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Jager J, Staff J, Espinoza P. Age 19-30 Union Formation Trajectories across the Past 30 Years within the U.S.: Delineating Heterogeneity in Trajectories and its Historical and Sociodemographic Variation. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2024; 21:26-49. [PMID: 39036538 PMCID: PMC11259017 DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2024.2366110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Using data from Monitoring the FutureStudy that include 31 cohorts of high school seniors (1976 to 2006) who were followed from ages 19-30, weidentified heterogeneity in union formation trajectories andits covariates (cohort, sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education). We identified nine trajectorieswith approximately 40% following a single to married sequence (with variation in the timing of the sequence), about 35% remaining single, and the remaining respondents showing considerable heterogeneity.Recent cohortswere more likely to remain single and experience more transitions, women made earlier transitions, and Blackrespondents were less likely to follow pathways entailing marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jager
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Jeremy Staff
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Paul Espinoza
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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Tang Z, Yang X, Tan W, Ke Y, Kou C, Zhang M, Liu L, Zhang Y, Li X, Li W, Wang SB. Patterns of unhealthy lifestyle and their associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese young adults: A latent class analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:267-277. [PMID: 38378090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little evidence on the association between patterns of unhealthy lifestyle and mental health among young adults. METHOD This study included a total of 28,978 young adults aged 18 to 44 years old in Guangdong province in south China, which was conducted from September to December in 2022. We used latent class analysis to classify the patterns of unhealthy lifestyle among young adults and used multiple logistic regression to explore their associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms. RESULT The weighted prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms were 28.0 % and 19.5 %, respectively. The cumulative effect of unhealthy lifestyles on depressive and anxiety symptoms was significant. Five patterns of unhealthy lifestyle were classified. Compared to the relatively healthy lifestyle class, the class with more unhealthy lifestyles (OR = 6.54, 95 % CI: 5.70-7.51) and insufficient sleep (OR = 6.16, 95 % CI: 4.92-7.70) had higher risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms. Meaningfully, having adequate mental health literacy could reduce the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms from unhealthy lifestyle by half. LIMITATIONS The cross-section design study limited causal inferences, and the self-report information may lead to recall bias. CONCLUSIONS Unhealthy lifestyles have a negative impact on depressive and anxiety symptoms through independent, cumulative and combined effects, and they could be interrelated. Unhealthy lifestyle patterns differed in younger population by socio-demographic characteristics and mental health literacy. Health-care professionals and policymakers may provide programs to intervene multiple unhealthy lifestyles and improve mental health literacy by integrating healthy lifestyle education to promote youngers' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Tang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Wenyan Tan
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yunfei Ke
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin province, China.
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; School of Health, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China.
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Chase E, Calhoun BH, Khosropour CM, Lee CM, Rhew IC. Trajectories of financial distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associations with mental health and substance use outcomes in a cohort of young adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024; 16:442-459. [PMID: 37821092 PMCID: PMC11006823 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented life disruptions among young adults, including increased job insecurity and financial strain. Mental health problems and substance use have also increased during the pandemic, with young adults particularly vulnerable to experiencing these challenges. This study examines trajectories of financial distress among young adults during the pandemic and their associations with depression, anxiety, and hazardous alcohol and cannabis use. Data from 473 young adults (ages 22-29) recruited in the Northwest United States were collected from April/May 2020 to July/August 2021. Financial distress trajectories were identified using growth mixture modeling. Negative binomial models were used to examine associations between financial distress trajectories and distal outcomes of depression, anxiety, alcohol, and cannabis use. Three distinct trajectories were identified, revealing Low, Moderate, and High financial distress experiences. Individuals with "Moderate" and "High" trajectories showed significantly greater depressive and anxiety symptom scores compared with those in the "Low" financial distress trajectory group. Trajectories were not associated with subsequent levels of alcohol or cannabis use. Young adult mental health remains a priority during periods of economic downturn. Providers must be aware of the psychological challenges imposed by financial distress among young adults to address worsening mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chase
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 3980 15 Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health Risk and Behaviors, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine M. Khosropour
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 3980 15 Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health Risk and Behaviors, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Isaac C. Rhew
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 3980 15 Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health Risk and Behaviors, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Walukevich-Dienst K, Calhoun BH, Graupensperger S, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Corrigendum to "Predictors of morning cannabis use among young adults: Between- and within-person associations from 24 consecutive months of data" [Addict. Behav. 124 (2024) 107908]. Addict Behav 2024; 151:107951. [PMID: 38182447 PMCID: PMC10963067 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Walukevich-Dienst
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA.
| | - Brian H Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
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Calhoun BH, Walukevich-Dienst K, Graupensperger S, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Morning cannabis use in young adults: Associations with overall levels of use, negative consequences, and cannabis use disorder symptoms across 2.5 years. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 256:111114. [PMID: 38325066 PMCID: PMC10919896 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research suggests morning cannabis use may be associated with using more cannabis and experiencing more cannabis-related consequences. This paper examined whether months when young adults reported morning cannabis use (use between 6:00AM and 12:00PM) were associated with cannabis use frequency, negative cannabis-related consequences, and changes in cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptoms. METHODS Participants were 778 young adults (Mage=21.11 years, 58.5% female) enrolled in a longitudinal study on substance use and social role transitions. Eligible participants were 18-23 years old at screening and reported past-year alcohol use. Participants completed a baseline survey, 24 consecutive monthly surveys, and a follow-up survey 30 months after baseline. Aims were tested using multilevel models and multiple regression. RESULTS Analyses were limited to cannabis use months (N=4719; 28.9% of sampled months) and participants who reported cannabis use at least once (N=542; 69.7% of all participants). Morning use was reported in 12.3% of cannabis use months and at least once by 23.6% of participants who reported using cannabis. Relative to non-morning use months, morning use months were associated with greater cannabis use frequency and more negative consequences. However, the association between morning use and negative consequences was not statistically significant after controlling for cannabis use frequency. The percentage of cannabis use months with morning use was positively associated with increased CUD symptoms at the 30-month follow-up, relative to baseline. CONCLUSIONS Morning cannabis use may be a useful marker of high-risk cannabis use and may contribute to the maintenance and worsening of CUD over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA.
| | - Katherine Walukevich-Dienst
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, P.O. Box 1248, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
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Piccirillo ML, Graupensperger S, Schultz NR, Larimer ME. Whose Approval Matters Most? Examining Discrepancies in Self- and Other- Perceptions of Drinking. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:58-68. [PMID: 37735917 PMCID: PMC11162250 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2259458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research demonstrates that perceptions of others' attitudes toward drinking behaviors (injunctive norms) are strong predictors of alcohol consumption and problems. Personalized normative feedback (PNF) aims to reduce the discrepancy between one's perception of others' attitudes toward drinking and others' actual attitudes toward drinking. An implicit assumption of PNF is that self and (perceived) other attitudes toward drinking are aligned (thus, shifting one's perceptions of others' attitudes shifts one's own attitudes). However, there is minimal research on the extent to which alignment (or discrepancy) in self-other attitudes toward drinking is associated with alcohol-related outcomes. METHODS College students (N = 1,494; Mage = 20.11, 61.0% female, 66.4% White) who endorsed past-month heavy episodic drinking reported injunctive norms toward drinking on weekends, drinking daily, drinking to black out, and drinking and driving. Participants reported their perceptions of attitudes toward these drinking behaviors for three reference groups: close friends, typical university-affiliated peers, and parents. Outcomes included weekly drinking, alcohol problems, and alcohol-related risk. RESULTS Response surface analyses indicated that alignment in approval (versus alignment in disapproval) of drinking demonstrated a linear association with alcohol-related outcomes. Discrepancies in self-peer and self-parent attitudes were associated with alcohol-related outcomes and one's own attitudes (versus one's ratings of others' attitudes) of drinking were more strongly associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Results provide evidence of how self-other discrepancies in attitudes toward drinking are associated with alcohol-related outcomes. Future work is needed to test whether self-other discrepancies in attitudes toward drinking impacts response to norms-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole R. Schultz
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- University of California, Davis, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- University of Washington, Department of Psychology
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Sersli S, Gagné T, Shareck M. Social disparities in alcohol consumption among Canadian emerging adults. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2023; 43:499-510. [PMID: 38117475 PMCID: PMC10824153 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.43.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adult drinking is a public health priority, but knowledge of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and alcohol use among emerging adults (EAs; aged 18-29 years) is primarily informed by college samples, populations in their late teens and early twenties and non-Canadian data. We compared the association of three different SES indicators with monthly heavy episodic drinking (HED), less-than-monthly HED, no HED, and no drinking among Canadian EAs. METHODS We pooled the 2015 to 2019 waves of the Canadian Community Health Survey to include participants aged 18 to 29 years (n = 29 598). Using multinomial regression, we calculated weighted estimates of alcohol use by education, household income and area-level disadvantage, adjusting for adult roles and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Approximately 30% of EAs engaged in monthly HED, whereas 16% did not drink at all in the past year. Compared to those in the lowest household incomes, being in the top income quintile was significantly associated with increased relative odds of monthly HED (e.g. in combined SES model, RRR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39). Higher levels of education, being in higher income quintiles and living in less disadvantaged areas were significantly associated with reduced relative odds of no HED and not drinking. Adjusting for adult roles did not substantially change the associations between SES and alcohol use. CONCLUSION Higher SES was associated with HED among EAs, although the magnitude of association was small. Universal prevention measures addressing the affordability, availability and marketing of alcohol could be complemented by interventions targeting EA populations at higher risk of HED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sersli
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thierry Gagné
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- International Centre for Lifecourse Studies in Society and Health, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Shareck
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Acolin J, Cadigan JM, Fleming CB, Rhew IC, Lee CM. Trajectory of depressive symptoms in the context of romantic relationship breakup: Characterizing the "natural course" of response and recovery in young adults. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2023; 11:1211-1222. [PMID: 39092184 PMCID: PMC11290389 DOI: 10.1177/21676968231184922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Young adults face stressful role transitions as well as increased risk for poor mental health, but little is known about a "natural course" of response to such events. We used the PHQ-2 to characterize the trajectory of depressive symptoms before, during, and after relationship breakup and examined subjective appraisal and sense of control as moderators. In our sample of participants reporting a single breakup during the 2-year study period (N=156), breakup was associated with a temporary increase in depressive symptoms that returned to pre-breakup levels within three months. We observed increased symptoms among negatively appraised, but not positive or neutral, events. A general low sense of control was associated with higher depressive symptoms at all time points. Our results suggest that a natural course of response to young adult breakups is characterized by recovery within three months and that subjective appraisal and sense of control contribute to this adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Acolin
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Charles B. Fleming
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Isaac C. Rhew
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Park GN, Kim JO, Oh JW, Lee S. Depressive symptoms in younger adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative cross-sectional data analysis. J Psychosom Res 2023; 172:111439. [PMID: 37454414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have reported an increased prevalence of depressive symptoms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the prevalence of significant depressive symptoms and its associated factors in younger adults remain uncertain. We aimed to investigate this association during the COVID-19 pandemic and make a comparison with the pre-pandemic period. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2018 and 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed, and 3281 respondents aged 19-40 years were included. We defined a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 10 as significant depressive symptoms and the categories of depressive symptoms were also classified as none, mild, moderate, and severe. RESULTS The prevalence of significant depressive symptoms was higher in the pandemic group (7.4% vs. 4.7%). Furthermore, the prevalence in the pandemic group was higher for all degrees: mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms. A multivariable logistic regression indicated that significant depressive symptoms during the pandemic was significantly associated with female sex, low educational attainment, unemployment, chronic medical disease, and being overweight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an increase in depressive symptoms in younger adults during the pandemic. It is necessary to develop policies to provide younger adults with resources to cope with depressive symptoms related to COVID-19 and potential global outbreak of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Nam Park
- Republic of Korea Navy, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo O Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Oh
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah Asia Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Mind Health Clinic, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - San Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Mind Health Clinic, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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Graupensperger S, Walukevich-Dienst K, Patrick ME, Lee CM. The Protective Role of Perceived Control on Associations Between Job Loss, Financial Difficulties, and Substance Use Among Young Adults Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1239-1248. [PMID: 37355479 PMCID: PMC10789195 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Adverse life events that threaten normative transitions are associated with increased alcohol and cannabis use among young adults. However, few studies have tested the extent to which specific negative events impact substance use behaviors nor identified relevant risk or protective factors (e.g., perceived control). During the COVID-19 pandemic, young adults experienced economic adversities (i.e., job loss and financial strain) at disproportionally high rates. This provided a unique opportunity to test associations between job loss/financial difficulties and substance use outcomes and whether perceived control in work and finance domains moderated these associations. Young adults completed self-report surveys at two time points-prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2020) and in the acute phase of the pandemic (April/May 2020). Participants (N = 519; Mage = 25.4 years; 62.8% female) were recruited in and around Seattle, WA, as part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Pandemic-related job loss (18.9%) and financial difficulty (49.7%) were relatively common in this sample. Job loss was associated with increased number of drinks on the heaviest past-month drinking occasion (from January 2020 to April/May 2020). Financial difficulty was associated with increased drinking frequency and number of drinks on the heaviest drinking occasion. The effect of job loss and financial difficulty on alcohol and cannabis use was generally moderated by participants' perceived control of these domains. For those with low perceived control, job loss/financial difficulty was associated with increased alcohol/cannabis use, but for those high in perceived control, job loss/financial difficulty was associated with decreased alcohol use frequency. Findings give advance understanding of how economic adversities relate to young adults' alcohol and cannabis use. Notably, perceived control over these domains may be modifiable through prevention efforts aiming to foster self-efficacy among young people and policy to provide available agency to those in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Fleming CB, Lee CM. Trends in Young Adult Alcohol and Cannabis Use Through the First 1.5 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic From a Community Cohort Sample. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:489-498. [PMID: 36971770 PMCID: PMC10488305 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been concern regarding increased substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among young adults, but much of this concern stemmed from cross-sectional or short-term data collected early in the pandemic. This study followed a young adult community cohort throughout the first 1.5 years of the pandemic to examine longer-term trends/trajectories in alcohol and cannabis use behaviors. METHOD Beginning before the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2020), 656 young adults completed up to eight surveys on substance use and other behaviors, which extended through August 2021. Multilevel spline growth models estimated changes in alcohol/cannabis use in three segments: (a) from pre-pandemic to April 2020, (b) from April 2020 to September/October 2020, and (c) from September/October 2020 to July/August 2021. Abstainers were removed from the analyses, yielding subsamples for alcohol models (n = 545; M age = 25.6 years; 59.8% female) and cannabis models (n = 303; M age = 25.6; 61.4% female). RESULTS Drinking frequency initially increased (3% per month), decreased in the second segment (4% per month), and plateaued in the final segment. Drinking quantity significantly decreased in all three segments: 4% per month in segment one, 3% per month in segment two, and 1% per month in the final segment. Cannabis frequency and quantity showed no significant changes across the first two segments, then significantly decreased in the final segment (3% and 6% per month, respectively). The significant changes for cannabis frequency/quantity were moderated by age, such that older participants had steeper decreases in the final segment. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight that young adult alcohol and cannabis use generally declined across the first 1.5 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrary to widespread concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles B. Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Fleming CN, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Longitudinal examination of high-risk drinking contexts: Daytime drinking, pregaming, and drinking games linked to high-risk alcohol use and negative consequences in young adults. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:1364-1376. [PMID: 37128660 PMCID: PMC10760786 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contexts in which young adults drink alcohol play a salient role in alcohol-related outcomes and negative consequences at an event-level, but less is known about longitudinal risks. We collected longitudinal monthly data across 2 years on (a) daytime drinking, (b) pregaming/pre-partying, and (c) playing drinking games. We then examined associations between drinking in these contexts and within-person variability in alcohol consumption, consequences, and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use in a given month. We also examined the extent to which drinking in these contexts predicted hazardous drinking (using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores) at a distal follow-up timepoint, controlling for baseline AUDIT scores. METHOD A community sample of 759 young adults (Mage = 21.1 years; 56.4% female) completed monthly surveys for 24 consecutive months and a distal 30-month follow-up. Multilevel models estimated within- and between-person associations between drinking context frequencies (daytime drinking, pregaming, drinking games) and alcohol-related outcomes (weekly consumption, consequences, SAM use). A single-level negative binomial regression tested associations between drinking context frequency averages across a two-year period and changes in AUDIT scores from baseline to a follow-up 2.5 years later. RESULTS Over 75% of the sample of non-abstaining young adults reported drinking in each of the three contexts at least once during the 24-month period. Within-persons, young adults reported greater consumption, more negative consequences, and increased likelihood of SAM use during months that they drank in these contexts more often than usual. Each context was associated with negative consequences, even when controlling for alcohol use frequency. More frequent daytime drinking and pregaming, but not drinking games, were associated with increases in AUDIT scores at the 30-month follow-up, suggesting that there are potential long-term risks of drinking in these contexts. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that daytime drinking, pregaming, and playing drinking games are high-risk contexts in terms of month-to-month and long-term risks. Additional research is needed on the various contexts in which young adults drink alcohol and the extent to which contextual factors interact with one another to amplify/reduce risks and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles N. Fleming
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Nasrin N, Shohel TA, Shovo TEA, Farjana F, Nizam H, Heme MA, Islam A, Paul P, Hossain MT. A qualitative investigation of stressful life events and mental health disorders: The views of patients and caregivers in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281649. [PMID: 36758052 PMCID: PMC9910653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting mental health disorders among students has become a significant challenge in producing quality graduates with bright minds. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the underlying causes of students' mental health-related problems and their experiences while living with mental health disorders. This study investigates the causes and exposures of mental health problems among university students in Bangladesh. For this purpose, a qualitative method was used, and an unstructured in-depth interview schedule was used to collect data from students and caregivers. The students were selected from Khulna University, and data were collected in two consecutive months, i.e., November and December 2021. Using a convenient sampling technique, eight (8) students with mental health issues and five (5) caregivers were interviewed to obtain the necessary data. RESULTS The findings showed that the intertwined social circumstances led to mental health problems among university students. The students experienced deep depression following a breakup of their romantic affairs/relationships. The prolonged isolation or social distancing due to the government-imposed strict lockdown during the COVID-19 also produced frustration regarding the possible loss of both academic and professional careers. Furthermore, the growing academic pressure in a form of an unfamiliar approach to teaching and learning-online education-also compelled students to complain about depression and suicidal tendencies as parts of their experiences. CONCLUSIONS This study recommends that the government and policymakers prioritize mental health issues in educational institutions, and they should enforce specific strategies, such as introducing age-specific mental health services and student counseling at educational institutions to reduce growing mental health issues. Furthermore, a positive approach from the family and community is also required to battle against mental health disorders. Besides, nationally representative empirical research is recommended to comprehend the growing mental health issues among students in the 21st century to figure out solutions for the present and the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Nasrin
- Economics Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Tunvir Ahamed Shohel
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiq-E-Ahmed Shovo
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Fariha Farjana
- Economics Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Hamalna Nizam
- English Discipline, Arts and Humanities School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Morsheda Akter Heme
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Economics Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Pranto Paul
- Economics Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Hossain
- Sociology Discipline, Social Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Sergerie-Richard S, Dupuis F, Cassivi C. For a better understanding of the relationship between caregivers and young adults living with a concomitant substance-related mental health and substance use disorder: an integrative review. Rech Soins Infirm 2023; 153:24-39. [PMID: 37709664 DOI: 10.3917/rsi.153.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The importance of a quality relationship between young adults living with dual diagnosis and their health care providers is well documented. Context Although this complex phenomenon was mostly studied from an individual perspective, the results indicated the systemic nature of this relationship. Objective This study aims to better understand the relationship between young adults living with dual diagnosis and their health care providers, with a systemic perspective. Method Six data bases were consulted; manual research in gray literature and references screening enhanced the process. Results Of a total of 532 studies and reports identified, 44 were included in the review. Thematic data analysis was carried out, and two themes were identified: the health care system as a constraining environment; and the relationship at the heart of care. Discussion This study confirms the joint role played by the young adult in question and their health care provider in developing and maintaining the relationship, by acknowledging the importance of the care, of mutual confidence, and of a hierarchic relationship. Conclusion This integrative review provides a basis for future nursing interventions that foreground the relationship and take a systemic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sergerie-Richard
- Infirmière, M.Sc, Faculté des sciences infirmières de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - France Dupuis
- Infirmière, Ph.D, professeure agrégée, Faculté des sciences infirmières de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Cassivi
- Infirmière, M.Sc, Faculté des sciences infirmières de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Mental Health and Substance Use in NCAA Athletes in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown. Cureus 2022; 14:e29836. [PMID: 36337773 PMCID: PMC9625076 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had pervasive effects on the lives of individuals, its influence on the mental health of collegiate athletes remains unknown. This study aimed to assess changes in mental health and substance use in National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) Division I athletes in Southern California during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology An online survey was created using the Qualtrics software (Qualtrics, Provo, Utah). NCAA Division I athletes in Southern California completed preseason surveys querying indices of mental health, substance use, and injury in the year before the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2019 to March 2020) and during the pandemic (March 2020 to March 2021). The athletes filled out the survey from June 2021 to September 2021. Participants were asked how likely they were to agree with the following statements: I have felt physically prepared for athletic competitions, I have been satisfied with my mental health, and I have had adequate sleep. Participants were also asked to compare their substance use between the two time periods. Sociodemographic information regarding participants' age, gender, sports team, as well as year in sport and school was also collected. Group comparison analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test. Correlations between mental health measures and other variables were examined using Spearman's correlation coefficients. Results A total of 189 athletes completed the survey (out of the 259 surveys that were started). Females were significantly less likely to feel satisfied with mental health (p < 0.01) and physically prepared for sport (p < 0.01). Across all respondents, satisfaction with mental health was positively correlated with adequate sleep (p < 0.01) and physical preparedness for sport (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with injury (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between mental health status and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.84). The vast majority of athletes reported no significant change in substance use pre- to post-pandemic, with no differences according to sex. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic had a differential impact on the mental health of female versus male NCAA athletes. Mental health was correlated with sleep, physical preparedness, and being injury-free but not with a history of COVID-19 infection. Despite reports indicating increased substance use in the general population, athletes in this group reported no change in licit and illicit substance use.
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16
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Dumas TM, Ellis WE, Van Hedger S, Litt DM, MacDonald M. Lockdown, bottoms up? Changes in adolescent substance use across the COVID-19 pandemic. Addict Behav 2022; 131:107326. [PMID: 35397263 PMCID: PMC8962194 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic notably altered adolescent substance use during the initial stage (Spring 2020) of the pandemic. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to examine trajectories of adolescent substance use across the pandemic and subsequent periods of stay-at-home orders and re-opening efforts. We further examined differences as a function of current high school student versus graduate status. Adolescents (n = 1068, 14–18 years, Mage = 16.95 years and 76.7% female at T1) completed 4 different self-report surveys, starting during the first stay-at-home order and ending approximately 14 months later. Negative binomial hurdle models predicted: (1) the likelihood of no substance use and (2) frequency of days of substance use. As hypothesized, results demonstrated significant increases in adolescents’ likelihood of alcohol use, binge drinking, and cannabis use once initial stay-at-home orders were lifted, yet few changes occurred as a result of a second stay-at-home order, with rates never lowering again to that of the first lockdown. Further, graduates (and particularly those who transitioned out of high school during the study) demonstrated a greater likelihood and frequency of substance use and were more stable in their trajectories across periods of stay-at-home orders than current high school students. Unexpectedly, however, there was a strong increase in current high school students’ likelihood of e-cigarette use and a significant linear increase in participants’ frequency of e-cigarette use over the study. Results suggest adolescent substance use, and in particular, e-cigarette use among current high school students, may be of increasing concern as the pandemic evolves.
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17
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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Longitudinal effects of COVID-19-related stressors on young adults' mental health and wellbeing. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 14:734-756. [PMID: 35102692 PMCID: PMC9746887 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented young adults with novel challenges and disruptions to several life domains. The current study examined how COVID-19-related stressors (i.e., job-related, financial-related, social/relational, and illness-related stressors) relate to young adults' symptoms of depression and anxiety, and satisfaction with life (in the US). In Aim 1, we examined associations between COVID-19-related stressors and indices of mental health and well-being in the initial phase of the pandemic (April/May 2020) while accounting for participants' pre-pandemic levels of these outcomes in January of 2020 (N = 519; Mage = 25.4; 62.8% women). Social/relational stressors were most strongly associated with increased symptoms of anxiety/depression, and financial stressors were most strongly associated with decreased satisfaction with life. Extending this research longitudinally (Aim 2), we sampled young adults bi-monthly across a year-long period (September 2020 to August 2021). Multilevel models revealed within-person associations between each stressor domain and mental health/well-being; young adults reported more symptoms of depression/anxiety and lower satisfaction with life in months that stressors were relatively more salient. Interactions between stressors and time revealed associations were generally stronger in earlier months and decreased linearly across the pandemic. Taken together, longitudinal evidence indicates that COVID-19-related stressors, especially social/relational stressors, have direct and time-varying associations with mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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18
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Longitudinal latent class analysis of tobacco use and correlates among young adults over a 10-year period. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 236:109474. [PMID: 35533571 PMCID: PMC9554793 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assessed patterns and correlates, including demographic characteristics, psychological factors, and social role transitions, of young adults' tobacco use over time. METHODS In the fall of 2010, we recruited a cohort of 3146 students from 11 colleges in North Carolina and Virginia. Participants completed baseline and at least two survey waves between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS The sample was 49.8% female, 15.7% non-white, and 6.6% Hispanic. Longitudinal latent class analysis revealed a five-class model with distinct patterns and correlates of tobacco use. Limited Use (52.6% of sample) had minimal use. College-Limited Combustible Tobacco Users (18.6%) had moderate probability of cigarette, cigar, and waterpipe smoking, which decreased to no use post-college. Intermittent Sustained Polytobacco Users (10.9%) had low probability of use that continued post-college. College Polytobacco with Continued Cigarette and E-Cigarette Users (14.5%) had high probability of use of cigarette smoking and increasing probability of e-cigarette, both of which continued post-college. Sustained Polytobacco Users (5.7%) had moderate probability of use of tobacco products across all waves. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of tobacco use varied considerably. In most classes, tobacco use was highest during freshman year and in three classes, use continued post-college. Prevention activities should focus on first-year students and target those at risk for post-college tobacco use.
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19
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Plenty S, Bracegirdle C, Dollmann J, Spiegler O. Changes in young adults' mental well-being before and during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: disparities between ethnic groups in Germany. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:69. [PMID: 34814926 PMCID: PMC8609988 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial disruptions to the daily lives of young people. Yet knowledge is lacking about changes in mental well-being among young adults, whether those from ethnic minorities were more adversely impacted by the pandemic than the ethnic majority, and the extent to which pandemic-related stressors contributed to any declines in mental well-being. METHODS We draw on nationally representative German CILS4COVID data, collected early in the pandemic (N = 3517, Mage = 25). Respondents provided information on mental well-being (psychosomatic complaints, anxiety, depression, life satisfaction) and exposure to pandemic-related stressors (financial worries, health worries, discrimination, contact with COVID-19). Responses on mental well-being were matched to responses from two pre-pandemic waves. Individual fixed effects regressions examined ethnic group differences in changes in mental well-being prior to, and at the early stage of, the pandemic. Path analysis tested the role of pandemic-related stressors in declines in mental well-being. RESULTS Overall, young adults' mental well-being had improved at the pandemic assessment compared to pre-pandemic assessments, and few ethnic group differences in changes were found. However, greater pandemic-related stressors were associated with worsened mental well-being at the pandemic assessment. Among Asian minorities, indirect effects were found on anxiety via health worries, and on depression via health worries and discrimination. For Turkish, Middle Eastern and African minorities, indirect effects on anxiety and depression were found via health worries. CONCLUSIONS We did not find widespread declines in mental well-being among young adults at the early stage of the pandemic, and changes in mental well-being prior to and at the early stage of the pandemic were mostly similar across ethnic German and minority groups. Nevertheless, pandemic-related stressors posed risks for young adults' mental well-being, particularly increased discrimination and health worries among Asian minorities, and health worries among Turkish, Middle Eastern and African minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Plenty
- Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Jörg Dollmann
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM), Berlin, Germany
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20
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Einberger C, Graupensperger S, Lee CM. Young adults' physical distancing behaviors during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic: Adherence to guidelines and associations with alcohol use behavior. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2021; 9:541-549. [PMID: 34900404 PMCID: PMC8664064 DOI: 10.1177/21676968211004679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific and public health communities have become increasingly focused on understanding young adults' physical distancing behaviors and the role that young adults have on viral potentiation and community spread. In the present study, we surveyed a group of 560 young adults (ages 22-28) from the greater Seattle area in April 2020, during statewide "shelter-in-place" recommendations, to examine young adults' self-reported adherence to physical distancing guidelines. Self-report measures were used to identify strong adherers and poor adherers, which we then compared in terms of engagement in specific physical distancing behaviors and alcohol use behaviors pertaining to physical distancing adherence. We found that most young adults are classified as strong adherers, and that poor adherers reported more frequent violations of physical distancing guidelines including having friends over to their residence or going over to other residences. Poor adherers were also significantly more likely to engage in high-risk alcohol use behavior, such as heavy episodic drinking, compared to those young adults who were classified as strong adherers. Our results provide initial evidence that young adults who engage in high-risk drinking may be at greater risk for non-adherence to government recommended physical distancing guidelines. This deeper understanding of young adult behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic can better inform public health outreach to increase physical distancing adherence currently, as well as in preparation for future contagious health crises that may require societal-level adherence to behavioral guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Einberger
- University of Washington School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45 St., Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washington, 1100 NE 45 St., Suite 300, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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21
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Cadigan JM, Fleming CB, Patrick ME, Lewis MA, Rhew IC, Abdallah DA, Fairlie AM, Schulenberg JE, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Negative evaluation of role transitions is associated with perceived stress and alcohol consequences: Examination of the Transitions Overload Model in young adulthood using two years of monthly data. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1607-1615. [PMID: 34357596 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adulthood is characterized by transitions into and out of social roles in multiple domains. Consistent with self-medication models of alcohol use, the Transitions Overload Model (J Stud Alcohol Suppl, 14, 2002, 54) hypothesizes that one cause of increased alcohol use during young adulthood may be the stress of navigating simultaneous role transitions. This study examined the simultaneous occurrence of major developmental role transitions in the domains of education, employment, romantic relationships, and residential status and their associations with perceived stress, heavy episodic drinking (HED), and negative alcohol-related consequences. Further, we extended the Transitions Overload Model to explore whether the number of transitions rated as having a negative impact on one's life was related to perceived stress, HED, and alcohol-related consequences. METHODS A community sample of young adult drinkers (N = 767, 57% women, ages 18 to 25 years) in the Pacific Northwest provided monthly data across 2 years. Multilevel models were used to assess the average (between-person) and month-to-month (within-person) associations of role transitions with perceived stress, HED, and negative alcohol-related consequences. RESULTS Although having more role transitions was positively associated with HED frequency and alcohol-related consequences at both the between- and within-person (monthly) levels, it was not associated with increased stress. The number of transitions rated as having a negative impact on one's life, however, was positively associated with stress. Thus, rather than the total number of transitions, it is the number of negatively perceived major developmental role transitions that is associated with perceived stress and increased risk for negative alcohol-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to Transitions Overload Model assumptions, more transitions were not a significant predictor of more perceived stress; rather, the evaluation of the transition as negative was associated with stress and negative alcohol-related outcomes. This distinction may help elucidate the etiology of stress and subsequent alcohol consequences and identify individuals at-risk of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Devon A Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Howard AL, Barker ET. Mental Health of Students Reporting Food Insecurity during the Transition to University. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2021; 82:125-130. [PMID: 33876989 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2021-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The present study examined differences in mental health and well-being between students with and without suspected food insecurity during their transition to university.Methods: We drew on existing data from 4 samples of first-year undergraduates enrolled at 3 large universities in 3 provinces (Alberta n = 199, Québec n = 299, and Ontario n = 461 and n = 510). Students completed online surveys assessing a wide range of health-related behaviours and indicators, and students were classified as food secure or insecure based on their responses to screening questions.Results: Mental health (depression, anxiety, low satisfaction with life) was consistently poorer in students classified as food insecure across all samples. The magnitude of mental health deficit was comparable to socioeconomic disadvantage associated with food insecurity.Conclusions: Students experiencing food insecurity are disproportionately launching their university careers with poorer mental health, revealing a critical point of intervention for these socioeconomically higher-risk students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin T Barker
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC
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23
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Duckworth JC, Rhew IC, Fairlie AM, Patrick ME, Schulenberg JE, Maggs JL, Lee CM. Transitions Catalyst Model: Testing within- and between-Person Associations between Social Relationships and Alcohol Use, Motives, and Consequences among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1411-1420. [PMID: 34126857 PMCID: PMC8827109 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1928207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Transitions Catalyst Model suggests increased drinking during young adulthood is due to the notion that alcohol facilitates friendships and romantic/sexual relationships during a developmental period when these relationships are highly valued. However, little research has tested the utility of this model. We examined (1) whether young adults reported greater drinking and related consequences on months when friendships were more important to them or when they were dating casually, and (2) the extent to which social drinking motives explain these associations on a given month. Methods: Data were drawn from 752 young adults (ages 18-23 at screening) living in the Seattle, WA area (56.4% female). For 24 consecutive months, surveys assessed past month alcohol use and consequences, social drinking motives, friendship importance, and dating/relationship status. Bayesian multilevel models were conducted, adjusting for time-fixed and time-varying covariates. Results: Analyses included 11,591 monthly observations. Between-persons, greater average friendship importance was associated with greater drinking. On months when participants reported greater friendship importance than their own average, they reported greater drinking and alcohol consequences. Those who reported more months of casual dating reported greater drinking and consequences on average. Relative to casual dating months, participants reported less drinking during months they were single or in a relationship and fewer consequences during months in a relationship. Associations were partially accounted for by social motives. Discussion: Findings support the Transitions Catalyst Model. Effective strategies for reducing drinking and associated risks among young adults include brief interventions focused on how social drinking motives and relationships relate to drinking decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Duckworth
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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Cheong J, Lindstrom K, Chandler SD, Bacon JP, Tucker JA. Social Network Feedback and Drinking Outcomes among Emerging Adult Risky Drinkers Living in Urban Communities. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1989-1996. [PMID: 34429032 PMCID: PMC8935916 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1963985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alcohol use and related problems often increase during emerging adulthood and are influenced by social networks. Investigating alcohol-specific feedback from network members may be useful for understanding social influences and designing interventions to reduce risky drinking among emerging adults.Purpose/Objectives: This study examined whether drinking practices and consequences among emerging adult risky drinkers living in disadvantaged urban communities were influenced by receipt of encouragement, discouragement, or mixed messages about drinking from network members. METHODS Risky drinkers ages 21-29 (N = 356; 228 females; mean age = 23.6 years) residing in the community were recruited using digitally implemented Respondent Driven Sampling, a peer-driven chain referral method. A web-based survey assessed drinking practices, negative alcohol-related consequences, and drinking feedback from social network members including friends, spouse/partner, and other family members. RESULTS Negative binomial generalized linear modeling showed that discouragement of drinking by friends was associated with fewer drinking days and negative consequences, whereas discouragement by family members (excluding spouse/partner) was associated with more drinks per drinking day. Mixed feedback (sometimes encouraging, sometimes discouraging drinking) from friends and spouse/partner was associated with more drinking days and negative consequences.Conclusions/Importance: Social network feedback had both risk and protective associations with drinking practices and problems among emerging adults, with discouragement to drink by friends appearing to serve a protective function. The findings suggest the utility of interventions delivered through social networks that amplify the natural protective function of friend discouragement of drinking, in addition to addressing established risks associated with peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeeWon Cheong
- Department of Health Education and Behavior and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Katie Lindstrom
- Department of Health Education and Behavior and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Susan D Chandler
- Department of Health Education and Behavior and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph P Bacon
- Department of Health Education and Behavior and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jalie A Tucker
- Department of Health Education and Behavior and Center for Behavioral Economic Health Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Lee CM, Cadigan JM, Rhew IC. Increases in Loneliness Among Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Association With Increases in Mental Health Problems. J Adolesc Health 2020; 67:714-717. [PMID: 33099414 PMCID: PMC7576375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Young adults are at high risk for increases in loneliness and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study examined increases in loneliness in a young adult sample, for whom increases were greater, and association with increases in depression and anxiety. METHOD Data from 564 young adults (ages 22-29, 60.7% women) were collected in January 2020 (pre-pandemic) and April/May 2020 (during pandemic). RESULTS Loneliness increased from January to April/May and changes in loneliness were greater for females, those with higher perceived social support in January, and those with greater concerns about the pandemic's social impacts. Depression (but not anxiety) increased during this time with changes in loneliness accounting for much of the increase in depression. CONCLUSIONS Intervention strategies with young adults need to address loneliness and feelings of reduced social support during this time, especially for those who may have had greater disruption in their social lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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