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Griessinger J, Schwab J, Chen Q, Kühn A, Cotton J, Bowden G, Preibsch H, Reischl G, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Mori H, Dang AN, Kohlhofer U, Aina OH, Borowsky AD, Pichler BJ, Cardiff RD, Schmid AM. Intratumoral in vivo staging of breast cancer by multi-tracer PET and advanced analysis. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35332139 PMCID: PMC8948294 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The staging and local management of breast cancer involves the evaluation of the extent and completeness of excision of both the invasive carcinoma component and also the intraductal component or ductal carcinoma in situ. When both invasive ductal carcinoma and coincident ductal carcinoma in situ are present, assessment of the extent and localization of both components is required for optimal therapeutic planning. We have used a mouse model of breast cancer to evaluate the feasibility of applying molecular imaging to assess the local status of cancers in vivo. Multi-tracer positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characterize the transition from premalignancy to invasive carcinoma. PET tracers for glucose consumption, membrane synthesis, and neoangiogenesis in combination with a Gaussian mixture model-based analysis reveal image-derived thresholds to separate the different stages within the whole-lesion. Autoradiography, histology, and quantitative image analysis of immunohistochemistry further corroborate our in vivo findings. Finally, clinical data further support our conclusions and demonstrate translational potential. In summary, this preclinical model provides a platform for characterizing multistep tumor progression and provides proof of concept that supports the utilization of advanced protocols for PET/MRI in clinical breast cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Griessinger
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwab
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qian Chen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Kühn
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Cotton
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gregory Bowden
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Preibsch
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - An Nguyen Dang
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Janssen Pharmaceutical, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas M Schmid
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence iFIT(EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Baptiste DF, MacGeorge EL, Venetis MK, Mouton A, Friley LB, Pastor R, Hatten K, Lagoo J, Clare SE, Bowling MW. Motivations for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy as a function of socioeconomic status. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017; 17:10. [PMID: 28143474 PMCID: PMC5286852 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite no demonstrated survival advantage for women at average risk of breast cancer, rates of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) continue to increase. Research reveals women with higher socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to select CPM. This study examines how indicators of SES, age, and disease severity affect CPM motivations. Methods Patients (N = 113) who underwent CPM at four Indiana University affiliated hospitals completed telephone interviews in 2013. Participants answered questions about 11 CPM motivations and provided demographic information. Responses to motivation items were factor analyzed, resulting in 4 motivational factors: reducing long-term risk, symmetry, avoiding future medical visits, and avoiding treatments. Results Across demographic differences, reducing long-term risk was the strongest CPM motivation. Lower income predicted stronger motivation to reduce long-term risk and avoid treatment. Older participants were more motivated to avoid treatment; younger and more-educated patients were more concerned about symmetry. Greater severity of diagnosis predicted avoiding treatments. Conclusions Reducing long-term risk is the primary motivation across groups, but there are also notable differences as a function of age, education, income, and disease severity. To stop the trend of increasing CPM, physicians must tailor patient counseling to address motivations that are consistent across patient populations and those that vary between populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12905-017-0366-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadrie F Baptiste
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Drive, Emerson Hall 202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Present address: William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Erina L MacGeorge
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 234 Sparks Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Maria K Venetis
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, BRNG 2264, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2098, USA
| | - Ashton Mouton
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, BRNG 2264, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2098, USA
| | - L Brooke Friley
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, BRNG 2264, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2098, USA.,Present address: Department of Communication and Media, Texas A&M-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
| | - Rebekah Pastor
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, BRNG 2264, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2098, USA.,Present address: CoreClarity, PO Box 863692, Plano, TX, 75086, USA
| | - Kristen Hatten
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, BRNG 2264, 100 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2098, USA.,Present address: School of Communication, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Janaka Lagoo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Drive, Emerson Hall 202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Present address: Ariadne Labs, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-113, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Monet W Bowling
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 545 Barnhill Drive, Emerson Hall 202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Present address: Hendricks Regional Health, 1000 East Main Street, Danville, IN, 46122, USA.
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Lobo RC, Hubbard NE, Damonte P, Mori H, Pénzváltó Z, Pham C, Koehne AL, Go AC, Anderson SE, Cala PM, Borowsky AD. Glucose Uptake and Intracellular pH in a Mouse Model of Ductal Carcinoma In situ (DCIS) Suggests Metabolic Heterogeneity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:93. [PMID: 27630987 PMCID: PMC5005977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast carcinoma remain unclear. Previously we showed that the transition to invasiveness in the mammary intraepithelial neoplastic outgrowth (MINO) model of DCIS does not correlate with its serial acquisition of genetic mutations. We hypothesized instead that progression to invasiveness depends on a change in the microenvironment and that precancer cells might create a more tumor-permissive microenvironment secondary to changes in glucose uptake and metabolism. Immunostaining for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) in tumor, normal mammary gland and MINO (precancer) tissue showed differences in expression. The uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog dye, 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), reflected differences in the cellular distributions of glucose uptake in normal mammary epithelial cells (nMEC), MINO, and Met1 cancer cells, with a broad distribution in the MINO population. The intracellular pH (pHi) measured using the fluorescent ratio dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-155 carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) revealed expected differences between normal and cancer cells (low and high, respectively), and a mixed distribution in the MINO cells, with a subset of cells in the MINO having an increased rate of acidification when proton efflux was inhibited. Invasive tumor cells had a more alkaline baseline pHi with high rates of proton production coupled with higher rates of proton export, compared with nMEC. MINO cells displayed considerable variation in baseline pHi that separated into two distinct populations: MINO high and MINO low. MINO high had a noticeably higher mean acidification rate compared with nMEC, but relatively high baseline pHi similar to tumor cells. MINO low cells also had an increased acidification rate compared with nMEC, but with a more acidic pHi similar to nMEC. These findings demonstrate that MINO is heterogeneous with respect to intracellular pH regulation which may be associated with an acidified regional microenvironment. A change in the pH of the microenvironment might contribute to a tumor-permissive or tumor-promoting progression. We are not aware of any previous work showing that a sub-population of cells in in situ precancer exhibits a higher than normal proton production and export rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Lobo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neil E Hubbard
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrizia Damonte
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zsófia Pénzváltó
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Pham
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amanda L Koehne
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aiza C Go
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steve E Anderson
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Cala
- Department of Human Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at DavisDavis, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at DavisSacramento, CA, USA
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García-Mendoza MG, Inman DR, Ponik SM, Jeffery JJ, Sheerar DS, Van Doorn RR, Keely PJ. Neutrophils drive accelerated tumor progression in the collagen-dense mammary tumor microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:49. [PMID: 27169366 PMCID: PMC4864897 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High mammographic density has been correlated with a 4-fold to 6-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer, and is associated with increased stromal deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen I. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for high breast tissue density are not completely understood. Methods We previously described accelerated tumor formation and metastases in a transgenic mouse model of collagen-dense mammary tumors (type I collagen-α1 (Col1α1)tm1Jae and mouse mammary tumor virus - polyoma virus middle T antigen (MMTV-PyVT)) compared to wild-type mice. Using ELISA cytokine arrays and multi-color flow cytometry analysis, we studied cytokine signals and the non-malignant, immune cells in the collagen-dense tumor microenvironment that may promote accelerated tumor progression and metastasis. Results Collagen-dense tumors did not show any alteration in immune cell populations at late stages. The cytokine signals in the mammary tumor microenvironment were clearly different between wild-type and collagen-dense tumors. Cytokines associated with neutrophil signaling, such as granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulated factor (GM-CSF), were increased in collagen-dense tumors. Depleting neutrophils with anti-Ly6G (1A8) significantly reduced the number of tumors, and blocked metastasis in over 80 % of mice with collagen-dense tumors, but did not impact tumor growth or metastasis in wild-type mice. Conclusion Our study suggests that tumor progression in a collagen-dense microenvironment is mechanistically different, with pro-tumor neutrophils, compared to a non-dense microenvironment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0703-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G García-Mendoza
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Present Address: Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David R Inman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dagna S Sheerar
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rachel R Van Doorn
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Patricia J Keely
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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5
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Flores LG, Yeh HH, Soghomonyan S, Young D, Bankson J, Hu Q, Alauddin M, Huff V, Gelovani JG. Monitoring therapy with MEK inhibitor U0126 in a novel Wilms tumor model in Wt1 knockout Igf2 transgenic mice using 18F-FDG PET with dual-contrast enhanced CT and MRI: early metabolic response without inhibition of tumor growth. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:175-85. [PMID: 22875335 PMCID: PMC3591528 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The understanding of the role of genetic alterations in Wilms tumor development could be greatly advanced using a genetically engineered mouse models that can replicate the development and progression of this disease in human patients and can be monitored using non-invasive structural and molecular imaging optimized for renal tumors. PROCEDURES Repetitive dual-contrast computed tomography (CT; intravenous and intraperitoneal contrast), T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and delayed 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) were utilized for characterization of Igf2 biallelic expression/Wt1 knockout mouse model of Wilms tumor. For CT imaging, Ioversol 678 mg/ml in 200 μl was administered i.p. followed by 100 μl injected intravenously at 20 and 15 min prior to imaging, respectively. Static PET imaging studies were acquired at 1, 2, and 3 h after i.v. administration of (18)F-FDG (400 μCi). Coronal and sagittal T1-weighted images (TE/TR 8.5/620 ms) were acquired before and immediately after i.v. injection of 0.4 ml/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine followed by T2-weighted images (TE/TR 60/300 ms). Tumor tissue samples were characterized by histopathology and immunohistochemistry for Glut1, FASN, Ki67, and CD34. In addition, six Wt1-Igf2 mice were treated with a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 (50 μmol/kg i.p.) every 4 days for 6 weeks. (18)F-FDG PET/CT imaging was repeated at different days after initiation of therapy with U0126. The percent change of initial tumor volume and SUV was compared to non-treated historic control animals. RESULTS Overall, the best tumor-to-adjacent kidney contrast as well as soft tissue contrast for other abdominal organs was achieved using T2-weighted MRI. Delayed (18)F-FDG PET (3-h post (18)F-FDG administration) and dual-contrast CT (intravenous and intraperitoneal contrast) provided a more accurate anatomic and metabolic characterization of Wilms tumors in Wt1-Igf2 mice during early development and progression of renal tumors. Over the 8-month period, 46 Wt1-Igf2 mice and 8 littermate control mice were studied. Renal tumors were identified in 54.3 % of Wt1-Igf2 mice between post-natal 50-100 days. In 35.6 % of Wt1-Igf2 mice, tumors were localized in the right kidney; in 24 %, in the left kidney, while 40.4 % of Wt1-Igf2 mice had bilateral kidney tumors. Metastatic lesions were identified in 15.4 % of Wt1-Igf2 mice. Increased levels of Glut1 and IGF1R expression, high Ki67 labeling index, and a dense network of CD34+ microvessels in renal tumors was consistent with increased (18)F-FDG accumulation. Treatment with a MEK 1/2 inhibitor U0126 did not cause the inhibition of tumor growth as compared to untreated animals. However, after the first three to four doses (~2 weeks of treatment), a decrease in (18)F-FDG SUV was observed, as compared to pre-treatment levels (p < 0.05, paired Student t test), which constitutes a metabolic response. Six weeks later, despite continuing therapy, the (18)F-FDG SUV increased again to previous levels. CONCLUSIONS The optimized dual contrast PET/CT imaging with early post i.v. and i.p. contrast CT and 3 h delayed PET imaging after (18)F-FDG administration provides a sensitive and reliable method for detecting early tumor lesions in this endogenous mouse model of Wilms tumor and for monitoring their growth in response to targeted therapies. Therapy with MEK inhibitor U0126 produces only a transient inhibition of tumor glycolytic activity but does not inhibit tumor growth, which is due to continuing IGF2-induced signaling from IGF1R through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo G Flores
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Boucher DL, Chen JQ, Cherry SR, Borowsky AD. Establishment of clonal MIN-O transplant lines for molecular imaging via lentiviral transduction & in vitro culture. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39350. [PMID: 22745739 PMCID: PMC3379971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As the field of molecular imaging evolves and increasingly is asked to fill the discovery and validation space between basic science and clinical applications, careful consideration should be given to the models in which studies are conducted. The MIN-O mouse model series is an established in vivo model of human mammary precancer ductal carcinoma in situ with progression to invasive carcinoma. This series of transplant lines is propagated in vivo and experiments utilizing this model can be completed in non-engineered immune intact FVB/n wild type mice thereby modeling the tumor microenvironment with biological relevance superior to traditional tumor cell xenografts. Unfortunately, the same qualities that make this and many other transplant lines more biologically relevant than standard cell lines for molecular imaging studies present a significant obstacle as somatic genetic re-engineering modifications common to many imaging applications can be technically challenging. Here, we describe a protocol for the efficient lentiviral transduction of cell slurries derived from precancerous MIN-O lesions, in vitro culture of “MIN-O-spheres” derived from single cell clones, and the subsequent transplantation of these spheres to produce transduced sublines suitable for optical imaging applications. These lines retain the physiologic and pathologic properties, including multilineage differentiation, and complex microanatomic interaction with the host stroma characteristic of the MIN-O model. We also present the in vivo imaging and immunohistochemical analysis of serial transplantation of one such subline and detail the progressive multifocal loss of the transgene in successive generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Qian Chen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Simon R. Cherry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Borowsky AD. Choosing a mouse model: experimental biology in context--the utility and limitations of mouse models of breast cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a009670. [PMID: 21646376 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice are critical experimental models for the study of breast cancer biology. Transgenic mice, employing strong mammary epithelial promoters to drive oncogenes, develop carcinomas with phenotypes corresponding to the molecular pathway activated. Gene-targeted (knockout) mice, in which tumor suppressors are deleted, develop mammary neoplasms with phenotypes primarily including patterns seen in spontaneous mouse mammary tumors, albeit at higher rates. Improved genetic engineering, using inducible gene expression, somatic gene transduction, conditional alleles, and crossbreeding for combined/compound genetic engineering yields precise molecular models with exquisite experimental control and phenotypes with comparative pathologic validity. Mammary gland transplantation technology adds a practical and validated method for assessing biologic behavior of selected mammary tissues. Overall, the many mouse models available are a rich resource for experimental biology with phenocopies of breast cancer subtypes, and a variety of practical advantages. The challenge is matching the model to the experimental question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Borowsky
- Department of Pathology and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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8
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Jansen SA, Conzen SD, Fan X, Markiewicz E, Krausz T, Newstead GM, Karczmar GS. In vivo MRI of early stage mammary cancers and the normal mouse mammary gland. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:880-7. [PMID: 21264977 PMCID: PMC4251780 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of screening mammography, approximately one-quarter of newly diagnosed breast cancers are at the earliest preinvasive stage of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Concomitant with this improvement in early detection has been a growing clinical concern that distinguishing aggressive from indolent DCIS is necessary to optimize patient management. Genetically engineered mouse models offer an appealing experimental framework in which to investigate factors that influence and predict progression of preinvasive neoplasias. Because of the small size of early stage carcinomas in mice, high-resolution imaging techniques are required to effectively observe longitudinal progression. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of MRI for assessment of in situ mammary neoplasias and early invasive mammary cancers that stochastically arise in mammary glands of C3(1) SV40 Tag transgenic mice. Additionally, images of normal mammary glands from wild-type FVB/N mice were acquired and compared with those from transgenic mice. Sixteen mice underwent MR examinations employing axial two-dimensional multi-slice gradient recalled echo scans (TR/TE =∼1000/5.5 ms) with fat suppression in a two-step process targeting both the upper and lower mammary glands. MRI successfully detected in situ and early invasive neoplasias in transgenic mice with high sensitivity and specificity. The average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of in situ lesions on fat-suppressed high-resolution T(1) -weighted images was 22.9, which was lower than that of invasive tumors, lymph nodes and muscle (average SNR of 29.5-34.9, p < 0.0001) but significantly higher than that of normal mammary tissue (average SNR = 5.5, p < 0.0001). Evaluation of wild-type mammary glands revealed no cancerous or benign lesions, and comparable image contrast characteristics (average SNR = 5.2) as compared with normal tissue areas of transgenic mice. This present study demonstrates that MRI is an excellent candidate for performing longitudinal assessment of early stage mammary cancer disease progression and response to therapy in the transgenic model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz A Jansen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Rygh CB, Qin S, Seo JW, Mahakian LM, Zhang H, Adamson R, Chen JQ, Borowsky AD, Cardiff RD, Reed RK, Curry FRE, Ferrara KW. Longitudinal investigation of permeability and distribution of macromolecules in mouse malignant transformation using PET. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:550-9. [PMID: 21106723 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We apply positron emission tomography (PET) to elucidate changes in nanocarrier extravasation during the transition from premalignant to malignant cancer, providing insight into the use of imaging to characterize early cancerous lesions and the utility of nanoparticles in early disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Albumin and liposomes were labeled with (64)Cu (half-life 12.7 hours), and longitudinal PET and CT imaging studies were conducted in a mouse model of ductal carcinoma in situ. A pharmacokinetic model was applied to estimate the tumor vascular volume and permeability. RESULTS From early time points characterized by disseminated hyperproliferation, the enhanced vascular permeability facilitated lesion detection. During disease progression, the vascular volume fraction increased 1.6-fold and the apparent vascular permeability to albumin and liposomes increased ∼2.5-fold to 6.6 × 10(-8) and 1.3 × 10(-8) cm/s, respectively, with the accumulation of albumin increasing earlier in the disease process. In the malignant tumor, both tracers reached similar mean intratumoral concentrations of ∼6% ID/cc but the distribution of liposomes was more heterogeneous, ranging from 1% to 18% ID/cc compared with 1% to 9% ID/cc for albumin. The tumor-to-muscle ratio was 17.9 ± 8.1 and 7.1 ± 0.5 for liposomes and albumin, respectively, indicating a more specific delivery of liposomes than with albumin. CONCLUSIONS PET imaging of radiolabeled particles, validated by confocal imaging and histology, detected the transition from premalignant to malignant lesions and effectively quantified the associated changes in vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie B Rygh
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, California, USA
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10
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Jansen SA, Conzen SD, Fan X, Markiewicz EJ, Newstead GM, Karczmar GS. Magnetic resonance imaging of the natural history of in situ mammary neoplasia in transgenic mice: a pilot study. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 11:R65. [PMID: 19732414 PMCID: PMC2790840 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because of the small size of in situ mammary cancers in mouse models, high-resolution imaging techniques are required to effectively observe how lesions develop, grow and progress over time. The purpose of this study was to use magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to track in vivo the transition from in situ neoplasia to invasive cancer in a transgenic mouse model of human cancer. Methods MR images of 12 female C3(1) SV40 Tag mice that develop mammary intraepithelial neoplasia (MIN) were obtained. MIN is believed to be similar to human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and is considered a precursor of invasive tumors. Images were serially obtained from 10-21 weeks of age at 2-3 week intervals. MIN lesions were identified based on their morphology on MR images. Lesions were followed over time and several lesion features were measured including volume, growth rate and morphology. For those MIN lesions that progressed to invasive cancer the progression time was measured. Results Overall, 21 MIN lesions were initially detected at an average initial volume of 0.3 ± 0.2 mm3 with an average growth rate of -0.15 ± 0.66 week-1. Even though all mice were inbred to express the SV40 Tag transgene in the mammary epithelium and expected to develop invasive carcinoma, the individual MIN lesions took vastly different progression paths: (i) 9 lesions progressed to invasive tumors with an average progression time of 4.6 ± 1.9 weeks; (ii) 2 lesions regressed, i.e., were not detected on future images; and (iii) 5 were stable for over 8 weeks, and were demonstrated by a statistical model to represent indolent disease. Conclusions To our knowledge, the results reported here are the first measurements of the timescale and characteristics of progression from in situ neoplasia to invasive carcinoma and provide image-based evidence that DCIS may be a non-obligate precursor lesion with highly variable outcomes. In addition, this study represents a first step towards developing methods of image acquisition for identifying radiological characteristics that might predict which in situ neoplasias will become invasive cancers and which are unlikely to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz A Jansen
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2026, Chicago IL 60637, USA.
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11
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Positron emission tomography imaging of DMBA/TPA mouse skin multi-step tumorigenesis. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:119-25. [PMID: 20171942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumor cells have elevated rates of glucose uptake that can be measured quantitatively, noninvasively and repeatedly by positron emission tomography (PET) with 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]-fluoro-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG). Clinical imaging with (18)F-FDG PET has been used for detection and staging of primary and metastatic tumors. High-resolution microPET scanning and murine cancer models make it possible to analyze longitudinally glucose metabolism during the appearance, development and progression of individual experimental tumors. In this study, we used (18)F-FDG microPET and micro computerized tomography (microCT) to investigate glucose uptake in the DMBA/TPA chemically-induced multistage mouse skin carcinogenesis model. (18)F-FDG uptake is significantly higher in all papillomas than in surrounding skin. Elevated (18)F-FDG uptake is observed when tumors can be identified morphologically, but not before. Although (18)F-FDG uptake is high in all fully invasive, malignant skin squamous cell carcinomas, uptake in papillomas and microinvasive malignant squamous cell carcinomas is variable and does not exhibit any correlation with tumor stage.
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12
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Abstract
Recognition of focal morphological intraepithelial lesions associated with the eventual development of invasive cancer has long been the sine qua non of precancer. Empirically, precancers are associated with a morphological continuum from atypia to dysplasia and invasive neoplasia. Such lesions are used as early indicators of cancers and have dramatically reduced mortality from cancers of the colon, uterine cervix, and breast. Progression has been modeled as a linear, stepwise process. Some molecular evidence supports a linear model. However, clinical studies now suggest that preexisting cofactors such as human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer determines the cell fate. Other clinical studies such as bladder, prostate, and breast suggest that many intraepithelial lesions do not progress to malignancy. The more recent experimental analyses reveal that the key molecular and genetic events even predate the emergence of visible lesions. Thus, a new nonlinear, parallel model is proposed. The parallel model suggests an origin in a putative progenitor cell that expands and invades. The clinical outcome is thus predetermined. If correct, this model suggests that "progression" to malignancy is epigenetic. Further, future assessment of biological potential will involve identification and genetic analysis of the progenitor cell populations.
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13
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Dimaras H, Marchong MN, Gallie BL. Quantitative analysis of tumor size in a murine model of retinoblastoma. Ophthalmic Genet 2009; 30:84-90. [PMID: 19373679 DOI: 10.1080/13816810902721439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Murine models can provide valuable insight into mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Tumor size is often used to assess the impact of genetic insult or therapeutic treatment, usually using in vivo imaging of advanced tumors. We now describe a highly sensitive method to quantify tumor volume in a mouse model of retinoblastoma, from the earliest stages of tumor initiation to large, advanced tumors. This methodology combines immunohistochemistry, digital slide scanning and computer image analysis, and can be applied to quantitatively assess and characterize early tumor development in other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dimaras
- Department of Applied Molecular Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Daskalow K, Pfander D, Weichert W, Rohwer N, Thelen A, Neuhaus P, Jonas S, Wiedenmann B, Benckert C, Cramer T. Distinct temporospatial expression patterns of glycolysis-related proteins in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:21-31. [PMID: 19350262 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the sixth most frequent human cancer worldwide and is characterized by rapid progression as well as resistance to systemic chemotherapy. Recently, glycolysis has emerged as a potent driving force of tumor growth and therapy failure. The precise role of glycolysis for the pathogenesis of human HCC has not been elucidated thus far. Therefore, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the expression patterns of central glycolysis-related factors [glucose transporter-1 and -2 (Glut-1 and Glut-2), phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK-1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)] in a large cohort of benign and malignant human liver samples. PGK-1 protein and gene expression was scant in normal liver, elevated in cirrhotic livers and most intense in HCC. Strong immunoreactivity of Glut-2 was noted in cirrhotic livers, whereas in HCC it was only expressed in 50% of examined cases. Strikingly, PGK-1 as well as Glut-2 protein expression was indicative of poor patient prognosis. Glut-1 protein was absent in neoplastic hepatocytes but prominent in tumor-associated endothelial cells. Specific nuclear staining of HIF-1alpha was noted in only 12% of HCC samples. Our data point toward a tumor-promoting function of glycolysis in HCC and establish PGK-1 as an independent prognostic parameter. Furthermore, the endothelial-specific expression of Glut-1 makes a special dependence of vessels on glucose reasonable to assume. In summary, we believe our analysis warrants the validation of glycolytic inhibitors as innovative treatment approaches of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katjana Daskalow
- Medizinische Klink mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Gillies RJ, Robey I, Gatenby RA. Causes and consequences of increased glucose metabolism of cancers. J Nucl Med 2008; 49 Suppl 2:24S-42S. [PMID: 18523064 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.047258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we examine the mechanisms (causes) underlying the increased glucose consumption observed in tumors within a teleological context (consequences). In other words, we will ask not only "How do cancers have high glycolysis?" but also, "Why?" We believe that the insights gained from answering the latter question support the conclusion that elevated glucose consumption is a necessary component of carcinogenesis. Specifically we propose that glycolysis is elevated because it produces acid, which provides an evolutionary advantage to cancer cells vis-à-vis normal parenchyma into which they invade.
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Tilli MT, Parrish AR, Cotarla I, Jones LP, Johnson MD, Furth PA. Comparison of mouse mammary gland imaging techniques and applications: reflectance confocal microscopy, GFP imaging, and ultrasound. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:21. [PMID: 18215290 PMCID: PMC2266934 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary gland cancer enable the in vivo study of molecular mechanisms and signaling during development and cancer pathophysiology. However, traditional whole mount and histological imaging modalities are only applicable to non-viable tissue. Methods We evaluated three techniques that can be quickly applied to living tissue for imaging normal and cancerous mammary gland: reflectance confocal microscopy, green fluorescent protein imaging, and ultrasound imaging. Results In the current study, reflectance confocal imaging offered the highest resolution and was used to optically section mammary ductal structures in the whole mammary gland. Glands remained viable in mammary gland whole organ culture when 1% acetic acid was used as a contrast agent. Our application of using green fluorescent protein expressing transgenic mice in our study allowed for whole mammary gland ductal structures imaging and enabled straightforward serial imaging of mammary gland ducts in whole organ culture to visualize the growth and differentiation process. Ultrasound imaging showed the lowest resolution. However, ultrasound was able to detect mammary preneoplastic lesions 0.2 mm in size and was used to follow cancer growth with serial imaging in living mice. Conclusion In conclusion, each technique enabled serial imaging of living mammary tissue and visualization of growth and development, quickly and with minimal tissue preparation. The use of the higher resolution reflectance confocal and green fluorescent protein imaging techniques and lower resolution ultrasound were complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena T Tilli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Abstract
Metastatic disease is the major cause of death in breast cancer patients. Patients presenting with metastases cannot be cured, and as a consequence, treatment is palliative and focuses on prolonging survival and maintaining quality of life. Numerous mouse models have been generated in which human breast cancer development and metastasis have been studied, ranging from spontaneous and carcinogen-induced models to transplantation models and genetically engineered mouse models. Here, we summarize past progress and highlight present developments in modeling breast cancer invasion and metastasis in genetically modified mice, and the impact it may have on the development of innovative anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ. Glycolysis in cancer: a potential target for therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1358-66. [PMID: 17499003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical imaging of primary and metastatic cancers with Fluoro deoxy-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography (FdG PET) has clearly demonstrated that increased glucose flux compared to normal tissue is a common trait of human malignancies (Gambhir, 2002) This is a consequence of a shift of glucose metabolism to less efficient glycolytic pathways in response to regional hypoxia and evolution of aerobic glycolysis in many cancer phenotypes. This distinctive metabolic profile presents an inviting target for cancer treatment and prevention. Here, we summarize the therapeutic strategies under investigation to exploit or interrupt tumor glycolytic metabolism. Although a number of approaches are under investigation, none has been sufficiently successful to warrant widespread clinical application. We point out that the environmental heterogeneity and evolutionary capacity of tumor cells that likely led to development of upregulated glycolysis could also promote adaptive strategies that confer resistance to therapies designed to inhibit glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, University Medical Center, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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