1
|
Ogle CM, Harmon-Darrow C, Fedina L, Nichols D, Mulford CF, Backes BL. Operational Definitions of Poly-Victimization: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:3360-3376. [PMID: 38655856 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241246522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the last two decades, research on poly-victimization (PV) has evolved from examinations of a core set of past-year victimization types in youth samples to investigations of a broad range of victimization types experienced during variable time intervals in diverse samples of varying ages. As the concept of PV expands, greater clarity regarding the definition and measurement of PV is needed to advance understanding of its risk and protective factors as well as its associated outcomes. This scoping review aimed to (a) identify approaches used to operationally define and measure PV across studies and (b) synthesize empirical findings concerning risk factors and outcomes associated with PV. A systematic search of peer-reviewed research published before 2022 across 12 databases yielded 98 studies that met inclusion criteria. Study characteristics including the research design, sample type, victimization timeframe, operational definition(s) of PV, measurement of PV, analytic methods, and key findings were synthesized across studies. Findings indicated that the majority of reviewed studies were cross-sectional investigations that utilized categorical measures of lifetime PV in samples of youth. Results also demonstrated that PV is robustly associated with a broad range of predictors, including mental health symptoms and diagnoses as well as family- and community-level factors. PV is also associated with numerous adverse outcomes including depression, anxiety, suicidality, substance use, and delinquency across diverse study types and populations. Future research that examines the conditional effects of PV is needed to identify subgroups of individuals at higher risk of adverse outcomes following PV and modifiable targets for interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin M Ogle
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carrie F Mulford
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dogan-Dixon J, Thrasher SS, Thorpe S, Wheeler P, Stevens-Watkins D. The roles of vicarious trauma exposure and perceived social support in codeine syrup misuse among Black men living in prisons. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37794735 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Using General Strain Theory, this study investigates the effects of vicarious trauma exposure and perceived social support on nonmedical codeine syrup misuse among Black incarcerated men nearing community re-entry. Data were drawn from the Helping Incarcerated Men project, a study examining mental health, substance misuse, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among Black men living in prisons who were within 180 days of release. A total of 200 Black men self-reported demographics (i.e., age and length of incarceration after age 18), vicarious trauma exposure (e.g., ever witnessing an assault with a weapon and a sudden accidental death), perceived social support, and nonmedical codeine syrup misuse. Findings from the logistic regression analysis showed witnessing an assault with a weapon and a sudden accidental death increased the likelihood of codeine syrup misuse. Perceived social support was not associated with codeine syrup misuse. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Dogan-Dixon
- Department of Educational School and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Shemeka Thorpe
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paris Wheeler
- Department of Educational School and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Danelle Stevens-Watkins
- Department of Educational School and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haws JK, Laifer LM, Acosta LM, Ralston AL, Ruggiero KJ, Davidson TM, Andrews AR. A Distinction Without a Difference? A Multi-Method Approach to Understanding PTSD and Depression Symptom Overlap Among Disaster-Exposed Adolescents. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1021-1035. [PMID: 36881210 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Among adolescents exposed to trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) commonly co-occur. Despite the prevalence of comorbidity, the question of how PTSD and MDD are related and appropriate conceptual models for understanding their linkage in adolescence remains unclear. This study applies a multi-methodological approach to advance conceptual and theoretical understanding of the overlap between PTSD and MDD diagnoses/symptoms. We tested three methodological approaches with three distinct theoretical underpinnings on the structure of each disorder proposed in the literature: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with dimensional constructs, latent class analysis (LCA) with person-based categorical constructs, and network analysis with symptom-to-symptom associations. Across the three different analytical approaches, there was a significant overlap between PTSD and MDD. Overall, there was no compelling evidence for distinct boundaries between disorders among trauma-exposed adolescents. Instead, we found considerable evidence that the typical latent-construct-based conceptualizations, whether categorical or dimensional, may need revision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Kyle Haws
- Department of Family Medicine, and the Adult and Child Adult & Child Center for Outcomes Research & Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13199 E. Montview Blvd, Suite 300, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Lauren M Laifer
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Laura M Acosta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Allura L Ralston
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tatiana M Davidson
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Arthur R Andrews
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haeny AM, Holmes SC, Woerner J, Hicks TA, Ahuja M, Overstreet C, Amstadter A, Sartor CE. The Associations of Racial Discrimination and Neighborhood Disadvantage With World Assumptions Among Black, Latine, and Asian Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6798-6818. [PMID: 36433838 PMCID: PMC10211824 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221137701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The theory of shattered assumptions proposes that experiencing traumatic events can change how people view themselves and the world. Most adults experience a traumatic event during their lifetime, and some subsequently develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the current conceptualization of trauma (i.e., Criterion A PTSD) may be too narrow to adequately capture the range of potentially traumatizing events that People of Color experience, including racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigated the association of racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage with core beliefs about the world being safe and predictable (i.e., world assumptions) among a sample of Black, Latine, and Asian young adults. Multi-step analyses of covariance tested associations between racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage with world assumptions and whether these held in the context of other traumatic exposures. Results indicated that racial discrimination negatively impacted world assumptions among Asian young adults only and this effect remained in the context of trauma. In addition, low neighborhood support negatively impacted world assumptions across all racial groups and neighborhood violence negatively impacted world assumptions among Latine young adults only; however, this effect did not remain in the context of trauma. This study indicates it is worthwhile to consider other adverse events in the conceptualization of trauma, such as racial discrimination and neighborhood disadvantage, that may impact world assumptions and contribute to subsequent post-trauma psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manik Ahuja
- East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanders JE. Coping with the Impact of Systemic Racism, Inequity, School and Community Violence Among High School Students Who are Suspended or Expelled. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21217-NP21243. [PMID: 35016577 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sanders
- School of Social Work, 113609King's University College at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cultural and Telehealth Considerations for Trauma-Focused Treatment Among Latinx Youth: Case Reports and Clinical Recommendations to Enhance Treatment Engagement. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
de Oliveira Ramos D, Goes EF, Ferreira AJF. Intersection of Race and Gender in Self-Reports of Violent Experiences and Polyvictimization by Young Girls in Brazil. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:1506-1516. [PMID: 34173224 PMCID: PMC8231082 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore racial disparities in self-reports of violent victimization and polyvictimization among young girls in Brazil and to analyze the distribution of prevalence rates across race groups and the estimated odds of exposure. DESIGN Data from girls ages 15 and above (N=14,809) from the 2015 edition of PeNSE (National Adolescent School-based Health Survey) were analyzed. Survey weighted proportions and bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to address the objectives. RESULTS Independent of the girls' age, socioeconomic status, and region of residence, black, indigenous, mixed, and Asian descendant girls (relative to Whites) were more likely to report past experiences of being bullied, suffering physical violence, forced sexual intercourse, and polyvictimization (reporting all three events). Blacks had the highest rates of reporting being bullied and polyvictimization. Asian descendants had the highest reports of physical violence. Indigenous girls had the highest reports of forced sexual intercourse. CONCLUSIONS This study documented disproportionate risks of violent victimization for young women of color among Brazilian students. The risks were significantly greater for those of darker skin tones and from ethnic minorities. IMPLICATIONS These findings can inform the development of programs to protect young women from violence in Brazil and highlight the importance of including anti-racism strategies in such programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandara de Oliveira Ramos
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration (CIDACS-Fiocruz Bahia), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Andrêa Jacqueline Fortes Ferreira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Center for Data and Knowledge Integration (CIDACS-Fiocruz Bahia), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews the literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of traumatic experiences on the mental health outcomes of minority youth in the USA. RECENT FINDINGS The USA has an increasing number of children and youth from minority backgrounds. Research reveals that traumatic experiences disproportionately affect minority youth. These experiences include historical/generational trauma, immigration and acculturation stressors, natural and manmade disasters, experiences of discrimination, family violence, and community violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has also disproportionately affected minority youth resulting in illness and hospitalizations. Despite the higher incidence of trauma exposure, minority youth are less likely to access medical and mental health care. These disparities are resulting in increasing rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, substance use disorders, and suicide in minority youth. Recognizing and understanding the impact of trauma is critical to the healthy development and successful functioning of minority youth, and to the success of our nation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres J Pumariega
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Youngsuhk Jo
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brent Beck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mariam Rahmani
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdul-Adil J, Suárez LM. The Urban Youth Trauma Center: A Trauma-Informed Continuum for Addressing Community Violence Among Youth. Community Ment Health J 2022; 58:334-342. [PMID: 33870469 PMCID: PMC8053560 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-021-00827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary community violence has escalated into a national public health crisis with urban youth, particularly ethnic minorities, suffering disproportionate negative impacts. The Urban Youth Trauma Center (UYTC) promotes a trauma-informed continuum of prevention-to-intervention services that combines community-based and clinic-based manualized protocols designed to reduce and prevent community violence for youth and families. Based on a socio-ecological model, UYTC has the main goals of addressing community violence and related traumatic stress as well as co-occurring conditions of substance abuse and disruptive behavior problems in urban youth by: (1) raising public awareness; (2) disseminating specialized trauma-informed training; and (3) mobilizing service system coalitions. UYTC employs this evidence-based yet flexible structure for disseminating, implementing, and evaluating trauma-informed training as a means of contributing to the reduction and prevention of community violence for low-income urban minority youth and families who bear the biggest burden of this current crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaleel Abdul-Adil
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Mail Code 747, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Liza M Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Juvenile Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Mail Code 747, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Douglas RD, Alvis LM, Rooney EE, Busby DR, Kaplow JB. Racial, ethnic, and neighborhood income disparities in childhood posttraumatic stress and grief: Exploring indirect effects through trauma exposure and bereavement. J Trauma Stress 2021; 34:929-942. [PMID: 34643296 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings suggest that experiences with systems of oppression that disproportionately affect individuals based on race and neighborhood residency (e.g., systemic racism, neighborhood income disadvantage [NID]) can be associated with higher odds of developing psychological problems following traumatic events. Although race/ethnicity and NID residency are often associated, they are separate concepts that play unique roles in mental health outcomes among youth. Residents of Black, Latinx, and income-disadvantaged communities also have an increased risk of exposure to polyvictimization and the loss of multiple loved ones. Studies have not carefully delineated the potential relations between race/ethnicity and NID residency, polyvictimization, accumulated losses, and trauma and grief outcomes in youth. We examined mediation models to investigate whether polyvictimization, the loss of multiple loved ones, and exposure to violent death were potential mechanisms through which race/ethnicity and NID would predict trauma and grief outcomes in youth. Participants (N = 429) included Black (19.9%), Latinx (36.0%), and White (27.3%) children and adolescents who were assessed through a routine baseline assessment at a trauma and grief outpatient clinic. Black youth reported significantly elevated posttraumatic stress and maladaptive grief symptoms through higher polyvictimization and violent death exposure relative to White youth, βs = .06-.12, ps <.001. Latinx identity and NID were positively and directly associated with specific domains of maladaptive grief reactions, βs = .10-.17, ps < .001. If replicated longitudinally, these findings suggest that polyvictimization and violent death exposure may be mechanisms through which Black youth develop more severe traumatic stress and grief reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn D Douglas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Lauren M Alvis
- The Trauma and Grief Center at The Hackett Center for Mental Health, Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Evan E Rooney
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS
| | - Danielle R Busby
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie B Kaplow
- The Trauma and Grief Center at The Hackett Center for Mental Health, Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|