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Berg SJ, Zaso MJ, Biehler KM, Read JP. Self-Compassion and Self-Forgiveness in Alcohol Risk, Treatment and Recovery: A Systematic Review. Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31:e2987. [PMID: 38769941 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-compassion and self-forgiveness are two self-focused, positive coping approaches that may reduce risk of problem drinking and/or aid in treatment/recovery from alcohol use disorder. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate support for the unique and complementary roles of self-compassion and self-forgiveness in alcohol outcomes. METHODS A systematic literature search yielded 18 studies examining self-compassion, 18 studies examining self-forgiveness and 1 study examining both constructs in alcohol outcomes. RESULTS Findings suggest greater self-compassion and self-forgiveness relate to lower likelihood of problem drinking. Self-forgiveness was considerably more researched in treatment/recovery outcomes than self-compassion; self-forgiveness-based interventions appear able to improve drinking-adjacent outcomes, and self-forgiveness may increase across various alcohol treatments. Finally, research suggests that associations of self-compassion and/or self-forgiveness with alcohol outcomes could be driven by numerous factors, including coping-motivated drinking, depression, psychache, social support perceptions, mental health status and/or psychiatric distress. CONCLUSIONS Self-compassion and self-forgiveness both appear protective against harmful alcohol outcomes. Nevertheless, many questions remain about the role of self-forgiveness and, particularly, self-compassion in alcohol treatment and recovery outcomes. Future research should examine whether targeted interventions and/or adjunctive therapeutic supports designed to increase self-compassion or self-forgiveness can reduce alcohol use disorder symptoms to facilitate alcohol treatment and recovery success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Berg
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michelle J Zaso
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Biehler
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer P Read
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Yamashita A, Yoshioka SI. Subjective recovery accounts of Japanese female patients suffering from alcohol use disorder. A phenomenological study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2820-2827. [PMID: 35726722 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the subjective recovery accounts of Japanese female patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and the factors that affect their recovery. DESIGN AND METHODS This qualitative study used a phenomenological design. A focus group with 10 Japanese participants was conducted. FINDINGS Five theme clusters emerged: drinking to forget unpleasant feelings, fighting compulsive cravings with craving, unhealed wounds from past traumatic experiences, encounters with role models in self-help groups, and changing one's mindset to a proactive pursuit of happiness. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To support the recovery of women with AUD, psychiatric nurses should help them improve their family relationships, find recovery models, and proactively provide them with trauma-informed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Yamashita
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yoshioka
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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The Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale May Be Simplified and Diagnostically Improved: The Same Prevalence but Different Severity and Risk Factors of Food Addiction among Female and Male Students. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194041. [PMID: 36235693 PMCID: PMC9573175 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the most commonly used scale for measuring food addiction (FA). The previous approach to the YFAS and its subsequent versions assumed dichotomization of items, separating addiction symptoms and clinical significance items, and factorial validity testing on a subset of items. In this paper, we discuss the drawbacks associated with these procedures. In addition, we present a different analytical approach to investigate the validity of the modified YFAS (mYFAS) along with an alternative scoring method that overcomes limitations related to the previous approach. After establishing the structure of the mYFAS, we investigated the potential antecedents and consequences of FA separately for men and women. The sample consisted of 1182 Polish undergraduate students (613 women, 559 men, 10 missing values on gender) with a mean age of 20.33 years (SD = 1.68; range: 18–36). They were asked to complete self-report questionnaires measuring FA, personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, narcissism, self-efficacy, social anxiety, loneliness, and well-being indicators. Due to the low content, factorial, and clinical validity, the first three items were excluded from the Polish version of the mYFAS. The six-item mYFAS demonstrated measurement invariance, allowing for meaningful comparisons between genders and yielded almost identical prevalence rates for men and women. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that, narcissism, and social anxiety predicted FA in both genders, whereas important gender differences in antecedents were also noted. In addition, FA was associated with body mass index (BMI) and most of the well-being indicators, even after controlling for relevant variables. The findings suggest that our modified analytical approach allows researchers to measure FA using a valid, useful, and simple tool.
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Kaleta K, Mróz J. Gender Differences in Forgiveness and its Affective Correlates. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:2819-2837. [PMID: 34357497 PMCID: PMC9314294 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although women are believed to be more forgiving than men, the results of many studies comparing women with men vary. Moreover, little is known about unique correlates or differential patterns of experiencing forgiveness by gender. In the present study, we compared men and women in terms of their level of dispositional forgiveness and its emotional correlates, namely positive and negative affect, anxiety, and emotional control. The sample consisted of 625 individuals aged 19-69, of whom 478 (76.5%) were women and 147 (23.5%) were men. Polish versions of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used. Men showed a higher level of general forgiveness and greater willingness to overcome unforgiveness than women, but there was no significant difference in positive facets of the disposition to forgive. In both genders negative affect, anxiety, and control of anger and of depression were negatively related to dimensions of dispositional forgiveness, and positive affect was positively associated with forgiveness. In females control of anxiety was negatively and in males it was positively related to facets of forgiveness. Gender moderated a number of links between affective traits and forgiveness of self and of situations beyond control, but not forgiveness of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Kaleta
- Department of Psychology, The Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Krakowska 11, 25-029 Kielce, Poland
| | - Justyna Mróz
- Department of Psychology, The Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Krakowska 11, 25-029 Kielce, Poland
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Cabras C, Kaleta K, Mróz J, Loi G, Sechi C. Gender and age differences in forgivingness in Italian and Polish samples. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09771. [PMID: 35785230 PMCID: PMC9241033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores gender and age differences in forgivingness using the crosscultural and stress-and-coping perspective. Polish and Italian versions of the Heartland Forgiveness scale (HFS) were used. The sample consisted of 1957 individuals aged 18–80 (61% females and 39% males). A 3-way between groups ANOVA was used to examine the main effects and interactions of country, age and gender as they relate to total HFS score. Post-hoc analyses were performed where appropriate. The results revealed that Polish and Italian respondents did not differ in the level of the general tendency to forgive. Gender differences in trait forgiveness were reported in whole sample and in Italian subsample, showing males to be more forgiving than females. Further, our results for all study participants, in Polish subsample and among Italian males showed that older adults were more forgiving than young respondents, which is consistent with the previous findings showing an increase in forgivingness with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cabras
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kinga Kaleta
- The Jan Kochanowski University, Department of Psychology, Kielce, Poland
| | - Justyna Mróz
- The Jan Kochanowski University, Department of Psychology, Kielce, Poland
| | - Giorgia Loi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Sechi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
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Carpenter TP, Isenberg N, McDonald J. The mediating roles of guilt- and shame-proneness in predicting self-forgiveness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Maghsoudi J, Ghalesefidi MJ, Pouragha B. Effectiveness of gratitude on psychological well-being and quality of life among hospitalized substance abuse patients. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/94091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Krentzman AR, Webb JR, Jester JM, Harris J. Longitudinal Relationship between Forgiveness of Self and Forgiveness of Others among Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorders. PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY 2018; 10:128-137. [PMID: 29904570 PMCID: PMC5995557 DOI: 10.1037/rel0000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that forgiveness of self and forgiveness of others might function differently over the course of addiction recovery. However, we know little about the longitudinal process of these dimensions of forgiveness for individuals addressing alcohol-use disorders. Increased knowledge would inform the content and sequencing of intervention strategies. Three hundred and sixty-four individuals managing alcohol dependence participated in a 30-month longitudinal study, reporting their capacity to forgive self and to forgive others every 6 months. Findings indicated that a) participants were more forgiving of others than themselves, b) both types of forgiveness increased over time, c) forgiveness of self increased more rapidly than forgiveness of others, and d) while increases in both types of forgiveness predicted increases in the other type, the effect of forgiveness of others on forgiveness of self was twice as strong as the reverse effect. Implications for facilitating forgiveness in treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Krentzman
- University of Minnesota School of Social Work, 1404 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jon R. Webb
- East Tennessee State University Department of Psychology, Box 70649, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Jester
- University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J.Irene Harris
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, 1 Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- University of Minnesota Department of Psychiatry, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55454
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Webb JR, Toussaint LL. Self-Forgiveness as a Critical Factor in Addiction and Recovery: A 12-Step Model Perspective. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2017.1391057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon R. Webb
- Department of Community, Family, and Addiction Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Krentzman AR. Gratitude, abstinence, and alcohol use disorders: Report of a preliminary finding. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 78:30-36. [PMID: 28554600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gratitude is a central component of addiction recovery for many, yet it has received scant attention in addiction research. In a sample of 67 individuals entering abstinence-based alcohol-use-disorder treatment, this study employed gratitude and abstinence variables from sequential assessments (baseline, 6months, 12months) to model theorized causal relationships: gratitude would increase pre-post treatment and gratitude after treatment would predict greater percent days abstinent 6months later. Neither hypothesis was supported. This unexpected result led to the theory that gratitude for sobriety was the construct of interest; therefore, the association between gratitude and future abstinence would be positive among those already abstinent. Thus, post-treatment abstinence was tested as a moderator of the effect of gratitude on future abstinence: this effect was statistically significant. For those who were abstinent after treatment, the relationship between gratitude and future abstinence was positive; for those drinking most frequently after treatment, the relationship between gratitude and future abstinence was negative. In this preliminary study, dispositional tendency to affirm that there is much to be thankful for appeared to perpetuate the status quo-frequent drinkers with high gratitude were drinking frequently 6months later; abstinent individuals with high gratitude were abstinent 6months later. Gratitude exercises might be contraindicated for clients who are drinking frequently and have abstinence as their treatment goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Krentzman
- University of Minnesota, School of Social Work, 1404 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Turpin A, Shier ML. Supporting Intrapersonal Development in Substance Use Disorder Programs: A Conceptual Framework for Client Assessment. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-INFORMED SOCIAL WORK 2017; 14:131-146. [PMID: 28388336 DOI: 10.1080/23761407.2017.1302860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Improvements to intrapersonal development of clients involved with substance use disorder treatment programs has widely been recognized as contributing to the intended goal of reducing substance misuse behaviors. This study sought to identify a broad framework of primary outcomes related to the intrapersonal development of clients in treatment for substance misuse. METHOD Using qualitative research methods, individual interviews were conducted with program participants (n = 41) at three treatment programs to identify the ways in which respondents experienced intrapersonal development through participation in treatment. RESULTS The findings support the development of a conceptual model that captures the importance and manifestation of achieving improvements in the following outcomes: self-awareness, coping ability, self-worth, outlook, and self-determination. DISCUSSION The findings provide a conceptual framework for client assessment that captures a broad range of the important intrapersonal development factors utilized as indicators for client development and recovery that should be measured in tandem during assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Turpin
- a Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Micheal L Shier
- a Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Krentzman AR. Longitudinal Differences in Spirituality and Religiousness between Men and Women in Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders. PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY 2016; 9:S11-S21. [PMID: 29250216 PMCID: PMC5730350 DOI: 10.1037/rel0000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study compares men and women with alcohol use disorders on levels and trajectories of spirituality and religiousness over 30 months while controlling for critical covariates. Men (n=92) and women (n=65) entering abstinence-based treatment were assessed for drinking behavior, spirituality, and psychosocial variables in a longitudinal panel study. Multiple regression tested for baseline differences and multi-level models tested for differences from baseline to 6 months (early recovery) and from 6 to 30 months (later recovery) in seven dimensions of spirituality/religiousness. Between baseline and 6 months, women had higher scores than men for forgiveness of others and lower scores than men for negative religious coping. Between 6 and 30 months, the acceleration of positive change in self forgiveness was significantly greater for women than men. Differences in negative religious coping and forgiveness might relate to differences in shame and guilt and their resolution by gender. Future research should examine whether gender differences in spirituality serve as an asset to women as they pursue addiction recovery.
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