1
|
Stinson LF, Ma J, Lai CT, Rea A, Perrella SL, Geddes DT. Milk microbiome transplantation: recolonizing donor milk with mother's own milk microbiota. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:74. [PMID: 38194146 PMCID: PMC10776751 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) provides myriad nutritional and immunological benefits for preterm and low birthweight infants. However, pasteurization leaves DHM devoid of potentially beneficial milk microbiota. In the present study, we performed milk microbiome transplantation from freshly collected mother's own milk (MOM) into pasteurized DHM. Small volumes of MOM (5%, 10%, or 30% v/v) were inoculated into pasteurized DHM and incubated at 37 °C for up to 8 h. Further, we compared microbiome recolonization in UV-C-treated and Holder-pasteurized DHM, as UV-C treatment has been shown to conserve important biochemical components of DHM that are lost during Holder pasteurization. Bacterial culture and viability-coupled metataxonomic sequencing were employed to assess the effectiveness of milk microbiome transplantation. Growth of transplanted MOM bacteria occurred rapidly in recolonized DHM samples; however, a greater level of growth was observed in Holder-pasteurized DHM compared to UV-C-treated DHM, potentially due to the conserved antimicrobial properties in UV-C-treated DHM. Viability-coupled metataxonomic analysis demonstrated similarity between recolonized DHM samples and fresh MOM samples, suggesting that the milk microbiome can be successfully transplanted into pasteurized DHM. These results highlight the potential of MOM microbiota transplantation to restore the microbial composition of UV-C-treated and Holder-pasteurized DHM and enhance the nutritional and immunological benefits of DHM for preterm and vulnerable infants. KEY POINTS: • Mother's own milk microbiome can be successfully transplanted into donor human milk. • Recolonization is equally successful in UV-C-treated and Holder-pasteurized milk. • Recolonization time should be restricted due to rapid bacterial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alethea Rea
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sharon L Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ning J, Chen J, Zhu Q, Shi M, Chen J, Liu X, Luo X, Yue X. Peptidome profiling of human, bovine, and donkey colostrum through label-free quantitative analysis reveals proteolysis of milk proteins. Food Funct 2024; 15:7161-7173. [PMID: 38888609 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides play vital roles in different biological processes in vivo. As a dynamic hydrolysis system, milk is rich in proteins and proteases and provides a constant supply of endogenous bioactive peptides to newborn mammals. Previous studies have primarily focused on researching bioactive peptides by adding exogenous enzymes to milk samples. However, such an approach overlooks the significance of endogenous peptides and parent proteins that naturally exist in milk. Herein, we analyzed and compared parent proteins and their releasing peptides in human colostrum (HC), bovine colostrum (BC), and donkey colostrum (DC). The predominant proteins and hydrolyzed peptides in the three types of milk were identified. Among them, peptides were found to possess common bioactivities, including ACE inhibitory, antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties in HC, BC, and DC. Furthermore, the biological functions of these parent proteins were clarified using bioinformatics. These insights offer a novel perspective on natural bioactive peptides and the potential utilization of specific parent proteins and peptides to develop infant formulae derived from diverse milk sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ning
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jialu Chen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Mingyue Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jiali Chen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dekker PM, Boeren S, Saccenti E, Hettinga KA. Network analysis of the proteome and peptidome sheds light on human milk as a biological system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7569. [PMID: 38555284 PMCID: PMC10981717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides found in human milk have bioactive potential to benefit the newborn and support healthy development. Research has been carried out on the health benefits of proteins and peptides, but many questions still need to be answered about the nature of these components, how they are formed, and how they end up in the milk. This study explored and elucidated the complexity of the human milk proteome and peptidome. Proteins and peptides were analyzed with non-targeted nanoLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS in a selection of 297 milk samples from the CHILD Cohort Study. Protein and peptide abundances were determined, and a network was inferred using Gaussian graphical modeling (GGM), allowing an investigation of direct associations. This study showed that signatures of (1) specific mechanisms of transport of different groups of proteins, (2) proteolytic degradation by proteases and aminopeptidases, and (3) coagulation and complement activation are present in human milk. These results show the value of an integrated approach in evaluating large-scale omics data sets and provide valuable information for studies that aim to associate protein or peptide profiles from biofluids such as milk with specific physiological characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter M Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper A Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zorc M, Dolinar M, Dovč P. A Single-Cell Transcriptome of Bovine Milk Somatic Cells. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:349. [PMID: 38540408 PMCID: PMC10970057 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of milk by dairy cows far exceeds the nutritional needs of the calf and is vital for the economical use of dairy cattle. High milk yield is a unique production trait that can be effectively enhanced through traditional selection methods. The process of lactation in cows serves as an excellent model for studying the biological aspects of lactation with the aim of exploring the mechanistic base of this complex trait at the cellular level. In this study, we analyzed the milk transcriptome at the single-cell level by conducting scRNA-seq analysis on milk samples from two Holstein Friesian cows at mid-lactation (75 and 93 days) using the 10× Chromium platform. Cells were pelleted and fat was removed from milk by centrifugation. The cell suspension from each cow was loaded on separate channels, resulting in the recovery of 9313 and 14,544 cells. Library samples were loaded onto two lanes of the NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina) instrument. After filtering at the cell and gene levels, a total of 7988 and 13,973 cells remained, respectively. We were able to reconstruct different cell types (milk-producing cells, progenitor cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, mast cells, and neutrophils) in bovine milk. Our findings provide a valuable resource for identifying regulatory elements associated with various functions of the mammary gland such as lactation, tissue renewal, native immunity, protein and fat synthesis, and hormonal response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Dovč
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Z.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bisutti V, Vanzin A, Pegolo S, Toscano A, Gianesella M, Sturaro E, Schiavon S, Gallo L, Tagliapietra F, Giannuzzi D, Cecchinato A. Effect of intramammary infection and inflammation on milk protein profile assessed at the quarter level in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1413-1426. [PMID: 37863294 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we wanted to investigate the associations between naturally occurring subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) caused by different etiological agents (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, and Prototheca spp.), in combination with somatic cell count (SCC), on the detailed milk protein profile measured at the individual mammary gland quarter. An initial bacteriological screening (time 0; T0) conducted on individual composite milk from 450 Holstein cows reared in 3 herds, was performed to identify cows with subclinical IMI. We identified 78 infected animals which were followed up at the quarter level at 2 different sampling times: T1 and T2, 2 and 6 wk after T0, respectively. A total of 529 quarter samples belonging to the previously selected animals were collected at the 2 sampling points and analyzed with a reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) validated method. Specifically, we identified and quantified 4 caseins (CN), namely αS1-CN, αS2-CN, κ-CN, and β-CN, and 3 whey protein fractions, namely β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin (LF), which were later expressed both quantitatively (g/L) and qualitatively (as a percentage of the total milk nitrogen content, % N). Data were analyzed with a hierarchical linear mixed model with the following fixed effects: days in milk (DIM), parity, herd, SCC, bacteriological status (BACT), and the SCC × BACT interaction. The random effect of individual cow, nested within herd, DIM and parity was used as the error term for the latter effects. Both IMI (i.e., BACT) and SCC significantly reduced the proportion of β-CN and αS1-CN, ascribed to the increased activity of both milk endogenous and microbial proteases. Less evident alterations were found for whey proteins, except for LF, which being a glycoprotein with direct and undirect antimicrobial activity, increased both with IMI and SCC, suggesting its involvement in the modulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. Finally, increasing SCC in the positive samples was associated with a more marked reduction of total caseins at T1, and αS1-CN at T2, suggesting a synergic effect of infection and inflammation, more evident at high SCC. In conclusion, our work helps clarify the behavior of protein fractions at quarter level in animals having subclinical IMI. The inflammation status driven by the increase in SCC, rather the infection, was associated with the most significant changes, suggesting that the activity of endogenous proteolytic enzymes related to the onset of inflammation might have a pivotal role in directing the alteration of the milk protein profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Vanzin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - S Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - A Toscano
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - E Sturaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - S Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L Gallo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - F Tagliapietra
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - D Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campanhon IB, de Aguiar PF, Bezerra FF, Soares MR, Torres AG. Human colostrum in vitro protein digestion: peptidomics by liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-high-resolution MS and prospection for bioactive peptides via bioinformatics. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:17-26. [PMID: 37485899 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is known to contain bioactive peptides that are released during digestion, being a major source of bioactive peptides to the new-born, some of which act against invading pathogens. However, the formation of bioactive peptides during digestion of human colostrum remains largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the formation of peptides during simulated digestion of human colostrum from adult women and to prospect antimicrobial peptides. For this purpose, we used high-resolution MS to monitor the release of peptides during in vitro digestion. Bioinformatics was used for the prospection of antimicrobial activity of peptides. During simulated digestion (oral, gastric and duodenal phases), 2318 peptide sequences derived from 112 precursor proteins were identified. At the end of simulated digestion, casein-derived peptide sequences were the most frequently observed. Among precursors, some proteins were seen for the first time in this study. The resulting peptides were rich in proline, glutamine, valine and leucine residues, providing characteristic traits of antimicrobial peptides. From bioinformatics analysis, seven peptides showed potentially high antimicrobial activity towards bacteria, viruses and fungi, from which the latter was the most prominent predicted activity. Antimicrobial peptides released during digestion may provide a defence platform with controlled release for the new-born.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Batista Campanhon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Lipid Biochemistry and Lipidomics Laboratory and Laboratory of Food Science and Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes de Aguiar
- Laboratory of Chemometrics (LABQUIM), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Fioruci Bezerra
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Soares
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Guedes Torres
- Lipid Biochemistry and Lipidomics Laboratory and Laboratory of Food Science and Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vahkal B, Altosaar I, Tremblay E, Gagné D, Hüttman N, Minic Z, Côté M, Blais A, Beaulieu J, Ferretti E. Gestational age at birth influences protein and RNA content in human milk extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e128. [PMID: 38938674 PMCID: PMC11080785 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Human milk extracellular vesicles (HM EVs) are proposed to protect against disease development in infants. This protection could in part be facilitated by the bioactive EV cargo of proteins and RNA. Notably, mothers birth infants of different gestational ages with unique needs, wherein the EV cargo of HM may diverge. We collected HM from lactating mothers within two weeks of a term or preterm birth. Following purification of EVs, proteins and mRNA were extracted for proteomics and sequencing analyses, respectively. Over 2000 protein groups were identified, and over 8000 genes were quantified. The total number of proteins and mRNA did not differ significantly between the two conditions, while functional bioinformatics of differentially expressed cargo indicated enrichment in immunoregulatory cargo for preterm HM EVs. In term HM EVs, significantly upregulated cargo was enriched in metabolism-related functions. Based on gene expression signatures from HM-contained single cell sequencing data, we proposed that a larger portion of preterm HM EVs are secreted by immune cells, whereas term HM EVs contain more signatures of lactocyte epithelial cells. Proposed differences in EV cargo could indicate variation in mother's milk based on infants' gestational age and provide basis for further functional characterisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett Vahkal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- uOttawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and InflammationOttawaCanada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems BiologyOttawaCanada
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Eric Tremblay
- Department of Immunology and Cell BiologyUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - David Gagné
- Department of Immunology and Cell BiologyUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeCanada
| | - Nico Hüttman
- Faculty of Science, John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry FacilityUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Zoran Minic
- Faculty of Science, John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry FacilityUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- uOttawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and InflammationOttawaCanada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems BiologyOttawaCanada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- uOttawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and InflammationOttawaCanada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems BiologyOttawaCanada
- Brain and Mind InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- Éric Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular DiseaseOttawaCanada
| | | | - Emanuela Ferretti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyChildren's Hospital of Eastern OntarioOttawaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leite JAS, Montoya CA, Loveday SM, Mullaney JA, Loo TS, McNabb WC, Roy NC. The impact of heating and drying on protease activities of ruminant milk before and after in vitro infant digestion. Food Chem 2023; 429:136979. [PMID: 37506658 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of heating (63°C/30 min or 75°C/15 s) and drying (spray-drying or freeze-drying) on plasmin, cathepsin D, and elastase activities in bovine, ovine, and caprine milk, compared to non-dried raw milk counterparts. Protease activities and protein hydrolysis were assessed before and after in vitro infant digestion with or without gastric and pancreatic enzymes. At 75°C/15 s, plasmin activity in caprine and ovine milk decreased (69-75%, p<0.05), while cathepsin D activity in spray-dried bovine milk heated increased (2.8-fold, p<0.05). Plasmin and cathepsin D activities increased (<1.2-fold, p<0.05) after in vitro digestion with pancreatin, regardless of milk species. Endogenous milk enzymes hydrolyzed more proteins than gastric enzymes during gastric digestion and contributed to small intestinal digestion. In summary, milk proteases remained active after processing with effects dependent on the species of milk, and they contributed to in vitro protein hydrolysis in the stomach and small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A S Leite
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Smart Foods & Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Simon M Loveday
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Trevor S Loo
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Department of Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Conca W, Saleh SM, Al-Rabiah R, Parhar RS, Abd-Elnaeim M, Al-Hindas H, Tinson A, Kroell KB, Liedl KR, Collison K, Kishore U, Al-Mohanna F. The immunoglobulin A isotype of the Arabian camel ( Camelus dromedarius) preserves the dualistic structure of unconventional single-domain and canonical heavy chains. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289769. [PMID: 38162642 PMCID: PMC10756906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolution of adaptive immunity in Camelidae resulted in the concurrent expression of classic heterotetrameric and unconventional homodimeric heavy chain-only IgG antibodies. Heavy chain-only IgG bears a single variable domain and lacks the constant heavy (CH) γ1 domain required for pairing with the light chain. It has not been reported whether this distinctive feature of IgG is also observed in the IgA isotype. Methods Gene-specific primers were used to generate an IgA heavy chain cDNA library derived from RNA extracted from the dromedary's third eyelid where isolated lymphoid follicles and plasma cells abound at inductive and effector sites, respectively. Results Majority of the cDNA clones revealed hallmarks of heavy chain-only antibodies, i.e. camelid-specific amino acid substitutions in framework region 1 and 2, broad length distribution of complementarity determining region 3, and the absence of the CHα1 domain. In a few clones, however, the cDNA of the canonical IgA heavy chain was amplified which included the CHα1 domain, analogous to CHγ1 domain in IgG1 subclass. Moreover, we noticed a short, proline-rich hinge, and, at the N-terminal end of the CHα3 domain, a unique, camelid-specific pentapeptide of undetermined function, designated as the inter-α region. Immunoblots using rabbit anti-camel IgA antibodies raised against CHα2 and CHα3 domains as well as the inter-α region revealed the expression of a ~52 kDa and a ~60 kDa IgA species, corresponding to unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chain, respectively, in the third eyelid, trachea, small and large intestine. In contrast, the leporine anti-CHα1 antibody detected canonical, but not unconventional IgA heavy chain, in all the examined tissues, milk, and serum, in addition to another hitherto unexplored species of ~45 kDa in milk and serum. Immunohistology using anti-CHα domain antibodies confirmed the expression of both variants of IgA heavy chains in plasma cells in the third eyelid's lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, tracheal and intestinal mucosa. Conclusion We found that in the dromedary, the IgA isotype has expanded the immunoglobulin repertoire by co-expressing unconventional and canonical IgA heavy chains, comparable to the IgG class, thus underscoring the crucial role of heavy chain-only antibodies not only in circulation but also at the mucosal frontiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Conca
- Department of Executive Health Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad M. Saleh
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Al-Rabiah
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Singh Parhar
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abd-Elnaeim
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hussein Al-Hindas
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Tinson
- Management of Scientific Centers and Presidential Camels, Department of President’s Affairs, Hilli ET and Cloning Centre, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Klaus Roman Liedl
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kate Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ning J, Yang M, Liu W, Luo X, Yue X. Proteomics and Peptidomics As a Tool to Compare the Proteins and Endogenous Peptides in Human, Cow, and Donkey Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16435-16451. [PMID: 37882656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk is the most widely used ingredient in infant formulas. However, its specific protein composition can cause allergic reactions. Finding alternatives to replace cow's milk and fill the nutritional gap with human milk is essential for the health of infants. Proteomic and peptidomic techniques have supported the elucidation of milk's nutritional ingredients. Recently, omics approaches have attracted increasing interest in the investigation of milk because of their high throughput, precision, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This review offers a significant overview of recent developments in proteomics and peptidomics used to study the differences in human, cow, and donkey milk. All three types of milks were identified to have critical biological functions in human health, particularly in infants. Donkey milk proteins were closer in composition to human milk, were less likely to cause allergic reactions, and may be developed as novel raw materials for formula milk powders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ning
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanting Liu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Le Guillou S, Ciobotaru C, Laubier J, Castille J, Aujean E, Hue-Beauvais C, Cherbuy C, Liuu S, Henry C, David A, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Charlier M, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Le Provost F. Specific Milk Composition of miR-30b Transgenic Mice Associated with Early Duodenum Maturation in Offspring with Lasting Consequences for Growth. J Nutr 2023; 153:2808-2826. [PMID: 37543213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk composition is complex and includes numerous components essential for offspring growth and development. In addition to the high abundance of miR-30b microRNA, milk produced by the transgenic mouse model of miR-30b-mammary deregulation displays a significantly altered fatty acid profile. Moreover, wild-type adopted pups fed miR-30b milk present an early growth defect. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the consequences of miR-30b milk feeding on the duodenal development of wild-type neonates, a prime target of suckled milk, along with comprehensive milk phenotyping. METHODS The duodenums of wild-type pups fed miR-30b milk were extensively characterized at postnatal day (PND)-5, PND-6, and PND-15 using histological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and duodenal permeability analyses and compared with those of pups fed wild-type milk. Milk of miR-30b foster dams collected at mid-lactation was extensively analyzed using proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic approaches and hormonal immunoassays. RESULTS At PND-5, wild-type pups fed miR-30b milk showed maturation of their duodenum with 1.5-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.3-fold (P < 0.10) increased expression of Claudin-3 and Claudin-4, respectively, and changes in 8 duodenal proteins (P < 0.10), with an earlier reduction in paracellular and transcellular permeability (183 ng/mL fluorescein sulfonic acid [FSA] and 12 ng/mL horseradish peroxidase [HRP], respectively, compared with 5700 ng/mL FSA and 90 ng/mL HRP in wild-type; P < 0.001). Compared with wild-type milk, miR-30b milk displayed an increase in total lipid (219 g/L compared with 151 g/L; P < 0.05), ceramide (17.6 μM compared with 6.9 μM; P < 0.05), and sphingomyelin concentrations (163.7 μM compared with 76.3 μM; P < 0.05); overexpression of 9 proteins involved in the gut barrier (P < 0.1); and higher insulin and leptin concentrations (1.88 ng/mL and 2.04 ng/mL, respectively, compared with 0.79 ng/mL and 1.06 ng/mL; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS miR-30b milk displays significant changes in bioactive components associated with neonatal duodenal integrity and maturation, which could be involved in the earlier intestinal closure phenotype of the wild-type pups associated with a lower growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Ciobotaru
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johann Laubier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Etienne Aujean
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Liuu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Agnès David
- Nantes Université, CRNH-OUEST, INRAE, UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Madia Charlier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Juncker HG, Naninck EFG, van Keulen BJ, Harinck JE, Schipper L, Lucassen PJ, van Goudoever JB, de Rooij SR, Korosi A. Maternal stress is associated with higher protein-bound amino acid concentrations in human milk. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1165764. [PMID: 37743929 PMCID: PMC10513938 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1165764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal stress in the postpartum period affects not only the mother but also her newborn child, who is at increased risk of developing metabolic and mental disorders later in life. The mechanisms by which stress is transmitted to the infant are not yet fully understood. Human milk (HM) is a potential candidate as maternal stress affects various components of HM, e.g., fat and immunoglobulin concentrations. To date, it is unknown whether maternal stress also affects the amino acids (AAs) in HM, even though this nutrient is of extreme importance to child health and development. This study aimed to investigate whether and how maternal stress is associated with the AA composition of HM. Methods In this observational cohort study (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), lactating women were recruited in two study groups: a high-stress (HS) group; women whose child was hospitalized (n = 24), and a control (CTL) group; women who gave birth to a healthy child (n = 73). HM was collected three times a day, on postpartum days 10, 17, and 24. Perceived psychological stress was measured using validated questionnaires, while biological stress measures were based on hair, saliva, and HM cortisol concentrations. HM protein-bound and free AAs were analyzed by liquid chromatography and compared between groups. Results Maternal perceived stress scores were higher in the HS group (p < 0.01). The concentrations of protein-bound AAs in HM were higher in the HS group compared to the CTL group (p = 0.028) and were positively associated with HM cortisol concentrations (p = 0.024). The concentrations of free AAs did not differ between study groups and were unrelated to cortisol concentrations. Conclusion Findings from this prospective cohort study suggest that maternal stress in the postpartum period is associated with an altered human milk amino acid composition, which could play a role in the transmission of maternal stress effects to her child. The physiological implications of these stress-induced changes for infant development await future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eva F. G. Naninck
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolinda E. Harinck
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne R. de Rooij
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Aging and Later Life, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng F, Uniacke-Lowe T, Lanfranchi E, Meehan G, O'Shea CA, Dennehy T, Ryan AC, Stanton C, Kelly AL. A longitudinal study of fatty acid profiles, macronutrient levels, and plasmin activity in human milk. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1172613. [PMID: 37229467 PMCID: PMC10203173 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human milk provides nutrients essential for infant growth and health, levels of which are dynamic during lactation. Methods In this study, changes in macronutrients, fatty acids, and plasmin activities over the first six months of lactation in term milk were studied. Results There was a significant influence of lactation stage on levels of protein and plasmin activities, but not on levels of fat and carbohydrate in term milk. Concerning fatty acids in term milk, levels of caproic acid and α-linolenic acid increased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas those of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased, in the six months after birth. Significant impacts of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and infant gender on fatty acid profiles were also found. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that protein level, plasmin activity, and several fatty acids (α-linolenic acid, lignoceric acid, and docasadienoic acid) contributed strongly to discrimination of milk from different lactational stages. Discussion The study demonstrates that not all but some fatty acids were influenced by lactation, whereas protein and protease levels showed clear decreasing trends during lactation, which may help in understanding the nutritional requirements of infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Elisa Lanfranchi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Grainne Meehan
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carol-Anne O'Shea
- Department of Neonatology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Theresa Dennehy
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anthony C. Ryan
- Brookfield School of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L. Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, Sela DA, Seppo A, Williams JE, Young BE, McGuire MK. Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S28-S42. [PMID: 37173059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during the first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally essential nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental in protecting, communicating important information to support, and promoting optimal development and growth in infants. Despite decades of research, however, the multifaceted impacts of human milk consumption on infant health are far from understood on a biological or physiological basis. Reasons for this lack of comprehensive knowledge of human milk functions are numerous, including the fact that milk components tend to be studied in isolation, although there is reason to believe that they interact. In addition, milk composition can vary greatly within an individual as well as within and among populations. The objective of this working group within the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to provide an overview of human milk composition, factors impacting its variation, and how its components may function to coordinately nourish, protect, and communicate complex information to the recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss the ways whereby milk components might interact such that the benefits of an intact milk matrix are greater than the sum of its parts. We then apply several examples to illustrate how milk is better thought of as a biological system rather than a more simplistic "mixture" of independent components to synergistically support optimal infant health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Rozga
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zare F, Ghasemi N, Bansal N, Hosano H. Advances in pulsed electric stimuli as a physical method for treating liquid foods. Phys Life Rev 2023; 44:207-266. [PMID: 36791571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for alternative technologies that can deliver safe and nutritious foods at lower costs as compared to conventional processes. Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has been utilised for a plethora of different applications in the life and physical sciences, such as gene/drug delivery in medicine and extraction of bioactive compounds in food science and technology. PEF technology for treating liquid foods involves engineering principles to develop the equipment, and quantitative biochemistry and microbiology techniques to validate the process. There are numerous challenges to address for its application in liquid foods such as the 5-log pathogen reduction target in food safety, maintaining the food quality, and scale up of this physical approach for industrial integration. Here, we present the engineering principles associated with pulsed electric fields, related inactivation models of microorganisms, electroporation and electropermeabilization theory, to increase the quality and safety of liquid foods; including water, milk, beer, wine, fruit juices, cider, and liquid eggs. Ultimately, we discuss the outlook of the field and emphasise research gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Zare
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Negareh Ghasemi
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hamid Hosano
- Biomaterials and Bioelectrics Department, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Runthala A, Mbye M, Ayyash M, Xu Y, Kamal-Eldin A. Caseins: Versatility of Their Micellar Organization in Relation to the Functional and Nutritional Properties of Milk. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052023. [PMID: 36903269 PMCID: PMC10004547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk of mammals is a complex fluid mixture of various proteins, minerals, lipids, and other micronutrients that play a critical role in providing nutrition and immunity to newborns. Casein proteins together with calcium phosphate form large colloidal particles, called casein micelles. Caseins and their micelles have received great scientific interest, but their versatility and role in the functional and nutritional properties of milk from different animal species are not fully understood. Caseins belong to a class of proteins that exhibit open and flexible conformations. Here, we discuss the key features that maintain the structures of the protein sequences in four selected animal species: cow, camel, human, and African elephant. The primary sequences of these proteins and their posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and glycosylation) that determine their secondary structures have distinctively evolved in these different animal species, leading to differences in their structural, functional, and nutritional properties. The variability in the structures of milk caseins influence the properties of their dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, as well as their digestibility and allergic properties. Such differences are beneficial to the development of different functionally improved casein molecules with variable biological and industrial utilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Runthala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vijayawada 522302, India
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.K.-E.); Tel.: +971-5-0138-9248 (A.K.-E.)
| | - Mustapha Mbye
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.K.-E.); Tel.: +971-5-0138-9248 (A.K.-E.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A comparative analysis of anti-lipidemic potential of soybean (Glycine max) protein hydrolysates obtained from different ripening stages: Identification, and molecular interaction mechanisms of novel bioactive peptides. Food Chem 2023; 402:134192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Keller AP, Ly S, Daetwyler S, Eichenseher F, Loessner MJ, Schmelcher M. Chimeric Peptidoglycan Hydrolases Kill Staphylococcal Mastitis Isolates in Raw Milk and within Bovine Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122801. [PMID: 36560804 PMCID: PMC9781970 DOI: 10.3390/v14122801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major causative agent of bovine mastitis, a disease considered one of the most economically devastating in the dairy sector. Considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains, novel therapeutic approaches efficiently targeting extra- and intracellular bacteria and featuring high activity in the presence of raw milk components are needed. Here, we have screened a library of eighty peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) for high activity against S. aureus in raw bovine milk, twelve of which were selected for further characterization and comparison in time-kill assays. The bacteriocins lysostaphin and ALE-1, and the chimeric PGH M23LST(L)_SH3b2638 reduced bacterial numbers in raw milk to the detection limit within 10 min. Three CHAP-based PGHs (CHAPGH15_SH3bAle1, CHAPK_SH3bLST_H, CHAPH5_LST_H) showed gradually improving activity with increasing dilution of the raw milk. Furthermore, we demonstrated synergistic activity of CHAPGH15_SH3bAle1 and LST when used in combination. Finally, modification of four PGHs (LST, M23LST(L)_SH3b2638, CHAPK_SH3bLST, CHAPGH15_SH3bAle1) with the cell-penetrating peptide TAT significantly enhanced the eradication of intracellular S. aureus in bovine mammary alveolar cells compared to the unmodified parentals in a concentration-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
19
|
Liang N, Koh J, Kim BJ, Ozturk G, Barile D, Dallas DC. Structural and functional changes of bioactive proteins in donor human milk treated by vat-pasteurization, retort sterilization, ultra-high-temperature sterilization, freeze-thawing and homogenization. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926814. [PMID: 36185694 PMCID: PMC9521613 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Donor human milk should be processed to guarantee microbiological safety prior to infant feeding, but this process can influence the structure and quantity of functional proteins. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thawing, homogenization, vat-pasteurization (Vat-PT), retort sterilization (RTR) and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing on the structure of bioactive proteins in donor milk. Methods Pooled donor milk was either not treated (Raw) or treated with an additional freeze-thaw cycle with and without homogenization, Vat-PT, RTR with and without homogenization, and UHT processing with and without homogenization. Overall protein retention was assessed via sodium-dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE), and the immunoreactivity of 13 bioactive proteins were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Freeze-thawing, freeze-thawing plus homogenization and Vat-PT preserved all the immunoglobulins (sIgA/IgA, IgG, IgM) in donor milk, whereas RTR and UHT degraded almost all immunoglobulins. UHT did not alter osteopontin immunoreactivity, but Vat-PT and retort decreased it by ~50 and 70%, respectively. Freeze-thawing with homogenization, Vat-PT and UHT reduced lactoferrin's immunoreactivity by 35, 65, and 84%, respectively. Lysozyme survived unaltered throughout all processing conditions. In contrast, elastase immunoreactivity was decreased by all methods except freeze-thawing. Freeze-thawing, freeze-thawing plus homogenization and Vat-PT did not alter polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) immunoreactivity, but RTR, RTR plus homogenization and UHT increased detection. All heat processing methods increased α-lactalbumin immunoreactivity. Vat-PT preserved all the growth factors (vascular/endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factors β1 and β2), and UHT treatments preserved the majority of these factors. Conclusion Different bioactive proteins have different sensitivity to the treatments tested. Overall, Vat-PT preserved more of the bioactive proteins compared with UHT or RTR. Therefore, human milk processors should consider the impact of processing methods on key bioactive proteins in human milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningjian Liang
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jeewon Koh
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Gulustan Ozturk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David C. Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vandenplas Y, Ksiażyk J, Luna MS, Migacheva N, Picaud JC, Ramenghi LA, Singhal A, Wabitsch M. Partial Hydrolyzed Protein as a Protein Source for Infant Feeding: Do or Don't? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091720. [PMID: 35565688 PMCID: PMC9103110 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding until the age of six months is the recommended feeding method for all infants. However, this is not possible for every infant. Therefore, a second choice of feeding, as close as possible to the gold standard, is needed. For historical reasons, this has been cow’s-milk-based feeding. This paper discusses if this second-choice feeding method should contain intact protein or partially hydrolyzed proteins. The limited data available indicates that mother’s milk is relatively rich in bioactive peptides. Whether partially hydrolyzed protein might be a protein source closer to human milk protein content than intact cow’s milk needs further research. However, more research on protein and bioactive peptides in mother’s milk should be a priority for future scientific development in this field. Results of such research will also provide an answer to the question of which option would be the best second choice for infant feeding if sufficient breast milk is not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussel, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-475748794
| | - Janusz Ksiażyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Manuel Sanchez Luna
- Neonatology Division and NICU, Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañón”, Complutense University of Madrid, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Natalia Migacheva
- Department of Pediatrics, Samara State Medical University, 443084 Samara, Russia;
| | - Jean-Charles Picaud
- Department of Neonatology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F69677 Lyon, France;
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, Claude Bernard University Lyon1, F69310 Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Luca A. Ramenghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Atul Singhal
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, PPP Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alrosan M, Tan TC, Koh WY, Easa AM, Gammoh S, Alu'datt MH. Overview of fermentation process: structure-function relationship on protein quality and non-nutritive compounds of plant-based proteins and carbohydrates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7677-7691. [PMID: 35266840 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2049200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Demands for high nutritional value-added food products and plant-based proteins have increased over the last decade, in line with the growth of the human population and consumer health awareness. The quality of the plant-based proteins depends on their digestibility, amino acid content, and residues of non-nutritive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, anti-nutritional compounds, antioxidants, and saponins. The presence of these non-nutritive compounds could have detrimental effects on the quality of the proteins. One of the solutions to address these shortcomings of plant-based proteins is fermentation, whereby enzymes that present naturally in microorganisms used during fermentation are responsible for the cleavage of the bonds between proteins and non-nutritive compounds. This mechanism has pronounced effects on the non-nutritive compounds, resulting in the enhancement of protein digestibility and functional properties of plant-based proteins. We assert that the types of plant-based proteins and microorganisms used during fermentation must be carefully addressed to truly enhance the quality, functional properties, and health functionalities of plant-based proteins.Supplemental data for this article is available online at here. show.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alrosan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Wee Yin Koh
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Mat Easa
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sana Gammoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhammad H Alu'datt
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duale A, Singh P, Al Khodor S. Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having. Front Nutr 2022; 8:800927. [PMID: 35155521 PMCID: PMC8826470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.800927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A mother is gifted with breast milk, the natural source of nutrition for her infant. In addition to the wealth of macro and micro-nutrients, human milk also contains many microorganisms, few of which originate from the mother, while others are acquired from the mouth of the infant and the surroundings. Among these microbes, the most commonly residing bacteria are Staphylococci, Streptococci, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. These microorganisms initiate and help the development of the milk microbiota as well as the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, and contribute to developing immune regulatory factors such as cytokines, growth factors, lactoferrin among others. These factors play an important role in reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, asthma and others later in life. In this review, we will summarize the known benefits of breastfeeding and highlight the role of the breast milk microbiota and its cross-talk with the immune system in breastfed babies during the early years of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoud Duale
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Parul Singh
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Souhaila Al Khodor
- Division of Maternal and Child Health, Department of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Souhaila Al Khodor
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Demers-Mathieu V, Underwood MA, Dallas DC. Premature delivery impacts the concentration of plasminogen activators and a plasminogen activator inhibitor and the plasmin activity in human milk. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:917179. [PMID: 36016873 PMCID: PMC9396237 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.917179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasmin in human milk partially hydrolyzes milk proteins within the mammary gland and may enhance the hydrolysis of milk proteins within the infant's stomach. This study examined the effects of extremely preterm (EP)-, very preterm (VP)-, and term-delivery on plasmin activity and the concentrations of plasminogen activators [urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)], plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and the complexes of PAI-1/uPA and PAI-1/tPA in human milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human milk samples were collected from mothers who delivered extremely preterm infants [24-27 weeks gestational age (GA), n = 20], very preterm infants (28-32 weeks GA, n = 12), and term infants (38-39 weeks GA, n = 8) during 2-72 days postnatally. Plasmin activity was determined using fluorometric substrate assay, whereas concentrations of uPA, tPA, PAI-1, the PAI-1/uPA complex and the PAI-1/tPA complex were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS Plasmin activity, uPA and tPA were detected in all human milk samples, PAI-1 and the PAI-1/uPA complex were present in 42.5 and 32.5% of milk samples, respectively, and the PAI-1/tPA complex was not detected. Plasmin activity was correlated negatively with postnatal age and postmenstrual age (PMA) in the VP group and positively with postnatal age in the term group. uPA and tPA concentrations decreased with increasing postnatal age in both EP and VP groups but did not correlate in the term group. uPA concentration was correlated positively with GA in the VP group and tended to be elevated with increasing GA in the combined three groups. In contrast, tPA concentrations were correlated negatively with GA and PMA in the combined three groups (P < 0.008) and with PMA in the EP and VP groups. PAI-1 concentration tended to be correlated positively with postnatal age in the combined three groups. No correlation was detected with the PAI-1/uPA complex. CONCLUSION Premature delivery impacted the plasmin activity and the concentrations of uPA, tPA, and PAI-1 in human milk. Whether these changes in milk plasminogen activators and inhibitors have a role in balancing the proteolytic digestion of premature infants remains to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Analysis of the Endogenous Peptidomes of Different Infant Formula Types and Human Milk. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112579. [PMID: 34828867 PMCID: PMC8623676 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formula (IF) is a commonly used replacement whenever mother’s own milk is not available. Most IFs are based on cow milk (powders, liquids). Alternatives, based on other sources such as goat milk or plants, exist. Independent of the source, IF production and composition are strictly regulated. Besides proteins, minerals, and lipids, milk contains a variety of endogenous peptides. Whereas the human milk peptidome has been studied intensively, the peptidomes of IFs have been mostly neglected. This study investigated the peptidomes of different types of first stage IF, including cow milk-based powders and liquids, and powdered goat milk-based IF, highlighting major similarities and differences to human milk. Extracted native peptidomes were analyzed by nanoRPC-ESI-MS/MS using two different fragmentation techniques allowing the confident identification of 1587 peptides. β-Casein peptides dominated in all samples. Interestingly, powdered and liquid cow milk-based IFs differed in the numbers of β- and αS1-casein peptides, indicating processing-derived variations. However, the peptidomes of cow and goat milk-based IF appeared to be more comparable to each other than to human milk. Despite an overlap in the major source proteins, many peptide sequences were different, i.e., species-specific. Remarkably, the data indicate that the human milk peptidome might be donor-specific as well.
Collapse
|
25
|
Naturally Occurring Glycosidases in Milk from Native Cattle Breeds: Activity and Consequences on Free and Protein Bound-Glycans. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100662. [PMID: 34677377 PMCID: PMC8540597 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the extent of variation and activity of naturally occurring milk glycosidases and their potential to degrade milk glycans. A multi-omics approach was used to investigate the relationship between glycosidases and important bioactive compounds such as free oligosaccharides and O-linked glycans in bovine milk. Using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) assays activities of eight indigenous glycosidases were determined, and by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy various substrates and metabolite products were quantified in a subset of milk samples from eight native North European cattle breeds. The results showed a clear variation in glycosidase activities among the native breeds. Interestingly, negative correlations between some glycosidases including β-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, certain oligosaccharide isomers as well as O-linked glycans of κ-casein were revealed. Further, a positive correlation was found for free fucose content and α-fucosidase activity (r = 0.37, p-value < 0.001) indicating cleavage of fucosylated glycans in milk at room temperature. The results obtained suggest that milk glycosidases might partially degrade valuable glycans, which would result in lower recovery of glycans and thus represent a loss for the dairy ingredients industry if these activities are pronounced.
Collapse
|
26
|
Riederer M, Schweighofer N, Trajanoski S, Stelzer C, Zehentner M, Fuchs-Neuhold B, Kashofer K, Mayr JA, Hörmann-Wallner M, Holasek S, van der Kleyn M. Free threonine in human breast milk is related to infant intestinal microbiota composition. Amino Acids 2021; 54:365-383. [PMID: 34477981 PMCID: PMC8948153 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that free amino acids (FAA) might be bioactive compounds with potential immunomodulatory capabilities. However, the FAA composition in human milk is still poorly characterized with respect to its correlation to maternal serum levels and its physiological significance for the infant. Studies addressing the relation of human milk FAA to the infants' intestinal microbiota are still missing. METHODS As part of a pilot study, maternal serum and breast milk FAA concentrations as well as infant intestinal microbiota (16S rRNA) were determined 2 months after birth. The study cohort consisted of 41 healthy mothers and their term delivered, healthy infants with normal birthweight. The relationship between maternal serum and milk FAA was determined by correlation analyses. Associations between (highly correlated) milk FAA and infant intestinal beta diversity were tested using PERMANOVA, LefSe and multivariate regression models adjusted for common confounders. RESULTS Seven breast milk FAA correlated significantly with serum concentrations. One of these, threonine showed a negative association with abundance of members of the class Gammaproteobacteria (R2adj = 17.1%, p = 0.006; β= - 0.441). In addition, on the level of families and genera, threonine explained 23.2% of variation of the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (R2adj; p = 0.001; β = - 0.504) and 11.1% of variability in the abundance of Escherichia/Shigella (R2adj, p = 0.025; β = - 0.368), when adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to suggest potential interactions between breast milk FAA and infant gut microbiota composition during early lactation. The results might be indicative of a potential protective role of threonine against members of the Enterobacteriaceae family in breast-fed infants. Still, results are based on correlation analyses and larger cohorts are needed to support the findings and elucidate possible underlying mechanisms to assess the complex interplay between breast milk FAA and infant intestinal microbiota in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Riederer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Slave Trajanoski
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Stelzer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Zehentner
- Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Bianca Fuchs-Neuhold
- Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, Health Perception Lab, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerpl. 2, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Salzburger Landeskliniken and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marlies Hörmann-Wallner
- Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, Health Perception Lab, University of Applied Sciences JOANNEUM, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide Polybia MP-1 (Mastoparan) Inhibits Growth of Antibiotic Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates From Mastitic Cow Milk. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
28
|
Leite JAS, Montoya CA, Loveday SM, Maes E, Mullaney JA, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Heat-Treatments Affect Protease Activities and Peptide Profiles of Ruminants' Milk. Front Nutr 2021; 8:626475. [PMID: 33777990 PMCID: PMC7987661 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.626475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases present in milk are heat-sensitive, and their activities increase or decrease depending on the intensity of the thermal treatment applied. The thermal effects on the protease activity are well-known for bovine milk but poorly understood for ovine and caprine milk. This study aimed to determine the non-specific and specific protease activities in casein and whey fractions isolated from raw bovine, ovine, and caprine milk collected in early lactation, and to determine the effects of low-temperature, long-time (63°C for 30 min) and high-temperature, short-time (85°C for 5 min) treatments on protease activities within each milk fraction. The non-specific protease activities in raw and heat-treated milk samples were determined using the substrate azocasein. Plasmin (the main protease in milk) and plasminogen-derived activities were determined using the chromogenic substrate S-2251 (D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA dihydrochloride). Peptides were characterized using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The activity of all native proteases, shown as non-specific proteases, was similar between raw bovine and caprine milk samples, but lower (P < 0.05) than raw ovine milk in the whey fraction. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the non-specific protease activity of the casein fraction of raw bovine and caprine milk samples; both had higher activity than ovine milk. After 63°C/30 min, the non-specific protease activity decreased (44%; P > 0.05) for the bovine casein fraction only. In contrast, the protease activity of the milk heated at 85°C/5 min changed depending on the species and fraction. For instance, the activity decreased by 49% for ovine whey fraction, but it increased by 68% for ovine casein fraction. Plasmin and plasminogen were in general inactivated (P > 0.05) when all milk fractions were heated at 85°C/5 min. Most of the peptides present in heat-treated milk were derived from β-casein and αS1-casein, and they matched the hydrolysis profile of cathepsin D and plasmin. Identified peptides in ruminant milk samples had purported immunomodulatory and inhibitory functions. These findings indicate that the non-specific protease activity in whey and casein fractions differed between ruminant milk species, and specific thermal treatments could be used to retain better protease activity for all ruminant milk species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A. Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Simon M. Loveday
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Evelyne Maes
- Beyond Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Jane A. Mullaney
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C. Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Transcripts and protein levels of CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes in dairy cattle mammary gland secretory tissue during chronic staphylococcal infection. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:73-77. [PMID: 33663628 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the influence of chronic coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) or coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) infection on the mRNA and protein levels of two main milk proteins responsible for cheese curd quantity and quality, alpha-S1-casein (CSN1S1) and kappa-casein (CSN3). Measurements were made in cow mammary parenchyma with a prevalence of secretory tissue (MGST). Samples of MGST were collected from the separate quarters and divided into CoPS, CoNS and bacteria-free (H) groups according to the microbiological status of the quarter milk. No differences in CSN1S1 and CSN3 mRNA level were found between groups, however, CSN1S1 protein level was significantly higher in the H group than the CoNS group, and CSN3 protein level was significantly higher in H than CoPS group. Hence, while the CSN1S1 and CSN3 genes appear to be constitutively expressed at the mRNA level in dairy cow MGST during mastitis, CoNS infection negatively affected CSN1S1 protein level, and CoPS infection negatively affected CSN3 protein level. The lack of change at the mRNA level suggests that staphylococcal infection may affect the post-transcriptional or post-translational modifications.
Collapse
|
30
|
Inclusion of Oat and Yeast Culture in Sow Gestational and Lactational Diets Alters Immune and Antimicrobial Associated Proteins in Milk. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020497. [PMID: 33672799 PMCID: PMC7918739 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study investigated the impact that supplementing sow’s gestation and lactation feed with oat alone or together with brewer’s yeast has on milk proteins and piglet growth and health. Oat and yeast supplements increased abundance of several milk proteins involved in immune protection. Piglets born from either the oat- or yeast-supplemented sows had decreased incidence of diarrhea after weaning. The average birth weights for piglets born of dams that consumed Oat were significantly greater than those that did not. However, piglets born to sows that consumed yeast in combination with oat weighed less at weaning and gained the least amount of weight post-weaning. These data suggest that oat, and to a lesser extent, yeast, added to maternal diets during gestation and lactation can positively impact milk, growth, and health of offspring but given in combination can potentially negatively affect piglet weight gain. Abstract Maternal diet supplementation with pro- and prebiotics is associated with decreased incidence of diarrhea and greater piglet performance. This study investigated the impact adding whole ground oat as a prebiotic, alone or in combination with a probiotic, yeast culture (YC) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), to sow gestation and lactation rations had on milk protein composition, piglet growth, and incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). Diets: control (CON), CON + yeast culture (YC) [5 g/kg], CON + oat (15% inclusion rate) (Oat) or CON+ YC [5 g/kg] + Oat (15%) were fed the last 30 days of gestation and throughout lactation (18–21 days). Shotgun proteome analysis of day 4 and 7 postpartum milk found 36 differentially abundant proteins (P-adj < 0.1) in both Oat and YC supplemented sows relative to CON. Notable was the increased expression of antimicrobial proteins, lactoferrin and chitinase in milk of Oat and YC sows compared to CON. The levels of IgA, IgM (within colostrum and milk) and IgG (within milk) were similar across treatments. However, colostral IgG levels in Oat-supplemented sows were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of the control sows, IgG from Oat-supplemented sows displayed greater reactivity to E. coli-antigens compared with CON and YC. Piglets from sows that consumed Oat alone or in combination weighed significantly more (p < 0.05) at birth compared to CON and YC. However, piglets in the Oat + YC group weighed less at weaning and had the lowest weight gain (p < 0.05) postweaning, compared with CON. Taken together with the observation that piglets of either YC- or Oat-fed sows had less PWD compared to CON and YC+ Oat suggests that Oat or YC supplementation positively impacts piglets through expression of certain milk-associated immune and antimicrobial proteins.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kareskoski M, Vakkamäki J, Laukkanen K, Palviainen M, Johannisson A, Katila T. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, semen quality and sperm longevity in fractionated stallion semen. Theriogenology 2021; 164:93-99. [PMID: 33571920 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 are gelatinases that take part in several reproductive processes. The aim of this study was to measure levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in fractionated stallion ejaculates, and to evaluate the association between these components and semen quality, and sperm longevity during cooled storage. Semen quality were assessed separately for sperm-rich fractions (HIGH), sperm-poor fractions (LOW), and whole ejaculate samples (WE) from 33 stallions. After cooled storage with SP either present or removed, sperm motility and DFI were determined. The relative activity of the pro-form of MMP-2, active MMP-2 and total MMP-9 were evaluated using gelatin zymography, and all were present in all fractions of the stallion's ejaculate, with higher relative activity of the latent than active forms and the highest relative activity in the HIGH fraction. The relative activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were positively correlated to sperm concentration and total sperm count, but only in the HIGH fraction and not in LOW or WE. The relative activities of MMPs were not related to differences in sperm longevity during cooled storage, measured as sperm motility and DFI. There was a harmful effect of SP on DFI during storage, but this effect was not associated with differences in the relative activities of MMPs. In conclusion, the relative activities of MMPs are not useful as markers for semen quality (other than sperm concentration), or sperm survival during storage in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kareskoski
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920, Saarentaus, Finland.
| | - Johanna Vakkamäki
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laukkanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Palviainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Central Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Johannisson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terttu Katila
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Paroninkuja 20, 04920, Saarentaus, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Comprehensive Profiling of the Native and Modified Peptidomes of Raw Bovine Milk and Processed Milk Products. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121841. [PMID: 33321979 PMCID: PMC7763055 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk contains a variety of endogenous peptides, partially formed by milk proteases that may exert diverse bioactive functions. Milk storage allows further protease activities altering the milk peptidome, while processing, e.g., heat treatment can trigger diverse chemical reactions, such as Maillard reactions and oxidations, leading to different posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The influence of processing on the native and modified peptidome was studied by analyzing peptides extracted from raw milk (RM), ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk, and powdered infant formula (IF) by nano reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled online to electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. Only unmodified peptides proposed by two independent software tools were considered as identified. Thus, 801 identified peptides mainly originated from αS- and β-caseins, but also from milk fat globular membrane proteins, such as glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1. RM and UHT milk showed comparable unmodified peptide profiles, whereas IF differed mainly due to a higher number of β-casein peptides. When 26 non-enzymatic posttranslational modifications (PTMs) were targeted in the milk peptidomes, 175 modified peptides were identified, i.e., mostly lactosylated and a few hexosylated or oxidized peptides. Most modified peptides originated from αS-caseins. The numbers of lactosylated peptides increased with harsher processing.
Collapse
|
33
|
Elwakiel M, Boeren S, Wang W, Schols HA, Hettinga KA. Degradation of Proteins From Colostrum and Mature Milk From Chinese Mothers Using an in vitro Infant Digestion Model. Front Nutr 2020; 7:162. [PMID: 33117838 PMCID: PMC7557360 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provided insights into the degradation of human milk proteins in an in vitro infant digestion model by comparing colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (week 4) of 7 Chinese mothers individually. In this study, we adapted the exiting INFOGEST in vitro model, to conditions representative to infants (0 to 3 month-old). The level of undigested proteins was analyzed by LC-MS/MS after gel-electrophoretic separation and in-gel digestion. The BCA protein assay showed that the total undigested milk protein content decreased from the start to the end of digestion with variations between mothers, especially in the gastric phase (25–80%). Undigested proteins could also still be found after the intestinal phase, ranging from 0.5 to 4.2% of initial protein content. Based on LC-MS/MS analysis, milk protein digestion varied between the mothers individually, especially during the gastric phase. No differences could be observed between protein digestion from colostrum and mature milk after the intestinal phase. The highest levels of proteins remaining after intestinal digestion can be linked to the group immune-active proteins, for all mothers. The level of protease inhibitors and total protein content in the milk did not correlate with the overall proteolysis during digestion. The results also showed that milk serum proteins partly remained after the gastric phase, with 33% remaining from colostrum and 37% remaining from mature milk. More than 40 milk serum proteins were detected after the intestinal phase. Some of the highly abundant milk serum proteins (lactoferrin, serum albumin, bile salt-activated lipase, immunoglobulins, α1-antichymotrypsin) were still partially present intact after the intestinal phase, for all mothers. Caseins were also not completely digested in the gastric phase, with 35% remaining from colostrum and 13% remaining from mature milk. Caseins, on the other hand, were almost completely digested after the intestinal phase. The complete degradation of caseins into peptides might be related to their structural features. Overall, this study showed that digestion differed for the various human milk proteins by adapting an in vitro digestion model to infant physiological conditions, with the main differences between digestion of the milk from individual mothers being observed after gastric digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohèb Elwakiel
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wendan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kasper A Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dizon M, Tatarko M, Hianik T. Advances in Analysis of Milk Proteases Activity at Surfaces and in a Volume by Acoustic Methods. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5594. [PMID: 33003538 PMCID: PMC7582251 DOI: 10.3390/s20195594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on the application of surface and volume-sensitive acoustic methods for the detection of milk proteases such as trypsin and plasmin. While trypsin is an important protein of human milk, plasmin is a protease that plays an important role in the quality of bovine, sheep and goat milks. The increased activity of plasmin can cause an extensive cleavage of β-casein and, thus, affect the milk gelation and taste. The basic principles of surface-sensitive acoustic methods, as well as high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy (HR-US), are presented. The current state-of-the-art examples of the application of acoustic sensors for protease detection in real time are discussed. The application of the HR-US method for studying the kinetics of the enzyme reaction is demonstrated. The sensitivity of the acoustics biosensors and HR-US methods for protease detection are compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dizon
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Marek Tatarko
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sahin ON, Ozpinar A, Serdar M. Maternal omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in pregnancy decreases MMP-1 levels in breastmilk: a cross-sectional study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:3143-3151. [PMID: 32962453 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1814241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-inflammatory properties of fish-oil are well known and suggested during pregnancy. MMP-1 is involved in inflammation and tissue remodelling. There have been studies focused on anti-inflammatory effect of maternal omega use on human milk while little is known about the effect of omega use on breastmilk proteases. Leptin is an important hormone that influences MMP levels in various tissues and exerts its metabolic effects. In our study we assessed the levels of MMP-1, TIMP-1, leptin, IL-6 and FA's including PUFA in breastmilk from women who used omega-3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study was a cross-sectional study included 67(Group 1, n = 32, omega user; Group 2 n = 35, non-user)lactating women and their infan MMP-1, TIMP-1, leptin, IL-6 and FA's were evaluated in breastmilk of both groups. MMP-1, TIMP-1, IL-6 and leptin were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) method. Breastmilk fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). RESULTS Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) levels in breastmilk were significantly lower in breastmilk from omega users (mean ± SD, 0.455 ± 0.1) than non-users (mean ± SD, 0.677 ± 0.289) (p=.0001). MMP-1 and omega 6:3 ratio were positively correlated (r: 0.301, p=.01). MMP levels were correlated with IL-6 (Pearson's r: 0.411, p<.001). MMP-1 and leptin levels were positively correlated (r: .388, p=.001). CONCLUSION MMP-1 levels in breastmilk, may be modified by maternal omega use in pregnancy which may help to redirect extracellular matrix remodelling and metabolic programming in early infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Naciye Sahin
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- Medical Faculty, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Serdar
- Medical Faculty, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang XX, Han RW, Zhao XW, Huang DW, Zhu HL, Wu T, Qi YX, Yang YX, Cheng GL. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the fate of colostrum proteins in the intestine of neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10823-10834. [PMID: 32921455 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of intestinally absorbed colostral immunoglobulins to the transmission of passive immunity is widely reported in neonatal calves. However, changes in the colostral proteome in the gastrointestinal digesta remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate changes in colostral proteome affected by gastrointestinal proteases in neonatal calves. Twenty-one neonatal Holstein calves were used in this study, including 18 colostrum-fed calves slaughtered at 8 (CI, n = 6), 24 (CII, n = 6), and 36 h (CIII, n = 6) postpartum and 3 milk-fed calves slaughtered 24 h postpartum (MI, n = 3). The ingested colostrum and milk samples were collected from the mid-jejunum segment, following the sacrifice. The undigested colostrum or milk along with their ingested colostrum or milk samples were investigated using a label-free proteomics approach. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis of the quantified proteins revealed that the ingested colostrum from the CII and CIII groups and the ingested mature milk from the MI group appeared to share similar patterns. Analysis of the intestinal digesta revealed a time-dependent decrease in caseins, lactoferrin, and osteopontin protein levels, and an increase in cationic trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase. Several protease inhibitors, such as α-1-antiproteinase, α-2-antiplasmin, and early lactation protein, were identified in the colostrum and intestinal digesta. In addition, we detected identical levels in the intestinal digesta and colostrum for albumin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, and plasminogen. Pathway analysis indicated that proteins increased in the intestinal digesta belonged to the following categories: biosynthesis of antibiotics, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids. These results indicated that selected colostral proteins were digested by gastrointestinal proteases, contributing to their intestinal absorption in calves. These findings provide new insights into the fate of the colostral proteome in the gastrointestinal tract and may aid in the identification of factors contributing to health management in neonatal calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X X Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - R W Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - X W Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - D W Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H L Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - T Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y X Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y X Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - G L Cheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Howland V, Klaedtke M, Ruhnau J, Dhople VM, Grabe HJ, Völker U, Heckmann M, Hammer E. Impact of Storage Conditions on the Breast Milk Peptidome. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092733. [PMID: 32911625 PMCID: PMC7551425 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human donor milk (HDM) provides appropriate nutrition and offers protective functions in preterm infants. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of different storage conditions on the stability of the human breast milk peptidome. HDM was directly frozen at −80 °C or stored at −20 °C (120 h), 4 °C (6 h), or room temperature (RT for 6 or 24 h). The milk peptidome was profiled by mass spectrometry after peptide collection by ultrafiltration. Profiling of the peptidome covered 3587 peptides corresponding to 212 proteins. The variance of the peptidome increased with storage temperature and time and varied for different peptides. The highest impact was observed when samples were stored at RT. Smaller but significant effects were still observed in samples stored at 4 °C, while samples showed highest similarity to those immediately frozen at −80 °C when stored at −20 °C. Peptide structures after storage at RT for 24 h point to the increased activity of thrombin and other proteases cleaving proteins at lysine/arginine. The results point to an ongoing protein degradation/peptide production by milk-derived proteases. They underline the need for immediate freezing of HDM at −20 °C or −80 °C to prevent degradation of peptides and enable reproducible investigation of prospectively collected samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Howland
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Maik Klaedtke
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.K.); (V.M.D.); (U.V.)
| | - Johanna Ruhnau
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Vishnu M. Dhople
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.K.); (V.M.D.); (U.V.)
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.K.); (V.M.D.); (U.V.)
| | - Matthias Heckmann
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (E.H.); Tel.: +49-3834-86-6421 (M.H.); +49-3834-420-5811 (E.H.)
| | - Elke Hammer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany; (M.K.); (V.M.D.); (U.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (E.H.); Tel.: +49-3834-86-6421 (M.H.); +49-3834-420-5811 (E.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sah BNP, Lueangsakulthai J, Hauser BR, Demers-Mathieu V, Scottoline B, Pastey MK, Dallas DC. Purification of Antibodies From Human Milk and Infant Digestates for Viral Inhibition Assays. Front Nutr 2020; 7:136. [PMID: 32984396 PMCID: PMC7477105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of enteric pathogen-specific immunoglobulins may be an ideal approach for preventing infectious diarrhea in infants and children. For oral administration to be effective, antibodies must survive functionally intact within the highly proteolytic digestive tract. As an initial step toward assessing the viability of this approach, we examined the survival of palivizumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody (IgG1κ), across infant digestion and its ability to neutralize respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Human milk and infant digestive samples contain substances known to interfere with the RSV neutralization assay (our selected functional test for antibody survival through digestion), therefore, antibody extraction from the matrix was required prior to performing the assay. The efficacy of various approaches for palivizumab purification from human milk, infant's gastric and intestinal digestates, including casein precipitation, salting out, molecular weight cut-off, and affinity chromatography (protein A and G) were compared. Affinity chromatography using protein G with high-salt elution followed by 30-kDa molecular weight cut-off centrifugal filtration was the most effective technique for purifying palivizumab from human milk and infant digestates with a high yield and reduced background interference for the viral neutralization assay. This work is broadly applicable to the optimal isolation of antibodies from human milk and infant digesta for viral neutralization assays, enables the examination of how digestion affects the viral neutralization capacity of antibodies within milk and digestive samples, and paves the way for assessment of the viability of oral administration of recombinant antibodies as a therapeutic approach to prevent enteric pathogen-induced infectious diarrhea in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baidya Nath P. Sah
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Hauser
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Veronique Demers-Mathieu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Manoj K. Pastey
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - David C. Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sah BNP, Lueangsakulthai J, Kim BJ, Hauser BR, Woo Y, Olyaei A, Aloia M, O'Connor A, Scottoline B, Pastey MK, Dallas DC. Partial Degradation of Recombinant Antibody Functional Activity During Infant Gastrointestinal Digestion: Implications for Oral Antibody Supplementation. Front Nutr 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32923453 PMCID: PMC7456970 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of engineered immunoglobulins has the potential to prevent enteric pathogen-induced diarrhea in infants. To prevent infection, these antibodies need to survive functionally intact in the proteolytic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. This research examined both ex vivo and in vivo the functional survival across infant digestion of palivizumab, a model FDA-approved recombinant antibody against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein. Palivizumab-fortified feed (formula or human milk), infant gastric, and intestinal samples were incubated to simulate in vivo digestion (ex vivo digestion). Palivizumab-fortified human milk was also fed to infants, followed by collection of gastric and intestinal samples (in vivo digestion). Palivizumab was purified from the samples of digestate using protein G spin columns followed by filtration through molecular weight cut-off membranes (30 kDa). Palivizumab functional survival across ex vivo and in vivo digestion was determined via an anti-idiotype ELISA and an RSV plaque reduction neutralization test. Palivizumab concentration and RSV neutralization capacity both decreased when incubated in intestinal samples (ex vivo study). The concentration and neutralization activity of orally-supplemented palivizumab also decreased across infant digestion (in vivo study). These results indicate that if recombinant IgGs were selected for oral supplementation to prevent enteric infections, appropriate dosing would need to account for degradation occurring in the digestive system. Other antibody formats, structural changes, or encapsulation could enhance survival in the infant gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baidya Nath P Sah
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Benjamin R Hauser
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Yeonhee Woo
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amy Olyaei
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Molly Aloia
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann O'Connor
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian Scottoline
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Manoj K Pastey
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - David C Dallas
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Beverly RL, Huston RK, Markell AM, McCulley EA, Martin RL, Dallas DC. Differences in human milk peptide release along the gastrointestinal tract between preterm and term infants. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1214-1223. [PMID: 32800606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Preterm infants are born with a gastrointestinal tract insufficiently developed to digesting large quantities of human milk proteins. Peptides released from the digestion of human milk proteins have been identified with bioactivities that may be beneficial to the developing infant. However, it is unknown how prematurity affects total and bioactive peptide release along the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to compare milk peptide release from milk to stomach to stool between preterm and term infants. METHODS Milk, gastric, and stool samples were collected from preterm infants as early collection (days 8 and 9 of life) and late collection (days 21 and 22 of life), and from term infants as early collection. Milk peptides were extracted from the samples and identified using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Peptide abundance and count were compared across digestion and between the three infant groups at each stage of digestion. RESULTS Total milk peptide count and abundance increased from milk to stomach then decreased in stool. Total peptide release was similar among the three infant groups for milk and stool samples. In the stomach, preterm early collection had significantly higher peptide abundance and count than the other two groups. Patterns for peptide release from individual milk proteins were distinct from total peptide release both across digestion and among the infant groups. When analyzing single peptides, term early collection gastric samples had significantly higher peptide abundance than preterm early collection for a known antimicrobial peptide, QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV. CONCLUSIONS Preterm and term infants digest milk proteins differently along their gastrointestinal tracts. While preterm infants released more total peptides in the stomach, term infants released specific bioactive peptides at higher abundance. We identified a region at the C-terminus of β-casein that is conserved from milk through stool and from which are released known and potential antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Beverly
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Robert K Huston
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Andi M Markell
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel L Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - David C Dallas
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ozorio L, Matsubara NK, da Silva-Santos JE, Henry G, Le Gouar Y, Jardin J, Mellinger-Silva C, Cabral LMC, Dupont D. Gastrointestinal digestion enhances the endothelium-dependent vasodilation of a whey hydrolysate in rat aortic rings. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109188. [PMID: 32466916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whey proteins present encrypted biofunctional peptides that need to be released from the native protein to exert their biological activity. Antihypertensive whey peptides are the most studied ones, which can be explained by high prevalence of this chronic degenerative disease. The present study investigated whether the molecular changes occurred during the gastrointestinal digestion of a whey protein hydrolysate could modulate its vasorelaxant potential in rat aortic rings. Spectrophotometric data and SDS-PAGE gel showed a small degree of hydrolysis during the gastric phase and intense intestinal proteolysis. RP-HPLC revealed the formation of a large peptide profile. During the simulated digestion, 198 peptides were generated and identified and, left-shifted the concentration-response curve of the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, as recorded for the digested hydrolysates. In conclusion, gastrointestinal digestion of the whey hydrolysate leads to the generation of bioactive peptides with enhanced vasodilatory potency, reinforcing the relevance of whey-derived products in blood pressure regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Ozorio
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21044-020, Brazil
| | - Natália Kimie Matsubara
- Laboratório de Biologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo da Silva-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Mellinger-Silva
- EMBRAPA Agroindústria de Alimentos, Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Lourdes M C Cabral
- EMBRAPA Agroindústria de Alimentos, Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 23020-470, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1007. [PMID: 32547547 PMCID: PMC7270293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cai J, Li X, Du H, Jiang C, Xu S, Cao Y. Immunomodulatory significance of natural peptides in mammalians: Promising agents for medical application. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151936. [PMID: 32209241 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of immune responses by immunoregulatory agents, such as the natural or synthetic immunomodulatory peptides, has been suggested as a potential strategy to modulate immune system against infection and other immune-related diseases. These compositionally simple peptides have attracted much attention for many drug developers, due to their high activity, low toxicity and clear target specificity. Host defence peptides and milk-derived peptides are two kinds of natural immunomodulatory peptides which have been widely studied in mammalians. They could participate at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity by regulating immune effector cells. This review summarizes the recent advances in host defence peptides and milk-derived peptides as well as their general characteristics, immunomodulatory functions and possible applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongming Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengfei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li C, Cai W, Liu S, Zhou C, Yin H, Sun D, Zhang S. SERPINA1 gene identified in RNA-Seq showed strong association with milk protein concentration in Chinese Holstein cows. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8460. [PMID: 32140298 PMCID: PMC7045893 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of candidate genes and mutations associated with phenotypic traits is important for livestock animals. A previous RNA-Seq study revealed that SERPINA1 gene was a functional candidate that may affect milk protein concentration in dairy cows. To further confirm the genetic effect of SERPINA1 on milk protein traits, genetic polymorphisms were identified and genotype-phenotype associations were performed in a large Chinese Holstein cattle population. The entire coding region and the 5′-regulatory region (5′-UTR) of SERPINA1 was sequenced using pooled DNA of 17 unrelated sires. Association studies for five milk production traits were performed using a mixed model with a population encompassing 1,027 Chinese Holstein cows. A total of four SNPs were identified in SERPINA1, among which rs210222822 and rs41257068 presented in exons, rs207601878 presented in an intron, and rs208607693 was in the 5′-UTR. Analyses of pairwise D′ measures of linkage disequilibrium (LD) showed strong linkage among these four SNPs (D′ = 0.99–1.00), and a 9 Kb haplotype block involving three main haplotypes with GTGT, CCCC and CCGT was inferred. An association study revealed that all four single SNPs and their haplotypes had significant genetic effects on milk protein percentage, milk protein yield and milk yield (P = 0.0458 − < 0.0001). The phenotypic variance ratio for all 11 significant SNP-trait pairs ranged from 1.01% to 7.54%. The candidate gene of SERPINA1 revealed by our previous RNA-Seq study was confirmed to have pronounced effect on milk protein traits on a genome level. Two SNPs (rs208607693 and rs210222822) presented phenotypic variances of approximately 7% and may be used as key or potential markers to assist selection for new lines of cows with high protein concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Cai
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghao Zhou
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Yin
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li C, Cai W, Liu S, Zhou C, Cao M, Yin H, Sun D, Zhang S, Loor JJ. Association of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase with milk protein concentration in the Chinese Holstein population. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1725-1731. [PMID: 32106650 PMCID: PMC7649079 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective An initial RNA-Sequencing study revealed that UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) was one of the most promising candidates for milk protein concentration in Chinese Holstein cattle. This enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose, an important step in galactose catabolism. To further validate the genetic effect of GALE on milk protein traits, genetic variations were identified, and genotypes-phenotypes associations were performed. Methods The entire coding region and the 5′-regulatory region (5′-UTR) of GALE were re-sequenced using pooled DNA of 17 unrelated sires. Association studies for five milk production traits were performed using a mixed linear animal model with a population encompassing 1,027 Chinese Holstein cows. Results A total of three variants in GALE were identified, including two novel variants (g.2114 A>G and g.2037 G>A) in the 5′-UTR and one previously reported variant (g.3836 G>C) in an intron. All three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with milk yield (p<0.0001), fat yield (p = 0.0006 to <0.0001), protein yield (p = 0.0232 to <0.0001) and protein percentage (p<0.0001), while no significant associations were detected between the SNPs and fat percentage. A strong linkage disequilibrium (D’ = 0.96 to 1.00) was observed among all three SNPs, and a 5 Kb haplotype block involving three main haplotypes with GAG, AGC, and AGG was formed. The results of haplotype association analyses were consistent with the results of single locus association analysis (p<0.0001). The phenotypic variance ratio above 3.00% was observed for milk protein yield that was explained by SNP-g.3836G >C. Conclusion Overall, our findings provided new insights into the polymorphic variations in bovine GALE gene and their associations with milk protein concentration. The data indicate their potential uses for marker-assisted breeding or genetic selection schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wentao Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenghao Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingyue Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongwei Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chamata Y, Watson KA, Jauregi P. Whey-Derived Peptides Interactions with ACE by Molecular Docking as a Potential Predictive Tool of Natural ACE Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E864. [PMID: 32013233 PMCID: PMC7036835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several milk/whey derived peptides possess high in vitro angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. However, in some cases, poor correlation between the in vitro ACE inhibitory activity and the in vivo antihypertensive activity has been observed. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the structure-activity relationship of peptide sequences present in whey/milk protein hydrolysates with high ACE inhibitory activity, which could lead to a better understanding and prediction of their in vivo antihypertensive activity. The potential interactions between peptides produced from whey proteins, previously reported as high ACE inhibitors such as IPP, LIVTQ, IIAE, LVYPFP, and human ACE were assessed using a molecular docking approach. The results show that peptides IIAE, LIVTQ, and LVYPFP formed strong H bonds with the amino acids Gln 259, His 331, and Thr 358 in the active site of the human ACE. Interestingly, the same residues were found to form strong hydrogen bonds with the ACE inhibitory drug Sampatrilat. Furthermore, peptides IIAE and LVYPFP interacted with the amino acid residues Gln 259 and His 331, respectively, also in common with other ACE-inhibitory drugs such as Captopril, Lisinopril and Elanapril. Additionally, IIAE interacted with the amino acid residue Asp 140 in common with Lisinopril, and LIVTQ interacted with Ala 332 in common with both Lisinopril and Elanapril. The peptides produced naturally from whey by enzymatic hydrolysis interacted with residues of the human ACE in common with potent ACE-inhibitory drugs which suggests that these natural peptides may be potent ACE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Chamata
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Kimberly A. Watson
- Harborne Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Paula Jauregi
- Harry Nursten Building, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rekima A, Bonnart C, Macchiaverni P, Metcalfe J, Tulic MK, Halloin N, Rekima S, Genuneit J, Zanelli S, Medeiros S, Palmer DJ, Prescott S, Verhasselt V. A role for early oral exposure to house dust mite allergens through breast milk in IgE-mediated food allergy susceptibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:1416-1429.e11. [PMID: 31954775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful prevention of food allergy requires the identification of the factors adversely affecting the capacity to develop oral tolerance to food antigen in early life. OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether oral exposure to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus through breast milk affects gut mucosal immunity with long-term effects on IgE-mediated food allergy susceptibility. METHODS Gut immunity was explored in 2-week-old mice breast-fed by mothers exposed to D pteronyssinus, protease-inactivated D pteronyssinus, or to PBS during lactation. We further analyzed oral tolerance to a bystander food allergen, ovalbumin (OVA). In a proof-of-concept study, Der p 1 and OVA levels were determined in 100 human breast milk samples and the association with prevalence of IgE-mediated egg allergy at 1 year was assessed. RESULTS Increased permeability, IL-33 levels, type 2 innate lymphoid cell activation, and Th2 cell differentiation were found in gut mucosa of mice nursed by mothers exposed to D pteronyssinus compared with PBS. This pro-Th2 gut mucosal environment inhibited the induction of antigen-specific FoxP3 regulatory T cells and the prevention of food allergy by OVA exposure through breast milk. In contrast, protease-inactivated D pteronyssinus had no effect on offspring gut mucosal immunity. Based on the presence of Der p 1 and/or OVA in human breast milk, we identified groups of lactating mothers, which mirror the ones found in mice to be responsible for different egg allergy risk. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights an unpredicted potential risk factor for the development of food allergy, that is, D pteronyssinus allergens in breast milk, which disrupt gut immune homeostasis and prevents oral tolerance induction to bystander food antigen through their protease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akila Rekima
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1220, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jessica Metcalfe
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Meri K Tulic
- EA6302 Immune Tolerance, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1065, Mediterranean Centre for Molecular Medicine, Team 12, Nice, France; inVIVO Global Network, Research Group of the Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ
| | - Nicolas Halloin
- EA6302 Immune Tolerance, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Samah Rekima
- Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nice, France
| | - Jon Genuneit
- inVIVO Global Network, Research Group of the Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ; Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samantha Zanelli
- EA6302 Immune Tolerance, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Samara Medeiros
- EA6302 Immune Tolerance, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Debra J Palmer
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; inVIVO Global Network, Research Group of the Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ
| | - Susan Prescott
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; inVIVO Global Network, Research Group of the Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ; Perth Childrens Hospital, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Valerie Verhasselt
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; inVIVO Global Network, Research Group of the Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Manguy J, Shields DC. Implications of kappa-casein evolutionary diversity for the self-assembly and aggregation of casein micelles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190939. [PMID: 31824707 PMCID: PMC6837221 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Milk alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein proteins assemble into casein micelles in breast epithelial cells. The glycomacropeptide (GMP) tails of kappa-casein that extend from the surface of the micelle are key to assembly and aggregation. Aggregation is triggered by stomach pepsin cleavage of GMP from para-kappa-casein (PKC). While one casein micelle model emphasizes the importance of hydrophobic interactions, another focuses on polar residues. We performed an evolutionary analysis of kappa-casein primary sequence and predicted features that potentially impact on protein interactions. We noted more rapid change in the earlier period (166 to 60 Ma). Pepsin and plasmin cleavage sites were avoided in the GMP, which may partly explain its amino acid composition. Short tandem repeats have led to modest expansions of PKC, and to large GMP expansions, suggesting the GMP is less length constrained. Amino acid compositional constraints were assessed across species. Polarity and hydrophobicity properties were insufficient to explain differences between PKC and GMP. Among polar residues, threonine dominates the GMP, compared to serine, probably reflecting its preference for O-glycosylation over phosphorylation. Glutamine, enriched in the bovine PQ-rich region, is not positionally conserved in other species. Among hydrophobic residues, isoleucine is clearly preferred over leucine in the GMP, and patches of hydrophobicity are not markedly positionally conserved. PKC tyrosine and charged residues showed stronger conservation of position, suggesting a role for pi-interactions, seen in other structurally dynamic protein membraneless assemblies. Independent acquisitions of cysteines are consistent with a trend of increasing stabilization of multimers by covalent disulphide bonds, over evolutionary time. In conclusion, kappa-casein compositional and positional constraints appear to be influenced by modification preferences, protease evasion and protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Manguy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Denis C. Shields
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhou Y, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhang A, Wu W, Chen W, Yan X, Liu H, Hu Y, Jiang C, Xu Y, Wang X, Han S. Peptidomic analysis reveals multiple protection of human breast milk on infants during different stages. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15510-15526. [PMID: 30741421 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that human breast milk (HBM) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of newborns. Currently, peptide drugs provide promising regimes in neonatal disease treatment, especially peptides from HBM that exhibit multiple functions within cells. To explore the potential biological function peptides among the colostrum, transition and mature milk from mother of extremely low birth weight children (the samples were collected from Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2016 to February 2017). A total of 3,182 nonredundant peptides were identified and compared among colostrum, transitional and mature milk using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry technology, and the numbers and fragments of peptides were various. The isoelectric point and molecular weight analysis of the differentially expressed peptides basically accord with the range of mass spectrometry identification (<3 kDa). Gene Ontology analysis and Pathway analysis, restriction sites analysis, as well as bioinformatics analysis showed that these differentially expressed peptides enriched a variety of biological processes. We identified several putative peptides that might have bioactive effects in diseases and development of newborns, which will inform further functional investigations. Our preliminary research provided a better understanding of the function of peptides during the newborn periods. Furthermore, it laid a foundation for discovering new peptide drugs in neonatal disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neonatology, Wuxi Children's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyao Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Institute of pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Fourth Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gan J, Zheng J, Krishnakumar N, Goonatilleke E, Lebrilla CB, Barile D, German JB. Selective Proteolysis of α-Lactalbumin by Endogenous Enzymes of Human Milk at Acidic pH. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900259. [PMID: 31271254 PMCID: PMC7231428 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The use of human milk products is increasing for high-risk infants. Human milk contains endogenous enzymes that comprise a dynamic proteolytic system, yet biological properties of these enzymes and their activities in response to variations including pH within infants are unclear. Human milk has a neutral pH around 7, while infant gastric pH varies from 2 to 6 depending on individual conditions. This study is designed to determine the specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions in human milk as a function of pH. METHODS AND RESULTS Endogenous proteolysis is characterized by incubating freshly expressed human milk at physiologically relevant pH ranging from 2 to 7 without the addition of exogenous enzymes. Results show that the effects of pH on endogenous proteolysis in human milk are protein-specific. Further, specific interactions between cathepsin D and α-lactalbumin are confirmed. The endogenous enzyme cathepsin D in human milk cleaves α-lactalbumin as the milk pH shifts from 7 to 3. CONCLUSIONS This study documents that selective proteolysis activated by pH shift is a mechanism for dynamic interactions between human milk and the infant. Controlled proteolysis can guide the use of human milk products based on individual circumstance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junai Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jingyuan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nithya Krishnakumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|