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Caniglia M. Economic insecurity in young adulthood among children maltreated during early adolescence. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 157:107047. [PMID: 39293104 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living in foster care as teenagers often experience greater economic insecurity during adulthood than their peers. However, few studies examine the association between foster care entrance during early adolescence and later economic outcomes. OBJECTIVE Examine whether entrance into foster care in early adolescence is associated with employment, monthly earnings, and participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) relative to an observationally similar counterfactual population. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Using statewide administrative data from Wisconsin, I limited my study population to early adolescents exposed to alleged maltreatment between ages 10 through 13 who return to the home or achieve permanency by age 18. Economic security outcomes were examined at age 23. METHODS Propensity score matching generated a counterfactual group that was similar to children who entered foster care (N = 1252). Odds of employment and SNAP usage were modeled with logistic regressions, while earnings were estimated with zero-inflated negative binomial regressions. RESULTS On average, foster care entrance was not associated with later economic difficulties. Among children who entered foster care, longer stays predicted elevated likelihood of employment (OR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.04, 1.33), while more placements within foster care were associated with greater odds of receiving SNAP (OR = 1.38, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.90). CONCLUSION Overall, entrance into foster care during early adolescence was not associated with earnings, employment, or SNAP participation relative to the matched sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Caniglia
- 514 Oswald Tower, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
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Modrowski CA, Chaplo SD, Kerig PK. Youth Dually-Involved in the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems: Varying Definitions and Their Associations with Trauma Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress, & Offending. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2023; 150:106998. [PMID: 37745625 PMCID: PMC10512733 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, scholars have placed increasing effort on better understanding the unique needs of youth involved in both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. This study drew from the Developmental Cascade of Multisystem Involvement Framework to examine group differences in trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and offending among youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system and youth with varying degrees of dual-system involvement, including crossover youth (i.e., youth with a history of maltreatment and offending regardless of system involvement), dual-contact youth (i.e., youth who had a history of a substantiated CW maltreatment petition prior to their involvement in the current study), and dually-involved youth (i.e., youth under the care and custody of the state's child welfare system at the time of study participation). Four-hundred adolescents (25% girls, Mage = 15.97) who were recruited from a detention center and completed self-report measures assessing trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and offending. Juvenile justice and child welfare records also were collected. Results indicated that, compared to youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system, crossover youth reported significantly more exposure to traumatic events, more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms, and more self-reported offending. In contrast, results indicated few differences between dual-contact youth and youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system; these groups only differed in age and in recidivism charges. There also were few differences between dually-involved youth and youth solely involved in the juvenile justice system; these groups only differed in age and exposure to non-Criterion A traumatic events. The current results suggest that categorizing youth as crossover youth based on their own self-reported history of child maltreatment exposure resulted in more observed differences between dual-system youth and youth solely involved in juvenile justice. The present results have valuable implications for how we operationalize youth's system involvement and highlight the importance of examining child maltreatment as a point of prevention and intervention efforts for these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crosby A Modrowski
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center 1 Hoppin Street, Suite 204, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Shannon D Chaplo
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute 105 Smith Level Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
| | - Patricia K Kerig
- University of Utah, Department of Psychology 380 S 1530 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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Yohros A. Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Juvenile Recidivism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1640-1655. [PMID: 35166600 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211073846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
While the impact of trauma on delinquency and offending has been studied in great depth, less is known about the cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences and how these experiences impact recidivism or reoffending outcomes of youth who already have justice system involvement. The main aim of this paper is to report on the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and juvenile recidivism. Of particular interest, the paper examines to what extent, if any, ACEs can be used to predict youth reoffending outcomes, as well as investigates the nature of this relationship. The study utilizes quantitative metanalytical techniques to estimate the overall impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on youth reoffending. Sixteen studies were selected after a comprehensive search of electronic databases covering the fields of social science, criminology, psychology, or related fields. Key findings demonstrate that Adverse Childhood Experiences increase the risk of youth recidivism, with effects varying amongst sample sizes. Narrative synthesis also shows key gender, racial, and ethnic differences as well as potential mechanisms in the cumulative trauma-reoffending relationship. These findings can further guide research and policy in the areas of trauma, juvenile justice, and crime prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yohros
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Astridge B, Li WW, McDermott B, Longhitano C. A systematic review and meta-analysis on adverse childhood experiences: Prevalence in youth offenders and their effects on youth recidivism. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106055. [PMID: 37142357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to be more prevalent among youth involved with the criminal justice system compared to their counterparts in the general population. The present study aims to systematically review the existing empirical studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of ACEs among youth offenders aged between 10 and 19 years, and the effects of both cumulative ACEs and individual ACE items on youth recidivism. METHOD A systematic review approach was employed. Narrative synthesis and meta-analysis were performed to synthesise the data in 31 included studies. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of cumulative ACEs was 39.4 %. The pooled prevalence of individual ACEs ranged between 13.7 % to 51.4 %. Cumulative ACEs and neglect were positively associated with youth recidivism, with OR = 1.966, 95%CI [1.582, 2.444] and OR = 1.328, 95%CI [1.078, 1.637], respectively. Physical and sexual abuse were not significantly associated with youth recidivism. Regarding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between ACEs and recidivism; moderators included gender, positive childhood experiences, strong social bonds, and empathy. Mediators included child welfare placement, emotional and behavioural problems, drug use, mental health problems, and negative emotionality. CONCLUSION Developing programs to youth offenders aiming to address the impact of cumulative and individual ACE exposure, strengthen the protective factors and weaken the risk factors would be useful to reduce youth recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Astridge
- James Cook University, Townsville, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4818, Australia
| | - Wendy Wen Li
- James Cook University, Townsville, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4818, Australia.
| | - Brett McDermott
- James Cook University, Townsville, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4818, Australia; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Department of Health, GPO Box 125, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Carlo Longhitano
- James Cook University, Townsville, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4818, Australia
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Mueller KC, Cavitt J, Carey MT. Future orientation in justice-involved youth: The effects of adverse and positive childhood experiences, and being dual-status. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106230. [PMID: 37167659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Justice-involved youth face diverse challenges and are likely to experience more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and fewer positive childhood experiences (PCEs), which can have implications for their orientation toward their future. Future orientation is thought to influence behavior, but little is known about how it is shaped. While future orientation and its correlates likely matter for all justice-involved youth, the recently recognized subcategory of Dual Status Youths (DSYs) might be especially sensitive to influences on future orientation. OBJECTIVE This study explores the effects of cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs), and DSY classification on the likelihood of having a positive orientation toward the future. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The researchers analyze a sample of 3604 justice-involved youth on probation in a large metropolitan area in Texas. METHOD The sample includes juveniles who received the full Positive Achievement Change Tool (PACT) risk/needs assessment. The analytical plan included t-tests and two logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Findings were that DSY are exposed to more ACEs and fewer PCEs than non-dual status justice-involved youth. Results indicated that a greater number of PCEs is associated with future orientation, but DSY status and ACEs are not. CONCLUSIONS Juvenile justice programming must strive to cultivate PCEs in justice-involved youth prior to the completion of their probation supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Curtis Mueller
- Research Analyst at Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD), United States of America.
| | - Joslyn Cavitt
- Research Analyst at Harris County Juvenile Probation Department (HCJPD), United States of America; University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Graduate Research Assistant, United States of America
| | - Marcus Tyler Carey
- Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, United States of America
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Day A, Malvaso C. Researching Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Youth Justice System: Reflections on Methodology From a Members of a Non-Indigenous Research Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 67:707-719. [PMID: 34784806 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211058951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) has rapidly emerged as an important area of research that has implications for those who work in youth justice settings. This paper identifies a series of considerations facing those who work in jurisdictions where Indigenous or First Nations peoples have much higher levels of contact with both child protection and criminal justice systems than other population groups. It presents some reflections from members of a non-Indigenous research team about their efforts to engage with cultural perspectives on ACEs research in a way that facilitates further discussion within the research community about the methodological decisions that are made when investigating issues that are of importance to members of minority culture communities.
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Baidawi S, Papalia N, Featherston R. Gender Differences in the Maltreatment-Youth Offending Relationship: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1140-1156. [PMID: 34907817 PMCID: PMC10012399 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211052106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maltreated and child welfare-involved youth are over-represented in juvenile justice systems. These youth are at a greater risk of serious offending and justice system entrenchment relative to their non-maltreated peers. Understanding gender differences in the pathways to justice involvement and the nature of offending among maltreated children is critical for informing policy and practice. Yet, this body of evidence is fragmented. This scoping review identified and narratively synthesized evidence from studies reporting on gender differences in the individual characteristics, maltreatment experiences, child protection involvement and offending profiles of maltreated youth who offend. A comprehensive search of four databases generated 11,568 publications, from which 180 met the review's inclusion criteria. These primary studies included participants aged 8-21 years with a history of childhood maltreatment and youth offending and reported at least one gendered analysis. Some consistent findings were reported across studies. A greater level of child welfare involvement and maltreatment exposure (particularly sexual abuse and multi-type maltreatment) was found for justice involved girls, relative to boys. Maltreated and child welfare-involved boys appear more likely to offend than girls, but findings about how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship were inconsistent. Child welfare systems involvement (particularly foster care and residential care) appeared to be an important moderator for girls, and school performance mediated outcomes for boys. Across this body of evidence, few studies accounted for under-reporting of abuse and neglect when using youth self-report measures of maltreatment. Future research is needed which explicitly explores how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Baidawi
- Department of Social Work, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Susan Baidawi, Department of Social Work, Monash University, PO Box 197, Caulfield East, Melbourne, VIC 3145, Australia.
| | - Nina Papalia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Seker S, Boonmann C, Gerger H, Jäggi L, d'Huart D, Schmeck K, Schmid M. Mental disorders among adults formerly in out-of-home care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1963-1982. [PMID: 34169369 PMCID: PMC9663399 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While children and adolescents placed in child welfare or juvenile justice out-of-home care show higher prevalence rates of mental disorders compared to the general population, it remains unclear whether this pattern persists into adulthood. A quantitative synthesis of existing studies is lacking. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence rates for mental disorders among adults with a foster or residential child welfare or juvenile justice care history, comparing them where possible to rates among the general population. PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched for epidemiological studies published up to 28 October 2020. Nineteen studies, totaling 604,257 participants, met our inclusion criteria. Random-effects models were used for prevalence rates and odds ratios (OR) of mental disorders, and study quality was rated. A prevalence rate of 30% [95% CI (23.36, 37.36)] for any mental disorder in adults with a child welfare care history was found (3-17% for specific disorders). A prevalence rate of 45% [95% CI (42.38, 47.38)] for any mental disorder was found in adults with a juvenile justice care history (6-66% for specific disorders). For out-of-home placement history, adult mental disorders were significantly higher than in the general population (OR = 1.33-2.76). Studies differed in terms of methodology and the disorder groups considered, so heterogeneity between effect sizes ranged from low to high. Our findings suggest that the high risk that mental health issues will persist in adults with an out-of-home placement history needs to be taken seriously in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The care systems involved need to collaborate and to be aware of these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süheyla Seker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Gerger
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Jäggi
- Division of Personality and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delfine d'Huart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schmid
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Pammenter A, Woodford ELE, Harris DA. Adverse childhood experiences in Australian youth adjudicated for sexual offences and non-sexual violent offences. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105678. [PMID: 35675724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the differential childhood adversities experienced by two samples of Australian adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system: male youth who had been adjudicated for sexual offences and their counterparts who had been adjudicated for nonsexual violence. The sample is comprised of clients referred to a service that explicitly prioritises cases identified to be high risk, high need, and living in rural or remote areas. Male youth who had committed a sexual offence were more likely than their counterparts to have experienced emotional and sexual abuse and neglect in their childhoods. Alternatively, the childhoods of the comparison group were marked by characteristics of more general household dysfunction. Potential explanations for these findings are provided. The onset of sexual offending is presented as a possible consequence of poor attachment and emotional dysregulation and the impact of vicarious violence, and a chaotic family life are considered in the development of subsequent nonsexual violence. The implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.
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10
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Exploring the Link Between Neighborhood Violence and Health Among African-American and Latinx Youth Returning Home After Incarceration. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
African-American and Latinx youth are disproportionately exposed to neighborhood violence and are overrepresented in the U.S. juvenile justice system. Perceived neighborhood violence is associated with negative health outcomes.
Objective
We examined associations between African-American and Latinx youths’ perceived neighborhood violence and health during reentry after juvenile incarceration.
Methods
Youth (n = 50) returning home after incarceration completed health questionnaires at one-month post-incarceration. A subset of participants (n = 25 youth) also participated in one-on-one, semi-structured longitudinal interviews.
Results
Twenty-eight (56%) participants reported neighborhood violence in quantitative surveys. Quantitative analyses revealed that perceived neighborhood violence was positively associated with reported asthma diagnosis, doctor recommendations for medical follow-up, perceived stress, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Perceived neighborhood violence was negatively correlated with perceived family support. Stress ratings were associated with ACE total scores, moderate to severe depression symptoms, and family support. Moderate-to-severe depression symptoms were significantly correlated with lower ratings of family support. Qualitative interviews supplemented our quantitative findings and showed that responses to perceived neighborhood violence were linked to specific health-related behaviors, such as substance use or avoidance of gang activity.
Conclusions
Overall, our quantitative and qualitative results indicate that perceived neighborhood violence is associated with many negative psychosocial factors that could impact overall health and wellbeing of youth undergoing reentry. Treatment implications include the development and testing of family-centered interventions that help improve the transition back into the community for youth undergoing reentry and especially, their access to evidence-based treatment, including leveraging family telehealth substance use interventions.
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Papalia N, Baidawi S, Luebbers S, Shepherd S, Ogloff JRP. Patterns of Maltreatment Co-Occurrence in Incarcerated Youth in Australia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP4341-NP4371. [PMID: 32946303 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520958639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment research is increasingly recognizing the need to capture patterns of co-occurrence between different types of abuse/neglect and to consider their associations with psychosocial functioning. Few studies have examined these issues in justice-involved youth despite the fact that rates of maltreatment and trauma-related psychopathology are disproportionately high among this population. This study examined profiles of self-reported child physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect among incarcerated juveniles in Victoria, Australia, using latent class analysis. We also investigated associations between maltreatment profiles and mental health and behavioral problems. Data pertaining to juveniles' experiences of maltreatment and mental health and behavioral functioning were collected from interviews, questionnaires, files, and administrative datasets. A three-class solution provided the best fit for the data and was conceptually meaningful: a "low/rare maltreatment" class (41%); "high physical and emotional abuse" class (23%); and a "poly-victimization" class (36%). Youth in the "poly-victimization" class experienced especially serious mental health and behavioral disturbances, including higher rates of mental illness, greater severity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, impulsivity, substance abuse, self-harm and suicidal behavior, irritability, and early-onset violence. Results suggest there may be benefit in considering screening and assessment procedures in youth justice settings to identify poly-victimized youth in need of more intensive monitoring and treatment to address their complex clinical and behavioral profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Papalia
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stefan Luebbers
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephane Shepherd
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Victoria, Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health (Forensicare), Victoria, Australia
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D’Antoine M, Malvaso C, Delfabbro P, O’Connor J. Suicidal behaviour in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal young men under custodial youth justice supervision: understanding the role of adverse childhood experiences. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2022; 29:953-975. [PMID: 36267605 PMCID: PMC9578472 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.2003263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and suicidal behaviour in a sample of 1726 young men in an Australian youth justice detention population. Nine ACEs, including child abuse and parental risk factors, were examined. Analyses focused on whether ACEs were associated with suicidal ideation and attempts after controlling for other known correlates including substance use, aggression and out-of-home care exposure. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young men were found to have a higher prevalence and a higher average score of ACEs, but differed very little in relation to reported suicidal behaviour. Higher ACEs scores and specific maltreatment types (i.e. physical and sexual abuse) were positively associated with suicidal behaviour. This relationship was attenuated after controlling for established correlates of suicidal behaviour. The findings underscored the importance of understanding ACEs as major risk factors for suicide in youth justice populations and the need for effective prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda D’Antoine
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catia Malvaso
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne O’Connor
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Human Services, Youth Justice Assessment and Intervention Services, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Barra S, Aebi M, d’Huart D, Schmeck K, Schmid M, Boonmann C. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Personality, and Crime: Distinct Associations among a High-Risk Sample of Institutionalized Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1227. [PMID: 35162246 PMCID: PMC8835310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and personality-related disturbances among delinquent juveniles, associations among ACEs, youth personality, and juvenile crime involvement are still unclear. High-risk samples of institutionalized youth are in specific need of a comprehensive assessment of ACEs and personality features in order to broaden the current knowledge on the occurrence and persistence of juvenile crime and to derive implications for prevention and intervention. We examined a heterogeneous high-risk sample of 342 adolescents (35.1% females, 64.9% males) aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.74, SD = 1.61 years) living in child-welfare or juvenile justice institutions regarding cumulative ACEs, psychopathic traits, temperament, and clinical personality disorder ratings, and criminal involvement before and up to 10 years after assessment. We found considerable rates of ACEs, although cumulative ACEs did not predict future crime. Latent Profile Analysis based on dimensional measures of psychopathy, temperament, and personality disorders derived six distinct personality profiles, which were differently related to ACEs, personality disturbances, clinical psychopathology, and future delinquency. A socially difficult personality profile was associated with increased risk of future crime, whereas avoidant personality traits appeared protective. Findings indicate that the role of ACEs in the prediction of juvenile delinquency is still not sufficiently clear and that relying on single personality traits alone is insufficient in the explanation of juvenile crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Aebi
- Research & Development, Corrections and Rehabilitation, Department of Justice and Home Affairs, Hohlstrasse 552, 8090 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Delfine d’Huart
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Marc Schmid
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
- Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Hughes JS, Sandel A, Yelderman LA, Inman V. Beliefs about an Offender’s Capacity to Be Rehabilitated: Black Offenders Are Seen as More Capable of Change. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1982714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Modrowski CA, Chaplo SD, Kerig PK. Advancing Our Understanding of the Risk Factors Associated with Crossover Youth in the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems: A Trauma-Informed Research Agenda. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 25:283-299. [PMID: 34518924 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has provided robust evidence demonstrating that a notable proportion of youth become involved in both the child welfare (CW) system and the juvenile justice (JJ) system, a population often referred to as crossover youth. Prior work has identified a number of risk factors associated with crossing over between these systems. However, there are limitations to the extant literature, key among which is a lack of systematic attention to the influence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic sequelae on the crossover trajectory. In contrast, viewing this research through a trauma-informed lens promises to enhance our ability to integrate findings across studies and to derive theoretically derived hypotheses about underlying mechanisms which will better inform future research and the development of effective prevention and intervention efforts. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to present a trauma-informed research agenda that would strengthen future research in the field. After providing a brief critique of the existing studies that has documented known risk factors associated with the crossover population, we outline ways in which future research could apply relevant theoretical trauma-informed approaches, including developmental traumatology, to further advance our knowledge of risk factors and mechanisms associated with the crossover trajectory. We conclude by discussing policy and system-wide implications related to the proposed research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crosby A Modrowski
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Bradley Hasbro Children's Research Center, 1 Hoppin Street, Suite 204, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Shannon D Chaplo
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Patricia K Kerig
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Herz DC, Eastman AL, Putnam-Hornstein E, McCroskey J. Dual system youth and their pathways in Los Angeles County: A replication of the OJJDP Dual System Youth Study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 118:105160. [PMID: 34175505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The estimated number of youth who come into contact with both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems, or "dual system" youth, varies widely because studies use different methodologies. Recent work using linked administrative data shows promise for identifying a stable range of dual system rates, generalizable to other jurisdictions and useful for understanding the nature and timing of system involvement. OBJECTIVE This study replicates the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Dual System Youth Design Study methodology to explore dual system overlap and six distinct dual system pathways defined by the type (i.e., nonconcurrent or concurrent) and timing (i.e., first contact with child welfare or juvenile justice) of dual system contact in Los Angeles County. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Using data from the Los Angeles Probation Department, a cohort of youth born in/after 1998 with a first juvenile justice petition between 2014 and 2016 was identified (N = 6877) and matched to statewide child welfare records between 1998 and 2017. METHOD Descriptive statistics were produced for dual system youth and pathways, and differences across groups were tested using chi-square and t-tests. RESULTS Two-thirds of youth with a first juvenile justice petition interacted with the child welfare system. The majority of dual system youth did not have contact with both systems at the same time and nearly all dual system youth were involved with the child welfare system before the juvenile justice system. Female and Black youth were more likely to be dual system youth and to have more extensive involvement with the child welfare system. Probation experiences and outcomes were associated with the nature and chronicity of child welfare involvement. CONCLUSION Implementing a delinquency prevention continuum that starts with community-based supports and continues throughout all levels of child welfare and juvenile justice involvement is essential to disrupting dual system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Herz
- School of Criminal Justice, California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| | - Andrea Lane Eastman
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Emily Putnam-Hornstein
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA; School of Social Work, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA; School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Jacquelyn McCroskey
- Children's Data Network, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA
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Folk JB, Kemp K, Yurasek A, Barr-Walker J, Tolou-Shams M. Adverse childhood experiences among justice-involved youth: Data-driven recommendations for action using the sequential intercept model. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021; 76:268-283. [PMID: 33734794 PMCID: PMC8281579 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth experience high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), placing them in great need of behavioral health treatment and risk for continued justice involvement. Policymakers, government agencies, and professionals working with justice-involved youth have called for trauma-informed juvenile justice reform. Yet, there is currently no available review of the literature on ACEs and their impact on justice-involved youths' psychological, legal, and related (e.g., academic) outcomes to rigorously guide such reform efforts. The current systematic scoping review synthesizes existing literature related to the impact of ACEs on justice-involved youth and offers recommendations for data-driven intervention along the Sequential Intercept Model, which describes five different points of justice system contact (i.e., first arrest, court diversion, detention, and community supervision) in which there is opportunity to intervene and improve youth behavioral health, legal, and associated outcomes. Eight unique studies were included in 40 articles examining ACEs among justice-involved youth; 38% were longitudinal or prospective analyses and none were intervention studies. Studies included delinquency (e.g., recidivism; n = 5), psychiatric (n = 4), substance use (n = 3), and other (n = 2; e.g., academic, pregnancy) outcomes, documenting high prevalence of ACEs and significant associations between ACEs and a variety of outcomes. Implications for clinical services (e.g., targeting youth dysregulation and aggression), agency context (e.g., training police officers in trauma-responsive practices), and system-level changes (e.g., intervening at the time of first ACE documentation such as parent's arrest) are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Folk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Allison Yurasek
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida
| | - Jill Barr-Walker
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Library, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
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18
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Neurodisability among Children at the Nexus of the Child Welfare and Youth Justice System. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 50:803-819. [PMID: 32300912 PMCID: PMC7979606 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although neurodisability features significantly across child welfare and youth justice cohorts, little research investigates neurodisability among crossover children with dual systems involvement. This study examined differences in childhood adversity, child protection involvement, and offending among crossover children by neurodisability status. Data were from a sample of 300 children (68% male, 31% female, 1% transgender; mean age = 16.2 years, range 10–21) who were charged and appeared in three Australian children’s courts, and who also had statutory child protection involvement in the study jurisdiction. The results indicated that nearly one-half of crossover children had a neurodisability (48%) and this group experienced greater cumulative maltreatment and adversity, earlier out-of-home care entry and offending onset, more caregiver relinquishment and residential care placement, and a greater volume of charges. While substantial differences between specific neurodisabilities were evident, crossover children with any neurodisability had greater odds of having charges related to criminal damage and motor vehicle theft, however they were no more likely to have violent charges relative to other crossover children. The study’s findings demonstrated that the prevalence of neurodisability, and child welfare system responses to this phenomenon, contributes to several offending-related trends observed among crossover children.
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Stephens T, Kuerbis A, Pisciotta C, Morgenstern J. Underexamined points of vulnerability for black mothers in the child welfare system: The role of number of births, age of first use of substances and criminal justice involvement. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 108:104557. [PMID: 32153311 PMCID: PMC7062308 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black mothers and their children continue to interface with the child welfare (CW) system at unacceptably high rates. With research into traditionally understood contributing factors such as poverty, substance use, mental health and intimate partner violence abounding, this study sought to identify underexamined factors that potentially sustain very high rates of CW involvement for Black mothers. A sample of 415 Black mothers who accessed financial assistance through the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program was analyzed for the factors associated with active CW involvement. Analytic procedures included, first, independent t-test and chi-square tests to determine significant group differences. Second, logistic regression was used to test a range of psychosocial risk factors for active CW involvement. Results from our final model indicated three factors beyond those typically associated with CW involvement, number of births, age at first use of cocaine and legal involvement. The standout impact of having a history of CW involvement is also discussed. Implications for policy and practice are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Stephens
- Hunter College – Silberman School of Social Work, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alexis Kuerbis
- Hunter College – Silberman School of Social Work, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caterina Pisciotta
- City University of New York – The Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Dual System Youth and their Pathways: A Comparison of Incidence, Characteristics and System Experiences using Linked Administrative Data. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 48:2432-2450. [PMID: 31385232 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the characteristics and system experiences for youth who touch both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems has increased over the last decade. These youth are typically studied as one population and referred to as "crossover youth." While this literature contributes valuable insight into who crossover youth are, studies are virtually silent on distinguishing characteristics and experiences across different pathways leading to dual system contact. This study reviews what is currently known about dual system youth generally (i.e., youth who have contact with both the juvenile justice and child welfare systems) and introduces a framework for consistently defining dual system youth and their pathways. The utility of the framework is then explored using linked administrative data for cohorts of youth aged 10 to 18 years old with a first petition to delinquency court in three sites: Cook County, Illinois between 2010 and 2014 (N = 14,170); Cuyahoga County, Ohio between 2010 and 2014 (N = 11,441); and New York City between 2013 and 2014 (N = 1272). The findings show a high prevalence of dual system contact overall, ranging from 44.8 to 70.3%, as well as wide variation in the ways in which youth touched both systems. Specifically, non-concurrent system contact is more prevalent than concurrent system contact in all sites, and individual characteristics and system experiences vary within and across these different pathway groups. Based on study findings, implications for future research on dual system youth and for developing collaborative practices and policies across the systems are discussed.
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21
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Prince DM, Vidal S, Okpych N, Connell CM. Effects of individual risk and state housing factors on adverse outcomes in a national sample of youth transitioning out of foster care. J Adolesc 2019; 74:33-44. [PMID: 31136857 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared to their peers, youth who leave the foster care system without permanency experience greater risks for adverse young adult outcomes, including homelessness, incarceration, substance abuse, and early child birth. Extant literature focuses on individual-level factors related to adversity. In this study, we estimated the impact of state and individual-level risk and protective factors on adverse 19-year-old outcomes among a cohort of U.S. transition age youth. METHODS We used multilevel modeling to analyze prospective, longitudinal data from two waves of the National Youth in Transitions Database (N = 7449). These data were linked to the Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System, the Administration for Children and Families budget expenditures, and the American Community Survey for the period from 2011 to 2013. RESULTS Approximately 30% of the variation in each of the 19-year-old outcomes could be attributed to state-level effects. Residence in a state that spent above average of CFCIP budget on housing supports reduced the risk of homelessness and incarceration. Living in a state with a higher proportion of housing-burdened low-income renters significantly increased the risk of substance abuse and child birth. Individual-level risks were significant: racial/ethnic minority, male gender, past risk history, placement instability, child behavioral problems, residence in group home or runaway. Remaining in foster care at age 19 reduced the odds of homelessness, incarceration, and substance abuse. CONCLUSION Macro factors, including financial support for transition-age youth, and broader housing market characteristics, have a bearing on young adult outcomes, and raise policy questions across social and human service sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Prince
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA.
| | | | | | - Christian M Connell
- Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
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Vidal S, Connell CM, Prince DM, Tebes JK. Multisystem-Involved Youth: A Developmental Framework and Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice. ADOLESCENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2019; 4:15-29. [PMID: 30854418 PMCID: PMC6404973 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-018-0088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multisystem-involved youth are children and adolescents concurrently served in the child welfare, behavioral health, and/or juvenile justice systems. These youth are a high risk and vulnerable population, often due to their experience of multiple adversities and trauma, yet little is known about their multiple needs and pathways into multisystem involvement. Multisystem-involved youth present unique challenges to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. In this article, we summarize the literature on multisystem-involved youth, including prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, and disparities for this population. We then describe a developmental cascade framework, which specifies how exposure to adverse experiences in childhood may have a "cascading" or spillover effect later in development, to depict pathways of multisystem involvement and opportunities for intervention. This framework offers a multidimensional view of involvement across service systems and illustrates the complexities of relationships between micro- and macro-level factors at various stages and domains of development. We conclude that multisystem-involved youth are an understudied population that may represent majority of youth who are already served in another service system. Many of these youth are also disproportionately from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds. Currently, for multisystem-involved youth and their families, there is a lack of standardized and integrated screening procedures to identify youth with open cases across service systems; inadequate use of available instruments to assess exposure to complex trauma; inadequate clinical and family-related evidence-based practices specifically for use with this population; and poor cross-systems collaboration and coordination that align goals and targeted outcomes across systems. We make recommendations for research, practice, and systems development to address the needs of multisystem-involved youth and their families.
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23
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Is childhood maltreatment associated with murderous ideation and behaviors in adolescents in China? Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:467-473. [PMID: 30321835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has revealed associations between childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse health behaviors. However, little is known about the relationship between CM and adolescent murderous ideation and behaviors. A total of 5726 middle and high school students completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the Murderous Ideation and Behaviors Questionnaire. The findings revealed that the prevalence rates for murderous ideation, plans, preparation, and attempts were 9.9%, 2.8%, 1.3%, and 0.6%, respectively. The results of multinomial logistic regression models indicated that adolescents who experienced CM were more likely to exhibit murderous ideation and behaviors, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) ranging from 2.55 to 22.31. Additionally, a significant dose-response relationship was found between the number of CM types experienced and murderous ideation and behaviors (AORs ranging from 1.52 to 2.45). The odds of participants who had experienced three or five types of CM were significantly associated with murderous ideation and behaviors, with AORs ranging from 4.55 to 28.30 and from 5.26 to 85.45, respectively. The findings highlighted that adolescents who engaged in murderous ideation and behaviors were more likely to have a personal history of CM and revealed a dose-response relationship between the number of CM types and murderous ideation and behaviors.
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24
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Quinn S, Swain N. Efficacy of intensive voice feminisation therapy in a transgender young offender. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2018; 72:1-15. [PMID: 29454176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that transgender young offenders are a uniquely vulnerable caseload that may benefit from speech pathology intervention to help bring their voice into alignment with their gender identity. However, no previous studies have investigated treatment efficacy in this population. This study investigated the impact of intensive voice feminisation therapy targeting fundamental frequency and oral resonance in a 17 year old transgender individual within a youth justice institution. Acoustic analysis, listener and self-ratings of vocal femininity, self-ratings of vocal satisfaction, a post-treatment structured interview, and pre- and post- treatment completion of the Transsexual Voice Questionnaire (TVQMtF) were utilised to determine treatment impact. Outcome measures indicated therapy was effective at increasing the client's vocal pitch and perceptually femininity without compromising vocal quality. However, the client was still not consistently perceived as female post-intervention and had difficulty implementing feminine speech strategies in discourse. This case study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of intensive voice feminisation therapy in a youth offending population. This research also highlights the potential utility of speech pathologists working in youth justice settings, even when the timeframe for intervention is limited. Furthermore, this research paper validates the use of perceptual outcome measures in transgender voice work, by replicating previous findings in which significant correlations were found between perceptual ratings of vocal gender and client satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling Quinn
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Nathaniel Swain
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Hambrick EP, Rubens SL, Brawner TW, Taussig HN. Do sleep problems mediate the link between adverse childhood experiences and delinquency in preadolescent children in foster care? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2018; 59:140-149. [PMID: 28862324 PMCID: PMC5775045 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with multiple mental and physical health problems. Yet, mechanisms by which ACEs confer risk for specific problems are largely unknown. Children in foster care typically have multiple ACEs and high rates of negative sequelae, including delinquent behaviors. Mechanisms explaining this link have not been explored in this population. Impaired sleep has been identified as a potential mechanism by which ACEs lead to delinquency in adolescents, because inadequate sleep may lead to poor executive function and cognitive control - known risk factors for delinquency. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 516 maltreated children in foster care, ages 9-11 years, and their caregivers regarding child exposure to ACEs, sleep problems, engagement in delinquent acts, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and current psychotropic medication use. ACEs data were also obtained from child welfare case records. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, placement type (residential, kin, foster), length of time in placement, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and current psychotropic medication use, sleep partially mediated the association between ACEs and delinquency. CONCLUSIONS Although delinquency is likely multiply determined in this population, improving sleep may be one important strategy to reduce delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri–Kansas City,The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Heather N. Taussig
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine,Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver
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Naomi Glenn-Levin Rodriguez: Fragile Families: Foster Care, Immigration, and Citizenship. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jerry Flores: Caught Up: Girls, Surveillance, and Wraparound Incarceration. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Don Lasch: “When the Welfare People Come:” Race and Class in the US Child Protection System. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Kim Holt: Contemporary Family Justice: Policy and Practice in Complex Child Protection Decisions. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Sylvia Mignon: Child Welfare in the United States: Challenges, Policy, and Practice. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Levesque RJR. Emerging Scholar Best Article Award, 2017. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:2500-2501. [PMID: 28940153 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Travis A. Richard J. Gelles: Out of Harm’s Way: Creating an Effective Child Welfare System. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Diane Marano: Juvenile Offenders and Guns: Voices Behind Gun Violence. J Youth Adolesc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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