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Hagan MJ, Hernandez MM, Enriquez LE, Ayón C. Immigration Status, Legal Vulnerability, and Suicidal/Self-harm Ideation Disparities Among Immigrant-Origin Latinx Young Adults in the U.S. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:2129-2140. [PMID: 37349669 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Theories of suicidality typically center intrapersonal processes, with limited attention to social determinants of mental health disparities. Using a legal vulnerability framework, we examined the association between self/parental immigration status and suicidal and self-harm ideation (SI) disparities in three groups of immigrant-origin Latinx young adults attending college in the USA: undocumented students (n = 564), US citizens with undocumented parents (n = 605), and US citizens with lawfully present parents (n = 596). We also evaluated whether self/parental immigration status differences in SI could be accounted for by six dimensions of legal vulnerability and, based on prominent theories of suicidality, explored the role of campus belongingness as a protective factor. Participants completed self-report measures, and SI was assessed using one item from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, a screening tool that assesses the severity of depression symptomatology. Rates of SI were significantly higher among undocumented students (23.1%) and US citizens with undocumented parents (24.3%) compared to US citizens with lawfully present parents (17.8%). Immigration policy-related social exclusion and discrimination-mediated self/parental immigration status differences in SI. Although food insecurity did not differ by self/parental immigration status, greater food insecurity was associated with higher likelihood of SI. Greater campus belongingness was associated with a lower likelihood of endorsing SI for all students regardless of immigration status or legal vulnerability factors. Findings underscore the importance of examining self and parental immigration status as a social determinant of SI and the value of investigating aspects of legal vulnerability as explanatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Hagan
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Cecilia Ayón
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Berardelli I, Tarsitani L, Sarubbi S, Pinucci I, Rogante E, Cifrodelli M, Erbuto D, Lester D, Innamorati M, Pompili M. Suicide risk and suicide risk factors among immigrants in Italy: A bi-center matched sample study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:111-116. [PMID: 35083933 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211072425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Italy has the third-largest immigrant population of European Union countries, but only a few research papers have examined suicide risk in immigrant psychiatric patients in Italy. The main aim of this paper was to compare suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a sample of 304 psychiatric patients. We included 152 immigrant patients matched with 152 Italian patients admitted to the same wards during the same time period by age, gender, and diagnosis. We also investigated sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the two samples including psychiatric diagnosis, age of illness onset, duration of illness, previous hospitalizations, length of hospitalization, previous suicide attempts, and substance and alcohol abuse. There were no differences between immigrant and Italian patients in either suicidal ideation (previous or current) or suicide attempts (previous or current). Immigrant patients were more likely to have a shorter duration of illness than the Italian patients and Italian patients were more likely to report substance abuse than were immigrant patients. Despite similar suicide rates between immigrants and Italian psychiatric inpatients, appropriate assessment of suicide risk in these patients is essential in implementing therapeutic suicide prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Berardelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tarsitani
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sarubbi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Pinucci
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Rogante
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Cifrodelli
- Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Psychiatry Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Erbuto
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Lester
- Psychology Program, Stockton University, Galloway, NJ, USA
| | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The literature on racism and anxiety-related disorders, especially social anxiety, specific phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder, is notably lacking. This report aims to review recent evidence demonstrating the link between racial discrimination and various anxiety-related disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Anxiety-related disorders were the most significant mediator for daily discrimination and suicidal thoughts, above both depression and substance use. Further, studies showed that racial discrimination promotes posttraumatic stress and racial trauma among people of color. Systemic racism puts people of color at a higher risk for anxiety disorders than White people. Clinical case examples provide lived evidence of diverse racial and ethnic individuals suffering from anxiety-related disorders, with the development and worsening of symptoms due to racism and microaggressions. There is a prominent need for recent research on anxiety-related disorders and racism. Recommendations for clinicians and future research directions are provided. These actions are required to address bias and mental health inequities and empower people of color.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Myriah MacIntyre
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Manzar Zare
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Monnica T Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Held ML, First JM, Huslage M. Effects of COVID-19, Discrimination, and Social Support on Latinx Adult Mental Health. J Immigr Minor Health 2022; 24:1446-1458. [PMID: 35841445 PMCID: PMC9288212 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of COVID-19 exposure and discrimination on depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Latinx adults residing in the southeastern United States. Survey data were collected from 264 Latinx adults. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures, we estimated a structural model for hypothesized direct and indirect relationships between the risk factors of COVID-19 exposure and discrimination, social support, and two mental health conditions: depression and posttraumatic stress. COVID-19 exposure and discrimination each had a significant and positive relationship with both depression and posttraumatic stress. Social support was found to have a significant and inverse relationship with depression and posttraumatic stress, as well as to mediate the relationship between discrimination and both mental health symptoms. Implications for service provision and program design are presented. Future studies should examine variation between southeastern states and consider the influence of documentation status among an immigrant-only sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lehman Held
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, TN, Knoxville, USA.
| | - Jennifer M First
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, TN, Knoxville, USA
| | - Melody Huslage
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, TN, Knoxville, USA
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Abstract
Suicide is a major public health concern in the United States. Between 2000 and 2018, US suicide rates increased by 35%, contributing to the stagnation and subsequent decrease in US life expectancy. During 2019, suicide declined modestly, mostly owing to slight reductions in suicides among Whites. Suicide rates, however, continued to increase or remained stable among all other racial/ethnic groups, and little is known about recent suicide trends among other vulnerable groups. This article (a) summarizes US suicide mortality trends over the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, (b) reviews potential group-level causes of increased suicide risk among subpopulations characterized by markers of vulnerability to suicide, and (c) advocates for combining recent advances in population-based suicide prevention with a socially conscious perspective that captures the social, economic, and political contexts in which suicide risk unfolds over the life course of vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Martínez-Alés
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ,
- Department of Psychiatry, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tammy Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ,
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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Rodriguez-Cano R, Paulus DJ, Derrick JL, Blalock JA, Zvolensky MJ. Emotion dysregulation and hazardous drinking in relation to suicidal ideation among Spanish-speaking Latinx daily-smokers. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 132:108508. [PMID: 34098209 PMCID: PMC8630077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicidal ideation has increased among Latinx individuals in the last decade. Smoking increases the likelihood of suicidal ideation but work on Latinx smokers is minimal. Hazardous drinking and emotion dysregulation could be factors related to suicidal ideation among Latinx smokers, as has been evident in non-Latinx White samples. The current study sought to examine the main and interactive effects of emotion dysregulation and hazardous drinking in relation to suicidal ideation among Latinx daily-smokers. METHODS Participants were 371 Spanish-speaking daily-smokers (58.8% female; Mage = 33.3; SDage = 9.8) recruited from the United States through Qualtrics. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test an interactive model of emotion dysregulation and hazardous alcohol consumption in relation to suicidal ideation; we also tested the effect of emotion dysregulation on suicidal ideation as a function of hazardous drinking status. RESULTS Results indicated that latent emotional dysregulation was associated with greater suicidal ideation (p < 0.001); however, hazardous drinking was not related to suicidal ideation (p = 0.186). The interactive term of emotional dysregulation and hazardous drinking was significantly related to suicidal ideation (p = 0.017). Specifically, greater emotion dysregulation was significantly related to suicidal ideation among Latinx smokers who engaged in hazardous drinking (p < 0.001) but not those who did not engage in hazardous drinking (p = 0.123). CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that smoking combined with hazardous drinking may be related to increased suicidal ideation among Latinx smokers. Findings are discussed in relation to the potential role of intervention strategies that focus on emotion dysregulation and hazardous drinking among Latinx current daily smokers to mitigate suicidal risk among this established health disparities population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Rodriguez-Cano
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel J Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaye L Derrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janice A Blalock
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
Most research on suicides focuses on youth or the elderly and dominant groups of a population. The purpose of this study was to assess suicide trends for non-elderly adult Hispanics (age 20-64 years) over the past decade (2010-2020). Data from the Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) were analyzed for the study period. Suicides for Hispanics in 2010 were the 7th leading cause of death and became the 5th leading cause of death by 2020. During the decade of analyses, suicide rates increased 35.7% for males and 40.6% for females. Non-elderly Hispanic males were most likely to die by hanging/suffocation (2010 = 42%, 2020 = 41%), or firearms (2010 = 39%, 2020 = 42%). Whereas, Hispanic adult females were most likely to use hanging/suffocation (2010 = 36%, 2020 = 43%) or poisoning (2010 = 27%, 2020 = 19%) for completed suicides. In 2020, the top three states for non-elderly Hispanic adult suicides (per 100,000 population) were Colorado (25.52), New Mexico (23.99), and Utah (21.73). The Hispanic population continues to grow, but also faces chronicity of prejudice, underemployment, lack of healthcare access, multiple stressors, and rising levels of suicide. The reduction of adult Hispanic suicides would require additional resources, interventions, and research to understand prevention and risk factors.
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Yoon J, Kim JH, Chung Y, Park J, Sorensen G, Kim SS. Gender difference in under-reporting hiring discrimination in South Korea: a machine learning approach. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43:e2021099. [PMID: 34809416 PMCID: PMC8920741 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to examine gender differences in under-reporting hiring discrimination by building a prediction model for workers who responded “not applicable (NA)” to a question about hiring discrimination despite being eligible to answer. METHODS Using data from 3,576 wage workers in the seventh wave (2004) of the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study, we trained and tested 9 machine learning algorithms using “yes” or “no” responses regarding the lifetime experience of hiring discrimination. We then applied the best-performing model to estimate the prevalence of experiencing hiring discrimination among those who answered “NA.” Under-reporting of hiring discrimination was calculated by comparing the prevalence of hiring discrimination between the “yes” or “no” group and the “NA” group. RESULTS Based on the predictions from the random forest model, we found that 58.8% of the “NA” group were predicted to have experienced hiring discrimination, while 19.7% of the “yes” or “no” group reported hiring discrimination. Among the “NA” group, the predicted prevalence of hiring discrimination for men and women was 45.3% and 84.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study introduces a methodological strategy for epidemiologic studies to address the under-reporting of discrimination by applying machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehong Yoon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonseung Chung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jinsu Park
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Glorian Sorensen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Boston, United States
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Hana Science Hall B 368, Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Korea University., Seoul, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Vargas SM, Calderon V, Beam CR, Cespedes-Knadle Y, Huey SJ. Worse for girls?: Gender differences in discrimination as a predictor of suicidality among Latinx youth. J Adolesc 2021; 88:162-171. [PMID: 33838577 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender and ethnic differences exist in suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt among adolescents in the U.S. However, limited research has used theoretically-informed approaches to integrate how cultural and classic risk factors together account for suicide-related pathways among vulnerable populations. Informed by the interpersonal theory of suicide, the present cross-sectional study examined gender differences in the association between a cultural (i.e., discrimination) and classic (i.e., depressive symptomatology) risk factor, and suicidality among youth of Latin American heritage. METHODS A total of 390 Latinx adolescents (ages 13-18; 50% female) attending a high school in Southern California, U.S.A. completed a series of questionnaires that included measures of depressive symptoms, suicidality (including ideation, past attempts, and likelihood of future behavior), perceived discrimination, and demographics. RESULTS We found that discrimination was associated with increased suicidality among Latinx adolescents. The discrimination-suicidality association was stronger for girls versus boys, such that girls who experienced greater discrimination demonstrated the highest levels of suicidality. Although depression was also significantly associated with suicidality, the discrimination x gender interaction was found above and beyond the main effect of depressive symptomatology and covariates. Additional analyses revealed significant gender and moderation effects only for suicidal ideation and not for attempts. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the relationship between discrimination and suicidality (particularly ideation) is more pronounced for Latinx girls than boys. This study also highlights the importance of drawing on theory-driven and culturally informed work that incorporates classic and cultural correlates of suicidality among diverse subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvanna M Vargas
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Vanessa Calderon
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yolanda Cespedes-Knadle
- Alliant International University, California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Northeast Valley Health Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stanley J Huey
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of American Studies and Ethnicity, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Garcini LM, Chen MA, Brown R, LeRoy AS, Cano MA, Peek K, Fagundes C. "Abrazame Que Ayuda" (Hug Me, It Helps): Social Support and the Effect of Perceived Discrimination on Depression among US- and Foreign-Born Latinxs in the USA. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:481-487. [PMID: 31823336 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher level of social support is known to mitigate the effect of ethnic discrimination on depression symptoms, yet little is known as to which type of social support may be most effective for ameliorating the negative health effects of perceived ethnic discrimination among Latinxs varying in nativity status. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between perceived ethnic discrimination and depression among US- and foreign-born Latinxs, and to identify specific types of social support that may buffer the aforementioned association in this population. METHODS Data from 1340 Latinx respondents (70% US-born; 30% foreign-born) collected from the Texas City Stress and Health Study (TCSHS) was used in this study. The primary outcome was depression, and it was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R). RESULTS Findings showed that higher perceived ethnic discrimination were associated with higher depressive symptoms for both foreign-born and US-born Latinxs, with higher levels of social support, specifically positive interaction support, being associated with lower depressive symptoms for both groups. Importantly, results also showed that regardless of nativity status, higher levels of affectionate support mitigated the adverse association between ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that higher levels of positive interactions and affective support may be significant factors in helping Latinxs cope with ethnic discrimination. This information is essential to inform the development of interventions aimed at building resilience in the face of discrimination among the largest and fastest growing ethnic group in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Garcini
- Center for Research to Advance Community Health (ReACH), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Michelle A Chen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Miguel Angel Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kristen Peek
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Polanco-Roman L, Anglin DM, Miranda R, Jeglic EL. Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Suicidal Ideation in Emerging Adults: The Role of Traumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms Varies by Gender not Race/Ethnicity. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:2023-2037. [PMID: 31541372 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Drawing from Race-Based Traumatic Stress theory, the present study examined whether traumatic stress and depressive symptoms differentially help explain the relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation across gender and racial/ethnic groups. A racially/ethnically diverse group of emerging adults (N = 1344; Mage = 19.88, SD = 2.25; 72% female; 46% Hispanic) completed a battery of self-report measures. A cross-sectional design was employed with a series of hierarchical linear regression models and bootstrapping procedures to examine the direct and indirect relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicidal ideation through traumatic stress and depressive symptoms across gender and race/ethnicity. The findings suggest an indirect relation through depressive symptoms, but not traumatic stress, and a serial indirect relation through traumatic stress to depressive symptoms in young women and young men, the latter of which was stronger in young women. The indirect relations did not vary by racial/ethnic group. Cumulative experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination may impact suicide-related risk via increases in psychiatric symptomology (i.e., traumatic stress and depressive symptoms), particularly in young women. Racial/ethnic discrimination experiences should be accounted for as a potential source of psychological distress in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of suicidal thoughts and behavior, especially among young women endorsing traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Further research is warranted to better understand the gender difference in the relation between racial/ethnic discrimination and suicide-related risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Polanco-Roman
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051, Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Regina Miranda
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Jeglic
- The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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