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Nkoana KE, Mbonane TP, Chadyiwa M, Van Wyk RH, Mokoatle C, Magunga B, Senekane MF, Rathebe PC, Bidassey-Manilal S. Knowledge, practices, and self-reported health outcomes related to chemical use and safety among beauty salons and parlor workers in Polokwane, Limpopo Province. Pan Afr Med J 2024; 48:11. [PMID: 39184846 PMCID: PMC11343501 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.48.11.39877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction daily, workers in beauty salons and parlors use different cosmetic products made of various chemicals. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, practices, and self-reported health outcomes related to chemical use and safety among workers in beauty salons and parlors. Methods a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 145 participants, randomly selected using a simple random sampling design. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the Knowledge, practices, and self-reported health outcomes related to chemical safety. Pearson´s correlation was used to assess the correlation between perception, awareness, and other study determinants. Results fifty-seven percent of participants had been working with chemicals for more than two years, and only 5% were smokers. There was a positive relationship between age and years of experience in the beauty and salon industry (r= 0.385; p < 0.001), while significant positive correlations between knowledge score with educational levels (r=0.444; p= <0.001) and formal training as a salon and beauty parlor worker (r=0.504; p= <0.001) were also found. Participants also reported symptoms such as headache (43%), nausea (23%), skin irritation (48%), eye irritation (39%), and respiratory illness-related symptoms (62%). Conclusion there is a need for health and safety training in beauty salons and parlors, with emphasis on the correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The findings of this study may serve as the baseline for the development of safety policies for all beauty salons and parlors in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konyana Edgar Nkoana
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thokozani Patrick Mbonane
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martha Chadyiwa
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Renay Helouise Van Wyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charlotte Mokoatle
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bheki Magunga
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mpinane Flory Senekane
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Phoka Caiphus Rathebe
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shalin Bidassey-Manilal
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Karimi Zeverdegani S, Mohebian Z, Mohammadi F, Tajik L. Semi-quantitative health risk assessment of heavy metal dust exposure among nail technicians using the SQRA technique and Monte Carlo simulation. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:221-231. [PMID: 38377068 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241233308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Nail technology, including the application of artificial nails and nail care, is a developing sector of the global beauty industry. Nail technicians are exposed to a variety of chemical substances through inhalation, as they spend extended periods of time in close proximity to these materials. This study aimed to evaluate the semi-quantitative health risk of dust-containing heavy metals among nail technicians. This analytical descriptive study employed the risk assessment method provided by the Singapore Occupational Health Department to evaluate the health hazards of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, and manganese. Dust samples from nail filing were collected from the respiratory zone of 20 nail technicians following the NIOSH 7300 method. The samples were analyzed using ICP-OES instrumentation. Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to characterize the risk and its uncertainties. Manganese and cadmium had the highest and lowest mean concentrations, respectively. The risk scores of the metals ranked from highest to lowest were as follows: N i > C r > C d > M n > P b . All five metals had risk rankings below 2.8, signifying a minimal risk level. Sensitivity analysis using Spearman's correlation coefficient demonstrated a positive relationship between concentration, daily hours of exposure, and the number of workdays per week with the risk score (RR) and exposure level (ER). Conversely, the variable of weekly working hours (W) showed a negative correlation with these parameters. Despite the low-risk level of the examined metals, continuous exposure and potential long-term effects on nail technicians warrant preventive measures. Recommendations include implementing local exhaust ventilation systems, using table fans, establishing work-rest cycles, wearing N95 dust masks, and using reputable and high-quality nail polishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Enviromental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Tajik
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety at Work Engineering, Environmental Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Mohebian Z, Paridokht F, Karimi Zeverdegani S, Mohammadi F. Inhalation exposure to toxic heavy metals in nail salon technicians and health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:90-99. [PMID: 38407183 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2315124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nail salons offer a developing and diverse occupation for many women, especially the new generation. Due to the increasing apprehension surrounding heavy metals in dust caused by filing nails containing dried nail polish, the present study was designed aimed to health risk assessment of heavy metals in breathing zone of nail salon technicians (NSTs). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in NSTs. The concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn)in breathing zone of 20 NSTs was determined using ICP-OES. RESULTS The metal concentrations were in the following order: Mn > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd with corresponding arithmetic mean values of0.008, 0.0023, 0.0021, 0.001 and 0.0006 mg m-3, respectively, which are exceeded the recommended levels stated in the indoor air guidelines. The average lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) for Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb was calculated 0.0084, 0.00054, 0.00026 and 1.44 E - 05, respectively. The LCR values of all metals (except Pb) exceeded the acceptable level set by the USEPA. The mean of Hazard quotients (HQ) for Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were calculated to be23.7, 4.74, 2.19, 0.51 and 0.0.24, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that, the exposure frequency (EF) for Cr and Ni had the strong effects on generation of both LCR and HQ. Furthermore, the concentrations of Mn, Cd and Pb had strong impacts on the HQ generation and the concentration of Cd and Pb had main effects on LCR generation. CONCLUSION To effectively reduce pollutant concentration, it is recommended to install a ventilation system near nail salon work tables and conduct continuous monitoring and quality control of nail products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mohebian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Paridokht
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi Zeverdegani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hao R, Sun J, Liu R, Zhao H, Yao Z, Wang H, Hao Z. Emission characteristics, environmental impact, and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during manicure processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167464. [PMID: 37783437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the nail industry has been widely popular in China, and the use of nail care products has also significantly increased. Due to its high content of volatile solvents, the released VOCs not only have a negative impact on indoor air quality but also pose a health threat to nail salon workers who are highly exposed to such environments. The objectives of this research were to characterize VOCs emissions from detailed manicure processes and to evaluate the impact on the environment and health risks. Results showed that the VOCs concentration in the anti-warping treatment process was much higher than that in other manicure steps, at 360.69 mg/m3, making its contributions of OFP and SOA equally prominent. The trend of concentration contribution was similar to that of OFP, and OVOCs were the most significant contributor to the VOCs components in the whole manicure process. Since organic solvent nail gels were also frequently used in most steps, the main VOCs were methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. Aromatics were the component that contributed the most to SOA, and its contributions in all processes were >85 %. Health risk assessments performed in our study indicated that acrolein was the main non-carcinogen, and the carcinogenic risk of this study could be ignored. The results of this study can be used as a basis for controlling VOCs emission and reducing exposure to VOCs in nail salons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jianling Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology and Application of Urban Air, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, Research Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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Huỳnh TB, Tina Nguyễn D, Vũ N, Carroll-Scott A, Wong C, Freeland C, Parvanta C. Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Implementing Occupational Health Recommendations Among Immigrant-Owned Nail Salons in the Greater Philadelphia Region. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:77-86. [PMID: 36924273 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231160461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Immigrant nail salon owners and employees face multiple barriers to accessing occupational health training and services. We formed an academic-community-based organization-business owner partnership-unique in that all partners were culturally congruent-to develop a pilot intervention program for the nail salon community. Methods. Eighteen individuals (nine salon owners and nine employees) from the Greater Philadelphia region received the training in their native language and provided feedback through in-depth qualitative interviews. Interview guide was developed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Themes of perceived benefits and barriers were identified and aligned with relevant CFIR constructs to gain better understanding of the implementation challenges. Results. Reported benefits of program were improved knowledge of the workplace hazards and safety practices, and the potential to attract more customers and retain employees. Perceived barriers to implementing recommended practices were limited availability of safer products and high cost, challenges communicating with customers, lack of engagement from some owners, organizational management practices affecting employees' motivation, and limited partnership with local government to assist small immigrant-owned businesses. Conclusions. Our study revealed multiple factors that pit long-term health protection of nail salon workers against the economic viability of the businesses that employ them. Our research highlights the need to (1) advocate for federal policies making safer products to be more accessible to the masses, (2) establish local policy and culturally appropriate technical support programs that engage community-based organizations, and (3) develop economic opportunities and mentorship for immigrant entrepreneurs to operate profitable healthy salons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nga Vũ
- VietLead, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ebrahimi V, Yarahmadi R, Salehi M, Ashtarinezhad A. Assessing occupational exposure of airborne PMs and TVOCs in the nail salons in Tehran city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23088. [PMID: 38144351 PMCID: PMC10746482 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns about the health of nail salon technicians due to the inherently harmful agents such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and released particles in the salons. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate the occupational exposure of nail salon technicians to VOCs and particulate matters (PMs) in the nail salons in Tehran, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, indoor air quality and measurement continually Total VOCs and PMs in the various size of PM1-PM10 using PhoCheck Tiger and particle counter device investigated, respectively. site observation, and an interview with the manager in 49 salons in Tehran. Data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Mean concentrations of PM1 with 2.56 μɡ/m3 was the lowest amount and PM10 with 346.86μɡ/m3 had the highest concentration. Also, the mean concentration of TVOCs was equal 2.61 ppm. The results of the regression model showed that there is a statistically significant between the number of services with airborne PMs (PM2.5), (p-Value≤0.050). In salons only with nail activities, the concentration of PM4 was less than the others, although this correlation was statistically significant just for PM1 (p-Value = 0.010). By implementing effective local exhaust ventilation systems equipped with dust collectors and utilizing safe products, the emission of particles and chemical compounds within salons can be significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Lee KMN, Rushovich T, Gompers A, Boulicault M, Worthington S, Lockhart JW, Richardson SS. A Gender Hypothesis of sex disparities in adverse drug events. Soc Sci Med 2023; 339:116385. [PMID: 37952268 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacovigilance databases contain larger numbers of adverse drug events (ADEs) that occurred in women compared to men. The cause of this disparity is frequently attributed to sex-linked biological factors. We offer an alternative Gender Hypothesis, positing that gendered social factors are central to the production of aggregate sex disparities in ADE reports. We describe four pathways through which gender may influence observed sex disparities in pharmacovigilance databases: healthcare utilization; bias and discrimination in the clinic; experience of a drug event as adverse; and pre-existing social and structural determinants of health. We then use data from the U.S. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to explore how the Gender Hypothesis might generate novel predictions and explanations of sex disparities in ADEs in existing widely referenced datasets. Analyzing more than 3 million records of ADEs between 2014 and 2022, we find that patient-reported ADEs show a larger female skew than healthcare provider-reported ADEs and that the sex disparity is markedly smaller for outcomes involving death or hospitalization. We also find that the sex disparity varies greatly across types of ADEs, for example, cosmetically salient ADEs are skewed heavily female and sexual dysfunction ADEs are skewed male. Together, we interpret these findings as providing evidence of the promise of the Gender Hypothesis for identifying intervenable mechanisms and pathways contributing to sex disparities in ADEs. Rigorous application of the Gender Hypothesis to additional datasets and in future research studies could yield new insights into the causes of sex disparities in ADEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M N Lee
- Tulane University, Department of Anthropology, 101 Dinwiddie Hall, 6823 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA.
| | - Tamara Rushovich
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Annika Gompers
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Marion Boulicault
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; University of Edinburgh, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, 40 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JX, UK.
| | - Steven Worthington
- Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Lockhart
- University of Chicago, Social Sciences Division, 1155 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Sarah S Richardson
- Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, 1 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Committee on Degrees in Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality, Boylston Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Lê AB, Huỳnh TB. The need for a multi-level approach to occupational safety and health among Asian and Asian American beauty service workers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:495-505. [PMID: 37540163 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2245447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Asian and Asian Americans (A/AA) are a group overlooked in general health outcomes but especially occupational safety and health outcomes. In the United States, the beauty service microbusiness industry (e.g., nail salons) predominantly employs immigrant Asian women who regularly encounter a plethora of occupational hazards (e.g., harmful chemical exposures -toluene, formaldehyde, bloodborne pathogens, fungi. However, due to the precariousness of beauty service jobs, cultural and linguistic barriers, and social determinants of health, A/AA beauty service workers face complex occupational safety and health challenges that require interdisciplinary collaboration and cultural competency to address. This commentary will discuss a multi-level approach including specific outreach partners that will offer the required diverse skillsets necessary for improving the occupational safety and health for this worker population in this microbusiness industry. Implications and suggestions for interventions and policy changes are also recommended utilizing the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities' Research Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora B Lê
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Trân B Huỳnh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Huỳnh TB, Nguyễn DT, Vũ N, Robinson L, Trần E, Nguyễn N, Carroll-Scott A, Burstyn I. A participatory approach to designing and implementing an occupational health intervention for the nail salon community in the Greater Philadelphia region. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:938-951. [PMID: 37584489 PMCID: PMC10848307 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nail salon industry in the US comprises mostly immigrant-owned, small mom-and-pop salons that employ primarily first-generation immigrant workers from Asia. Because of the cultural and language barriers, both owners and workers may not avail themselves of the occupational safety resources. We formed an academic-community partnership to co-design a feasibility study and multi-level occupational health intervention for Vietnamese-speaking salon owners, workers, and community-based organization. METHODS The intervention for each salon included (i) 2-h in-person training covering chemical safety, infection control, musculoskeletal prevention, and workers' rights for both the owners and their employees, (ii) a tailored recommendation report for the owner, and (iii) check-ins with the owner during the 3-month follow-up. Community partner was trained to deliver the in-language training with technical assistance from the research team. Baseline and post-intervention individual data about health symptoms and behaviors, as well as personal chemical exposures were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 44 participants from 12 consented salons enrolled in the study. One salon dropped out at follow-up due to change of ownership. Analysis of the differences between post-and pre-intervention showed a tendency toward reduction in some self-reported symptoms in the respiratory system, skin, and eyes, neurotoxicity score, as well as chemical exposures. We could not rule out seasonality as an explanation for these trends. Increase in self-efficacy in some areas was observed post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated a successful academic-community partnership to engage community members in the intervention study. While the intervention effects from this feasibility study should be interpreted with caution, our preliminary results indicated that our community-based intervention is a promising approach to reduce work-related exposures among Asian American nail salon workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trân B Huỳnh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Dương T Nguyễn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nga Vũ
- Vietlead, Philadelphia, PA 19148, United States
| | - Lucy Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Emily Trần
- Vietlead, Philadelphia, PA 19148, United States
| | | | - Amy Carroll-Scott
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Igor Burstyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Ebrahimi V, Yarahmadi R, Salehi M, Ashtarinezhad A. Exposure assessment to BTEX in the air of nail salons in Tehran city, Iran. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18195. [PMID: 37519745 PMCID: PMC10375791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nail salon industry has grown considerably, but there are serious concerns about the health risks associated with working in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure of nail technicians to BTEX. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 salons, and NIOSH Method 1501 was used to measure the concentration of BTEX in the breathing zone of technicians. The EPA method was used to assess health risks. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The mean concentrations of toluene were (82.65 ± 198.84µg/m3)µg/m3, followed by benzene (10.58 ± 9.62µg/m3), p-xylenes (20.77 ± 37.79µg/m3), o-xylene (13.79 ± 25.70µg/m3), and ethylbenzene (29.35 ± 58.26µg/m3) , that lower than the permissible exposure limits suggested by NIOSH. Among the BTEX, toluene (82.65 ± 198.84µg/m3) has the most concentration in the nail salons. It was also discovered through multiple linear regression analysis that humidity had a significant effect on increasing the concentration of toluene (Beta = 0.50, P-value = 0.001) and ethylbenzene (Beta = 0.16, P = 0.049), while there was a considerable association between the number of services performed and benzene concentration (Beta = 0.34, P = 0.010). The average inhalation lifetime cancer risk for benzene (4.9 × 10 -5±4.5 × 10-5) was higher than the recommended value set by the US EPA. Although the concentrations of BTEX were lower than the maximum permissible limits, the results of the cancer risk assessment for benzene showed that working in nail salons with poor ventilation is hazardous. Therefore, exposure can be minimized by ensuring appropriate ventilation in the workplace and using safe products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yarahmadi
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Salehi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ashtarinezhad
- Air Pollution Research Center, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Keretetse G, Nelson G, Brouwer D. Exposure of formal and informal nail technicians to organic solvents found in nail products. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1147204. [PMID: 37213624 PMCID: PMC10193029 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1147204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from nail products used in their daily work, which may cause adverse health effects. This study aimed to assess VOC exposure of nail technicians in the South African formal and informal sectors and to provide a task-based exposure assessment of different nail applications. Personal passive sampling was conducted on 10 formal and 10 informal nail technicians located in the northern suburbs of Johannesburg and the Braamfontein area, over 3 days. Real-time measurements were taken to determine task-based peak exposures. The number of clients serviced, working hours, type of nail application, type of ventilation, room volume, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, were also recorded. There were differences in the nail products used, the types of nail applications performed, the number of clients serviced, and breathing zones VOC concentrations of the formal and informal nail technicians. Some formal nail salons were equipped with mechanical ventilation while the informal nail salons relied on natural ventilation. CO2 concentrations were higher in the informal than the formal nail salons and increased during the course of the working day. Formal nail technicians were exposed to higher total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) concentrations than informal nail technicians, which may be due to the different nail application procedures as well as 'background' emissions from their co-workers-the bystander effect. Acetone was the predominantly detected VOC: the formal nail technicians were exposed to significantly higher TWA (8 h) concentrations [geometric mean (GM) 43.8 ppm, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 2.49] than were the informal nail technicians (GM 9.87 ppm, GSD 5.13). Methyl methacrylate among the informal nail technicians was measured at 89.7% detection frequency, far higher than that among the formal nail technicians (3.4%). This may be attributed to the observed popularity of acrylic nail applications in this sector. Nail applications involving soak-off gave rise to high TVOC peaks at the start of the nail application process. This is the first study to compare organic solvent exposures among formal and informal nail technicians and determine task-based peak exposures. It also brings attention to the often-overlooked informal sector of this industry.
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Choi YH, Kim HJ, Sohn JR, Seo JH. Occupational exposure to VOCs and carbonyl compounds in beauty salons and health risks associated with it in South Korea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114873. [PMID: 37043945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds in beauty products may adversely impact the health of beauty salon technicians. Previous studies have focused on assessing indoor air concentrations of chemicals, such as benzene and toluene, and not on personal exposure concentrations. This study measured the indoor and personal exposure concentrations of VOCs and carbonyl compounds in fifty-three beauty salons in Korea. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks and sensitivity were analyzed using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The indoor and personal exposure concentrations of acetone were 82.24 µg/m3 and 104.97 µg/m3, respectively, the highest among all measured chemicals. Beauty salon technicians who experienced adverse health effects had significantly higher concentrations of acetone, benzaldehyde, and toluene than those who did not experience adverse health effects (p-value < 0.05). The average hazard quotients of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were higher than the acceptable risk level (1), and the average cancer risks of formaldehyde exceeded the acceptable risk level (10-6). Wearing personal protective equipment was the most efficient risk reduction strategy for reducing the non-cancer risks of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde and the carcinogenic risks of formaldehyde. The results of this study can be used as a basis for reducing exposure to VOCs and carbonyl compounds among salon technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Choi
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health System, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Air Quality Management, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ryeul Sohn
- Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Air Quality Management, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Seo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Air Quality Management, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, the Republic of Korea.
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Nguyen DT, Nguyen C, Pintor JK, Huynh TB. Stakeholders' Perspectives on the Feasibility of Adopting a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia: A Qualitative Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:320-329. [PMID: 36585841 PMCID: PMC10015804 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The California Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program is a statewide initiative to incentivize nail salons to adopt occupational health and safety best practices such as the use of safer nail products without certain harmful chemicals, ventilation systems upgrade, proper personal protective equipment use, and staff training. This public policy intervention is in response to the call to protect nail care workers, mostly women of color, who bear a disproportionate burden of chemical exposure at work. Because there is an interest to adopt a similar program in the Greater Philadelphia region, we conducted this formative research to document stakeholders' perspectives on the feasibility of adopting a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 31 stakeholders in Philadelphia in 2021. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Science as our theoretical framework, we developed the interview guide and analysed the data using qualitative research methods to identify key facilitators and barriers. RESULTS Key facilitating themes were perceived need and benefits of program to improve workers' health and working conditions, and willingness of stakeholders to leverage their organizational resources. Barriers included perceived high cost and time commitment from salon owners and employees, lack of funding and implementation leaders at the city government, community members' willingness to be visible and advocate for the program affected by the stigmas of being immigrant workers, and fear of interacting with authorities, as well as the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest successful adoption of a Healthy Nail Salon Recognition Program in Philadelphia will require outreach within the community to raise awareness of the benefits of the program and close partnership with community-based organizations to facilitate mutual understanding between the authorities and the ethnically diverse nail salon communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chau Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessie K Pintor
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tran B Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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14
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Han I, Seo JY, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, D’Souza PE, An-Han H, Afshar M, Chao YY. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12411. [PMID: 36231706 PMCID: PMC9566193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Greater New York City area ranks highest in the United States in the number of nail salon technicians, primarily Asian immigrant women. Nail salon technicians are exposed to toxic phthalates and volatile organic compounds daily in nail salons. The purpose of this pilot study was to measure a mixture of phthalates and volatile organic compounds in nail salons in the Greater New York City area, and to characterize work-related determinants of indoor air quality in these nail salons. Working with four Asian nail salon organizations in the Greater New York City area, we measured indoor air phthalates and volatile organic compounds at 20 nail salons from February to May 2021 using silicone wristbands and passive samplers, respectively. Nail salon characteristics were also examined. We measured six phthalates and 31 volatile organic compounds. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Diethyl phthalate had the highest concentrations among the six phthalates measured. Concentrations of toluene, d-limonene, methyl methacrylate, and ethyl methacrylate were higher than that of the rest. Manicure/pedicure tables, the number of customers per day, and application of artificial nail (acrylic) services were positively associated with the levels of phthalates and volatile organic compounds. Given the large number of people employed in the nail industry and the even larger number of customers visiting such establishments, exposures to these toxic chemicals are likely to be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jin Young Seo
- Hunter College School of Nursing, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priya Esilda D’Souza
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heyreoun An-Han
- Gulf Coast Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Masoud Afshar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Chao
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Perceived work exposures and expressed intervention needs among Michigan nail salon workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:2001-2013. [PMID: 34052870 PMCID: PMC8164489 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Nail salon workers are an underserved population exposed to various occupational hazards. Comprised primarily of women and immigrants, these workers face challenges that further increase their workplace exposures and adverse health outcomes. Though previous studies have noted nail salon workers’ exposures, these studies have yet to explore the workers’ insights on intervention needs. This study among Michigan nail salon workers addresses this gap. Methods This qualitative study was informed by the phenomenology methodological framework anchored within critical social theory. Participants were recruited from nail salons in Southeast Michigan to partake in focus groups. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using content analysis. Results Three focus groups were conducted with 13 participants. Three major categories emerged. The first category, workers’ perceived work-related stressors, included six themes: lack of standardized policies, regulations, education/training; disconnect between education/training and real-world practice; inadequate knowledge on exposures and safety protocols; unsafe nail products; customer pressure; and immigrant-related pressures. The second category, health issues perceived to be directly related to workplace exposures, included two themes: symptoms experienced due to contact with nail products and symptoms due to poor ergonomics. The third category, participants’ perceived intervention needs, included four themes: continuing education; updates with new products; communication with key stakeholders; and partnership building and resource access. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study among U.S. nail salon workers focused in Midwest. In addition to the noted individual and organizational-level interventions, policy level implications are discussed given discrepancies in training and practices across states.
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Tran HM, Bui HTM, Thoumsang S, Ngo NTB, Nguyen NPT, Nguyen HTM, Nguyen SM, Hara K, Wangwongwatana S. Occupational symptoms due to exposure to volatile organic compounds among female Vietnamese nail salon workers in Danang city. J Occup Health 2021; 62:e12160. [PMID: 32949076 PMCID: PMC7507489 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nail workers are exposed to many hazardous chemicals. Despite many warnings about health problems among nail workers in other countries, data concerning exposure to chemical hazards among nail workers is still limited in Vietnam. In this study, we aimed to identify exposure to volatile organic compounds and their relationship with occupational symptoms among Vietnamese female nail salon workers. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Danang, Vietnam, from January 2019 to September 2019. Total 42 personal passive samplers were collected to evaluate 12 substances from 21 nail workers (15 salons) twice a week. We chose one representative worker from each of the nine salons with less than six workers and two representative workers from each of the six salons with over five workers for personal sampling based on the principle of similar exposure groups. We interviewed a total of 100 nail workers in 15 salons and 100 office workers in offices adjacent to the salons to compare occupational symptoms among them. RESULTS The commonly detected compounds in nail salons were acetone (97.6%), butyl acetate (83.3%), and ethyl acetate and ethyl methacrylate (78%). The concentration of total target VOCs was related to the number of serviced customers, the concentration of CO2 , and general ventilation used. The subjective symptoms were significantly higher for the nail workers than for the comparison subjects, that is, headache, nausea, nose irritation, skin irritation, shortness of breath, and confusion. Among 100 nail workers, nose irritation was significantly higher for nail workers who were exposed to acetone at levels exceeding the Vietnam occupational exposure limit (VOEL) adjusted with the Brief-Scala model. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to VOCs such as acetone in nail salons results in occupational symptoms among workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan M Tran
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh T M Bui
- Department of Quarantine Service, Danang Center for Disease Control, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ngoc T B Ngo
- Faculty of Public Health, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Nhan P T Nguyen
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Hai T M Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Son M Nguyen
- Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Kunio Hara
- Department of Safety and Health Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Sanaat S, Holness DL, Arrandale VH. Health and Safety in Nail Salons: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:225-229. [PMID: 32728720 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, nail salons have become more abundant than ever. The majority are small businesses, often employing immigrant women. Nail technicians have many exposures at work including chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards but few data exist on their symptoms or occupational health and safety practices, particularly in the Canadian context. The aim of this study was to learn about nail technicians, their work, and their health and safety practices. METHODS Nail technicians were recruited from nail salons in Toronto, Ontario. Participants completed an anonymous survey with questions about demographics, work tasks, workplace health and safety practices, and symptoms (skin, respiratory, and musculoskeletal). RESULTS A total of 155 nail technicians (95% female) participated in the survey. The majority of nail technicians performed manicures (99%) and pedicures (96%) and applied shellac polishes (86%). Only a third (34%) applied acrylic artificial nails. The reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was very high; 88% reported using a mask at work and 96% reporting using gloves. The most common symptoms reported by technicians were neck (44%) and back pain (38%). Skin and respiratory symptoms were less common with 6% of technicians reporting cough, 8% wheeze, and 5% a current rash. Technicians working over 30 h per week reported more neck pain (52 vs. 32%, P = 0.02). Technicians who reported using shellac polishes were more likely to report a runny nose (25 vs. 0%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Nail technicians in Toronto, Canada are experiencing work-related symptoms. Musculoskeletal symptoms were the most common symptoms reported. Much of the focus on nail salons and health has been on chemical exposures, but ergonomic hazards should not be overlooked. Efforts to increase knowledge and improve occupational health in nail salons should include information on multiple possible workplace hazards and how to reduce impacts of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sanaat
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Linn Holness
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gonçalves AD, Martins TG, Cassella RJ. Passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in indoor air using a semipermeable membrane device. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111707. [PMID: 33396038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and concentration of organic compounds in the environment have attracted great interest mainly due to their capability of bioaccumulation, dispersion, and danger to living organisms. Factors such as urbanization, population growth, and the emergence of new technologies contribute to the increase in pollutant emissions, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted by several sources, becoming more common in work environments, influencing indoor air quality (IAQ), which can cause health damage, in addition to increasing the likelihood of cancer development. In this context, we developed a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), consisting of low density polyethylene membrane (8 cm long × 3 cm wide), filled with 3 mL of acetonitrile, for passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in gas phase. With this configuration, the SPMD needed 24 h exposure to the indoor air in order to achieve equilibrium. The target compounds were quantified in the acceptor phase by HPLC-DAD. The optimized SPMD was tested for the collection of toluene and benzene in six chemistry laboratories at Fluminense Federal University and in five nail salons in the city of Niterói, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The developed sampling method was able to identify the analytes in the indoor air of the studied environments, and was easy to operate, with no need to clean up the extracts, allowing their direct injection into the chromatographic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Tayene G Martins
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
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Harrichandra A, Roelofs C, Pavilonis B. Occupational Exposure and Ventilation Assessment in New York City Nail Salons. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:468-478. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In 2015, New York State enacted new ventilation regulations to protect employees and clients from exposure to chemicals used in nail salons. This study measured common air pollutants found in nail salons and assessed compliance with ventilation requirements. Area sampling was conducted in 12 nail salons located in New York City for three consecutive days (Thursday, Friday, and Saturday) to measure total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), methyl methacrylate, toluene, and ethyl acetate concentrations and estimate ventilation rates. Salon characteristics were determined through a walkthrough inspection and survey administered to the manager. The average daily concentration of carbon dioxide and TVOCs across all salons was 1070 ppm [standard deviation (SD) = 440 ppm] and 29 ppm (SD = 25 ppm), respectively. Chemical-specific air sampling showed low to non-detectable levels of the three measured chemicals. Seventy-five percent of the nail salons did not meet general minimum outdoor airflow requirements. Little temporal variation was observed in day-to-day average concentrations of contaminants within salons, indicating uniform exposure during high customer count days. Salons that met the outdoor airflow requirements had twice the average daily customers (83 versus 42) and half the TVOC concentrations compared with salons that did not (33 versus 16 ppm). Nail salons not meeting ventilation requirements tended to have fewer customers and managers that did not understand the essential components of the ventilation system. Data from this study can be used as evidence of reduction in exposure due to compliance with the ventilation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Harrichandra
- The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cora Roelofs
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Brian Pavilonis
- The CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
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