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DeLoughery EP. Global prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age, 2000-2019. Eur J Haematol 2024; 113:253-256. [PMID: 38775787 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A common disease with significant impacts on health and quality of life, anemia is particularly prevalent in women of reproductive age due to blood losses during menstruation and pregnancy. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) was analyzed to compare trends in prevalence of anemia in women aged 15-49 among countries and over time with the goal of identifying regions both successful and in need of assistance in combatting anemia. Worldwide from 2000 to 2013 the prevalence of anemia among women aged 15-49 decreased, and then increased from 2013 to 2019; severe anemia decreased throughout the world from 2000 to 2019. Throughout all years, African countries had the highest prevalence of anemia and severe anemia while American and European countries had the lowest. With each decrease in human development index (HDI) category (very high to high, etc.) there was a significant increase in prevalence of total anemia (P < 0.001 for all). This data suggests that although the prevalence of anemia among reproductive age women has decreased over time there is still much work remaining, particularly in low HDI countries. More effort is needed in preventing, recognizing and treating anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P DeLoughery
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Ebrahim M, Vadive PD, Dutton T, Anyasodor AE, Osuagwu UL, Bailey J. Retrospective audit compares screening and treatment of pregnancy-related anaemia in regional New South Wales with Australian guidelines. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:457. [PMID: 38961376 PMCID: PMC11223411 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia during pregnancy is common worldwide. In Australia, approximately 17% of non-pregnant women of reproductive age have anaemia, increasing to a rate of 25% in pregnant women. This study sought to determine the rate of screening for anaemia in pregnancy in regional New South Wales, and to determine whether screening and treatment protocols followed the recommended guidelines. METHODS This retrospective study reviewed antenatal and postnatal (48 h) data of women (n = 150) who had a live birth at Bathurst Hospital between 01/01/2020 and 30/04/2020. Demographic data, risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy, antenatal bloods, treatments provided in trimesters one (T1), two (T2) and three (T3), and postpartum complications were recorded. These were compared to the Australian Red Cross Guidelines (ARCG) using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Of the women with screening data available (n = 103), they were mostly aged 20-35yrs (79.6%), 23.3% were obese, 97.1% were iron deficient, 17% were anaemic and only a few (5.3%) completed the full pregnancy screening as recommended by the ARCG while a majority completed only partial screenings specifically Hb levels in T1 (56.7%), T2 (44.7%) and T3 (36.6%). Compliance to oral iron was largely undocumented, but constipation was a common side effect among the women. IV iron was administered in 14.0% of women, approximately 1.75x higher than the recommended rate. CONCLUSIONS This study provided useful information about compliance to screening and treatment guidelines for anaemia in pregnancy. We identified the need for improved documentation and communication between various health providers to ensure adequate antenatal care to prevent maternal complications during pregnancy. This will improve patient care and encourage further developments in maternal care, bridging the rural health gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ebrahim
- School of Medicine, Bathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), Western Sydney University, PO Box 9008, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
| | - Priya Dharshini Vadive
- School of Medicine, Bathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), Western Sydney University, PO Box 9008, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
| | - Tegan Dutton
- School of Medicine, Bathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), Western Sydney University, PO Box 9008, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
| | | | - Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
- School of Medicine, Bathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), Western Sydney University, PO Box 9008, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia.
| | - Jannine Bailey
- School of Medicine, Bathurst Rural Clinical School (BRCS), Western Sydney University, PO Box 9008, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
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Nuwabaine L, Kawuki J, Kamoga L, Sserwanja Q, Gatasi G, Donkor E, Mutisya LM, Asiimwe JB. Factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women in Rwanda: an analysis of the Rwanda demographic and health survey of 2020. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:328. [PMID: 38678175 PMCID: PMC11055334 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia in pregnancy is associated with several adverse outcomes for mothers and newborns, as well as their families. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of anaemia and the associated factors among pregnant women in Rwanda. METHODS Secondary data from the 2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) was used. Multistage stratified sampling was used to select 435 pregnant women included in the study. Anaemia among pregnant women was defined as a haemoglobin value < 11 g/dL. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the associated factors with anaemia in pregnancy, using SPSS (version 26). RESULTS Of the 435 pregnant women, 24.6% (95%CI: 21.1-29.3) were anaemic (1 in 4 pregnant women). Not working (AOR = 2.45; 95%CI: 1.14-5.26), being unmarried (AOR = 1.23; 95%CI: 1.24-3.57), low wealth index (AOR = 9.19; 95%CI: 1.64-51.56), having difficulty accessing a nearby health facility (AOR = 5.40; 95%CI: 2.21-13.23), and normal body mass index (AOR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.46-7.59) were associated with higher odds of being anaemic. However, not taking iron supplements (AOR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.04-0.67), having no exposure to television (AOR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.14-0.91), being from the southern region (AOR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.03-0.66), and low husband/partner's education (AOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.59) were associated with lower odds of being anaemic. CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicate a high prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy, which was associated with several socio-demographics. There is a need for setting up mobile clinics and health facilities in hard-to-reach areas for easy accessibility to early anaemia screening services. Conducting mass screening for anaemia targeting pregnant women who are not working, the unmarried, and those with a low wealth index would also be beneficial. The intake of locally available iron rich foods and/ or bio-fortified foods is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Nuwabaine
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Kawuki
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Livingstone Kamoga
- Department of Nursing, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Makerere, Uganda
| | | | - Ghislaine Gatasi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Elorm Donkor
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linet M Mutisya
- Maternal and Child Health Project, Swedish Organization for Global Health, Mayuge, Uganda
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Akinajo OR, Babah OA, Banke-Thomas A, Beňová L, Sam-Agudu NA, Balogun MR, Adaramoye VO, Galadanci HS, Quao RA, Afolabi BB, Annerstedt KS. Acceptability of IV iron treatment for iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy in Nigeria: a qualitative study with pregnant women, domestic decision-makers, and health care providers. Reprod Health 2024; 21:22. [PMID: 38347614 PMCID: PMC10863081 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-024-01743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaemia in pregnancy causes a significant burden of maternal morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, with prevalence ranging from 25 to 45% in Nigeria. The main treatment, daily oral iron, is associated with suboptimal adherence and effectiveness. Among pregnant women with iron deficiency, which is a leading cause of anaemia (IDA), intravenous (IV) iron is an alternative treatment in moderate or severe cases. This qualitative study explored the acceptability of IV iron in the states of Kano and Lagos in Nigeria. METHODS We purposively sampled various stakeholders, including pregnant women, domestic decision-makers, and healthcare providers (HCPs) during the pre-intervention phase of a hybrid clinical trial (IVON trial) in 10 healthcare facilities across three levels of the health system. Semi-structured topic guides guided 12 focus group discussions (140 participants) and 29 key informant interviews. We used the theoretical framework of acceptability to conduct qualitative content analysis. RESULTS We identified three main themes and eight sub-themes that reflected the prospective acceptability of IV iron therapy. Generally, all stakeholders had a positive affective attitude towards IV iron based on its comparative advantages to oral iron. The HCPs noted the effectiveness of IV iron in its ability to evoke an immediate response and capacity to reduce anaemia-related complications. It was perceived as a suitable alternative to blood transfusion for specific individuals based on ethicality. However, to pregnant women and the HCPs, IV iron could present a higher opportunity cost than oral iron for the users and providers as it necessitates additional time to receive and administer it. To all stakeholder groups, leveraging the existing infrastructure to facilitate IV iron treatment will stimulate coherence and self-efficacy while strengthening the existing trust between pregnant women and HCPs can avert misconceptions. Finally, even though high out-of-pocket costs might make IV iron out of reach for poor women, the HCPs felt it can potentially prevent higher treatment fees from complications of IDA. CONCLUSIONS IV iron has a potential to become the preferred treatment for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy in Nigeria if proven effective. HCP training, optimisation of information and clinical care delivery during antenatal visits, uninterrupted supply of IV iron, and subsidies to offset higher costs need to be considered to improve its acceptability. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCT N6348 4804. Registered on 10 December 2020 Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04976179. Registered on 26 July 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi R Akinajo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ochuwa A Babah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health (MARCH), Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lenka Beňová
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nadia A Sam-Agudu
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Mobolanle R Balogun
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victoria O Adaramoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza S Galadanci
- African Center of Excellence for Population Health and Policy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences Bayero University Kano/ Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Rachel A Quao
- The Centre for Clinical Trials, Research, and Implementation Science (CCTRIS), University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Bosede Bukola Afolabi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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Kuppusamy P, Prusty RK, Khan SA. Assessing the prevalence and predictors of anemia among pregnant women in India: findings from the India National Family Health Survey 2019-2021. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:51-58. [PMID: 37888841 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2276851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia is more prevalent in low- and middle-income countries including India. Anemia in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of maternal health problems and adverse birth outcomes. This study estimates the prevalence and associated risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in India. METHODS This cross-sectional study is based on secondary data from the India National Family Health Survey-V (NFHS-5) conducted during 2019-2021. We extracted data of 27,317 currently pregnant women to estimate the prevalence and contributory factors associated with anemia using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in India was 52.2%. Anemia was higher among adolescent women (61.5%), those with no education (59.2%), those belonging to poorest wealth index (61.9%), scheduled tribes (59.3%), and those from the eastern region of India (62.1%). Further, it was more prevalent among women with a habit of smoking, tobacco, or alcohol (63.0%), and women with shorter birth intervals (59.7%). Among Indian states, anemia prevalence was higher in the state of Bihar (63.1%) and the union territory of Ladakh (71.4%). Logistic regression models show that women with no education (aOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.27-1.57), belonging to a poorest wealth quintile (aOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.51-1.90), and those with a habit of smoking, tobacco, or alcohol (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.18-1.63) were more anemic than their counterparts. Additionally, women with no education showed a four-times higher risk of severe anemia (aOR = 4.79, 95% CI = 2.75-8.36) than their highly educated counterparts. CONCLUSION Anemia affects half of all pregnant women in India. Anemia prevalence is higher among adolescents, illiterate, poor, and tribal communities. Social norm-based interventions and strengthening the community health facilitators should be implemented to reduce the high burden of anemia in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Kuppusamy
- Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Ranjan K Prusty
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Shagufta A Khan
- Clinical Research Laboratory, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai, India
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Yortanlı BC, Ecirli S, Soykan Sert Z. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Nursing Students Working in the Internal Medicine Clinic. Cureus 2023; 15:e51212. [PMID: 38283473 PMCID: PMC10819089 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among nursing students working in the internal medicine clinic of our hospital. Methods The study was designed as a prospective cohort study. The study population comprised nursing students working in the internal medicine clinic of our hospital from January 1, 2016, through June 1, 2016. Data concerning the participants' anamnesis, physical examination findings, and sociodemographic characteristics were recorded. Blood samples were taken. The participants' blood parameters were evaluated for anemia. Results A total of 99 nursing students, 43 (43.4%) male and 56 (56.6%) female, were included in the study. The mean age was 17.4 ± 0.58 years for the male student group and 17.64 ± 0.73 years for the female student group. We detected ID in 22.2% of the nursing students, anemia in 8%, and IDA in 4%. ID was present in 22 (39.3%) of the female students. There was a significant difference between the male and female student groups in terms of the prevalence of ID (p < 0.001). The mean hemoglobin levels of the male and female student groups were 15.85 ± 1.10 g/dL and 12.90 ± 1.05 g/dL, respectively. Conclusion We determined that the number of students with ID was higher than the number of students with IDA. Once ID is diagnosed, it may be necessary to take precautions and treat it according to the severity of the deficiency. It is extremely important to educate nursing students and raise their awareness about ID and IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samil Ecirli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Private Academy Meram Hospital, Konya, TUR
| | - Zekiye Soykan Sert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aksaray University School of Medicine, Aksaray, TUR
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Ali SA, Hassan AA, Adam I. History of Pica, Obesity, and Their Associations with Anemia in Pregnancy: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2220. [PMID: 38004359 PMCID: PMC10672325 DOI: 10.3390/life13112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia in pregnancy represents a major global health problem, and progress is insufficient to meet the World Health Assembly's global nutrition target of halving anemia prevalence by 2030. We assessed the prevalence and factors associated with anemia among pregnant women in northern Sudan. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Almatamah, River Nile State, Sudan. Sociodemographic and obstetric data were collected using a questionnaire. Hemoglobin (Hb) was measured using an automated hematology analyzer. Multivariate and simple linear regression analyses were performed. A total of 586 pregnant women were enrolled. Their median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 25 (21-30) years. The median (IQR) of body mass index (BMI) was 26.67 (24.34-30.04) kg/m2. The median (IQR) for Hb was 11.0 (10.0-11.9) g/dL. Of the 586 women, 271 (46.2%) had anemia (Hb: <11 gm/dL). In multivariate analysis, increasing BMI and obesity were significantly associated with decreased odds ratios (ORs) of anemia, while pica was associated with increased ORs of anemia. In conclusion, anemia in pregnant women is a major public health problem, as approximately half of pregnant women in northern Sudan have anemia. Increasing BMI and obesity were associated with a lower risk for anemia. More efforts are needed to improve the maternal nutritional status for good pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaila A. Ali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed A. Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum P.O. Box 102, Sudan;
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
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Mustafa A, Alanazi G, Alanazi M, Alenezi A, Alenzi M, Al-Muteri F, Aljohani AH, Alruwili GA, Almatrafi R, Alshammari SMA. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anemia During Pregnancy in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e49287. [PMID: 38143709 PMCID: PMC10747422 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Saudi Arabia is variable. Nulliparous, multiparous >3, and multi-gravidity are associated risk factors with a higher incidence of anemia during pregnancy. Other risk factors comprised working, women in university, past history of anemia, obesity, women younger than 25 years, low income, longer menstrual cycle >5 days, bleeding during pregnancy, reduced birth spacing, a low level of education, and decreased intake of iron-rich foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mustafa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity and Children Hospital, Arar, SAU
| | | | - Maisa Alanazi
- Family and Community Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, SAU
| | - Ahlam Alenezi
- Family Medicine, Maternity and Children Hospital, Arar, SAU
| | - Manal Alenzi
- College of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, SAU
| | - Fay Al-Muteri
- General Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, SAU
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Eltayeb R, Binsaleh NK, Alsaif G, Ali RM, Alyahyawi AR, Adam I. Hemoglobin Levels, Anemia, and Their Associations with Body Mass Index among Pregnant Women in Hail Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3508. [PMID: 37630699 PMCID: PMC10458202 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of association between hemoglobin level/anemia and obesity during pregnancy is not yet fully understood. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hail Maternity Hospital in northern Saudi Arabia from March to May 2023 to assess the associations between hemoglobin levels, anemia, and obesity among pregnant women. Reproductive history was gathered through a questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated/computed from the women's weight and height. Linear and binary regression analyses were performed. A total of 334 pregnant women were enrolled. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age and parity were 33.2 (27.4-37.8) years and 3 (1-5), respectively. Of the 334 women, 52 (15.6%) were normal weight, while 87 (26.0%) were overweight and 195 (58.4%) were obese. In the multiple linear regression, parity (coefficient = -0.121, p = 0.001) and BMI (coefficient = 0.030, p = 0.006) were negatively associated with the hemoglobin level. Ninety-nine (26.9%) women had anemia. In the multivariate analysis, primiparity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.97), increasing BMI (AOR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89-0.97), and obesity (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.61) were associated with decreased ORs of anemia. Increasing parity was associated with increased ORs of anemia (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05-1.32). Being overweight was not associated with anemia (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.27-1.16). In the current study, a high hemoglobin level and lower prevalence of anemia were observed among obese pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Naif K. Binsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Ghaida Alsaif
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Reem M. Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia; (N.K.B.); (G.A.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Amjad R. Alyahyawi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 8227, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
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Amoah S, Yartey AN, Fosu Adjei P, Owusu-Akyaw M, Boachie J, Simpong DL, Adu P. HBV Infection Is an Intermediate-Risk Disease, Whereas Anaemia Is a Mild-to-Moderate Public Health Problem in Young Ghanaian Adults: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis of Students' Medical Records. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:9318984. [PMID: 37475793 PMCID: PMC10356218 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9318984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria, chronic viral diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and haemoglobinopathies are common causes of anaemia. Continual surveillance data is required to situate the anaemia and infectious disease burden within a given population. This study determined the 4-year trends of anaemia, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and HCV infections and factors associated with anaemia in young Ghanaian adults. Methods This retrospective study analysed the medical records of 21,716 fresh students at the University of Cape Coast. Data was presented as percentages and line graphs to show the yearly trends in anaemia, HBV, and HCV infections. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the increased odds of anaemia in participants. Results Although the 4-year anaemia prevalence was 14.2% (95% CI: 0.1403-0.1498), anaemia prevalence in women and men were 24.1% (95% CI: 0.2387-0.2562) and 6.6% (95% CI:0.0616-0.0705), respectively. Anaemia prevalence consistently remained mild (males) and moderate (females) public health problem over the four-year period. Adolescents were more represented in the anaemic group (18.7% prevalence), 70.9% of them being females. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infections were 5.4% (95% CI:0.0506-0.0567) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.0082-0.0108), respectively; only 0.1% of participants had HBV and HCV coinfection. Males were more represented in both HBV (71.2%) and HCV (63.7%) infection groups. Moreover, 15.8% of the participants who were seropositive for HBsAg self-reported having previously been vaccinated, suggesting a breakthrough infection and/or vaccine nonresponse. Furthermore, female (COR: 4.545; p < 0.001), teenagers (COR: 1.697; p < 0.001), 20-29 years (COR: 1.221; p = 0.035), and positive sickling slide test (COR: 1.176; p = 0.003) were statistically significantly associated with increased odds of anaemia. Conclusion Intentional preventative public health campaigns regarding anaemia, HBV, and HCV infection should, respectively, target females and young adult males to increase chances of making real change in behavioural attitudes in these at-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Amoah
- University of Cape Coast Hospital Laboratory, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Praise Fosu Adjei
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Margaret Owusu-Akyaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph Boachie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David Larbi Simpong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Patrick Adu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Naz N, Khan MR, Shabbir MA, Faisal MN. Effect of iron-fortified jamun leather on the Asunra-induced anemia in Sprague Dawley rats. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1195981. [PMID: 37384107 PMCID: PMC10293738 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1195981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins are required in a minute quantity but play a pivotal role in the functioning of the body. Therefore, deficiency in one of them can lead to lethal health conditions. Iron deficiency anaemia is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies across the world and is affecting women and children. Methods The present study aimed to investigate the anti-anaemic effect of fortified jamun leather on anaemia biomarkers and haematology in anaemic female Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 40 Sprague Dawley rats were used in 4 groups. Iron deficiency anaemia was induced by oral administration of the Asunra drug. The treatments were fed at two dosage levels i.e., 40 and 60% iron-fortified leather. All animals were treated for 60 days and the parameters including biochemical, and histopathology of the kidney and liver were examined. Results The experiment's findings showed that the group fed with iron-fortified leather (G3) succeeded significantly (P < 0.05) in restoring the serum iron (98.68 ± 2.88 μg/dL), haemoglobin (12.41 ± 0.32 g/dL), ferritin (24.54 ± 1.98 ng/mL) and haematocrit levels (39.30 ± 1.66%) at the end of the 60 days period. Additionally, the treated group's mean values for transferrin and total iron binding capacity were lower than those of the anaemic rats, indicating an improvement in iron levels. The microscopic analysis revealed that treatments had no toxic effects on the kidney and liver tissues, except in the diseased group, which had necrosis and irregular cell structure. Conclusion Conclusively, iron-fortified jamun leather helped improve iron deficiency biomarkers and imparted a non-toxic effect on tissues in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Naz
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Rafiq Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Shabbir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Faisal
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Lema EJ, Seif SA. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ilala Municipality - Tanzania: Analytical cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33944. [PMID: 37335672 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaemia during pregnancy is still 1 of the leading causes of maternal and neonatal mortality in low and middle-income countries. Initiatives to address this need evidence on trends and their relevant factors, as they vary from 1 area to another. This study determined the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ilala, Tanzania. This community-based, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2022 involving 367 randomly selected pregnant women. An interviewer-administered questionnaire and a HemoCue analyzer were used for data collection The data was described using descriptive statistics (frequency distributions, percentages, etc) and inferential statistics (Chi-square tests and logistic regression) were used to explore the associations between the study's outcome and its explanatory variables, with a significance level of P < .05. The mean age of participants was 26.2 (standard deviation = 5.2) years, 58.0% had a secondary education level, and 45.2 were prime-para. About half (57.2%) of all participants had low hemoglobin level, among which, 36.2% had moderate anemia. Having a primary education level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.3, confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-4.7), having an inter-pregnancy interval of <18 months (AOR = 2.6, CI = 1.2-5.5), being in the third trimester (AOR = 2.4, CI = 1.2-4.7), not taking Intermittent Prophylaxis Treatment (AOR = 3.7, CI = 1.3-10), not taking iron supplement and folic acid (AOR = 3.7, CI = 1.3-10), and having a moderate appetite(AOR = 1.6, CI = 1.0-2.6) were predictors of anemia. Nutritionally related factors were not consuming on a daily basis dairy food (AOR = 3.7, CI = 1.4-9.3), meat/fish (AOR = 6.6, CI = 3-14), dark green and other vegetables (AOR = 6.6, CI = 3.1-14), fruits (AOR = 4.2, CI = 1.4-12) and having a lower dietary diversity score (AOR = 84, CI = 37-188). Approximately half of pregnant women in Ilala municipality were anemic with 1 third of them having moderate anemia. The associated factors varied from nutritional, obstetric, and socio-demographic factors. The targeted interventions should focus on health promotion campaign to sensitize the population on the dangers of anemia in pregnancy and preventive measures that must be adhered to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Justin Lema
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Saada Ali Seif
- Department of Nursing Management and Education, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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13
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Hammad M, Fardoos S, Arif R, Khan AZ, Rasheed A. Factors Related to Anemia Prevalence Among Women of Childbearing Age in the Period of Global Pandemic. Cureus 2023; 15:e38491. [PMID: 37273341 PMCID: PMC10237342 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health authorities in Pakistan in collaboration with local and foreign non-government organizations are working hard to achieve the targets set by World Health Organization in 2012, that is, to reduce anemia prevalence and its related factors. However, due to the prevailing COVID-19 crisis, all resources and attention were diverted toward it, which led to ignorance of existing basic health issues. Objective This study assesses anemia prevalence and its related factors among women of childbearing age in the period of global pandemic. Methods A time-lagged, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire among 1,702 volunteer women aged between 15 and 49 years across five major cities of Pakistan from January 2021 to December 2021 using the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Blood sample results were analyzed to determine prevalence and anemia severity. The chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression were performed to examine the relationship and effect of related factors with hemoglobin levels using SPSS version 26. Results Among the 1,702 respondents, 788 (46.3%) were non-anemic and 914 (53.7%) were anemic. Anemia prevalence in Karachi was slightly greater (n=294, 55.48%) compared to other cities, and the mean hemoglobin level was 11.98 ± 0.92 g/dL. The chi-square test and multiple logistic regression indicated that the respondents' employment status, mother's profession, family income, living conditions, chronic health conditions, use of iron and folic acid supplements, junk food, source of drinking water, and knowledge about anemia and its preventive measures were associated significantly with anemia during the pandemic. Conclusion Results confirmed that anemia is a multi-factor health problem and that it was totally ignored during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the prevalence increased during the pandemic. Therefore, more attention should be paid to anemia surveillance, anemia awareness programs, and mobilization of community health workers and volunteers to reach a wide range of the population, including women of childbearing age even during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hammad
- Pharmacy, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Sadaf Fardoos
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Rasikh Arif
- Al-Shifa Research Centre, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Ali Zeb Khan
- Clinical Research, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | - Anmol Rasheed
- Riphah School of Leadership, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, PAK
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Zhang L, Ma S, Dai F, Li Q, Wu L, Yu L, Xie T, Zhu DM, Zhu P. Anemia in pregnancy and sleep of 6-month-old infants: A prospective cohort study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1049219. [PMID: 36969814 PMCID: PMC10036361 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1049219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAnemia has been reported to adversely influence sleep in infants. However, the association between anemia in pregnancy and infant sleep remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association between maternal anemia in pregnancy and sleep parameters of 6-month-old infants.MethodsWe enrolled 2,410 mother-infant pairs between 2018 and 2021 in Hefei. Data on maternal hemoglobin concentration were collected at 24–28 gestational weeks from the electronic medical records of the hospitals. Nocturnal and daytime sleep duration, number of night awakenings, nocturnal wakefulness, and sleep latency of infants aged 6 months were measured using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire with five items. A restricted cubic spline model was used to examine the relationship between maternal hemoglobin concentration and infant nocturnal sleep duration after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsIn our study, 807 (33.5%) mothers had anemia during pregnancy. Compared to infants born to mothers without anemia, infants born to mothers with anemia in pregnancy had shorter nocturnal sleep duration [mean (SD), 560.29 (79.57) mins vs. 574.27 (75.36) mins] at the age of 6 months. Subgroup analysis showed consistent significant differences in nocturnal sleep duration between infant born to anemic and non-anemic mothers, except in case of stratification by preterm birth [mean difference (mins), 2.03 (95% CI, −20.01, −24.07)] and pre-pregnancy obesity [mean difference (mins), −0.85 (95% CI, −16.86, −15.16)]. A J-shaped nonlinear correlation curve was observed between maternal hemoglobin concentration and infant nocturnal sleep duration. Compared with mothers without daily iron supplementation, mothers who had daily iron supplementation had higher hemoglobin concentrations [mean (SD), 112.39 (11.33) g/L vs. 110.66 (10.65) g/L] at delivery and their infants had longer nocturnal sleep duration [mean (SD), 565.99 (82.46) mins vs. 553.66 (76.03) mins].ConclusionAnemia in pregnancy may have an adverse influence on the sleep of 6-mon-old infants, and the relationship between maternal hemoglobin concentration and nocturnal sleep duration is nonlinear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Feicai Dai
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Lijun Yu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
| | - Tianqin Xie
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Dao-min Zhu
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
- Dao-min Zhu,
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Zhu,
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Elmugabil A, Adam I. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors for Anemia in Pregnant Women in White Nile State, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231173287. [PMID: 37153491 PMCID: PMC10161327 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231173287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anemia during pregnancy can lead to several adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Despite preventive measures, anemia during pregnancy remains a threatening health problem, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. Objective We aimed to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, anemia among pregnant women at Rabak Maternity Hospital, Sudan. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study involving pregnant women who presented to Rabak Maternity Hospital from September to December 2021. Questionnaires were completed via face-to-face interviews to gather both obstetric and sociodemographic information (i.e., age, parity, history of miscarriage, education, level of antenatal care), and hemoglobin levels were estimated. A logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The median (interquartile range) of the age and parity of the 208 women enrolled in the study was 25 (21.0-30.0) years and 2 (1-4), respectively. Forty-five (21.6%) women did not use iron-folic acid during the index pregnancy. Eighty-eight (42.3%) women had anemia, and four (1.9%) had severe anemia. In the univariate analysis, age, parity, history of miscarriage, interpregnancy interval, education, and antenatal care level were shown not to be associated with anemia. A higher number of women with anemia did not use iron-folic acid during the index pregnancy than those without anemia (29/80 [33.0%] vs. 16/120 [13.3%], respectively, p = .001). Not taking iron-folic acid was found to be associated with anemia in the multivariate analysis (adjusted odds ratio = 3.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.60-6.63). Conclusion Anemia was found to be a major health problem among the pregnant women in this study. There is no clear evidence across the women with anemia that their anemia stems from lack of using iron-folic acid (in fact, some women used iron-folic acid and they were anemic). There is a possibility that using iron-folic acid may prevent anemia in this part of Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Elmugabil A, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, AlHabardi N, Adam I. Prevalence of Low Birth Weight and its Association With Anemia in White Nile State, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231197590. [PMID: 37675151 PMCID: PMC10478526 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231197590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low birth weight (LBW) remains a global health concern, especially in sub-Saharan African countries with fewer resources, such as Sudan. Despite ongoing preventive measures, LBW is still one of the main health problems and it is a leading risk factor for several adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Objective To assess the prevalence of and factors associated (mainly maternal anemia) with LBW at Rabak Maternity Hospital, White Nile, Central Sudan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving live singleton newborns and their mothers who presented to Rabak Maternity Hospital from September to December 2021. Questionnaires were completed via face-to-face interviews to gather maternal information (maternal age, parity, history of miscarriage, educational status, and level of antenatal care [ANC]). Maternal hemoglobin levels were measured using an automated hematology analyzer. The neonate's birth weight and sex were recorded. Results Two hundred and fifty-three newborns were enrolled in this study, 40 (15.8%) of whom were LBW neonates. The median (interquartile range) maternal age and parity were 25 (21.0-30.0) years and 2 (1-4), respectively. While gestational age, maternal hemoglobin, and maternal anemia were associated with LBW, maternal age, parity, a history of miscarriage, education level, and level of ANC were not associated with LBW in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that gestational age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66-0.96) and maternal hemoglobin (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.52-0.86) were inversely associated with LBW. Maternal anemia was associated with LBW (AOR = 4.70, 95% CI = 2.06-10.94). Conclusion LBW is a major health concern in White Nile, Sudan. Maternal age and maternal anemia are associated with LBW. Preventive measures for managing maternal anemia may help reduce the incidence of LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiah AlHabardi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Aderoba AK, Adu-Bonsaffoh K. Antenatal and Postnatal Care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2022; 49:665-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Amarasinghe GS, Agampodi TC, Mendis V, Agampodi SB. Factors associated with early pregnancy anemia in rural Sri Lanka: Does being 'under care' iron out socioeconomic disparities? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274642. [PMID: 36201463 PMCID: PMC9536542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, more than a third of pregnant women are anemic, and progress in its prevention and control is slow. Sri Lanka is a lower-middle-income country with a unique public health infrastructure that provides multiple interventions across the lifecycle for anemia prevention, despite which anemia in pregnancy remains a challenge. Studying the factors associated with maternal anemia in this context would provide unique information on challenges and opportunities encountered as low-and-middle-income countries attempt to control anemia by improving health care coverage. All first-trimester pregnant women registered for antenatal care in the Anuradhapura district between July 2019 to September 2019 were invited to participate in the baseline of a cohort study. Interviewer-administered and self-completed questionnaires were used. Anemia was defined using a full blood count. A hierarchical logistic regression model was built to identify factors associated with anemia. Out of 3127 participants, 451 (14.4%) were anemic. According to the regression model (Chi-square = 139.3, p<0.001, n = 2692), the odds of being anemic increased with the Period of gestation (PoG) (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.13). While controlling for PoG, age and parity, history of anemia (OR = 3.22, 95%CI = 2.51-4.13), being underweight (OR = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.24-2.18), having the last pregnancy five or more years back (OR = 1.57,95%CI = 1.15-2.15) and having used intrauterine devices for one year or more (OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.16-2.30) increased the odds of anemia. Breast feeding during the last year (OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.49-0.90) and having used contraceptive injections for one year or more (OR = 0.61,95%CI = 0.45-0.83) reduced the risk of anemia. Proxy indicators of being in frequent contact with the national family health program have a protective effect over the socioeconomic disparities in preventing early pregnancy anemia. Maintaining the continuum of care through the lifecycle, especially through optimizing pre and inter-pregnancy care provision should be the way forward for anemia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Shashikala Amarasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini Chanchala Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Vasana Mendis
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Suneth Buddhika Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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