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Omar SM, Osman OM, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Alfaifi J, Adam I. The prevalence and associated factors for primary headache disorders in adolescents in eastern Sudan: a community-based cross-sectional study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1373890. [PMID: 38694780 PMCID: PMC11061350 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1373890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Headache disorder is the second-highest cause of disability worldwide; however, data are scarce on headache among adolescents, especially in Africa. There has yet to be published data on headache among adolescents in Sudan, the third-largest country in Africa. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of primary headache disorders and associated factors among adolescents (10-19 years) in eastern Sudan. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Gadarif in eastern Sudan. Questionnaires were used to gather the adolescents' sociodemographic characteristics. Headache diagnostic questions were based on the beta version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders-III (ICHD-3). Multivariate analysis was conducted to assess the associated factors for primary headache disorders, and the results were expressed as risk ratios (RRs) and 95.0% confidence interval (CI). Results Of the 401 enrolled adolescents, 186 (46.4%) and 215 (53.6%) were male and female, respectively. The median (IQR) age was 14.0 (12.1-16.2) years. Eighty-one (20.2%) of the 401 adolescents reported experiencing primary headache disorders, including migraine with aura in 16 (4.0%), migraine without aura in 33 (8.2%), tension-type in 14 (3.5%), and undifferentiated headache in 18 (4.5%) adolescents. The prevalence of primary headache disorders was significantly higher in females than in males [55/215 (67.9%) vs. 26/186 (32.1%), p = 0.004]. In the multivariate analysis, increased age (RR = 1.09, 95.0 CI = 1.02-1.16) and being female (RR = 1.75, 95.0 CI = 1.14-2.67) were associated with increased RR of primary headache disorders. Parents' education level and occupation, smoking/snuff use, and body mass index were not associated with primary headache disorders. Conclusion One-fifth of the adolescents in eastern Sudan reported experiencing primary headache disorders, which was more common in females and with increased age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M. Omar
- Faculty of Medicine, Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber Alfaifi
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed MA, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Adam I. Serum Level of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Symptoms of Pica Among Adolescent School Children in Northern Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Glob Pediatr Health 2024; 11:2333794X241242564. [PMID: 38577659 PMCID: PMC10993674 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x241242564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To assess levels of 25(OH)D among adolescents with symptoms of pica in northern Sudan. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in North Sudan. Questionaries were used to collect adolescents' sociodemographics. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure 25(OH)D level. Results. Of the 344 adolescents enrolled, 161 (46.8%) and 183 (53.2%) were male and female, respectively and 103 (29.9%) had symptoms of pica. The median (IQR) of 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in adolescents with symptoms of pica. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that while age (coefficient = 1.1, P = .023) was positively associated with 25(OH)D level, female sex (coefficient = -7.5, P < .001), and pica symptoms (coefficient = -3.5, P = .032) were negatively associated with 25(OH)D level. Conclusion. Adolescents with symptoms of pica had lower 25(OH)D levels. Adolescents with symptoms of pica have to be assessed for vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Bilal JA, Osman AA, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of stunting and thinness among adolescent Sudanese schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:69-76. [PMID: 37565333 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition among adolescents is a considerable health problem worldwide. There are scarce data on undernutrition among adolescents in Sudan. METHODS A cross‑sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of stunting and thinness among adolescent schoolchildren in northern Sudan. The questionnaires were used to collect information on sociodemographics. Weights and heights were measured and the height-for-age and body mass index-for-age cut-offs recommended by the WHO were applied, followed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 384 enrolled adolescents, 202 (52.6%) were females and 182 (47.4%) were males. The median (IQR) age of these adolescents was 15.1 (14.0‒16.3) y. Seventy-six (19.8%) and 52 (15.4%) adolescents had stunting and thinness, respectively, and 15 (3.9%) had both stunting and thinness. Multivariate analysis showed that increased age (adjusted OR [AOR]=1.30, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.57) and male gender (AOR=5.82, 95% CI 3.11 to 10.91) were associated with stunting. Male gender (AOR=2.08, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.82) and smoking/tobacco snuff (AOR=2.61, 95% CI 1.07 to 6.36) were associated with thinness. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study are that both stunting and thinness are important health problems, especially among boys, older participants and smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal A Bilal
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 56219, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 56219, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Hassan AA, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Adam I. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among adolescents in Sudan: a cross-sectional school-based study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e078234. [PMID: 38135316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is an increasing rate of elevated blood pressure, or hypertension, in children and adolescents worldwide, including Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Only a few data on adolescent hypertension in SSA, including Sudan, have been published. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adolescent schoolchildren (within the ages of 10 to 19 years) in Sudan. DESIGN A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted from June to September 2022. SETTINGS Six randomly selected schools in Almatamah, River Nile State, Sudan. PARTICIPANTS Adolescent schoolchildren (within the ages of 10 to 19 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sociodemographic information. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed in accordance with the standard procedures. An adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Of the 384 enrolled adolescents, 166 (43.2%) and 218 (56.8%) were boys and girls, respectively. The median (IQR) age and body mass index (BMI) were 15.2 years (14.0‒16.4 years) and 18.5 kg/m2 (16.4‒21.5 kg/m2), respectively. Of the 384 adolescents, 240 (62.5%) and 255 (66.4%) had educated mothers and fathers (≥secondary), respectively. 38 adolescents (9.9%) had hypertension (≥95th percentile). The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age, sex and maternal educational level were not associated with hypertension. Paternal educational level according to secondary education attainment (adjusted OR (AOR), 2.72; 95% CI 1.36‒5.46) and increasing BMI (AOR, 1.12; 95% CI 1.02‒1.20) were associated with hypertension. CONCLUSION 1 in 10 adolescents in northern Sudan was hypertensive. Low paternal educational level and increasing BMI were significantly associated with hypertension. The introduction of interventional nutritional programmes at early ages is needed to ensure that adolescents are healthy in their present and later lives. To sustain such programmes, involving all educational parties at early stage is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Alshareef SA, Hassan AA, Abdelrahman DN, AlEed A, Al-Nafeesah A, Adam I. The prevalence and associated factors of Helicobacter pylori infection among asymptomatic adolescent schoolchildren in Sudan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:582. [PMID: 37985974 PMCID: PMC10662923 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only few data have been published on Helicobacter pylori infection in adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Sudan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of H. pylori infection in asymptomatic adolescents schoolchildren (aged 10-19 years) in Sudan. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2022. The participants' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire. The participants underwent a rapid H. pylori antibody test for the detection of H. pylori antibodies. Multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 368 enrolled adolescents, 155 (42.1%) and 213 (57.9%) were boys and girls, respectively. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of the total sample was 15.2 years (14.0‒16.4 years). The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 8.4%. In the multivariable regression analyses, only the female adolescents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24‒7.44) were associated with H. pylori infection. Age, parental education and occupation, and body mass index were not associated with contracting H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION H. pylori infection was detected in one of 10 adolescents in Northern Sudan. Female adolescents were at a higher risk of contracting H. pylori infection. The introduction of interventional health programs such as awareness campaigns and improving personal hygiene could lead to the reduction of the risk of H. pylori infection at early ages, especially in girls, and ensure that adolescents are healthy in their present and later lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimos A Alshareef
- Virology Department, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed A Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Dina N Abdelrahman
- Virology Department, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56219, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56219, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Hassan AA, Elbashir MI, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Adam I. Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Academic Performance among Adolescent Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4552. [PMID: 37960205 PMCID: PMC10650548 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and students' academic performance has not yet been established. The current study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and academic performance among schoolchildren in Sudan. A cross-sectional study was conducted among schoolchildren during the 2021/2022 academic year from four randomly selected schools in Almatamah, River Nile State, northern Sudan. Sociodemographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were performed in accordance with standard procedures. Academic performance was obtained from school records. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured, and regression (multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic) analyses were performed. A total of 241 participants were enrolled in this study, of whom 129 (53.5%) were female. The mean standard deviation (SD) of the participants' ages was 15 ± 1.6 years. In multiple linear regression tests, being female, age, employment, and serum 25(OH)D level were positively associated with academic performance. The average overall academic score was 33.74%. Of the 241 participants, 95 (39.4%) and 149 (61.6%) had good and poor academic performances, respectively. In multivariable logistic regressions, age and 25(OH)D level were inversely associated with poor academic performance and vitamin D deficiency was associated with poor performance. The current study revealed a positive association between 25(OH)D levels and adolescents' academic performance. Effective interventional programs are needed to maintain sufficient vitamin D levels during childhood and adolescence and, as a consequence, to improve academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan; (A.A.H.)
| | - Mustafa I. Elbashir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan; (A.A.H.)
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
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Musa IR, Omar SM, AlEed A, Al-Nafeesah A, Adam I. Mid-upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying underweight adolescents. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1200077. [PMID: 37867488 PMCID: PMC10587426 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is a potentially credible alternative method for body mass index (BMI) to assess nutritional status. We aimed to assess the correlation between MUAC and BMI- Z-score and to identify a reliable MUAC cut-off point to detect underweight (BMI- Z-score of < -2 standard deviation) Sudanese adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in eastern Sudan. After obtaining adolescents' age and sex, their weight, height, and MUAC were measured using the standard procedures. The MUAC (cm) cut-off corresponding to underweight was calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results In total, 390 adolescents were enrolled in the study and 205 (52.6%) of them were females. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 15.1 (14.0-16.3) years. The medians (IQR) of MUAC and BMI- Z-score were 22.0 (20.0-24.0) cm and - 0.62 (-1.5-0.3), respectively. MUAC was positively correlated with BMI Z-score in all participants (r = 0.534, p < 0.001), in females (r = 0.715, p < 0.001), and in males (r = 0.404, p < 0.001). Of the 390 enrolled adolescents, 61(15.6%) were underweight. The MUAC cut-off for underweight was ≤21.2 cm in all participants (Youden's Index, YI = 0.50; sensitivity = 82.0%; specificity = 68.0%, AUROCC = 0.78), in females (YI = 0.66, sensitivity = 86.0%, specificity = 80.0%, AUROCC = 0.87), and in males (YI = 0.32, sensitivity = 80.0%, specificity = 52.0%, AUROCC = 0.69). Conclusion MUAC has good accuracy results and can be adopted for community-based screening of underweight adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad R. Musa
- Royal Commission Hospital at AL Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed M. Omar
- Faculty of Medicine, Gadarif University, Gadarif, Sudan
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed MA, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, Adam I. Prevalence and associated factors of symptoms of pica among adolescent schoolchildren in northern Sudan: a cross-sectional study. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:49. [PMID: 36973760 PMCID: PMC10044712 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pica, the craving for and purposive eating of non-food items, is a common worldwide problem, especially among children and pregnant women. There are few published data on pica among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, and no study has been carried- out in Sudan. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of symptoms of pica among adolescent schoolchildren in northern Sudan. METHODS A school‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted from July to September 2022 among adolescent students (aged 10-19 years) in four public primary and secondary schools in Almatamah locality in north Sudan. Sociodemographic information (age, sex, mother's education, mother's occupation, and father's education) was collected through a questionnaire. Weight and height were measured using a standard procedure, and the body mass index Z-score was computed using the World Health Organization's reference values. Logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Of the 384 enrolled adolescents, 180 (46.9%) were male and 204 (53.1%) were female. Their median (interquartile range) age was 15.1 (13.1‒16.3) years. The prevalence of symptoms of pica was found to be 30.7%, accounting for 118 adolescents. The most common type of pica was geophagia (eating clay and sand; 102 adolescents, 86.4%), followed by pagophagia (eating ice; 14 adolescents, 11.8%) and flour (starch; two adolescents, 1.6%). In the logistic regression analysis, females (adjusted odds ratio = 3.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.15‒5.78) and a lower level of father's education (adjusted odds ratio = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.26‒3.34) were associated with symptoms of pica. CONCLUSION In Sudan, symptoms of pica are common among adolescents, especially females. Caregivers need to assess pica in adolescents. Further research is needed to develop guidelines, medical training, and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56219, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56219, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56219, Saudi Arabia
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Elmugabil A, Al-Nafeesah A, AlEed A, AlHabardi N, Adam I. Prevalence of Low Birth Weight and its Association With Anemia in White Nile State, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231197590. [PMID: 37675151 PMCID: PMC10478526 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231197590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low birth weight (LBW) remains a global health concern, especially in sub-Saharan African countries with fewer resources, such as Sudan. Despite ongoing preventive measures, LBW is still one of the main health problems and it is a leading risk factor for several adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Objective To assess the prevalence of and factors associated (mainly maternal anemia) with LBW at Rabak Maternity Hospital, White Nile, Central Sudan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving live singleton newborns and their mothers who presented to Rabak Maternity Hospital from September to December 2021. Questionnaires were completed via face-to-face interviews to gather maternal information (maternal age, parity, history of miscarriage, educational status, and level of antenatal care [ANC]). Maternal hemoglobin levels were measured using an automated hematology analyzer. The neonate's birth weight and sex were recorded. Results Two hundred and fifty-three newborns were enrolled in this study, 40 (15.8%) of whom were LBW neonates. The median (interquartile range) maternal age and parity were 25 (21.0-30.0) years and 2 (1-4), respectively. While gestational age, maternal hemoglobin, and maternal anemia were associated with LBW, maternal age, parity, a history of miscarriage, education level, and level of ANC were not associated with LBW in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that gestational age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66-0.96) and maternal hemoglobin (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.52-0.86) were inversely associated with LBW. Maternal anemia was associated with LBW (AOR = 4.70, 95% CI = 2.06-10.94). Conclusion LBW is a major health concern in White Nile, Sudan. Maternal age and maternal anemia are associated with LBW. Preventive measures for managing maternal anemia may help reduce the incidence of LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiah AlHabardi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bilal JA, Rayis DA, AlEed A, Al-Nafeesah A, Adam I. Maternal Undernutrition and Low Birth Weight in a Tertiary Hospital in Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:927518. [PMID: 35799688 PMCID: PMC9253371 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.927518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization set a Global Nutrition Target of a 30% reduction in LBW by 2025. Maternal malnutrition/undernutrition is among the most important modifiable risk factors for impaired fetal growth. This study investigates the effect of maternal undernutrition on LBW in Sudan. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Saad Abuelela Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, from May to October 2020. The sociodemographic and obstetric data of the women were gathered via questionnaire, and their mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured. Maternal undernutrition was defined as a MUAC of <23 cm. RESULTS In total, 1,505 pairs of pregnant women and their newborns were enrolled in the study. The medians [interquartile (IQR)] of the age, parity, and gestational age were 27.0 (9.0) years, 1.0 (3.0), and 38.0 (2.0) weeks, respectively. The median (IQR) of the birth weight was 3,028.0 (690.0) g. Of the 1,505 participants, 182 (12.1%) delivered LBW infants. Multivariate logistic regression showed that MUAC [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.87-0.96] and gestational age (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.73-0.85) were negatively associated with LBW. The level of antenatal care <2 visits (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.30-3.57) was associated with LBW. Women with undernutrition were at a higher risk of delivering LBW infants (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.09-2.53). CONCLUSION LBW is a health problem in Sudan, and women with undernutrition were at a higher risk of delivering LBW infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal A Bilal
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duria A Rayis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashwaq AlEed
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Nafeesah
- Department of Pediatrics, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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