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Kolcu F, Çulhaoğlu S, Kaya İ. Comparative Study of Bis-Schiff Case Containing Conjugated Oligomers Based on Phosphate and Silane Moieties: Investigation of Photophysical and Thermal Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24789-24806. [PMID: 38882123 PMCID: PMC11170720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Oligo(azomethine)s bearing phosphate and silane moieties were the subject of an investigation within this study. The initial stage involved the synthesis of two Schiff base monomers, denoted as SCH-1 and SCH-2 (SCHs), each possessing a pair of hydroxyl functional groups. This was achieved through a loss of water between the aldehyde and diamine precursors. Subsequently, the Schiff base entities were subjected to oligomerization through HCl-mediated elimination due to the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of the Schiff bases and the chlorine moieties of dichlorodiethylsilane (Si) or phenyl dichlorophosphate (P). This procedure yielded distinct P-oligo(azomethine) (P1-P, P2-P) and Si-oligo(azomethine) (P1-Si and P2-Si) structures corresponding to each precursor. The molecular structures of the synthesized Schiff base monomers and oligo(azomethine)s were elucidated employing Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. Thermal properties of the resulting products were assessed by utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG/DTA and DSC) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to acquire high-resolution images and detailed surface information on the samples. Additionally, X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the phase properties of the solid samples. Furthermore, the optical band gap (E g) values of the resulting P-oligo(azomethine)s and Si-oligo(azomethine)s were determined utilizing UV-vis spectrophotometer. The relatively low band gap values exhibited by the synthesized oligo(azomethine)s were indicative of their potential suitability as semiconductive materials in the realm of electronic and optoelectronic device fabrication. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements disclosed a green emission profile upon excitation by blue light. The oligo(azomethine)s incorporating methoxy groups demonstrated a red shift in comparison to their counterparts with methyl groups. Remarkably, no discernible fluctuations in fluorescence were observed over a 3600 s interval under consistent conditions. This observation underscored the inherent stability of the PL emission across the spectral range of exciting light. Thermal analyses unveiled high thermal stability of the synthesized oligo(azomethine)s, sustaining their structural integrity up to 220 °C. The char % of P-oligo(azomethine)s and Si-oligo(azomethine)s were observed to fall within the range of 29.45-55.47% at 1000 °C. SEM images revealed the absence of pores on the surface of P2-Si, which exhibited the highest limiting oxygen index and thermal heat release index (T HRI) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Kolcu
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis Lab., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
- Lapseki Vocational School, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 178, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Çulhaoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis Lab., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
- Barem Packaging Industry and Trade A.S., Tire 35910, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İsmet Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Synthesis and Analysis Lab., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17020, Turkey
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2
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Zhou R, Wu X, Bao X, Wu F, Han X, Wang J. The Effect of Polyepoxyphenylsilsesquioxane and Diethyl Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate on the Thermal Stability of Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2077-2084. [PMID: 36687112 PMCID: PMC9850774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyepoxyphenylsilsesquioxane (PEPSQ) and diethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethylphosphonate (DBAMP) can improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). In this paper, the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 tests exhibited that PEPSQ and DBAMP had good synergistic flame retardancy. The non-isothermal degradation kinetics of EP containing PEPSQ and DBAMP was investigated by the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. The results of the Kissinger method displayed that the addition of two flame retardants, PEPSQ and DBAMP, can slightly enhance the activation energy of EP, indicating that the additives delayed the thermal degradation of EP. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method further confirmed that the activation energy of EP during the whole thermal degradation process can be significantly increased by addition of the two flame retardants PEPSQ and DBAMP. When the degree of conversion exceeded 80%, the increase was more significant. This illustrated that the flame retardants finally achieved the purpose of improving the flame retardancy of EP by stabilizing the char layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfan Zhou
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Bao
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Fangyi Wu
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and
Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Jiangbo Wang
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
- Zhejiang
Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo315201, China
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3
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Lv J, Chen B, Zheng B, Chen M, Qiao H, Li S, Zhang H. Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lv
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Bing Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Botuo Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huawei Qiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huagui Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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One-Step Reduction of Graphene Oxide with Phosphorus/Silicon-Containing Compound and Its Flame Retardancy in Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223985. [PMID: 34833284 PMCID: PMC8619116 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel graphene-based phosphorus/silicon-containing flame retardant (GO-DOPO-V) was obtained via one-step reduction of graphene oxide (GO) with phosphorus/silicon-containing compound (DOPO-V). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were used to confirm the structure and morphology. After incorporation of 2 wt% GO-DOPO-V, the maximum decreases of 28.8% in peak heat release rate and 15.6% in total heat release are achieved compared to that of pure epoxy resin (EP). Furthermore, TGA and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement showed that GO-DOPO-V significantly enhanced the thermal stability and residual char strength of EP. Thus, attributed to the barrier effect of GO and phosphorus/silicon layer formation by DOPO-V, GO-DOPO-V was a high-efficient flame retardant to improve the combustion behavior of EP nanocomposite.
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Thermal and flame-retardant properties of intrinsic flame-retardant epoxy resin containing biphenyl structures and phosphorus. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lai S, Chen G, Hu W, Liu B, Yang X, Gao K. Preparation and performance of DOPO-nano-SiO 2 modified polyacrylic acid-based flame retardant dust suppressant for coal. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02983e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the synergy of N, P and Si, a type of soft-film flame retardant dust suppressant for coal with both flame-retardant and dust-suppression functions was prepared, aiming to slow down spontaneous coal combustion and coal dust pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuili Lai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People's Republic of China
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7
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Dai S, Yu X, Chen R, Zhou H, Pan Z. Transparent epoxy resin material with excellent fire retardancy enabled by a P/N/S containing flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
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Suethao S, Shah DU, Smitthipong W. Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4060. [PMID: 32933128 PMCID: PMC7560401 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams are an important class of engineering material that are finding diverse applications, including as structural parts in automotive industry, insulation in construction, core materials for sandwich composites, and cushioning in mattresses. The vast majority of these manufactured foams are homogeneous with respect to porosity and structural properties. In contrast, while cellular materials are also ubiquitous in nature, nature mostly fabricates heterogeneous foams, e.g., cellulosic plant stems like bamboo, or a human femur bone. Foams with such engineered porosity distribution (graded density structure) have useful property gradients and are referred to as functionally graded foams. Functionally graded polymer foams are one of the key emerging innovations in polymer foam technology. They allow enhancement in properties such as energy absorption, more efficient use of material, and better design for specific applications, such as helmets and tissue restorative scaffolds. Here, following an overview of key processing parameters for polymer foams, we explore recent developments in processing functionally graded polymer foams and their emerging structures and properties. Processes can be as simple as utilizing different surface materials from which the foam forms, to as complex as using microfluidics. We also highlight principal challenges that need addressing in future research, the key one being development of viable generic processes that allow (complete) control and tailoring of porosity distribution on an application-by-application basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supitta Suethao
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Darshil U. Shah
- Centre for Natural Material Innovation, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PX, UK;
| | - Wirasak Smitthipong
- Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Office of Natural Rubber Research Program, Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Office of Research Integration on Target–Based Natural Rubber, National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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9
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Zhang Y, Yang W, Zhao W, Ruan F, Li S, Liu J. Synthesis and characterization of SPDSCD and its flame retardant application on epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28654-28663. [PMID: 35520038 PMCID: PMC9055797 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a flame retardant agent, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxo-3,9-diphosphospiro[5.5]undecane spirophosphate-4,4-diaminopair benzene disulfone-1,3,5-himetriazine (SPDSCD), is synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction. SPDSCD is a chemically expanded phosphorus-containing flame retardant in epoxy resins (EP). The molecular structure of SPDSCD and thermal stability are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and EP/SPDSCD composites were investigated in detail. These properties are associated with the phosphorus-containing spiro structure on the main molecular chain which can promote condensation polymerization into carbon during pyrolysis, the new nitrogen-containing carbon source, and the triazine structure. SPDSCD shows good thermal stability and low flammability, the weight loss from 500 to 800 °C was only 6.1 wt%, and the residual mass at 800 °C was 48.9 wt%. With the addition of SPDSCD, the flame retardant quality of the composites was gradually enhanced, the carbon residue becomes denser, which isolates heat transfer and inhibits the volatilization of flue gas. The addition of 20 wt% SPDSCD in the EP sample was associated with a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and a vertical burning V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter test shows that the peak heat release rate is reduced by 75%; the heat release rate curve enters the heat release platform area with a value lower than the first peak, TSP is reduced by 24%, the ac-CO2Y value reduced by 25.6%, indicating that SPDSCD/EP produced less CO2, which obviously prevented the combustion of volatile gas. SPDSCD exerted a charring and barrier effect in the condensation phase. Using basic characterization and flame retardancy testing, this work determined that SPDSCD has good flame retardancy when added to EP. In this study, a flame retardant agent, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxo-3,9-diphosphospiro[5.5]undecane spirophosphate-4,4-diaminopair benzene disulfone-1,3,5-himetriazine (SPDSCD), is synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891.,Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Vocational College of Science &Technology Weifang 261053 China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100094 China
| | - Fang Ruan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Shulei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
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10
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Liu Z, Huang Y, Deng S. Synthesis and characterization of thermosetting polyacetylene‐terminated silicone resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yanchun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shifeng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST), Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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11
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Flame-Retardant Performance of Transparent and Tensile-Strength-Enhanced Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020317. [PMID: 32033053 PMCID: PMC7077383 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a flame-retardant additive with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) groups denoted DSD was successfully synthesized from DOPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), and salicylaldehyde. The chemical structure of DSD was characterized by FTIR–ATR, NMR, and elemental analysis. DSD was used as an amine curing agent, and the transparent, tensile strength-enhanced epoxy resins named EP–DSD were prepared via thermal curing reactions among the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and DSD. The flame-retardancy of composites was studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test. The LOI values of EP–DSD composites increased from 30.7% for a content of 3 wt % to 35.4% for a content of 9 wt %. When the content of DSD reached 6 wt %, a V-0 rating under the UL-94 vertical test was achieved. SEM photographs of char residues after the UL-94 test indicate that an intumescent and tight char layer with a porous structure inside was formed. The TGA results revealed that EP–DSD thermosets decomposed ahead of time. The graphitization degree of the residual chars was also investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. The measurement of tensile strength at breaking point shows that the loading of DSD increases the tensile strength of epoxy thermosets. Py-GC/MS analysis shows the presence of phosphorus fragments released during EP–DSD thermal decomposition, which could act as free radical inhibitors in the gas phase. Owing to the promotion of the formation of intumescent and compact char residues in the condensed phase and nonflammable phosphorus fragments formed from the decomposition of DOPO groups, EP–DSD composites displayed obvious flame-retardancy.
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12
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Kundu CK, Song L, Hu Y. Sol-gel coatings from DOPO-alkoxysilanes: Efficacy in fire protection of polyamide 66 textiles. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Effects of a Macromolecule Spirocyclic Inflatable Flame Retardant on the Thermal and Flame Retardant Properties of Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010132. [PMID: 31935810 PMCID: PMC7022497 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for the preparation of an integrated three-source intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has been developed to improve the flame-retardant and smoke suppression performance of epoxy resin (EP) with a synergistic flame retardant effect. Herein, the synthesis of a macromolecular spirocyclic phosphorus/nitrogen-containing IFR poly sulfonamide spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (SAPC) is reported via a two-step method that uses pentaerythritol, phosphorus oxychloride and sulfonamide (SAA) as raw materials. Subsequently, the SAPC was incorporated into EP to prepare the composite to investigate its thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression performance. Herein, a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the addition of SAPC increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composite. Cone test results indicated that the incorporation of 8 wt % SAPC significantly improved the flame-retardant performance for the composite, with a 43.45% decrease in peak of heat release rate, a 28.55% reduction in total heat release, and a 30.04% decrease in total smoke release. Additionally, the composite received the V-0 rating in a UL-94 vertical burning test, accompanied by the “blowout” phenomenon. After the addition of SAPC, the amount of flammable gas products from the EP composite decomposition was obviously suppressed, and the amount of non-flammable as was increased. All of this suggests a good dilution role of SAPC. There are enough reasons to believe that the enhanced flame-retardant and toxicity suppression performance for the EP composite can be attributed to the good coordination of carbonization agent, acid source, and blowing agent in the SAPC structure.
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14
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Xiao T. The Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Fire Property of a Phosphorus-Containing Flame-Retardant Styrene Copolymer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E127. [PMID: 31892108 PMCID: PMC6981446 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (Y.S.); (L.L.)
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yazhen Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar 161006, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (Y.S.); (L.L.)
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Tianyuan Xiao
- College of Light Industry and Textile, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China;
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15
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Mitova V, Shestakova P, Koseva N, Troev K. Phosphorus and Silicon Containing Inorganic Polymer Poly(dimethylsilane H‐phosphonate): Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopic Characterization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Mitova
- Institute of Polymers Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Akad. G. Bonchev St., Bl 103‐A 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Pavletta Shestakova
- NMR Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad. G. Bontchev str. Bl. 9 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Neli Koseva
- Institute of Polymers Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Akad. G. Bonchev St., Bl 103‐A 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Kolio Troev
- Institute of Polymers Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Akad. G. Bonchev St., Bl 103‐A 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
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16
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Hou S, Zhang YJ, Jiang P. Synergistic effects of synthetic phosphonium sulfonates with expandable graphite on flame retardancy for EVA rubber blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Jia P, Feng G, Bo C, Hu L, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhou Y. A composition of phosphaphenanthrene groups-containing castor-oil-based phosphate plasticizer for PVC: Synthesis, characterization and property. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Qiu Y, Qian L, Xi W, Liu X. Joint flame-retardant effect of triazine-rich and triazine/phosphaphenanthrene compounds on epoxy resin thermoset. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Xi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
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19
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Jia P, Zhang M, Hu L, Zhou J, Feng G, Zhou Y. Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant mechanism of poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with a soybean-oil-based plasticizer containing phosphaphenanthrene groups. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Ma Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Wang C, Chu F. Effect of zinc oxide on properties of phenolic foams/halogen-free flame retardant system. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Ma
- Nanjing Forestry University; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing 210037 China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Yuzhi Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products; CAF, Jiangsu Province; Nanjing 210042 China
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21
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Liu L, Fu M, Wang Z. Synthesis of Boron-Containing Toughening Agents and Their Application in Phenolic Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504851y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials,
Ministry
of Education and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Mingtao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials,
Ministry
of Education and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhengzhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials,
Ministry
of Education and ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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22
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Jia P, Zhang M, Hu L, Liu C, Feng G, Yang X, Bo C, Zhou Y. Development of a vegetable oil based plasticizer for preparing flame retardant poly(vinyl chloride) materials. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method was developed to prepare a castor oil based flame retardant plasticizer containing phosphaphenanthrene groups (PCOPE) for the preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Guodong Feng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Caiying Bo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
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23
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Chen X, Zhuo J, Song W, Jiao C, Qian Y, Li S. Flame retardant effects of organic inorganic hybrid intumescent flame retardant based on expandable graphite in silicone rubber composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Jinlong Zhuo
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Wenkui Song
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Yi Qian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
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24
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Ye W, Du L, Tian X. Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant and its Application in LLDPE. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, a novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant (IFR) of spirocyclic pentaerythritol diphosphonate dinitroguanidine (SPDD) was successfully synthesized, which was characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR and FTIR spectra. At the same time, the SPDD was used in LLDPE to prepare flame-retardant materials whose flammability and thermal behavior were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The TGA data showed that SPDD could effectively enhance the thermal stability and char residue of LLDPE/IFR composite. And with the increase of SPDD, the LOI value of LLDPE/IFR increases obviously. When SPDD reached 30 wt%, the LOI value of LLDPE/IFR reaches 31 %. The SEM also shows the surface of intumescent chars of LLDPE/IFR (30 %) has many sphere-like swollen bubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & the Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province , Anhui University, Hefei , PRC
| | - L. Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & the Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials of Anhui Province , Anhui University, Hefei , PRC
| | - X. Tian
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei , PRC
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25
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Jia C, Qian Y, Chen X, Liu Y. Flame retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate composites based on layered double hydroxides with zinc hydroxystannate. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuixuan Jia
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Qian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
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26
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Bai Z, Jiang S, Tang G, Hu Y, Song L, Yuen RKK. Enhanced thermal properties and flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester-based hybrid materials containing phosphorus and silicon. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiman Bai
- State Key Lab of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- State Key Lab of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Tang
- State Key Lab of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Lab of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Lab of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Richard K. K. Yuen
- USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study; University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 People's Republic of China
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
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27
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Yi Z, Jincheng W. Preparation of novel hyperbranched flame-retardant polymer and its application into natural rubber systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Preparation and thermal properties of novel organic/inorganic network hybrid materials containing silicon and phosphate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang YJ, Jiang P. Oligomeric siloxane containing triphenylphosphonium phosphate as a novel flame retardant for polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Yang H, Wang X, Yuan H, Song L, Hu Y, Yuen RKK. Fire performance and mechanical properties of phenolic foams modified by phosphorus-containing polyethers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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