventions for gambling—an individual, in-person personalized feedback intervention (PFI) delivered using motivational interviewing and group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, versus assessment only on mood outcomes. The mediating effect of gambling-related problems on mood was also explored. Participants (N = 141; 65% men; 60% Caucasian, 28% Asian) were at-risk college student gamblers [South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur and Blume in Am J Psychiatry 144:1184-1188, 1987) ≥3], assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Gambling problems were assessed using the Gambling Problems Index (Neighbors et al. in J Gamb Stud 18:339-360, 2002). Mental health symptoms were assessed using the depression, anxiety, and hostility subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis in Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): administration, scoring, and procedures manual, National Computer Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, 1993). Results revealed that the PFI condition differentially reduced negative mood, and that reductions in gambling-related problems partially mediated this effect. Implications for intervention for comorbid mood and gambling disorders are discussed.
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18
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Cartmill T, Slatter T, Wilkie B. The Role of Anxiety and Dissociation in Young Australian Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2014; 31:1215-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-014-9510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Marmurek HHC, Switzer J, D’Alvise J. A comparison of university student and community gamblers: Motivations, impulsivity, and gambling cognitions. J Behav Addict 2014; 3:54-64. [PMID: 25215214 PMCID: PMC4117282 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The present study tested whether the associations among motivational, cognitive, and personality correlates of problem gambling severity differed across university student gamblers (n = 123) and gamblers in the general adult community (n = 113). METHODS The participants completed a survey that included standardized measures of gambling motivation, gambling related cognitions, and impulsivity. The survey also asked participants to report the forms of gambling in which they engaged to test whether gambling involvement (number of different forms of gambling) was related to problem gambling severity. After completing the survey, participants played roulette online to examine whether betting patterns adhered to the gambler's fallacy. RESULTS Gambling involvement was significantly related to problem gambling severity for the community sample but not for the student sample. A logistic regression analysis that tested the involvement, motivation, impulsivity and cognitive correlates showed that money motivation and gambling related cognitions were the only significant independent predictors of gambling severity. Adherence to the gambler's fallacy was stronger for students than for the community sample, and was associated with gambling related cognitions. DISCUSSION The motivational, impulsivity and cognitive, and correlates of problem gambling function similarly in university student gamblers and in gamblers from the general adult community. Interventions for both groups should focus on the financial and cognitive supports of problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey H. C. Marmurek
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author: Harvey H. C. Marmurek, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Phone: +1-519-824-4120/53673; Fax: +1-519-837-8629;
| | - Jessica Switzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,Now at the University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Joshua D’Alvise
- Department of Marketing and Consumer Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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