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Jones AA, Waghmare SA, Segel JE, Harrison ED, Apsley HB, Santos-Lozada AR. Regional differences in fatal drug overdose deaths among Black and White individuals in the United States, 2012-2021. Am J Addict 2024; 33:534-542. [PMID: 38520669 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The current study examines regional differences in Black/White fatal drug overdoses. METHODS Black/White overdose mortality data (2012-2021; N = 537,085) were retrieved from CDC WONDER. We used death counts and corresponding Census Bureau population estimates by the decedent's age and race/ethnicity to calculate mortality rate ratios. RESULTS From 2012 to 2021, there were 537,085 reported overdose deaths among White (85%) and Black (15%) individuals in the United States. In the South, Black individuals had lower fatal drug overdose deaths than their same-aged White counterparts. In the Northeast, Midwest, and West regions, Black individuals had around 10%-60% lower likelihood of overdoses among younger ages (15-24, 25-34, 35-44) but about 60%-300% higher likelihood of overdoses among older adults (55-64). Increases in overdose deaths during the pandemic (2020-2021) led to changes in Black/White overdose death patterns, whereas Black individuals of all ages in the Midwest and West regions had approximately 15%-425% higher likelihood of fatal overdoses than their same-aged White counterparts. Sex-stratified analysis suggests that Black females in the South had overdose death rates around 50% lower than same-aged White females, and overdose deaths were relatively equal for Black and White females in the Midwest-patterns not seen among males. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The findings indicate that the Black/White overdose mortality gap changed after the COVID-19 pandemic across all regions and age cohorts, with state and regional variations in magnitude. Behavioral interventions and policies to curb drug overdose deaths among populations most impacted should consider regional, sex, and age-related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abenaa A Jones
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Consortium for Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shashim A Waghmare
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joel E Segel
- Consortium for Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric D Harrison
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hannah B Apsley
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis R Santos-Lozada
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zeidan RS, McElroy T, Rathor L, Martenson MS, Lin Y, Mankowski RT. Sex differences in frailty among older adults. Exp Gerontol 2023; 184:112333. [PMID: 37993077 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
By definition, aging is a natural, gradual and continuous process. On the other hand, frailty reflects the increase in vulnerability to stressors and shortens the time without disease (health span) while longevity refers to the length of life (lifespan). The average life expectancy has significantly increased during the last few decades. A longer lifespan has been accompanied by an increase in frailty and decreased independence in older adults, with major differences existing between men and women. For example, women tend to live longer than men but also experience higher rates of frailty and disability. Sex differences prevent optimization of lifestyle interventions and therapies to effectively prevent frailty. Sex differences in frailty and aging are rooted in a complex interplay between uncontrollable (genetic, epigenetic, physiological), and controllable factors (psychosocial and lifestyle factors). Thus, understanding the underlying causes of sex differences in frailty and aging is essential for developing personalized interventions to promote healthy aging and improve quality of life in older men and women. In this review, we have discussed the key contributors and knowledge gaps related to sex differences in aging and frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola S Zeidan
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Taylor McElroy
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America; Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Laxmi Rathor
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Matthew S Martenson
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
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Gray J, Santos-Lozada AR, Hard G, Apsley H, O’Sullivan D, Jones AA. Serious Psychological Distress, Substance Use Disorders, and Social Issues Among Men and Women in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Health Promot 2023; 37:933-939. [PMID: 37401052 PMCID: PMC10333561 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231188187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assesses the association between SUD, economic hardship, gender, and related risk and protective factors on serious psychological distress (SPD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Quantitative cross-sectional design. SETTING National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). SAMPLE Data were from the NSDUH (2020) N = 25,746, representing 238,677,123 US adults, who identified as 18 or older and either male or female. MEASURES SPD measured as scoring a 13 or more on the Kessler (K6) distress scale. SUDs were determined using DSM5 criteria. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables included in analyses. ANALYSIS Logistic regressions evaluated the association between gender, protective, and risk factors on SPD. RESULTS After controlling for sociodemographic and related factors of SPD, having a SUD was the strongest correlate of SPD. Other significant correlates of SPD included female gender and an income level at or below the federal poverty threshold. Gender stratified regressions illustrated that religiosity, self-identifying as Black, and high levels of education were protective against SPD for women but not men. Poverty level was more associated with SPD for women than men. CONCLUSION In the United States, individuals with SUDs were nearly four times more likely to report SPD than those without SUDs, controlling for economic hardship and markers of social support during 2020. Effective social interventions to reduce SPD among individuals with SUDs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Gray
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education College of Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alexis R. Santos-Lozada
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Greg Hard
- Simches Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Apsley
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Deirdre O’Sullivan
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education College of Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Abenaa A. Jones
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Bajaj A, Han D, Elman I, Thanos PK, Dennen CA, Badgaiyan RD, Bowirrat A, Barh D, Blum K. Positive Clinical Outcomes for Severe Reported Pain Using Robust Non-Addictive Home Electrotherapy-A Case-Series. J Pers Med 2023; 13:336. [PMID: 36836570 PMCID: PMC9965228 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The North American opioid epidemic has resulted in over 800,000 related premature overdose fatalities since 2000, with the United States leading the world in highest opioid deaths per capita. Despite increased federal funding in recent years, intended to address this crisis, opioid overdose mortality has continued to increase. Legally prescribed opioids also chronically induce a problematic reduction in affect. While an ideal analgesic has yet to be developed, some effective multimodal non-opioid pharmacological regimens for acute pain management are being more widely utilized. Some investigators have suggested that a safer and more scientifically sound approach might be to induce "dopamine homeostasis" through non-pharmacological approaches, since opioid use even for acute pain of short duration is now being strongly questioned. There is also increasing evidence suggesting that some more robust forms of electrotherapy could be applied as an effective adjunct to avoid the problems associated with opioids. This 4-patient case-series presents such an approach to treatment of severe pain. All 4 of these chiropractic treatment cases involved a component of knee osteoarthritis, in addition to other reported areas of pain. Each patient engaged in a home recovery strategy using H-Wave® device stimulation (HWDS) to address residual extremity issues following treatment of spinal subluxation and other standard treatments. A simple statistical analysis was conducted to determine the change in pain scores (Visual Analogue Scale) of pre and post electrotherapy treatments, resulting in significant reductions in self-reported pain (p-value = 0.0002). Three of the four patients continued using the home therapy device long-term as determined by a post-analysis questionnaire. This small case-series demonstrated notably positive outcomes, suggesting consideration of home use of HWDS for safe, non-pharmacological and non-addictive treatment of severe pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Bajaj
- School of Chiropractic, Cleveland University Health Sciences, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA
- Bajaj Chiropractic, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - David Han
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19114, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, India
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Center for Behavioral Health & Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Kazinczy u. 23-27, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Akande AO, Riehman-Murphy C, Oji-Mmuo C, Jones AA, Chen Q, Segel JE, Sterner GE, Adam MT. A scoping review of the opioid epidemic among U.S. Immigrants: Implications for treatment practices. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-19. [PMID: 36752662 PMCID: PMC10411101 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2173346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to identify knowledge gaps within the literature regarding the impact of opioid use disorder, specific to immigrants in the United States, by addressing the following questions: 1) What is presented in the literature about the impact of opioid use disorder (OUD) and the opioid epidemic on immigrants in the United States?; and 2) What role does culture play in the opioid use disorder experiences of immigrants in the United States? Nineteen research articles were uncovered that addressed immigrants in the U.S. and opioid use disorder. The following themes prevailed: 1) OUD comparisons, 2) OUD comorbidities, 3) disparate OUD treatment engagement, and 4) the role of country of origin. Limited review findings support the need for future research on the topic of opioid misuse among immigrants in the United States. The authors elaborated on additional issues that influence OUD rates and warrant further exploration. Matters related to the potential positive roles of religion and faith leaders, cultural perceptions and expectations about gender roles, immigration status, ethnically diverse needs among sub-groups of immigrants, the role of geographic location within the U.S., and the implications of COVID-19 on OUD among immigrants need to be addressed to alleviate the deleterious impact of opioid misuse among immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qiushi Chen
- The Pennsylvania State University Libraries, Penn State Abington, Abington, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel E Segel
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Efrati Y, Kolubinski DC, Marino C, Spada MM. Early Maladaptive Schemas are Associated with Adolescents’ Substance and Behavioral Addictions. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Efrati Y, Spada MM. Self-perceived substance and behavioral addictions among Jewish Israeli adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100431. [PMID: 35647261 PMCID: PMC9133580 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined self-perceived substance and behavioral addictions among Israeli adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic across different sociodemographic categories. The sample comprised 2,074 adolescents (40% males, 60% females) aged 12-19 years who completed the survey anonymously and with parental consent. We examined what is the prevalence of self-perceived substance and behavioral addictions in this population in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Participants reported self-perceived addictions to social networks (70%), shopping (46%), binge eating (34%), gaming (30%), sex-related behavior (15%), psychoactive substance (31%, including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and/or cocaine), and gambling (3%). Moreover, differences were found to be directly related to age, biological sex, religiosity, socioeconomic status, and immigration status. From a lay epidemiological perspective, the current research expands our knowledge about self-perceived addiction among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering better understanding of the likelihood probability factors for self-perceived addiction among adolescents and its related negative outcomes, including increased risk factors for later adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Efrati
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Education, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Marcantonio M. Spada
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
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Hochheimer M, Sacco P, Ware OD. Latent classes of lifetime drug use disorder in national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions - III. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106379. [PMID: 32199206 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/BACKGROUND People diagnosed with multiple drug use disorders are high-risk subpopulations, but changes in diagnostic classification and drug use prevalence mean patterning of drug use disorders has changed in the past decade. We analyzed comorbidity patterns of lifetime drug use disorder in a general population sample. DESIGN Using latent class analysis, we derived lifetime drug use disorder classes based on dichotomous indicators of sedative, cannabis, opioid, cocaine, stimulant, hallucinogen, inhalant/solvent, club drug, heroin, and other drug use disorders in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 36,309). Multinomial models assessed associations between sociodemographic and clinical correlates and latent class status. RESULTS Four latent classes of lifetime substance use disorder were identified: A very low risk class, a class with high opioid, sedative and heroin comorbidity, a class based on cocaine and stimulant comorbidity, and class with high likelihood of multiple lifetime drug use disorders. All higher risk classes were associated with higher risk of lifetime personality disorder and mood disorder. Conduct disorder was also associated with higher risk, but level of risk varied by class. Opioid and sedative class was associated with higher odds of lifetime eating disorder diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidity of drug use disorders is associated with a range of lifetime mental health disorder diagnoses. Unlike previous research, we did not identify a cannabis use class, possibly due to changes in diagnostic criteria and cannabis prevalence rates.
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The association between quantity, frequency and duration of cocaine use during the heaviest use period and DSM-5 cocaine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 213:108114. [PMID: 32563848 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantity (Q), frequency (F), and duration (D) of cocaine use during a person's heaviest use period are important aspects of cocaine use patterns that associated with cocaine use disorder (CocUD). METHODS A total 2988 lifetime cocaine users who met CocUD after the onset of cocaine heaviest use were identified from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). QFD were each categorized into four levels. Hierarchical regressions were used to examine the association between QFD of cocaine use and CocUD. Two-way interactions between QFD were also examined. RESULTS As the level of cocaine use increased from low to very high, the prevalence of CocUD increased. Compared to people with low F, cocaine users with very high F were 12.09 times (95 %CI 6.33, 23.07) as likely to meet criteria for CocUD. Similarly, Q was associated with 4.84 (95 %CI 2.55, 9.18) times the risk of CocUD. D was not significantly associated with the risk of CocUD. Significant additive interaction was identified between Q*F on CocUD prevalence. Approximately one-third of the excess risk associated with having high Q & high F was due to the interactive effect. CONCLUSION Of these three cocaine use patterns, F had the strongest association with CocUD, followed by the Q. High Q and high F was a very dangerous pattern of cocaine use as the combination had as a synergistic effect on the risk of CocUD. It is important for intervention programs to focus on the reduction of both Q and F.
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10
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Elliott AL, Liu Y, Egan KL, Striley CW, Cottler LB. Exposure to Medicines in the Family Medicine Cabinet: Is It a Harbinger of Later Opioid Dependence? Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1709-1715. [PMID: 32394779 PMCID: PMC8442636 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1756856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite research on prescription opioids and dependence being a national priority, little is known about the association between several potential adolescent risk factors and later opioid dependence among those who use opioids non-medically. Objectives: To investigate the association between lifetime opioid dependence and adolescent self-perceived health, health beliefs (thinking there was a pill for everything), health behaviors (onset of alcohol use before 15, onset of prescription opioid use before 15) and parental health practices (having opioids in the family medicine cabinet at age 14, parental suggestions to take pills when sick). Methods: A sample of 343 community members who non-medically used prescription opioids in the past 12 months were recruited for the Prescription Drug Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence Study and retrospectively assessed for adolescent risk factors of lifetime opioid dependence (DSM-IV). Results: Logistic regression revealed the strongest predictor of lifetime opioid dependence was having a prescription opioid in the family medicine cabinet at age 14. Those who grew up believing there was a pill for everything and those who initiated alcohol use before 15 were 1.83 and 1.78 times as likely, respectively, to meet dependence criteria than their counterparts. Demographics and other adolescent predictors were not associated with opioid dependence. Conclusions: Findings suggest several adolescent exposures can be targeted to reduce opioid dependence. Through their behavior, parents can reduce their teens' risk for opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Egan
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine W. Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Gavriel-Fried B, Moretta T, Potenza MN. Similar roles for recovery capital but not stress in women and men recovering from gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:770-779. [PMID: 31891315 PMCID: PMC7044578 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding gender-related differences is important in recovery processes. Previous studies have investigated gender-related differences in factors associated with gambling disorder (GD), but none to date have considered both positive and negative resources related to recovery. Using a recovery capital (RC) framework that considers multiple resources available during recovery, this study examined gender-related similarities and differences in associations between positive resources (RC, spirituality) and negative experiences and states (stressful life events, depression, and anxiety) and GD symptom improvement. METHOD One hundred and forty individuals with lifetime GD (101 men) were assessed using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for GD (past-year and lifetime prior to past-year), the Brief Assessment of RC, the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale, the Stressful Life-events Scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 for depression. Multiple linear regression and Bayesian statistical analyses were conducted. RESULTS RC was positively and significantly associated with GD symptom improvement in women and men. Stressful life events were negatively associated with GD symptom improvement only in men. CONCLUSIONS RC is an important positive resource for men and women recovering from GD and should be considered in treating both women and men. Understanding specific RC factors across gender groups and stressors, particularly in men, may aid in developing improved interventions for GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle Gavriel-Fried
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Corresponding author: Belle Gavriel-Fried; The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Phone: +971 3 640 9151; Fax: +972 3 640 9563; E-mail:
| | - Tania Moretta
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova Italy
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Grim BJ, Grim ME. Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: How Faith is Indispensable in Preventing and Recovering from Substance Abuse. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2019; 58:1713-1750. [PMID: 31359242 PMCID: PMC6759672 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the voluminous empirical evidence on faith's contribution to preventing people from falling victim to substance abuse and helping them recover from it. We find that 73% of addiction treatment programs in the USA include a spirituality-based element, as embodied in the 12-step programs and fellowships initially popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous, the vast majority of which emphasize reliance on God or a Higher Power to stay sober. We introduce and flesh out a typology of faith-based substance abuse treatment facilities, recovery programs, and support groups. This typology provides important background as we then move on to make an economic valuation of nearly 130,000 congregation-based substance abuse recovery support programs in the USA. We find that these faith-based volunteer support groups contribute up to $316.6 billion in savings to the US economy every year at no cost to tax payers. While negative experiences with religion (e.g., clergy sex abuse and other horrendous examples) have been a contributory factor to substance abuse among some victims, given that more than 84% of scientific studies show that faith is a positive factor in addiction prevention or recovery and a risk in less than 2% of the studies reviewed, we conclude that the value of faith-oriented approaches to substance abuse prevention and recovery is indisputable. And, by extension, we also conclude that the decline in religious affiliation in the USA is not only a concern for religious organizations but constitutes a national health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Grim
- Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97236, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Melissa E. Grim
- Religious Freedom & Business Foundation, 1A Perry Circle, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA
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Jones AA, Gerke T, Ennis N, Striley CW, Crecelius R, Sullivan JE, Cottler LB. Order in The Court? The Association Between Substance Use, Exposure to Violence, Risky Sexual Behaviors & Observed Court Behaviors Among Women Involved in the Criminal Justice System. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:134-147. [PMID: 30409715 PMCID: PMC6951021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug courts, therapeutic justice programs for individuals charged with drug offenses, have sub-optimal completion rates. The Courtroom Behavior Checklist (CRBCL), an assessment that quantifies readiness for drug court and drug court behaviors, was developed to predict female offenders who may be at-risk for non-compliance and termination. Data derived from 264 mainly urban women recruited from a Municipal Drug Court System in St. Louis, MO, were used to evaluate the association between substance use, victimization, HIV/AIDS risk behaviors, and observed drug court behaviors. Results showed that women who reported recent substance use or were categorized as at risk for HIV/AIDS were significantly more likely to have scores indicative of unfavorable drug court behaviors, while women who experienced victimization had scores indicative of favorable drug court behaviors. Other factors significantly associated with unfavorable drug court behaviors included greater lifetime arrests, lower education, and being less religious or spiritual. Our findings suggest that the CRBCL may have added utility in identifying women in drug court with recent substance use and risky sexual behaviors. However, further studies on other samples of offenders are needed to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Ennis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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A latent class analysis of the past-30-day substance use patterns among lifetime cocaine users: Findings from a community sample in North Central Florida. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100170. [PMID: 31193730 PMCID: PMC6542739 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cocaine use is increasing and many cocaine users engage in polysubstance use. Within polysubstance use, relationships among use of individual substances are necessarily complex. To address this complexity, we used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify patterns of polysubstance use among lifetime cocaine users and examine associations among these patterns, demographics, and risk profiles. Methods Members of HealthStreet, an ongoing community engagement program, were asked about lifetime and past 30-day use of cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and prescription medications, mental health conditions, recent Emergency Department (ED) visits and demographics. LCA was used to identify classes of past 30-day polysubstance use among individuals who endorsed lifetime cocaine use. Multinomial logistic regression identified factors associated with these classes. Results Among 1797 lifetime cocaine users, a five-class LCA model was identified: 1) past 30-day tobacco use only (45%), 2) past 30-day alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use (31%), 3) past 30-day tobacco, prescription opioid and sedative use (13%), 4) past 30-day cocaine, alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use (9%), 5) past 30-day cocaine and multiple polysubstance use (2%). Demographics, ED visits and mental health conditions were associated with class membership. Conclusions Approximately 11% of lifetime cocaine users used cocaine in the past 30 days with two different concurrent substance use patterns. Prescription medication (opioids and sedatives) and complex polysubstance use patterns were stronger indicators of negative outcomes than current cocaine use. Cocaine was not used frequently with other stimulants. In addition to polysubstance use, prescription medication use should be targeted for intervention among lifetime cocaine users.
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Jones AA, Webb FJ, Lasopa SO, Striley CW, Cottler LB. The Association Between Religiosity and Substance Use Patterns Among Women Involved in the Criminal Justice System. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018; 48:327-336. [PMID: 33814600 PMCID: PMC8015967 DOI: 10.1177/0022042618757208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research is exploring the association between religiosity and drug use. Thus, this analysis examines the association between religiosity and substance use patterns among females in the criminal justice system. Data derived from 318 women recruited from a Municipal Drug Court System in St. Louis, Missouri, were used to determine the association between religiosity and substance use patterns. Results indicate that religiosity decreased the odds of cocaine use, observed for both crack/cocaine (CC) use alone (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.41) and crack/cocaine + marijuana (CC + MJ) (AOR = 0.32). Interestingly, this association was not found for MJ use alone. Other variables that were significantly associated with CC + MJ use included being non-Black (CC + MJ: AOR = 0.46; MJ: AOR = 0.28), 4+ arrests (CC + MJ: AOR = 4.66; CC: AOR = 2.64), and <30 years of age (CC + MJ: AOR = 0.37; CC: AOR = 0.16; MJ: AOR = 2.84). Future drug prevention and interventions should consider the potential protective effects of religiosity on substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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