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Sambol S, Dadswell K, Hanlon C. Beyond stereotypes: The role of exposure in reshaping Children's biases towards women as coaches in sports. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 73:102634. [PMID: 38554927 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The underrepresentation of women in sports coaching, linked to discrimination and bias may, according to contact theory, be mitigated by increasing the visibility of women coaches, especially among children. Our study examined whether young athletes exposed to women coaches affected their explicit and implicit biases compared to unexposed peers. Seventy-five children aged between 4 and 17 years were evaluated using two explicit attitude measures and an Implicit Association Task. Results indicated that participants with women coach experience were more explicitly satisfied with woman coaches, preferred them more as potential coaches, and associated men with sports less than those without such exposure. Whilst exposure and implicit bias significantly predicted explicit satisfaction, exposure did not moderate the bias relationship. This suggests that exposure to women coaches reduces negative attitudes in young athletes but does not significantly affect the underlying influence of implicit biases, indicating a need for more comprehensive strategies to address gender inequalities in sports coaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Sambol
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kara Dadswell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Hanlon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Kape C, Hamelin N, Abraham C. Sports Gambling Intention Comparison Between Males and Females in the United States. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:937-955. [PMID: 37884853 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this research is to understand the sports gambling intentions of Gen Z (those born between 1997 and 2012) that can potentially lead to problematic gambling behavior. Rooted in the theory of planned behavior, the study delves into the roles of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control in shaping these intentions. A cross-sectional study of 513 Gen Z's in the United States was conducted. The partial least square structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship and compare the differences between males and females with multigroup analysis. The results indicate that attitude and perceived behavior control have a significant impact on this intention, while subjective norms do not exert substantial influence. Notably, gender differences are observed, with males showing a stronger association with perceived behavior control and females with attitude. The model effectively accounts for significant variations in sports gambling intention, highlighting a higher inclination among females as compared to males. This study provides a new perspective for analyzing disparities in sports gambling intention between genders and delves into the underlying motivations that can potentially contribute to the development of problematic gambling disorders. Given the significant societal impact and the adverse effects that gambling disorders have on those affected, it is imperative to conduct research aimed at understanding the reasons behind Gen Z's engagement in gambling. The findings can then be harnessed to inform the development of preventive programs aimed at curbing problematic gambling behaviors.
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Singer J, Kufenko V, Wöhr A, Wuketich M, Otterbach S. How do Gambling Providers Use the Social Network Twitter in Germany? An Explorative Mixed-Methods Topic Modeling Approach. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1371-1398. [PMID: 36103046 PMCID: PMC9472740 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the social media activities of gambling providers in Germany, focusing on the platform Twitter. A collection of 34.151 tweets from 13 Twitter accounts was made, representing casinos, sports betting, state lotteries, social lotteries and lottery brokers. We apply an explorative mixed-methods approach, integrating a summative content analysis together with a semi-supervised guided topic modeling approach, to analyse frequency, number of followers, interaction and content of Twitter messages, and work out differences among the individual providers. The results show that Twitter does not seem to be particularly important for gambling providers who are active in Germany. Regarding outreach, frequency of tweets and interaction, Twitter plays a much smaller role than, for example, in the UK. The potential for Twitter to be an advertising, marketing and interaction channel has not yet been fully exploited, which would make it a perfect moment for developing an appropriate regulatory framework. Overall, the results of semi-supervised topic modeling show that providers most often use informative content (news) and combine it with other, usually less neutral content. It is alarming that many providers make little or no use of Responsible Gambling messages. Even though the activities are presently on a low level, they contribute to the normalization of gambling, setting incentives for increasing gambling participation. Children and youth form a large segment of Twitter users. Potential harm can arise especially for this group because of the lack of enforcement of any age limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Singer
- Gambling Research Center, University of Hohenheim, Forschungsstelle Glücksspiel (502), Schwerzstraße 44, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Vadim Kufenko
- Gambling Research Center, University of Hohenheim, Forschungsstelle Glücksspiel (502), Schwerzstraße 44, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Wöhr
- Gambling Research Center, University of Hohenheim, Forschungsstelle Glücksspiel (502), Schwerzstraße 44, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Wuketich
- Gambling Research Center, University of Hohenheim, Forschungsstelle Glücksspiel (502), Schwerzstraße 44, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Otterbach
- Gambling Research Center, University of Hohenheim, Forschungsstelle Glücksspiel (502), Schwerzstraße 44, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Health Care & Public Management, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn, Germany
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Lopez-Gonzalez H, Griffiths MD, Jimenez-Murcia S. The symbolic construction of sports betting products. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.1937274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Department of Library, Information Science, and Communication, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susana Jimenez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Riley BJ, Oster C, Rahamathulla M, Lawn S. Attitudes, Risk Factors, and Behaviours of Gambling among Adolescents and Young People: A Literature Review and Gap Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:984. [PMID: 33499418 PMCID: PMC7908209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is occurring in a rapidly changing landscape, with new trends and technologies affecting gambling behaviour and problem gambling across a range of populations. Gambling activity among adolescents and young people has received considerable research attention due to a high prevalence of gambling reported among these groups in recent years. Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues, has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-25 years). The review included studies published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Riley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Mubarak Rahamathulla
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Social Work, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
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Advertising Games of Chance in Adolescents and Young Adults in Spain. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:765-778. [PMID: 33169222 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gambling advertising can influence attitudes and gaming behavior of adolescents and young adults (A&Y). To study the effect of advertising on the attitudes and gaming behavior of a sample of 2887 Spanish A&Y (12-22 years old), by means of a self-report assessment. On average, participants show a weak effect of advertising, however there are great variations, estimating that 11% of A&Y acknowledge being influenced by advertising and 5% recognize being severely affected. Men see themselves more impacted than women, without age differences. Those who play videogames signal a stronger effect of this kind of advertising and although these differences are not substantial in effect size, they reach statistically significance in 12 of the 13 questions assessed. A&Y who showed higher scores indicating problematic use of videogames in the IDGS9-SF, are those who indicate a greater impact of advertising on their attitudes towards gaming, as well as on the way they play or on their intention to play. These results support the idea that videogames can, albeit modestly, predispose engagement in games of chance.
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Lopez-Gonzalez H, Russell AMT, Hing N, Estévez A, Griffiths MD. A Cross-Cultural Study of Weekly Sports Bettors in Australia and Spain. J Gambl Stud 2019; 36:937-955. [PMID: 31606863 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Betting on sport is one of the fastest developing forms of gambling internationally. Sports betting is attracting considerable scholarly, media, and regulatory attention due to the cultural salience of sport, and the rising public health concerns about the rapid proliferation and penetration of betting products in everyday life. Despite its global expansion, little is known regarding the comparative impact sports betting is having in different territories. This study aims to examine a sample of Australian (n = 738) and Spanish (n = 361) weekly sports bettors to assess their similarities and differences concerning sociodemographic characteristics, channels (i.e., online vs. offline) and devices used, in-play betting, and problem gambling severity. The findings showed high problem gambling scores among sports bettors in both countries, and consistent similarities in the association between problem gambling, in-play betting, and offline betting. Also, clear trends were observed between problem gambling, higher educational level, and female sport betting, particularly in the Australian sample. These results suggest a common pattern of risk factors for problematic sports betting and can help to inform worldwide regulatory efforts to tackle harmful sports betting-specific features such as in-play betting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Av de las Universidades, 24, 48007, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Alex M T Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Ana Estévez
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Sanscartier MD, Edgerton JD, Keough MT. Attitudes towards gambling in a Canadian university sample of young adults. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2019.1649448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D. Edgerton
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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9
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High Stakes: Children’s Exposure to Gambling and Gambling Marketing Using Wearable Cameras. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Houghton S, McNeil A, Hogg M, Moss M. Comparing the Twitter posting of British gambling operators and gambling affiliates: a summative content analysis. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2018.1561923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Houghton
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew McNeil
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mitchell Hogg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Moss
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Nyemcsok C, Thomas SL, Bestman A, Pitt H, Daube M, Cassidy R. Young people's recall and perceptions of gambling advertising and intentions to gamble on sport. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1068-1078. [PMID: 30580544 PMCID: PMC6376397 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increased international policy focus on the factors that may contribute to, and prevent, the normalization of gambling for young people. However, there is still limited research, which investigates the role of advertising in shaping young people's gambling attitudes and consumption intentions. METHODS Mixed methods study of 111 young people aged 11-16 years recruited from community basketball stadiums in Victoria, Australia, between May and July 2018. Interviewer-assisted surveys investigated recall and awareness of sports betting brands, perceptions of promotional strategies, intention to gamble, and reasons for betting on particular sports. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and χ2 tests. Thematic analyses were used to interpret qualitative responses. RESULTS Young people had high recall and awareness of advertising, with most able to name at least one betting brand (n = 90, 81.1%), and many demonstrating a high awareness of the distinct characteristics (such as colors and appeal strategies) of different brands. A fifth of young people (n = 25, 22.5%) expressed intentions to gamble at 18 years, with boys significantly more likely than girls to state they would gamble (χ2 = 10.90, p = .001). Young people perceived that advertising strategies associated with inducement promotions would be the most influential in encouraging individuals to gamble. While many young people took promotions at face value, there was evidence that some were able to critically engage with and challenge the messages within marketing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Current regulatory structures appear to be ineffective in limiting young people's recall and awareness of gambling advertising. Lessons from tobacco control support the application of precautionary approaches as a more effective way to limit young people's development of positive gambling attitudes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nyemcsok
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia,Corresponding author: Samantha L. Thomas; Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; Phone: +61 3 924 45453; E-mail:
| | - Amy Bestman
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Pitt
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cassidy
- Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
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