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Wang XN, Wang Y, Wang N, Chen J, Qi C, Chang J. TMSOTf-Catalyzed Reactions of N-Arylynamides with Sulfilimines To Construct 2-Aminoindoles and α-Arylated Amidines. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38178688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Here, we disclose an efficient TMSOTf-catalyzed C-H annulation of aryl-terminated N-arylynamides with sulfilimines, leading to the practical assembly of various valuable 2-aminoindoles in generally moderate to excellent yields with a broad range of functional groups, while nonaryl terminated N-arylynamides undergo TMSOTf-catalyzed aminative arylation with sulfilimines providing α-arylated amidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Nanfang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chaofan Qi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
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2
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Patel S, Vyas VK, Sharma M, Ghate M. Structure-guided discovery of adenosine triphosphate-competitive casein kinase 2 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:987-1014. [PMID: 37307219 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic serine-threonine kinase. CK2 has been identified as a potential drug target for the treatment of cancer and related disorders. Several adenosine triphosphate-competitive CK2 inhibitors have been identified and have progressed at different levels of clinical trials. This review presents details of CK2 protein, structural insights into adenosine triphosphate binding pocket, current clinical trial candidates and their analogues. Further, it includes the emerging structure-based drug design approaches, chemistry, structure-activity relationship and biological screening of potent and selective CK2 inhibitors. The authors tabulated the details of CK2 co-crystal structures because these co-crystal structures facilitated the structure-guided discovery of CK2 inhibitors. The narrow hinge pocket compared with related kinases provides useful insights into the discovery of CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Manmohan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Manjunath Ghate
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Science University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
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3
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou Z, Cao S, Zhang J. Strategies of Targeting CK2 in Drug Discovery: Challenges, Opportunities, and Emerging Prospects. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2257-2281. [PMID: 36745746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and plays important roles in a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, apoptosis, circadian rhythms, DNA damage repair, transcription, and translation. CK2 is involved in cancer pathogenesis and the occurrence of many diseases. Therefore, targeting CK2 is a promising therapeutic strategy. Although many CK2-specific small-molecule inhibitors have been developed, only CX-4945 has progressed to clinical trials. In recent years, novel CK2 inhibitors have gradually become a research hotspot, which is expected to overcome the limitations of traditional inhibitors. Herein, we summarize the structure, biological functions, and disease relevance of CK2 and emphatically analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and binding modes of small-molecule CK2 inhibitors. We also discuss the latest progress of novel strategies, providing insights into new drugs targeting CK2 for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Chen
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Zhilan Zhou
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shu Cao
- West China School of Stomatology Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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4
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Baier A, Kokel A, Horton W, Gizińska E, Pandey G, Szyszka R, Török B, Török M. Organofluorine Hydrazone Derivatives as Multifunctional Anti-Alzheimer's Agents with CK2 Inhibitory and Antioxidant Features. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1927-1932. [PMID: 33713036 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A set of novel hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and analyzed for their biological activities. The compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on the phosphorylating activity of the protein kinase CK2, and their antioxidant activity was also determined in three commonly used assays. The hydrazones were evaluated for their radical scavenging against the DPPH, ABTS and peroxyl radicals. Several compounds have been identified as good antioxidants as well as potent protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. Most hydrazones containing a 4-N(CH3 )2 residue or perfluorinated phenyl rings showed high activity in the radical-scavenging assays and possess nanomolar IC50 values in the kinase assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baier
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anne Kokel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - William Horton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Ewa Gizińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Ryszard Szyszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Marianna Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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5
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Contribution of the CK2 Catalytic Isoforms α and α' to the Glycolytic Phenotype of Tumor Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010181. [PMID: 33477590 PMCID: PMC7831337 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase overexpressed in many cancers. It is usually present in cells as a tetrameric enzyme, composed of two catalytic (α or α’) and two regulatory (β) subunits, but it is active also in its monomeric form, and the specific role of the different isoforms is largely unknown. CK2 phosphorylates several substrates related to the uncontrolled proliferation, motility, and survival of cancer cells. As a consequence, tumor cells are addicted to CK2, relying on its activity more than healthy cells for their life, and exploiting it for developing multiple oncological hallmarks. However, little is known about CK2 contribution to the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells. With this study we aimed at shedding some light on it, especially focusing on the CK2 role in the glycolytic onco-phenotype. By analyzing neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma cell lines depleted of either one (α) or the other (α’) CK2 catalytic subunit, we also aimed at disclosing possible pro-tumor functions which are specific of a CK2 isoform. Our results suggest that both CK2 α and α’ contribute to cell proliferation, survival and tumorigenicity. The analyzed metabolic features disclosed a role of CK2 in tumor metabolism, and suggest prominent functions for CK2 α isoform. Results were also confirmed by CK2 pharmacological inhibition. Overall, our study provides new information on the mechanism of cancer cells addiction to CK2 and on its isoform-specific functions, with fundamental implications for improving future therapeutic strategies based on CK2 targeting.
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6
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Husain K, Williamson TT, Nelson N, Ghansah T. Protein kinase 2 (CK2): a potential regulator of immune cell development and function in cancer. Immunol Med 2020; 44:159-174. [PMID: 33164702 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2020.1843267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, formally known as casein kinase II, is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase enzyme that regulates diverse signaling pathways responsible for cellular processes (i.e., cell proliferation and apoptosis) via interactions with over 500 known substrates. The enzyme's physiological interactions and cellular functions have been widely studied, most notably in the blood and solid malignancies. CK2 has intrinsic role in carcinogenesis as overexpression of CK2 subunits (α, α`, and β) and deregulation of its activity have been linked to various forms of cancers. CK2 also has extrinsic role in cancer stroma or in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including the immune cells. However, very few research studies have focused on extrinsic role of CK2 in regulating immune responses as a therapeutic alternative for cancer. The following review discusses CK2's regulation of key signaling events [Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), Cyclooygenase-2 (COX-2), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK), Notch, Protein kinase B/AKT, Ikaros and Wnt] that can influence the development and function of immune cells in cancer. Potential clinical trials using potent CK2 inhibitors will facilitate and improve the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Husain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tanika T Williamson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Nelson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tomar Ghansah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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7
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Protein Kinase CK2-A Putative Target for the Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184398. [PMID: 31500224 PMCID: PMC6770776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since diabetes is a global epidemic, the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this disease is of major clinical interest. Diabetes is differentiated in two types: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T1DM arises from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells whereas T2DM is characterized by an insulin resistance, an impaired insulin reaction of the target cells, and/or dysregulated insulin secretion. In the past, a growing number of studies have reported on the important role of the protein kinase CK2 in the regulation of the survival and endocrine function of pancreatic β-cells. In fact, inhibition of CK2 is capable of reducing cytokine-induced loss of β-cells and increases insulin expression as well as secretion by various pathways that are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of proteins. Moreover, CK2 inhibition modulates pathways that are involved in the development of diabetes and prevents signal transduction, leading to late complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Hence, targeting CK2 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetes.
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8
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Cen LP, Liu YF, Ng TK, Luo JM, van Rooijen N, Zhang M, Pang CP, Cui Q. Casein kinase-II inhibition promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:153-159. [PMID: 30118655 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuron survival is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system physiology upon diseases or injury. We previously demonstrated that the blockage of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and Janus kinase/STAT3 pathways promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal regeneration via macrophage activation; yet, the complexity of the inflammatory regulation for neural repair indicates the involvement of additional unresolved signaling pathways. Here we report the effects and underlying mechanism of casein kinase-II (CK2) inhibition on RGC survival and axonal regeneration in rats after optic nerve (ON) injury. Adult rats received intravitreal injection of CK2 inhibitors, TBB (4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole) and DMAT (2-Dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole), after ON transection and peripheral nerve (PN) grafting. Intravitreal application of TBB and DAMT effectively suppressed the CK2 phosphorylation activity in the retina, and enhanced RGC survival and axonal regeneration in vivo. Meanwhile, the numbers of infiltrating macrophages were increased. Removal of macrophages by clodronate liposomes significantly abolished the CK2 inhibition-induced RGC survival and axonal regeneration. Clodronate liposomes also weakened the RGC protective effects by TBB and DMAT in vitro. In summary, this study revealed that inhibition of CK2 enhances RGC survival and axonal regeneration via macrophage activation in rats. CK2 could be a therapeutic target for RGC protection after ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ping Cen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Yu-Fen Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Min Luo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qi Cui
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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9
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Perea SE, Baladrón I, Valenzuela C, Perera Y. CIGB-300: A peptide-based drug that impairs the Protein Kinase CK2-mediated phosphorylation. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:58-67. [PMID: 30318085 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, formerly referred to as casein kinase II, is a serine/threonine kinase often found overexpressed in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies that phosphorylates many substrates integral to the hallmarks of cancer. CK2 has emerged as a viable oncology target having been experimentally validated with different kinase inhibitors, including small molecule ATP-competitors, synthetic peptides, and antisense oligonucleotides. To date only two CK2 inhibitors, CIGB-300 and CX-4945, have entered the clinic in phase 1-2 trials. This review provides information on CIGB-300, a cell-permeable cyclic peptide that inhibits CK2-mediated phosphorylation by targeting the substrate phosphoacceptor domain. We review data that support the concept of CK2 as an anticancer target, address the mechanism of action, and summarize preclinical studies showing antiangiogenic and antimetastatic effects as well as synergism with anticancer drugs in preclinical models. We also summarize early clinical research (phase 1/2 trials) of CIGB-300 in cervical cancer, including data in combination with chemoradiotherapy. The clinical data demonstrate the safety, tolerability, and clinical effects of intratumoral injections of CIGB-300 and provide the foundation for future phase 3 clinical trials in locally advanced cervical cancer in combination with standard chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio E Perea
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Area, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Idania Baladrón
- Clinical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Carmen Valenzuela
- Clinical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yasser Perera
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Area, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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Gingipalli L, Block MH, Bao L, Cooke E, Dakin LA, Denz CR, Ferguson AD, Johannes JW, Larsen NA, Lyne PD, Pontz TW, Wang T, Wu X, Wu A, Zhang HJ, Zheng X, Dowling JE, Lamb ML. Discovery of 2,6-disubstituted pyrazine derivatives as inhibitors of CK2 and PIM kinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1336-1341. [PMID: 29559278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel series of 2,6-disubstituted pyrazine derivatives as CK2 kinase inhibitors is described. Structure-guided optimization of a 5-substituted-3-thiophene carboxylic acid screening hit (3a) led to the development of a lead compound (12b), which shows inhibition in both enzymatic and cellular assays. Subsequent design and hybridization efforts also led to the unexpected identification of analogs with potent PIM kinase activity (14f).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmaiah Gingipalli
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Michael H Block
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Larry Bao
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Emma Cooke
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Les A Dakin
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Christopher R Denz
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Andrew D Ferguson
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Nicholas A Larsen
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Paul D Lyne
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Timothy W Pontz
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Allan Wu
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - James E Dowling
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Michelle L Lamb
- Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, USA; 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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11
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Kim JM, Noh EM, Song HK, You YO, Jung SH, Kim JS, Kwon KB, Lee YR, Youn HJ. Silencing of casein kinase 2 inhibits PKC‑induced cell invasion by targeting MMP‑9 in MCF‑7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8397-8402. [PMID: 29658601 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been considered to represent an important factor in mammary tumorigenesis. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) via nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) activation has been demonstrated to promote breast cancer cell invasion. In the present study, the involvement of CK2 in protein kinase C (PKC) induced cell invasion in MCF‑7 breast cancer cells was investigated as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. The mRNA and protein levels of MMP‑9 in MCF‑7 cells were investigated using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analyses and a zymography assay. Cell invasiveness was investigated using a Matrigel invasion assay, and it was revealed that small interfering RNA specific for CK2 suppressed PKC induced cell invasion by regulating MMP‑9 expression via activation of the p38 kinase/c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase/NF‑κB pathway. In addition, it was demonstrated that CK2 inhibitors [apigenin (20 µM), emodin (20 µM) or 2‑dimethylamino‑4,5,6,7‑tetrabromo‑1H‑benzimidazole (2 µM)] suppressed PKC induced cell invasion and MMP‑9 expression. The results of the present study suggested that CK2 is an important factor involved in the induction of MCF‑7 breast cancer cell invasion by PKC. Therefore, CK2 may represent novel candidates for therapy intended to inhibit invasion in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Mi Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Noh
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Song
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ouk You
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Beom Kwon
- Department of Korean Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Korean Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeollabuk 570‑749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Youn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 560‑182, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yu HS, Deng Y, Wu Y, Sindhikara D, Rask AR, Kimura T, Abel R, Wang L. Accurate and Reliable Prediction of the Binding Affinities of Macrocycles to Their Protein Targets. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:6290-6300. [PMID: 29120625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles have been emerging as a very important drug class in the past few decades largely due to their expanded chemical diversity benefiting from advances in synthetic methods. Macrocyclization has been recognized as an effective way to restrict the conformational space of acyclic small molecule inhibitors with the hope of improving potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. Because of their relatively larger size as compared to typical small molecule drugs and the complexity of the structures, efficient sampling of the accessible macrocycle conformational space and accurate prediction of their binding affinities to their target protein receptors poses a great challenge of central importance in computational macrocycle drug design. In this article, we present a novel method for relative binding free energy calculations between macrocycles with different ring sizes and between the macrocycles and their corresponding acyclic counterparts. We have applied the method to seven pharmaceutically interesting data sets taken from recent drug discovery projects including 33 macrocyclic ligands covering a diverse chemical space. The predicted binding free energies are in good agreement with experimental data with an overall root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.94 kcal/mol. This is to our knowledge the first time where the free energy of the macrocyclization of linear molecules has been directly calculated with rigorous physics-based free energy calculation methods, and we anticipate the outstanding accuracy demonstrated here across a broad range of target classes may have significant implications for macrocycle drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu S Yu
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Yujie Wu
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Dan Sindhikara
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Amy R Rask
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Takayuki Kimura
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Robert Abel
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Lingle Wang
- Schrodinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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13
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Baier A, Galicka A, Nazaruk J, Szyszka R. Selected flavonoid compounds as promising inhibitors of protein kinase CK2α and CK2α', the catalytic subunits of CK2. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 136:39-45. [PMID: 28043654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CK2 is a ubiquitous protein kinase involved in many cell functions. During the last years it became an interesting target in cancer research. A series of flavonoid compounds was tested as inhibitors of protein kinase CK2. Several substances were found to be highly active against both catalytic subunits with IC50 values below 1 μM in case of CK2α'. The most promising inhibitor we identified is chrysoeriol with IC50 values of 250 and 34 nM for CK2α and CK2α', respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baier
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Nazaruk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Szyszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1i, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
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14
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Cirigliano SM, Díaz Bessone MI, Berardi DE, Flumian C, Bal de Kier Joffé ED, Perea SE, Farina HG, Todaro LB, Urtreger AJ. The synthetic peptide CIGB-300 modulates CK2-dependent signaling pathways affecting the survival and chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:42. [PMID: 28373828 PMCID: PMC5374619 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Up to 80% of cancer patients are classified as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and cisplatin remains as the gold standard chemotherapy treatment, despite its limited efficacy due to both intrinsic and acquired resistance. The CK2 is a Ser/Thr kinase overexpressed in various types of cancer, including lung cancer. CIGB-300 is an antitumor peptide with a novel mechanism of action, since it binds to CK2 substrates thus preventing the enzyme activity. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of CIGB-300 treatment targeting CK2-dependent signaling pathways in NSCLC cell lines and whether it may help improve current chemotherapy treatment. METHODS The human NSCLC cell lines NCI-H125 and NIH-A549 were used. Tumor spheroids were obtained through the hanging-drop method. A cisplatin resistant A549 cell line was obtained by chronic administration of cisplatin. Cell viability, apoptosis, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and luciferase reporter assays were used to assess CIGB-300 effects. A luminescent assay was used to monitor proteasome activity. RESULTS We demonstrated that CIGB-300 induces an anti-proliferative response both in monolayer- and three-dimensional NSCLC models, presenting rapid and complete peptide uptake. This effect was accompanied by the inhibition of the CK2-dependent canonical NF-κB pathway, evidenced by reduced RelA/p65 nuclear levels and NF-κB protein targets modulation in both lung cancer cell lines, as well as conditionally reduced NF-κB transcriptional activity. In addition, NF-κB modulation was associated with enhanced proteasome activity, possibly through its α7/C8 subunit. Neither the peptide nor a classical CK2 inhibitor affected cytoplasmic β-CATENIN basal levels. Given that NF-κB activation has been linked to cisplatin-induced resistance, we explored whether CIGB-300 could bring additional therapeutic benefits to the standard cisplatin treatment. We established a resistant cell line that showed higher p65 nuclear levels after cisplatin treatment as compared with the parental cell line. Remarkably, the cisplatin-resistant cell line became more sensitive to CIGB-300 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into CIGB-300 mechanism of action and suggest clinical potential on current NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéfano M Cirigliano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Díaz Bessone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián E Berardi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Flumian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa D Bal de Kier Joffé
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvio E Perea
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, División de Productos Farmacéuticos, Centro de Genética Ingeniería y Biotecnología (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Hernán G Farina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura B Todaro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Urtreger
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Área Investigaciones, Av. San Martín 5481, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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McKay TB, Karamichos D. Quercetin and the ocular surface: What we know and where we are going. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:565-572. [PMID: 28056553 PMCID: PMC5685256 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216685187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites that serve functional roles in protecting against UV-induced oxidative stress, mediating auxin signaling, and promoting microbial defense. Flavonoids are extremely abundant in nature where their potent antioxidant capacity and very low toxicity makes them highly attractive as potential therapeutic agents. In terms of clinical applications, neither the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nor the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has approved any health claims or drugs related to the use of flavonoids for therapeutic purposes. Quercetin is a common flavonol that has been shown to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic activities both in vitro and in vivo in various tissues. Recently, the application of quercetin as a therapeutic has been gaining attention in the ocular surface scientific community in the study of dry eye, keratoconus, inflammation, and neovascularization of the cornea. This review will discuss the latest findings and the use of quercetin for the treatment of dystrophies of the ocular surface. Impact statement The eye represents a small portion of the human body, accounting for one decimal fraction of the anterior body surface. The cornea is an avascular, transparent tissue that acts as a primary barrier against mechanical and infectious damaging agents, protecting the internal structures of the eye. Corneal survival and function are affected by a number of factors including but not limited to injury, trauma, infection, genetics, and environment. Corneal injury, or trauma, often leads to loss of corneal transparency and even blindness. The concept of "curing" corneal opacity has been discussed in published form for over 200 years. Currently, full corneal transplant is the only treatment option. There is a strong interest in developing natural therapeutic products that come with minimum side effects. A novel antioxidant flavonoid, quercetin, has been gaining traction as a potential therapeutic to prevent the injured cornea. This review discusses the potential of this antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B McKay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104,USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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16
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Trembley JH, Kren BT, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Cannon CM, Unger GM, Ahmed K. CK2 Molecular Targeting-Tumor Cell-Specific Delivery of RNAi in Various Models of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E25. [PMID: 28230733 PMCID: PMC5374429 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 demonstrates increased protein expression relative to non-transformed cells in the majority of cancers that have been examined. The elevated levels of CK2 are involved in promoting not only continued proliferation of cancer cells but also their resistance to cell death; thus, CK2 has emerged as a plausible target for cancer therapy. Our focus has been to target CK2 catalytic subunits at the molecular level using RNA interference (RNAi) strategies to achieve their downregulation. The delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutic agents warrants that they are protected and are delivered specifically to cancer cells. The latter is particularly important since CK2 is a ubiquitous signal that is essential for survival. To achieve these goals, we have developed a nanocapsule that has the properties of delivering an anti-CK2 RNAi therapeutic cargo, in a protected manner, specifically to cancer cells. Tenfibgen (TBG) is used as the ligand to target tenascin-C receptors, which are elevated in cancer cells. This strategy is effective for inhibiting growth and inducing death in several types of xenograft tumors, and the nanocapsule elicits no safety concerns in animals. Further investigation of this therapeutic approach for its translation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Md Joynal Abedin
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Claire M Cannon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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17
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Hsu WCJ, Scala F, Nenov MN, Wildburger NC, Elferink H, Singh AK, Chesson CB, Buzhdygan T, Sohail M, Shavkunov AS, Panova NI, Nilsson CL, Rudra JS, Lichti CF, Laezza F. CK2 activity is required for the interaction of FGF14 with voltage-gated sodium channels and neuronal excitability. FASEB J 2016; 30:2171-86. [PMID: 26917740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent data shows that fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) binds to and controls the function of the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel with phenotypic outcomes on neuronal excitability. Mutations in the FGF14 gene in humans have been associated with brain disorders that are partially recapitulated in Fgf14(-/-) mice. Thus, signaling pathways that modulate the FGF14:Nav channel interaction may be important therapeutic targets. Bioluminescence-based screening of small molecule modulators of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex identified 4,5,6,7 -: tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB), a potent casein kinase 2 (CK2) inhibitor, as a strong suppressor of FGF14:Nav1.6 interaction. Inhibition of CK2 through TBB reduces the interaction of FGF14 with Nav1.6 and Nav1.2 channels. Mass spectrometry confirmed direct phosphorylation of FGF14 by CK2 at S228 and S230, and mutation to alanine at these sites modified FGF14 modulation of Nav1.6-mediated currents. In 1 d in vitro hippocampal neurons, TBB induced a reduction in FGF14 expression, a decrease in transient Na(+) current amplitude, and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of Nav channel steady-state inactivation. In mature neurons, TBB reduces the axodendritic polarity of FGF14. In cornu ammonis area 1 hippocampal slices from wild-type mice, TBB impairs neuronal excitability by increasing action potential threshold and lowering firing frequency. Importantly, these changes in excitability are recapitulated in Fgf14(-/-) mice, and deletion of Fgf14 occludes TBB-dependent phenotypes observed in wild-type mice. These results suggest that a CK2-FGF14 axis may regulate Nav channels and neuronal excitability.-Hsu, W.-C. J., Scala, F., Nenov, M. N., Wildburger, N. C., Elferink, H., Singh, A. K., Chesson, C. B., Buzhdygan, T., Sohail, M., Shavkunov, A. S., Panova, N. I., Nilsson, C. L., Rudra, J. S., Lichti, C. F., Laezza, F. CK2 activity is required for the interaction of FGF14 with voltage-gated sodium channels and neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Scala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy; and
| | | | - Norelle C Wildburger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Neurology, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charles B Chesson
- Human Pathophysiology and Translational Medicine, Institute for Translational Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | - Carol L Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine
| | | | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Addiction Research, and Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA;
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18
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Rosenberger AFN, Morrema THJ, Gerritsen WH, van Haastert ES, Snkhchyan H, Hilhorst R, Rozemuller AJM, Scheltens P, van der Vies SM, Hoozemans JJM. Increased occurrence of protein kinase CK2 in astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26732432 PMCID: PMC4702323 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the occurrence of amyloid deposits and widespread tau pathology, AD is associated with a neuroinflammatory response characterized by the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Protein kinase 2 (CK2, former casein kinase II) is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Previous studies on CK2 in AD showed controversial results, and the involvement of CK2 in neuroinflammation in AD remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we used immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining methods to investigate the localization of CK2 in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of patients with AD and non-demented controls. We compared protein levels with Western blotting analysis, and we investigated CK2 activity in human U373 astrocytoma cells and human primary adult astrocytes stimulated with IL-1β or TNF-α. RESULTS We report increased levels of CK2 in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of AD patients compared to non-demented controls. Immunohistochemical analysis shows CK2 immunoreactivity in astrocytes in AD and control cases. In AD, the presence of CK2 immunoreactive astrocytes is increased. CK2 immunopositive astrocytes are associated with amyloid deposits, suggesting an involvement of CK2 in the neuroinflammatory response. In U373 cells and human primary astrocytes, the selective CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 shows a dose-dependent reduction of the IL-1β or TNF-α induced MCP-1 and IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that CK2 in astrocytes is involved in the neuroinflammatory response in AD. The reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by human astrocytes using the selective CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 indicates that CK2 could be a potential target to modulate neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F N Rosenberger
- Alzheimer center & Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjado H J Morrema
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter H Gerritsen
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elise S van Haastert
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hripsime Snkhchyan
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer center & Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia M van der Vies
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Kazemi SS, Keivanloo A, Nasr-Isfahani H, Bamoniri A. Synthesis of novel 1,5-disubstituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazolines and their evaluation for anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21219k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 1,5-disubstituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazoline derivatives were prepared from 2-chloro-4-substituted quinazolines, propargyl alcohol, and secondary amines through novel multi-component reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Keivanloo
- School of Chemistry
- Shahrood University of Technology
- Shahrood 36199-95161
- Iran
| | | | - Abdolhamid Bamoniri
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
- Iran
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20
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Łukowska-Chojnacka E, Wińska P, Wielechowska M, Poprzeczko M, Bretner M. Synthesis of novel polybrominated benzimidazole derivatives-potential CK2 inhibitors with anticancer and proapoptotic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:735-41. [PMID: 26778657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient method for the synthesis of novel cell permeable inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 with anticancer and proapoptotic activity has been developed. A series of polybrominated benzimiadazole derivatives substituted by various cyanoalkyl groups have been synthesized. Cyanoethyl derivatives were obtained by Michael type addition of 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (TBBi) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole to acrylonitrile, whilst cyanomethyl, cyanopropyl and cyanobutyl analogs by N-alkylation of 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole with appropriate cyanoalkyl halides. The inhibitory activity against protein kinase rhCK2α catalytic subunit and cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines: acute lymphocytic leukemia (CCRF-CEM) and breast (MCF-7) were evaluated for all newly synthesized compounds. Additionally, the proapoptotic activity toward leukemia cells and intracellular inhibition of CK2 for the most cytotoxic derivatives have been performed, demonstrating 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole as a new selective inhibitor of rhCK2 with twenty-fold better proapoptotic activity than parental compound (TBBi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Wielechowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Poprzeczko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Bretner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego St. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Łukowska-Chojnacka E, Bretner M. Synthesis of 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1 H-benzimidazole Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Łukowska-Chojnacka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego St. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maria Bretner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology; Warsaw University of Technology; Noakowskiego St. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
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22
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Winiewska M, Kucińska K, Makowska M, Poznański J, Shugar D. Thermodynamics parameters for binding of halogenated benzotriazole inhibitors of human protein kinase CK2α. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1708-17. [PMID: 25891901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of human CK2α (hCK2α) with nine halogenated benzotriazoles, TBBt and its analogues representing all possible patterns of halogenation on the benzene ring of benzotriazole, was studied by biophysical methods. Thermal stability of protein-ligand complexes, monitored by calorimetric (DSC) and optical (DSF) methods, showed that the increase in the mid-point temperature for unfolding of protein-ligand complexes (i.e. potency of ligand binding to hCK2α) follow the inhibitory activities determined by biochemical assays. The dissociation constant for the ATP-hCK2α complex was estimated with the aid of microscale thermophoresis (MST) as 4.3±1.8 μM, and MST-derived dissociation constants determined for halogenated benzotriazoles, when converted according to known ATP concentrations, perfectly reconstruct IC50 values determined by the biochemical assays. Ligand-dependent quenching of tyrosine fluorescence, together with molecular modeling and DSC-derived heats of unfolding, support the hypothesis that halogenated benzotriazoles bind in at least two alternative orientations, and those that are efficient hCK2α inhibitors bind in the orientation which TBBt adopts in its complex with maize CK2α. DSC-derived apparent heat for ligand binding (ΔΔHbind) is driven by intermolecular electrostatic interactions between Lys68 and the triazole ring of the ligand, as indicated by a good correlation between ΔΔHbind and ligand pKa. Overall results, additionally supported by molecular modeling, confirm that a balance of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions contribute predominantly (~40 kJ/mol), relative to possible intermolecular halogen/hydrogen bonding (less than 10 kJ/mol), in binding of halogenated benzotriazoles to the ATP-binding site of hCK2α. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Winiewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Makowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - David Shugar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
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Winiewska M, Makowska M, Maj P, Wielechowska M, Bretner M, Poznański J, Shugar D. Thermodynamic parameters for binding of some halogenated inhibitors of human protein kinase CK2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:282-7. [PMID: 25450618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of human CK2α with a series of tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBBt) and tetrabromobenzimidazole (TBBz) analogs, in which one of the bromine atoms proximal to the triazole/imidazole ring is replaced by a methyl group, was studied by biochemical (IC50) and biophysical methods (thermal stability of protein-ligand complex monitored by DSC and fluorescence). Two newly synthesized tri-bromo derivatives display inhibitory activity comparable to that of the reference compounds, TBBt and TBBz, respectively. DSC analysis of the stability of protein-ligand complexes shows that the heat of ligand binding (Hbind) is driven by intermolecular electrostatic interactions involving the triazole/imidazole ring, as indicated by a strong correlation between Hbind and ligand pKa. Screening, based on fluorescence-monitored thermal unfolding of protein-ligand complexes, gave comparable results, clearly identifying ligands that most strongly bind to the protein. Overall results, additionally supported by molecular modeling, confirm that a balance of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions contribute predominantly, relative to possible intermolecular halogen bonding, in binding of the ligands to the CK2α ATP-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Winiewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Maj
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warszawa, Poland; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Maria Bretner
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - David Shugar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warszawa, Poland
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24
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Wang X, Pan P, Li Y, Li D, Hou T. Exploring the prominent performance of CX-4945 derivatives as protein kinase CK2 inhibitors by a combined computational study. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1196-210. [PMID: 24647611 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, also known as casein kinase II, is related to various cellular events and is a potential target for numerous cancers. In this study, we attempted to gain more insight into the inhibition process of CK2 by a series of CX-4945 derivatives through an integrated computational study that combines molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy calculations. Based on the binding poses predicted by molecular docking, the MD simulations were performed to explore the dynamic binding processes for ten selected inhibitors. Then, both Molecular Mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) and Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) techniques were employed to predict the binding affinities of the studied systems. The predicted binding energies of the selected inhibitors correlate well with their experimental activities (r(2) = 0.78). The van der Waals term is the most favorable component for the total energies. The free energy decomposition on a per residue basis reveals that the residue K68 is essential for the electrostatic interactions between CK2 and the studied inhibitors and numerous residues, including L45, V53, V66, F113, M163 and I174, play critical roles in forming van der Waals interactions with the inhibitors. Finally, a number of new derivatives were designed and the binding affinity and the predicted binding free energies of each designed molecule were obtained on the basis of molecular docking and MM/PBSA. It is expected that our research will benefit the future rational design of novel and potent inhibitors of CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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25
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Zhou JX, Lu L, Li TJ, Yao CS, Wang XS. A Green Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinazolin-5(1 H)-one Derivatives in Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by Iodine. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Xing Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Huaihai Institute of Technology; Lianyungang 222005 People's Republic China
| | - Lian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic China
| | - Tuan-Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic China
| | - Chang-Sheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic China
| | - Xiang-Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic China
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26
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Latosińska JN, Latosińska M, Maurin JK, Orzeszko A, Kazimierczuk Z. Quantum-Chemical Insight into Structure–Reactivity Relationship in 4,5,6,7-Tetrahalogeno-1H-benzimidazoles: A Combined X-ray, DSC, DFT/QTAIM, Hirshfeld Surface-Based, and Molecular Docking Approach. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2089-106. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411547z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Latosińska
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Krzysztof Maurin
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-750 Warsaw, Poland
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Orzeszko
- Institute of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159C Nowoursynowska St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Kazimierczuk
- Institute of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159C Nowoursynowska St., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Lu L, Yang K, Zhang MM, Wang XS. An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazoline Derivatives in Ionic Liquid Catalyzed by Iodine. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plant of Jiangsu Province; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials; Jiangsu Normal University; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
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28
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Sun H, Xu X, Wu X, Zhang X, Liu F, Jia J, Guo X, Huang J, Jiang Z, Feng T, Chu H, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Liu Z, You Q. Discovery and design of tricyclic scaffolds as protein kinase CK2 (CK2) inhibitors through a combination of shape-based virtual screening and structure-based molecular modification. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:2093-102. [PMID: 23937544 DOI: 10.1021/ci400114f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2), a ubiquitous serine/threonine protein kinase for hundreds of endogenous substrates, serves as an attractive anticancer target. One of its most potent inhibitors, CX-4945, has entered a phase I clinical trial. Herein we present an integrated workflow combining shape-based virtual screening for the identification of novel CK2 inhibitors. A shape-based model derived from CX-4945 was built, and the subsequent virtual screening led to the identification of several novel scaffolds with high shape similarity to that of CX-4945. Among them two tricyclic scaffolds named [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolin and [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin attracted us the most. Combining strictly chemical similarity analysis, a second-round shape-based screening was performed based on the two tricyclic scaffolds, leading to 28 derivatives. These compounds not only targeted CK2 with potent and dose-dependent activities but also showed acceptable antiproliferative effects against a series of cancer cell lines. Our workflow supplies a high efficient strategy in the identification of novel CK2 inhibitors. Compounds reported here can serve as ideal leads for further modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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29
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Gyenis L, Turowec JP, Bretner M, Litchfield DW. Chemical proteomics and functional proteomics strategies for protein kinase inhibitor validation and protein kinase substrate identification: applications to protein kinase CK2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1352-8. [PMID: 23416530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since protein kinases have been implicated in numerous human diseases, kinase inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. Despite this promise, there has been a relative lag in the development of unbiased strategies to validate both inhibitor specificity and the ability to inhibit target activity within living cells. To overcome these limitations, our efforts have been focused on the development of systematic strategies that employ chemical and functional proteomics. We utilized these strategies to evaluate small molecule inhibitors of protein kinase CK2, a constitutively active kinase that has recently emerged as target for anti-cancer therapy in clinical trials. Our chemical proteomics strategies used ATP or CK2 inhibitors immobilized on sepharose beads together with mass spectrometry to capture and identify binding partners from cell extracts. These studies have verified that interactions between CK2 and its inhibitors occur in complex mixtures. However, in the case of CK2 inhibitors related to 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzotriazole (TBB), our work has also revealed off-targets for the inhibitors. To complement these studies, we devised functional proteomics approaches to identify proteins that exhibit decreases in phosphorylation when cells are treated with CK2 inhibitors. To identify and validate those proteins that are direct substrates for CK2, we have also employed mutants of CK2 with decreased inhibitor sensitivity. Overall, our studies have yielded systematic platforms for studying CK2 inhibitors which we believe will foster efforts to define the biological functions of CK2 and to rigorously investigate its potential as a candidate for molecular-targeted therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
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30
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Iodine-catalyzed synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinazoline-3a-carboxylic acid derivatives in ionic liquids. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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TF--a novel cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of human protein kinase CK2 induces apoptosis in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:970-7. [PMID: 22387500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormally high activity of protein kinase CK2 is linked to various diseases including cancer. Therefore, the inhibition of CK2 is a promising therapeutic strategy to fight this disease. METHODS We screened a library of synthetic molecules concerning their capacity to inhibit CK2. The activity of CK2 and their IC50 and Ki values were determined by a capillary electrophoresis assay. The effects of the inhibitor in a cell culture model were analyzed by cell counting, a viability assay, cytofluorimetry and Western blot. RESULTS The best CK2 inhibitor found in this screen was 6,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenylamino)methylen]dibenzo [b,d]furan-3(2H)-one, which we refer to as "TF". TF showed tight binding to CK2 with low IC50 (29 nM) and Ki (15 nM) values. TF inhibited only seven out of 61 human kinases tested (>70% inhibition). Incubation of LNCaP cells with 50 μM TF for 48 h decreased the intracellular CK2 activity by 50%, confirming that the inhibitor is membrane permeable. The decrease in activity was correlated with a severe reduction in cell viability. The reduction in cell viability is at least partly due to the induction of apoptosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In many cancers the protein kinase CK2 is significantly up-regulated and supports the neoplastic phenotype. New therapeutic strategies should be based on diverse reliable inhibitors to reverse the abnormal high levels to normal settings.
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Haddach M, Pierre F, Regan CF, Borsan C, Michaux J, Stefan E, Kerdoncuff P, Schwaebe MK, Chua PC, Siddiqui-Jain A, Macalino D, Drygin D, O’Brien SE, Rice WG, Ryckman DM. Synthesis and SAR of inhibitors of protein kinase CK2: Novel tricyclic quinoline analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:45-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Gyenis L, Duncan JS, Turowec JP, Bretner M, Litchfield DW. Unbiased functional proteomics strategy for protein kinase inhibitor validation and identification of bona fide protein kinase substrates: application to identification of EEF1D as a substrate for CK2. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4887-901. [PMID: 21936567 PMCID: PMC3208357 DOI: 10.1021/pr2008994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases have emerged as attractive targets for treatment of several diseases prompting large-scale phosphoproteomics studies to elucidate their cellular actions and the design of novel inhibitory compounds. Current limitations include extensive reliance on consensus predictions to derive kinase-substrate relationships from phosphoproteomics data and incomplete experimental validation of inhibitors. To overcome these limitations in the case of protein kinase CK2, we employed functional proteomics and chemical genetics to enable identification of physiological CK2 substrates and validation of CK2 inhibitors including TBB and derivatives. By 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified the translational elongation factor EEF1D as a protein exhibiting CK2 inhibitor-dependent decreases in phosphorylation in (32)P-labeled HeLa cells. Direct phosphorylation of EEF1D by CK2 was shown by performing CK2 assays with EEF1D -FLAG from HeLa cells. Dramatic increases in EEF1D phosphorylation following λ-phosphatase treatment and phospho- EEF1D antibody recognizing EEF1D pS162 indicated phosphorylation at the CK2 site in cells. Furthermore, phosphorylation of EEF1D in the presence of TBB or TBBz is restored using CK2 inhibitor-resistant mutants. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EEF1D is a bona fide physiological CK2 substrate for CK2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, this validation strategy could be adaptable to other protein kinases and readily combined with other phosphoproteomic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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34
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Richter S, Gioffreda B. Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Biological Evaluation of 4-Amino-2(1H)-quinazolinone and 2,4(1H,3H)-Quinazolidone Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:810-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Pre-clinical characterization of CX-4945, a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of CK2 for the treatment of cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:37-43. [PMID: 21755459 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article we describe the preclinical characterization of 5-(3-chlorophenylamino) benzo[c][2,6]naphthyridine-8-carboxylic acid (CX-4945), the first orally available small molecule inhibitor of protein CK2 in clinical trials for cancer. CX-4945 was optimized as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the CK2 holoenzyme (Ki = 0.38 nM). Iterative synthesis and screening of analogs, guided by molecular modeling, led to the discovery of orally available CX-4945. CK2 promotes signaling in the Akt pathway and CX-4945 suppresses the phosphorylation of Akt as well as other key downstream mediators of the pathway such as p21. CX-4945 induced apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest in cancer cells in vitro. CX-4945 exhibited a dose-dependent antitumor activity in a xenograft model of PC3 prostate cancer model and was well tolerated. In vivo time-dependent reduction in the phosphorylation of the biomarker p21 at T145 was observed by immunohistochemistry. Inhibition of the newly validated CK2 target by CX-4945 represents a fresh therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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36
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Gratz A, Kuckländer U, Bollig R, Götz C, Jose J. Identification of novel CK2 inhibitors with a benzofuran scaffold by novel non-radiometric in vitro assays. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:83-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Pierre F, O’Brien SE, Haddach M, Bourbon P, Schwaebe MK, Stefan E, Darjania L, Stansfield R, Ho C, Siddiqui-Jain A, Streiner N, Rice WG, Anderes K, Ryckman DM. Novel potent pyrimido[4,5-c]quinoline inhibitors of protein kinase CK2: SAR and preliminary assessment of their analgesic and anti-viral properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1687-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Pierre F, Chua PC, O'Brien SE, Siddiqui-Jain A, Bourbon P, Haddach M, Michaux J, Nagasawa J, Schwaebe MK, Stefan E, Vialettes A, Whitten JP, Chen TK, Darjania L, Stansfield R, Anderes K, Bliesath J, Drygin D, Ho C, Omori M, Proffitt C, Streiner N, Trent K, Rice WG, Ryckman DM. Discovery and SAR of 5-(3-chlorophenylamino)benzo[c][2,6]naphthyridine-8-carboxylic acid (CX-4945), the first clinical stage inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 for the treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 2010; 54:635-54. [PMID: 21174434 DOI: 10.1021/jm101251q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we chronicle the discovery of CX-4945 (25n), a first-in-class, orally bioavailable ATP-competitive inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 in clinical trials for cancer. CK2 has long been considered a prime cancer drug target because of the roles of deregulated and overexpressed CK2 in cancer-promoting prosurvival and antiapoptotic pathways. These biological properties as well as the suitability of CK2's small ATP binding site for the design of selective inhibitors, led us to fashion novel therapeutic agents for cancer. The optimization leading to 25n (K(i) = 0.38 nM) was guided by molecular modeling, suggesting a strong binding of 25n resulting from a combination of hydrophobic interactions, an ionic bridge with Lys68, and hydrogen bonding with the hinge region. 25n was found to be highly selective, orally bioavailable across species (20-51%) and efficacious in xenograft models. The discovery of 25n will allow the therapeutic targeting of CK2 in humans for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pierre
- Cylene Pharmaceuticals, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, California 92121, United States.
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39
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Sanz-Clemente A, Matta JA, Isaac JTR, Roche KW. Casein kinase 2 regulates the NR2 subunit composition of synaptic NMDA receptors. Neuron 2010; 67:984-96. [PMID: 20869595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) play a central role in development, synaptic plasticity, and neurological disease. NMDAR subunit composition defines their biophysical properties and downstream signaling. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates the NR2B subunit within its PDZ-binding domain; however, the consequences for NMDAR localization and function are unclear. Here we show that CK2 phosphorylation of NR2B regulates synaptic NR2B and NR2A in response to activity. We find that CK2 phosphorylates NR2B, but not NR2A, to drive NR2B-endocytosis and remove NR2B from synapses resulting in an increase in synaptic NR2A expression. During development there is an activity-dependent switch from NR2B to NR2A at cortical synapses. We observe an increase in CK2 expression and NR2B phosphorylation over this same critical period and show that the acute activity-dependent switch in NR2 subunit composition at developing hippocampal synapses requires CK2 activity. Thus, CK2 plays a central role in determining the NR2 subunit content of synaptic NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sanz-Clemente
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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40
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Perez DI, Gil C, Martinez A. Protein kinases CK1 and CK2 as new targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2010; 31:924-54. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Bidoia C, Mazzorana M, Pagano MA, Arrigoni G, Meggio F, Pinna LA, Bertazzoni U. The pleiotropic protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates HTLV-1 Tax protein in vitro, targeting its PDZ-binding motif. Virus Genes 2010; 41:149-57. [PMID: 20526659 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The HTLV-1 transactivator Tax is an oncoprotein capable of deregulating the expression of many cellular genes and interfering with signalling pathways. Here we show that Tax-1 is phosphorylated in vitro by the pleiotropic human serine/threonine kinase CK2 at three residues, Ser-336, Ser-344 and Thr-351, close to and within its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. We also show that the mutation of Thr-351 to aspartate abolishes Tax-1 binding to the scaffold protein hDlg, a tumour suppressor factor, while having no effect on transactivation. These results suggest that CK2, whose constitutive activity is often hijacked by viruses to sustain their vital cycle, could modulate Tax-1 oncogenic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bidoia
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona, Italy.
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42
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Gratz A, Götz C, Jose J. A CE-based assay for human protein kinase CK2 activity measurement and inhibitor screening. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:634-40. [PMID: 20162588 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new assay for protein kinase CK2 activity determination based on the quantification of a phosphorylated substrate was developed. The common CK2 substrate peptide RRRDDDSDDD, conjugated with the fluorophore 5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid at the C-terminus served as the analyte. By means of CZE using 2 mol/L acetic acid as electrolyte and UV detection at 214 nm, the non-phosphorylated and the phosphorylated peptide variants could be resolved within 6 min from a complex assay mixture. By this means, activity of human CK2 could be monitored by a kinetic, as well as an endpoint, method. Inhibition of human recombinant CK2 holoenzyme by 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole resulted in IC(50) values of 1.33 and 0.27 microM, respectively, which were similar to those obtained with the standard radiometric assay. These results suggest that the CE/UV strategy described here is a straightforward assay for CK2 inhibitor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gratz
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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43
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López‐Ramos M, Prudent R, Moucadel V, Sautel CF, Barette C, Lafanechère L, Mouawad L, Grierson D, Schmidt F, Florent J, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Knapp S, Reise J, Cochet C. New potent dual inhibitors of CK2 and Pim kinases: discovery and structural insights. FASEB J 2010; 24:3171-85. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-143743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam López‐Ramos
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - Renaud Prudent
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Virginie Moucadel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Céline F. Sautel
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
| | - Caroline Barette
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- CEADirection des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)iRTSV/Centre de Criblage pour Molécules Bio‐Actives (CBMA) Grenoble France
- CNRSUMR 5168CEADSViRTSV/CMBA Grenoble France
| | - Liliane Mouawad
- Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieUniversité Paris‐Sud Orsay France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U759Université Paris‐Sud Orsay France
| | - David Grierson
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | - Jean‐Claude Florent
- Centre de RechercheInstitut Curie Paris France
- Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 176 Paris France
| | | | | | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Oxford UK
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyOxford University Oxford UK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Reise
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean‐Pierre EbelCEA‐CNRS‐UJF Grenoble France
- Partnership for Structural Biology Grenoble France
| | - Claude Cochet
- INSERMU873 Grenoble France
- Commissariat à l'Energie atomique (CEA)Institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV)/Laboratoire Transduction du Signal Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier (UJF) Grenoble France
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Schneider CC, Hessenauer A, Montenarh M, Götz C. p53 is dispensable for the induction of apoptosis after inhibition of protein kinase CK2. Prostate 2010; 70:126-34. [PMID: 19760628 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitously expressed heterotetramer consisting of two catalytic alpha/alpha' and two regulatory beta subunits. Expression of CK2 is highly elevated in tumor cells where it protects cells from apoptosis. A variety of different compounds were tested as inhibitors of protein kinase CK2 in order to find new therapy strategies. To analyze the role of p53 in the response to CK2 inhibition we used one of the most specific CK2 inhibitors available, TBB, in different prostate cancer cell lines. METHODS We treated prostate cancer cells with the CK2 inhibitor TBB and determined its effect on CK2 activity by an in vitro phosphorylation assay and its effect on viability by an MTT assay. Furthermore, we analyzed changes in the expression of p53 and PARP cleavage by Western Blot analysis. RESULTS Inhibition of CK2 by TBB led to a decrease in cell viability and apoptosis in two cell lines which express wild-type p53 whereas two other cell lines expressing mutant or no p53 failed to show signs of apoptosis. Moreover, cell lines expressing wild-type p53 showed an increase of the amount of p53 and of its transactivation efficiency. However, down-regulation of p53 by RNAi showed that p53 is not necessary for the induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Wild-type p53 is not necessary for the induction of apoptosis by TBB in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin C Schneider
- Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
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45
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Dietz KN, Miller PJ, Hollenbach AD. Phosphorylation of serine 205 by the protein kinase CK2 persists on Pax3-FOXO1, but not Pax3, throughout early myogenic differentiation. Biochemistry 2010; 48:11786-95. [PMID: 19904978 DOI: 10.1021/bi9012947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The myogenic transcription factor Pax3 plays an essential role in early skeletal muscle development and is a key component in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), a childhood solid muscle tumor. ARMS is characterized by a t(2;13) chromosomal translocation resulting in the fusion of the 5' Pax3 sequences to the 3' FOXO1 sequences to encode the oncogenic fusion protein, Pax3-FOXO1. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation are common mechanisms by which transcription factors are regulated. Consistent with this fact, we demonstrated in a previous report that Pax3 is phosphorylated on Ser205 in proliferating, but not differentiated, primary myoblasts. However, the kinase that mediates this phosphorylation event has yet to be identified. In addition, it is not known whether Pax3-FOXO1 is phosphorylated at this site or how the phosphorylation of the fusion protein changes during early myogenic differentiation. In this report we identify CK2 (formerly termed "casein kinase II") as the kinase responsible for phosphorylating Pax3 and Pax3-FOXO1 at Ser205 in proliferating mouse primary myoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, in contrast to wild-type Pax3, phosphorylation at Ser205 persists on Pax3-FOXO1 throughout early myogenic differentiation. Finally, we show that Pax3-FOXO1 is phosphorylated at Ser205 in a variety of translocation-containing ARMS cell lines. The results presented in this report not only suggest a possible mechanism by which the disregulation of Pax3-FOXO1 may contribute to tumorigenesis but also identify a novel target for the development of therapies for the treatment of ARMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Dietz
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 533 Bolivar Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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46
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Ruzzene M, Di Maira G, Tosoni K, Pinna LA. Assessment of CK2 constitutive activity in cancer cells. Methods Enzymol 2010; 484:495-514. [PMID: 21036247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381298-8.00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
At variance with the great majority of protein kinases that become active only in response to specific stimuli and whose implication in tumors is caused by genetic alterations conferring to them unscheduled activity, the highly pleiotropic Ser/Thr-specific protein kinase CK2 is constitutively active even under normal conditions and no gain-of-function CK2 mutants are known. Nevertheless, CK2 level is abnormally high in cancer cells where it is believed to generate an environment favorable to the development of malignancy, through a mechanism denoted as "non-oncogene addiction." This makes CK2 not only an appealing target to counteract different kinds of tumors but also a valuable marker of cells predisposed to undergo neoplastic transformation owing to the presence in them of CK2 level exceeding a critical threshold. Such a prognostic exploitation of CK2 would imply the availability of methods suitable for the reliable, sensitive, and specific quantification of its activity in biological samples and in living cells. The aim of this chapter is to describe a number of procedures applicable to the quantitative determination of CK2 activity and to provide experimental details designed for rendering these assays as sensitive and selective as possible even in the presence of many other protein kinases. The procedures described roughly fall in three categories: (i) in vitro quantification of CK2 activity in crude biological samples and cell lysates; (ii) in-cell assay of endogenous CK2 activity based on the phosphorylation of reporter substrates; (iii) identification of CK2 targets in malignant and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biological Chemistry, and VIMM (Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine), University ofPadova, Padova, Italy
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47
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Zhang N, Zhong R. Docking and 3D-QSAR studies of 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives as CK2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 45:292-7. [PMID: 19879674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is involved in a broad range of physiological events. 3,8-dibromo-7-hydroxy-4-methylchromen-2-one (DBC) analogues show favorable inhibitory activity targeting CK2alpha. Two methods were used to build 3D-QSAR models for DBC derivatives. The ligand-based (LB) studies were performed based on the lower energy conformations employing atom fit alignment rule. The receptor-based (RB) models were also derived using bioactive conformations. Contour maps of RB CoMSIA model (q2=0.694, r2=0.916, N (no. of components)=7, r2(pred)=0.87) including the steric, electronic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bond acceptor fields were employed to explain factors affecting activities of inhibitors. The good consistency between the contour maps and the properties of CK2alpha amino acids provide useful hints for new inhibitors design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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48
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Morshed MN, Muddassar M, Pasha FA, Cho SJ. Pharmacophore Identification and Validation Study of CK2 Inhibitors Using CoMFA/CoMSIA. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:148-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Yagita K, Yamanaka I, Koinuma S, Shigeyoshi Y, Uchiyama Y. Mini screening of kinase inhibitors affecting period-length of mammalian cellular circadian clock. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2009; 42:89-93. [PMID: 19617956 PMCID: PMC2711227 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.09015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian circadian rhythms, the transcriptional-translational feedback loop (TTFL) consisting of a set of clock genes is believed to elicit the circadian clock oscillation. The TTFL model explains that the accumulation and degradation of mPER and mCRY proteins control the period-length (tau) of the circadian clock. Although recent studies revealed that the Casein Kinase Iεδ (CKIεδ) regurates the phosphorylation of mPER proteins and the circadian period-length, other kinases are also likely to contribute the phosphorylation of mPER. Here, we performed small scale screening using 84 chemical compounds known as kinase inhibitors to identify candidates possibly affecting the circadian period-length in mammalian cells. Screening by this high-throughput real-time bioluminescence monitoring system revealed that the several chemical compounds apparently lengthened the cellular circadian clock oscillation. These compounds are known as inhibitors against kinases such as Casein Kinase II (CKII), PI3-kinase (PI3K) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in addition to CKIεδ. Although these kinase inhibitors may have some non-specific effects on other factors, our mini screening identified new candidates contributing to period-length control in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
- COE Unit of Circadian Systems, Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science
| | - Iori Yamanaka
- COE Unit of Circadian Systems, Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kinki University School of Medicine
| | | | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine
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50
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Ning K, Miller LC, Laidlaw HA, Watterson KR, Gallagher J, Sutherland C, Ashford MLJ. Leptin-dependent phosphorylation of PTEN mediates actin restructuring and activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9331-40. [PMID: 19208634 PMCID: PMC2666585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806774200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin activates multiple signaling pathways in cells, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, indicating a degree of cross-talk with insulin signaling. The exact mechanisms by which leptin alters this signaling pathway and how it relates to functional outputs are unclear at present. A previous study has established that leptin inhibits the activity of the phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), an important tumor suppressor and modifier of phosphoinositide signaling. In this study we demonstrate that leptin phosphorylates multiple sites on the C-terminal tail of PTEN in hypothalamic and pancreatic beta-cells, an action not replicated by insulin. Inhibitors of the protein kinases CK2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) block leptin-mediated PTEN phosphorylation. PTEN phosphorylation mutants reveal the critical role these sites play in transmission of the leptin signal to F-actin depolymerization. CK2 and GSK3 inhibitors also prevent leptin-mediated F-actin depolymerization and consequent ATP-sensitive K(+) channel opening. GSK3 kinase activity is inhibited by insulin but not leptin in hypothalamic cells. Both hormones increase N-terminal GSK3 serine phosphorylation, but in hypothalamic cells this action of leptin is transient. Leptin, not insulin, increases GSK3 tyrosine phosphorylation in both cell types. These results demonstrate a significant role for PTEN in leptin signal transmission and identify GSK3 as a potential important signaling node contributing to divergent outputs for these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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