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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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2
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Grześk G, Nowaczyk A. Current Modulation of Guanylate Cyclase Pathway Activity-Mechanism and Clinical Implications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113418. [PMID: 34200064 PMCID: PMC8200204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, guanylate cyclase seemed to be homogenic and tissue nonspecific enzyme; however, in the last few years, in light of preclinical and clinical trials, it became an interesting target for pharmacological intervention. There are several possible options leading to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations. The first one is related to the uses of analogues of natriuretic peptides. The second is related to increasing levels of natriuretic peptides by the inhibition of degradation. The third leads to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration by the inhibition of its degradation by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5. The last option involves increasing the concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate by the additional direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Treatment based on the modulation of guanylate cyclase function is one of the most promising technologies in pharmacology. Pharmacological intervention is stable, effective and safe. Especially interesting is the role of stimulators and activators of soluble guanylate cyclase, which are able to increase the enzymatic activity to generate cyclic guanosine monophosphate independently of nitric oxide. Moreover, most of these agents are effective in chronic treatment in heart failure patients and pulmonary hypertension, and have potential to be a first line option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-3904
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3
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Shepherd GM, Rowe TB, Greer CA. An Evolutionary Microcircuit Approach to the Neural Basis of High Dimensional Sensory Processing in Olfaction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:658480. [PMID: 33994949 PMCID: PMC8120314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.658480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor stimuli consist of thousands of possible molecules, each molecule with many different properties, each property a dimension of the stimulus. Processing these high dimensional stimuli would appear to require many stages in the brain to reach odor perception, yet, in mammals, after the sensory receptors this is accomplished through only two regions, the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. We take a first step toward a fundamental understanding by identifying the sequence of local operations carried out by microcircuits in the pathway. Parallel research provided strong evidence that processed odor information is spatial representations of odor molecules that constitute odor images in the olfactory bulb and odor objects in olfactory cortex. Paleontology provides a unique advantage with evolutionary insights providing evidence that the basic architecture of the olfactory pathway almost from the start ∼330 million years ago (mya) has included an overwhelming input from olfactory sensory neurons combined with a large olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex to process that input, driven by olfactory receptor gene duplications. We identify a sequence of over 20 microcircuits that are involved, and expand on results of research on several microcircuits that give the best insights thus far into the nature of the high dimensional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Timothy B. Rowe
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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4
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Dewan A. Olfactory signaling via trace amine-associated receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:395-407. [PMID: 33237477 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that function as odorant receptors in the main olfactory system of vertebrates. TAARs are monoallelically expressed in primary sensory neurons where they couple to the same transduction cascade as canonical olfactory receptors and are mapped onto glomeruli within a specific region of the olfactory bulb. TAARs have a high affinity for volatile amines, a class of chemicals that are generated during the decomposition of proteins and are ubiquitous physiological metabolites that are found in body fluids. Thus, amines are proposed to play an important role in intra- and interspecific communication such as signaling the sex of the conspecific, the quality of the food source, or even the proximity of a predator. TAARs have a crucial role in the perception of these behaviorally relevant compounds as the genetic deletion of all or even individual olfactory TAARs can alter the behavioral response and reduce the sensitivity to amines. The small size of this receptor family combined with the ethological relevance of their ligands makes the TAARs an attractive model system for probing olfactory perception. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the olfactory TAARs and discuss whether they represent a unique subsystem within the main olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dewan
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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5
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Kalra S, Mittal A, Gupta K, Singhal V, Gupta A, Mishra T, Naidu S, Sengupta D, Ahuja G. Analysis of single-cell transcriptomes links enrichment of olfactory receptors with cancer cell differentiation status and prognosis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:506. [PMID: 32917933 PMCID: PMC7486295 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopically expressed olfactory receptors (ORs) have been linked with multiple clinically-relevant physiological processes. Previously used tissue-level expression estimation largely shadowed the potential role of ORs due to their overall low expression levels. Even after the introduction of the single-cell transcriptomics, a comprehensive delineation of expression dynamics of ORs in tumors remained unexplored. Our targeted investigation into single malignant cells revealed a complex landscape of combinatorial OR expression events. We observed differentiation-dependent decline in expressed OR counts per cell as well as their expression intensities in malignant cells. Further, we constructed expression signatures based on a large spectrum of ORs and tracked their enrichment in bulk expression profiles of tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). TCGA tumor samples stratified based on OR-centric signatures exhibited divergent survival probabilities. In summary, our comprehensive analysis positions ORs at the cross-road of tumor cell differentiation status and cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Kalra
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Aayushi Mittal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Krishan Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Vrinda Singhal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Anku Gupta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Tripti Mishra
- Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, 30/7 and 8, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201308, India
| | - Srivatsava Naidu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Bara Phool, Birla Seed Farms, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology-Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Okhla, Phase III, New Delhi, 110020, India.
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6
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Baldwin MW, Ko MC. Functional evolution of vertebrate sensory receptors. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104771. [PMID: 32437717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors enable animals to perceive their external world, and functional properties of receptors evolve to detect the specific cues relevant for an organism's survival. Changes in sensory receptor function or tuning can directly impact an organism's behavior. Functional tests of receptors from multiple species and the generation of chimeric receptors between orthologs with different properties allow for the dissection of the molecular basis of receptor function and identification of the key residues that impart functional changes in different species. Knowledge of these functionally important sites facilitates investigation into questions regarding the role of epistasis and the extent of convergence, as well as the timing of sensory shifts relative to other phenotypic changes. However, as receptors can also play roles in non-sensory tissues, and receptor responses can be modulated by numerous other factors including varying expression levels, alternative splicing, and morphological features of the sensory cell, behavioral validation can be instrumental in confirming that responses observed in heterologous systems play a sensory role. Expression profiling of sensory cells and comparative genomics approaches can shed light on cell-type specific modifications and identify other proteins that may affect receptor function and can provide insight into the correlated evolution of complex suites of traits. Here we review the evolutionary history and diversity of functional responses of the major classes of sensory receptors in vertebrates, including opsins, chemosensory receptors, and ion channels involved in temperature-sensing, mechanosensation and electroreception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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Koyama S, Heinbockel T. The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1558. [PMID: 32106479 PMCID: PMC7084246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils have been used in multiple ways, i.e., inhaling, topically applying on the skin, and drinking. Thus, there are three major routes of intake or application involved: the olfactory system, the skin, and the gastro-intestinal system. Understanding these routes is important for clarifying the mechanisms of action of essential oils. Here we summarize the three systems involved, and the effects of essential oils and their constituents at the cellular and systems level. Many factors affect the rate of uptake of each chemical constituent included in essential oils. It is important to determine how much of each constituent is included in an essential oil and to use single chemical compounds to precisely test their effects. Studies have shown synergistic influences of the constituents, which affect the mechanisms of action of the essential oil constituents. For the skin and digestive system, the chemical components of essential oils can directly activate gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and transient receptor potential channels (TRP) channels, whereas in the olfactory system, chemical components activate olfactory receptors. Here, GABA receptors and TRP channels could play a role, mostly when the signals are transferred to the olfactory bulb and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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8
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The regulatory role of the kinase-homology domain in receptor guanylyl cyclases: nothing 'pseudo' about it! Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1729-1742. [PMID: 30420416 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The availability of genome sequence information and a large number of protein structures has allowed the cataloging of genes into various families, based on their function and predicted biochemical activity. Intriguingly, a number of proteins harbor changes in the amino acid sequence at residues, that from structural elucidation, are critical for catalytic activity. Such proteins have been categorized as 'pseudoenzymes'. Here, we review the role of the pseudokinase (or kinase-homology) domain in receptor guanylyl cyclases. These are multidomain single-pass, transmembrane proteins harboring an extracellular ligand-binding domain, and an intracellular domain composed of a kinase-homology domain that regulates the activity of the associated guanylyl cyclase domain. Mutations that lie in the kinase-homology domain of these receptors are associated with human disease, and either abolish or enhance cGMP production by these receptors to alter downstream signaling events. This raises the interesting possibility that one could identify molecules that bind to the pseudokinase domain and regulate the activities of these receptors, in order to alleviate symptoms in patients harboring these mutations.
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9
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Pyrski M, Tusty M, Eckstein E, Oboti L, Rodriguez-Gil DJ, Greer CA, Zufall F. P/Q Type Calcium Channel Cav2.1 Defines a Unique Subset of Glomeruli in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:295. [PMID: 30233329 PMCID: PMC6131590 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels are a prerequisite for signal transmission at the first olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) synapse within the glomeruli of the main olfactory bulb (MOB). We showed previously that the N-type Cav channel subunit Cav2.2 is present in the vast majority of glomeruli and plays a central role in presynaptic transmitter release. Here, we identify a distinct subset of glomeruli in the MOB of adult mice that is characterized by expression of the P/Q-type channel subunit Cav2.1. Immunolocalization shows that Cav2.1+ glomeruli reside predominantly in the medial and dorsal MOB, and in the vicinity of the necklace glomerular region close to the accessory olfactory bulb. Few glomeruli are detected on the ventral and lateral MOB. Cav2.1 labeling in glomeruli colocalizes with the presynaptic marker vGlut2 in the axon terminals of OSNs. Electron microscopy shows that Cav2.1+ presynaptic boutons establish characteristic asymmetrical synapses with the dendrites of second-order neurons in the glomerular neuropil. Cav2.1+ glomeruli receive axonal input from OSNs that express molecules of canonical OSNs: olfactory marker protein, the ion channel Cnga2, and the phosphodiesterase Pde4a. In the main olfactory epithelium, Cav2.1 labels a distinct subpopulation of OSNs whose distribution mirrors the topography of the MOB glomeruli, that shows the same molecular signature, and is already present at birth. Together, these experiments identify a unique Cav2.1+ multiglomerular domain in the MOB that may form a previously unrecognized olfactory subsystem distinct from other groups of necklace glomeruli that rely on cGMP signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pyrski
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mahbuba Tusty
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eugenia Eckstein
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Livio Oboti
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Diego J. Rodriguez-Gil
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charles A. Greer
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Frank Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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10
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Uytingco CR, Puche AC, Munger SD. Interglomerular Connectivity within the Canonical and GC-D/Necklace Olfactory Subsystems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165343. [PMID: 27902696 PMCID: PMC5130179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian main olfactory system contains several subsystems that differ not only in the receptors they express and the glomerular targets they innervate within the main olfactory bulb (MOB), but also in the strategies they use to process odor information. The canonical main olfactory system employs a combinatorial coding strategy that represents odorant identity as a pattern of glomerular activity. By contrast, the "GC-D/necklace" olfactory subsystem—formed by olfactory sensory neurons expressing the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-D and their target necklace glomeruli (NGs) encircling the caudal MOB—is critical for the detection of a small number of semiochemicals that promote the acquisition of food preferences. The formation of these socially-transmitted food preferences requires the animal to integrate information about two types of olfactory stimuli: these specialized social chemosignals and the food odors themselves. However, the neural mechanisms with which the GC-D/necklace subsystem processes this information are unclear. We used stimulus-induced increases in intrinsic fluorescence signals to map functional circuitry associated with NGs and canonical glomeruli (CGs) in the MOB. As expected, CG-associated activity spread laterally through both the glomerular and external plexiform layers associated with activated glomeruli. Activation of CGs or NGs resulted in activity spread between the two types of glomeruli; there was no evidence of preferential connectivity between individual necklace glomeruli. These results support previous anatomical findings that suggest the canonical and GC-D/necklace subsystems are functionally connected and may integrate general odor and semiochemical information in the MOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric R. Uytingco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam C. Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Munger
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Parrilla M, Chang I, Degl'Innocenti A, Omura M. Expression of homeobox genes in the mouse olfactory epithelium. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2713-39. [PMID: 27243442 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Homeobox genes constitute a large family of genes widely studied because of their role in the establishment of the body pattern. However, they are also involved in many other events during development and adulthood. The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) is an excellent model to study neurogenesis in the adult nervous system. Analyses of homeobox genes during development show that some of these genes are involved in the formation and establishment of cell diversity in the MOE. Moreover, the mechanisms of expression of odorant receptors (ORs) constitute one of the biggest enigmas in the field. Analyses of OR promoters revealed the presence of homeodomain binding sites in their sequences. Here we characterize the expression patterns of a set of 49 homeobox genes in the MOE with in situ hybridization. We found that seven of them (Dlx3, Dlx5, Dlx6, Msx1, Meis1, Isl1, and Pitx1) are zonally expressed. The homeobox gene Emx1 is expressed in three guanylate cyclase(+) populations, two located in the MOE and the third one in an olfactory subsystem known as Grüneberg ganglion located at the entrance of the nasal cavity. The homeobox gene Tshz1 is expressed in a unique patchy pattern across the MOE. Our findings provide new insights to guide functional studies that aim to understand the complexity of transcription factor expression and gene regulation in the MOE. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2713-2739, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Parrilla
- Max Planck Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabelle Chang
- Max Planck Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Max Planck Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Masayo Omura
- Max Planck Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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Derby CD, Kozma MT, Senatore A, Schmidt M. Molecular Mechanisms of Reception and Perireception in Crustacean Chemoreception: A Comparative Review. Chem Senses 2016; 41:381-98. [PMID: 27107425 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our present knowledge of chemoreceptor proteins in crustaceans, using a comparative perspective to review these molecules in crustaceans relative to other metazoan models of chemoreception including mammals, insects, nematodes, and molluscs. Evolution has resulted in unique expansions of specific gene families and repurposing of them for chemosensation in various clades, including crustaceans. A major class of chemoreceptor proteins across crustaceans is the Ionotropic Receptors, which diversified from ionotropic glutamate receptors in ancient protostomes but which are not present in deuterostomes. Representatives of another major class of chemoreceptor proteins-the Grl/GR/OR family of ionotropic 7-transmembrane receptors-are diversified in insects but to date have been reported in only one crustacean species, Daphnia pulex So far, canonic 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors, the principal chemoreceptors in vertebrates and reported in a few protostome clades, have not been identified in crustaceans. More types of chemoreceptors are known throughout the metazoans and might well be expected to be discovered in crustaceans. Our review also provides a comparative coverage of perireceptor events in crustacean chemoreception, including molecules involved in stimulus acquisition, stimulus delivery, and stimulus removal, though much less is known about these events in crustaceans, particularly at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Senatore
- Present address: Biology Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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13
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Kelliher KR, Munger SD. Chemostimuli for guanylyl cyclase-D-expressing olfactory sensory neurons promote the acquisition of preferences for foods adulterated with the rodenticide warfarin. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:262. [PMID: 26283902 PMCID: PMC4516872 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals have the ability to acquire food preferences from conspecifics via social signals. For example, the coincident detection of a food odor by canonical olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and agonists of the specialized OSNs expressing the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-D (GC-D+ OSNs) will promote a preference in recipient rodents for similarly odored foods. It has been hypothesized that these preferences are acquired and maintained regardless of the palatability or quality of the food. We assessed whether mice could acquire and maintain preferences for food that had been adulterated with the anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin. After olfactory investigation of a saline droplet containing either cocoa (2%, w/w) or cinnamon (1%, w/w) along with a GC-D+ OSN-specific chemostimulus (either of the guanylin-family peptides uroguanylin and guanylin; 1–50 nM), C57BL/6J mice exhibited robust preferences for unadulterated food containing the demonstrated odor. The peptide-dependent preference was observed even when the food contained warfarin (0.025% w/w). Repeated ingestion of warfarin-containing food over four days did not disrupt the preference, even though mice were not re-exposed to the peptide stimulus. Surprisingly, mice continued to prefer warfarin-adulterated food containing the demonstrated odor when presented with a choice of warfarin-free food containing a novel odor. Our results indicate that olfactory-mediated food preferences can be acquired and maintained for warfarin-containing foods and suggest that guanylin peptides may be effective stimuli for promoting the ingestion of foods or other edibles with low palatability or potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Kelliher
- College of Chiropractic, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, CT, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Saraiva LR, Ahuja G, Ivandic I, Syed AS, Marioni JC, Korsching SI, Logan DW. Molecular and neuronal homology between the olfactory systems of zebrafish and mouse. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11487. [PMID: 26108469 PMCID: PMC4480006 DOI: 10.1038/srep11487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the two major olfactory organs of rodents, the olfactory mucosa (OM) and the vomeronasal organ (VNO), unraveled the molecular basis of smell in vertebrates. However, some vertebrates lack a VNO. Here we generated and analyzed the olfactory transcriptome of the zebrafish and compared it to the olfactory transcriptomes of mouse to investigate the evolutionary and molecular relationship between single and dual olfactory systems. Our analyses revealed a high degree of molecular conservation, with orthologs of mouse olfactory cell-specific markers and all but one of their chemosensory receptor classes expressed in the single zebrafish olfactory organ. Zebrafish chemosensory receptor genes are expressed across a large dynamic range and their RNA abundance correlates positively with the number of neurons expressing that RNA. Thus we estimate the relative proportions of neuronal sub-types expressing different chemosensory receptors. Receptor repertoire size drives the absolute abundance of different classes of neurons, but we find similar underlying patterns in both species. Finally, we identified novel marker genes that characterize rare neuronal populations in both mouse and zebrafish. In sum, we find that the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning olfaction in teleosts and mammals are similar despite 430 million years of evolutionary divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Saraiva
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton-Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom [2] European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton-Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Gaurav Ahuja
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivandic
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Adnan S Syed
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - John C Marioni
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton-Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton-Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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15
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Pérez-Gómez A, Bleymehl K, Stein B, Pyrski M, Birnbaumer L, Munger SD, Leinders-Zufall T, Zufall F, Chamero P. Innate Predator Odor Aversion Driven by Parallel Olfactory Subsystems that Converge in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1340-6. [PMID: 25936549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The existence of innate predator aversion evoked by predator-derived chemostimuli called kairomones offers a strong selective advantage for potential prey animals. However, it is unclear how chemically diverse kairomones can elicit similar avoidance behaviors. Using a combination of behavioral analyses and single-cell Ca(2+) imaging in wild-type and gene-targeted mice, we show that innate predator-evoked avoidance is driven by parallel, non-redundant processing of volatile and nonvolatile kairomones through the activation of multiple olfactory subsystems including the Grueneberg ganglion, the vomeronasal organ, and chemosensory neurons within the main olfactory epithelium. Perturbation of chemosensory responses in specific subsystems through disruption of genes encoding key sensory transduction proteins (Cnga3, Gnao1) or by surgical axotomy abolished avoidance behaviors and/or cellular Ca(2+) responses to different predator odors. Stimulation of these different subsystems resulted in the activation of widely distributed target regions in the olfactory bulb, as assessed by c-Fos expression. However, in each case, this c-Fos increase was observed within the same subnuclei of the medial amygdala and ventromedial hypothalamus, regions implicated in fear, anxiety, and defensive behaviors. Thus, the mammalian olfactory system has evolved multiple, parallel mechanisms for kairomone detection that converge in the brain to facilitate a common behavioral response. Our findings provide significant insights into the genetic substrates and circuit logic of predator-driven innate aversion and may serve as a valuable model for studying instinctive fear and human emotional and panic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Pérez-Gómez
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Katherin Bleymehl
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stein
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martina Pyrski
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Trese Leinders-Zufall
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Zufall
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Pablo Chamero
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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16
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Hodes A, Lichtstein D. Natriuretic hormones in brain function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:201. [PMID: 25506340 PMCID: PMC4246887 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic hormones (NH) include three groups of compounds: the natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP), the gastrointestinal peptides (guanylin and uroguanylin), and endogenous cardiac steroids. These substances induce the kidney to excrete sodium and therefore participate in the regulation of sodium and water homeostasis, blood volume, and blood pressure (BP). In addition to their peripheral functions, these hormones act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain. In this review, the established information on the biosynthesis, release and function of NH is discussed, with particular focus on their role in brain function. The available literature on the expression patterns of each of the NH and their receptors in the brain is summarized, followed by the evidence for their roles in modulating brain function. Although numerous open questions exist regarding this issue, the available data support the notion that NH participate in the central regulation of BP, neuroprotection, satiety, and various psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, addiction, and depressive disorders. In addition, the interactions between the different NH in the periphery and the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Hodes
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Lichtstein
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Pichlo M, Bungert-Plümke S, Weyand I, Seifert R, Bönigk W, Strünker T, Kashikar ND, Goodwin N, Müller A, Pelzer P, Van Q, Enderlein J, Klemm C, Krause E, Trötschel C, Poetsch A, Kremmer E, Kaupp UB, Körschen HG, Collienne U. High density and ligand affinity confer ultrasensitive signal detection by a guanylyl cyclase chemoreceptor. J Cell Biol 2014; 206:541-57. [PMID: 25135936 PMCID: PMC4137060 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylyl cyclases (GCs), which synthesize the messenger cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate, control several sensory functions, such as phototransduction, chemosensation, and thermosensation, in many species from worms to mammals. The GC chemoreceptor in sea urchin sperm can decode chemoattractant concentrations with single-molecule sensitivity. The molecular and cellular underpinnings of such ultrasensitivity are not known for any eukaryotic chemoreceptor. In this paper, we show that an exquisitely high density of 3 × 10(5) GC chemoreceptors and subnanomolar ligand affinity provide a high ligand-capture efficacy and render sperm perfect absorbers. The GC activity is terminated within 150 ms by dephosphorylation steps of the receptor, which provides a means for precise control of the GC lifetime and which reduces "molecule noise." Compared with other ultrasensitive sensory systems, the 10-fold signal amplification by the GC receptor is surprisingly low. The hallmarks of this signaling mechanism provide a blueprint for chemical sensing in small compartments, such as olfactory cilia, insect antennae, or even synaptic boutons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pichlo
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Stefanie Bungert-Plümke
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ingo Weyand
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Seifert
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Wolfgang Bönigk
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Nachiket Dilip Kashikar
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, England, UK
| | - Normann Goodwin
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, England, UK
| | - Astrid Müller
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patric Pelzer
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qui Van
- III. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Clementine Klemm
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum. 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - U Benjamin Kaupp
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, 53175 Bonn, Germany Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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18
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Sharma RK, Duda T. Membrane guanylate cyclase, a multimodal transduction machine: history, present, and future directions. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:56. [PMID: 25071437 PMCID: PMC4079103 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A sequel to these authors' earlier comprehensive reviews which covered the field of mammalian membrane guanylate cyclase (MGC) from its origin to the year 2010, this article contains 13 sections. The first is historical and covers MGC from the year 1963–1987, summarizing its colorful developmental stages from its passionate pursuit to its consolidation. The second deals with the establishment of its biochemical identity. MGC becomes the transducer of a hormonal signal and founder of the peptide hormone receptor family, and creates the notion that hormone signal transduction is its sole physiological function. The third defines its expansion. The discovery of ROS-GC subfamily is made and it links ROS-GC with the physiology of phototransduction. Sections ROS-GC, a Ca2+-Modulated Two Component Transduction System to Migration Patterns and Translations of the GCAP Signals Into Production of Cyclic GMP are Different cover its biochemistry and physiology. The noteworthy events are that augmented by GCAPs, ROS-GC proves to be a transducer of the free Ca2+ signals generated within neurons; ROS-GC becomes a two-component transduction system and establishes itself as a source of cyclic GMP, the second messenger of phototransduction. Section ROS-GC1 Gene Linked Retinal Dystrophies demonstrates how this knowledge begins to be translated into the diagnosis and providing the molecular definition of retinal dystrophies. Section Controlled By Low and High Levels of [Ca2+]i, ROS-GC1 is a Bimodal Transduction Switch discusses a striking property of ROS-GC where it becomes a “[Ca2+]i bimodal switch” and transcends its signaling role in other neural processes. In this course, discovery of the first CD-GCAP (Ca2+-dependent guanylate cyclase activator), the S100B protein, is made. It extends the role of the ROS-GC transduction system beyond the phototransduction to the signaling processes in the synapse region between photoreceptor and cone ON-bipolar cells; in section Ca2+-Modulated Neurocalcin δ ROS-GC1 Transduction System Exists in the Inner Plexiform Layer (IPL) of the Retinal Neurons, discovery of another CD-GCAP, NCδ, is made and its linkage with signaling of the inner plexiform layer neurons is established. Section ROS-GC Linkage With Other Than Vision-Linked Neurons discusses linkage of the ROS-GC transduction system with other sensory transduction processes: Pineal gland, Olfaction and Gustation. In the next, section Evolution of a General Ca2+-Interlocked ROS-GC Signal Transduction Concept in Sensory and Sensory-Linked Neurons, a theoretical concept is proposed where “Ca2+-interlocked ROS-GC signal transduction” machinery becomes a common signaling component of the sensory and sensory-linked neurons. Closure to the review is brought by the conclusion and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar K Sharma
- Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - Teresa Duda
- Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
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19
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Yu Y, Boyer NP, Zhang C. Three structurally similar odorants trigger distinct signaling pathways in a mouse olfactory neuron. Neuroscience 2014; 275:194-210. [PMID: 24929067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian olfactory system, one olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) expresses a single olfactory receptor gene. By calcium imaging of individual OSNs in intact mouse olfactory turbinates, we observed that a subset of OSNs (Ho-OSNs) located in the most ventral olfactory receptor zone can mediate distinct signaling pathways when activated by structurally similar ligands. Calcium imaging showed that Ho-OSNs were highly sensitive to 2-heptanone, heptaldehyde and cis-4-heptenal. 2-heptanone-evoked intracellular calcium elevation was mediated by cAMP signaling while heptaldehyde triggered the diacylglycerol pathway. An increase of intracellular calcium evoked by cis-4-heptenal was due to a combination of activation mediated by the adenylate cyclase pathway and suppression generated by phospholipase C signaling. Pharmacological studies demonstrated that novel mechanisms were involved in the phospholipase C-mediated intracellular calcium changes. Binary-mixture studies and cross-adaptation data indicate that three odorants acted on the same olfactory receptor. The feature that an olfactory receptor mediates multiple signaling pathways was specific for Ho-OSNs and not established in another population of OSNs characterized. Our study suggests that distinct signaling pathways triggered by ligand-induced conformational changes of an olfactory receptor constitute a complex information process mechanism in olfactory transduction. This study has important implications beyond olfaction in that it provides insights of plasticity and complexity of G-protein-coupled receptor activation and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - N P Boyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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20
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Duda T, Pertzev A, Sharma RK. Atrial natriuretic factor receptor guanylate cyclase, ANF-RGC, transduces two independent signals, ANF and Ca(2+). Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:17. [PMID: 24672425 PMCID: PMC3955944 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic factor receptor guanylate cyclase (ANF-RGC), was the first discovered member of the mammalian membrane guanylate cyclase family. The hallmark feature of the family is that a single protein contains both the site for recognition of the regulatory signal and the ability to transduce it into the production of the second messenger, cyclic GMP. For over two decades, the family has been classified into two subfamilies, the hormone receptor subfamily with ANF-RGC being its paramount member, and the Ca2+ modulated subfamily, which includes the rod outer segment guanylate cyclases, ROS-GC1 and 2, and the olfactory neuroepithelial guanylate cyclase. ANF-RGC is the receptor and the signal transducer of the most hypotensive hormones, ANF– and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). After binding these hormones at the extracellular domain it, at its intracellular domain, signals activation of the C-terminal catalytic module and accelerates the production of cyclic GMP. Cyclic GMP then serves the second messenger role in biological responses of ANF and BNP such as natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and anti-proliferation. Very recently another modus operandus for ANF-RGC was revealed. Its crux is that ANF-RGC activity is also regulated by Ca2+. The Ca2+ sensor neurocalcin d mediates this signaling mechanism. Strikingly, the Ca2+ and ANF signaling mechanisms employ separate structural motifs of ANF-RGC in modulating its core catalytic domain in accelerating the production of cyclic GMP. In this review the biochemistry and physiology of these mechanisms with emphasis on cardiovascular regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Duda
- The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - Alexandre Pertzev
- The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - Rameshwar K Sharma
- The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
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21
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Pascarella G, Lazarevic D, Plessy C, Bertin N, Akalin A, Vlachouli C, Simone R, Faulkner GJ, Zucchelli S, Kawai J, Daub CO, Hayashizaki Y, Lenhard B, Carninci P, Gustincich S. NanoCAGE analysis of the mouse olfactory epithelium identifies the expression of vomeronasal receptors and of proximal LINE elements. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:41. [PMID: 24600346 PMCID: PMC3927265 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By coupling laser capture microdissection to nanoCAGE technology and next-generation sequencing we have identified the genome-wide collection of active promoters in the mouse Main Olfactory Epithelium (MOE). Transcription start sites (TSSs) for the large majority of Olfactory Receptors (ORs) have been previously mapped increasing our understanding of their promoter architecture. Here we show that in our nanoCAGE libraries of the mouse MOE we detect a large number of tags mapped in loci hosting Type-1 and Type-2 Vomeronasal Receptors genes (V1Rs and V2Rs). These loci also show a massive expression of Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs). We have validated the expression of selected receptors detected by nanoCAGE with in situ hybridization, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. This work extends the repertory of receptors capable of sensing chemical signals in the MOE, suggesting intriguing interplays between MOE and VNO for pheromone processing and positioning transcribed LINEs as candidate regulatory RNAs for VRs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pascarella
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy ; RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dejan Lazarevic
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy ; Cluster in Biomedicine (CBM), AREA Science Park Trieste, Italy
| | - Charles Plessy
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nicolas Bertin
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Altuna Akalin
- Bergen Center for Computational Science - Computational Biology Unit and Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Christina Vlachouli
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Simone
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Cancer Biology Program, Mater Medical Research Institute South Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy ; Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy
| | - Jun Kawai
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Carsten O Daub
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Boris Lenhard
- Bergen Center for Computational Science - Computational Biology Unit and Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stefano Gustincich
- Area of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) Trieste, Italy
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22
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Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system has become an excellent model system to understand the function of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels within their native cellular and circuit environment. The discovery that the canonical TRP channel TRPC2 is highly expressed in sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) has led to major advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes underlying signal transduction of pheromones and other molecular cues that play an essential role in the control of instinctive decisions and innate social behaviors. TRPC2 knockout mice provide a striking example that the loss of function of a single gene can cause severe alterations in a variety of social interactions including the display of aggression, social dominance, and sexual behaviors. There is mounting evidence that TRPC2 is not the only TRP channel expressed in cells of the olfactory system but that other TRP channel subtypes such as TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPC6, TRPM4, and TRPM5 could also play important functional roles in mammalian olfaction. Here, I review such findings and discuss future areas for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Zufall
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland School of Medicine, 66424, Homburg, Germany,
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23
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Rozenfeld J, Tal O, Kladnitsky O, Adler L, Efrati E, Carrithers SL, Alper SL, Zelikovic I. Pendrin, a novel transcriptional target of the uroguanylin system. Cell Physiol Biochem 2013; 32:221-37. [PMID: 24429828 DOI: 10.1159/000356641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylin (GN) and uroguanylin (UGN) are low-molecular-weight peptide hormones produced mainly in the intestinal mucosa in response to oral salt load. GN and UGN (guanylin peptides) induce secretion of electrolytes and water in both intestine and kidney. Thought to act as "intestinal natriuretic factors", GN and UGN modulate renal salt secretion by both endocrine mechanisms (linking the digestive system and kidney) and paracrine/autocrine (intrarenal) mechanisms. The cellular function of GN and UGN in intestine and proximal tubule is mediated by guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C)-, cGMP-, and G protein-dependent pathways, whereas, in principal cells of the cortical collecting duct (CCD), these peptide hormones act via GC-C-independent signaling through phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The Cl(-)/HCO(-)3 exchanger pendrin (SLC26A4), encoded by the PDS gene, is expressed in non-α intercalated cells of the CCD. Pendrin is essential for CCD bicarbonate secretion and is also involved in NaCl balance and blood pressure regulation. Our recent studies have provided evidence that pendrin-mediated anion exchange in the CCD is regulated at the transcriptional level by UGN. UGN exerts an inhibitory effect on the pendrin gene promoter likely via heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) action at a defined heat shock element (HSE) site. Recent studies have unraveled novel roles for guanylin peptides in several organ systems including involvement in appetite regulation, olfactory function, cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammation, and reproductive function. Both the guanylin system and pendrin have also been implicated in airway function. Future molecular research into the receptors and signal transduction pathways involved in the action of guanylin peptides and the pendrin anion exchanger in the kidney and other organs, and into the links between them, may facilitate discovery of new therapies for hypertension, heart failure, hepatic failure and other fluid retention syndromes, as well as for diverse diseases such as obesity, asthma, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rozenfeld
- Laboratory of Developmental Nephrology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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24
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Brechbühl J, Moine F, Broillet MC. Mouse Grueneberg ganglion neurons share molecular and functional features with C. elegans amphid neurons. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:193. [PMID: 24367309 PMCID: PMC3856774 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse Grueneberg ganglion (GG) is an olfactory subsystem located at the tip of the nose close to the entry of the naris. It comprises neurons that are both sensitive to cold temperature and play an important role in the detection of alarm pheromones (APs). This chemical modality may be essential for species survival. Interestingly, GG neurons display an atypical mammalian olfactory morphology with neurons bearing deeply invaginated cilia mostly covered by ensheathing glial cells. We had previously noticed their morphological resemblance with the chemosensory amphid neurons found in the anterior region of the head of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). We demonstrate here further molecular and functional similarities. Thus, we found an orthologous expression of molecular signaling elements that was furthermore restricted to similar specific subcellular localizations. Calcium imaging also revealed a ligand selectivity for the methylated thiazole odorants that amphid neurons are known to detect. Cellular responses from GG neurons evoked by chemical or temperature stimuli were also partially cGMP-dependent. In addition, we found that, although behaviors depending on temperature sensing in the mouse, such as huddling and thermotaxis did not implicate the GG, the thermosensitivity modulated the chemosensitivity at the level of single GG neurons. Thus, the striking similarities with the chemosensory amphid neurons of C. elegans conferred to the mouse GG neurons unique multimodal sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Brechbühl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Moine
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Christine Broillet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kenemuth JK, Hennessy SP, Hanson RJ, Hensler AJ, Coates EL. Investigation of nasal CO₂ receptor transduction mechanisms in wild-type and GC-D knockout mice. Chem Senses 2013; 38:769-81. [PMID: 24122319 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main olfactory system of mice contains a small subset of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are stimulated by CO₂. The objective of this study was to record olfactory receptor responses to a range of CO₂ concentrations to further elucidate steps in the proposed CO₂ transduction pathway in mice. Electro-olfactograms (EOGs) were recorded before and after inhibiting specific steps in the CO₂ transduction pathway with topically applied inhibitors. Inhibition of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) did not significantly affect EOG responses to CO₂ but did decrease EOG responses to several control odorants. Inhibition of intracellular CA or cyclic nucleotide-gated channels attenuated EOG responses to CO₂, confirming the role of these components in CO₂ sensing in mice. We also show that, like canonical OSNs, CO₂-sensitive OSNs depend on Ca²⁺-activated Cl⁻ channels for depolarization of receptor neurons. Lastly, we found that guanylyl cyclase-D knockout mice were still able to respond to CO₂, indicating that other pathways may exist for the detection of low concentrations of nasal CO₂. We discuss these findings as they relate to previous studies on CO₂-sensitive OSNs in mice and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Kenemuth
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, 520 North Main Street, Meadville, PA 16335, USA.
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Fortes-Marco L, Lanuza E, Martinez-Garcia F. Of pheromones and kairomones: what receptors mediate innate emotional responses? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1346-63. [PMID: 23904448 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some chemicals elicit innate emotionally laden behavioral responses. Pheromones mediate sexual attraction, parental care or agonistic confrontation, whereas predators' kairomones elicit defensive behaviors in their preys. This essay explores the hypothesis that the detection of these semiochemicals relies on highly specific olfactory and/or vomeronasal receptors. The V1R, V2R, and formyl-peptide vomeronasal receptors bind their ligands in highly specific and sensitive way, thus being good candidates for pheromone- or kairomone-detectors (e.g., secreted and excreted proteins, peptides and lipophilic volatiles). The olfactory epithelium also expresses specific receptors, for example trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR) and guanylyl cyclase receptors (GC-D and other types), some of which bind kairomones and putative pheromones. However, most of the olfactory neurons express canonical olfactory receptors (ORs) that bind many ligands with different affinity, being not suitable for mediating responses to pheromones and kairomones. In this respect, trimethylthiazoline (TMT) is considered a fox-derived kairomone for mice and rats, but it seems to be detected by canonical ORs. Therefore, we have reassessed the kairomonal nature of TMT by analyzing the behavioral responses of outbred (CD1) and inbred mice (C57BL/J6) to TMT. Our results confirm that both mouse strains avoid TMT, which increases immobility in C57BL/J6, but not CD1 mice. However, mice of both strains sniff at TMT throughout the test and show no trace of TMT-induced contextual conditioning (immobility or avoidance). This suggests that TMT is not a kairomone but, similar to a loud noise, in high concentrations it induces aversion and stress as unspecific responses to a strong olfactory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Fortes-Marco
- Laboratori de Neuroanatomia Funcional Comparada, Department of Functional Biology, University of València, C. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Mutations in Tyr808 reveal a potential auto-inhibitory mechanism of guanylate cyclase-B regulation. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20130025. [PMID: 23586811 PMCID: PMC3673034 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Tyr808 in GC-B (guanylate cyclase-B), a receptor of the CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), has been shown to be a critical regulator of GC-B activity. In searching for phosphorylation sites that could account for suppression of GC-B activity by S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate), mutations were introduced into several candidate serine/threonine and tyrosine residues. Although no novel phosphorylation sites that influenced the suppression of GC-B were identified, experiments revealed that mutations in Tyr808 markedly enhanced GC-B activity. CNP-stimulated activities of the Y808F and Y808A mutants were greater than 30-fold and 70-fold higher, respectively, than that of WT (wild-type) GC-B. The Y808E and Y808S mutants were constitutively active, expressing 270-fold higher activity without CNP stimulation than WT GC-B. Those mutations also influenced the sensitivity of GC-B to a variety of inhibitors, including S1P, Na3VO4 and PMA. Y808A, Y808E and Y808S mutations markedly weakened S1P- and Na3VO4-dependent suppression of GC-B activity, whereas Y808E and Y808S mutations rather elevated cGMP production. Tyr808 is conserved in all membrane-bound GCs and located in the niche domain showing sequence similarity to a partial fragment of the HNOBA (haem nitric oxide binding associated) domain, which is found in soluble GC and in bacterial haem-binding kinases. This finding provides new insight into the activation mechanism of GCs.
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Arakawa H, Kelliher KR, Zufall F, Munger SD. The receptor guanylyl cyclase type D (GC-D) ligand uroguanylin promotes the acquisition of food preferences in mice. Chem Senses 2013; 38:391-7. [PMID: 23564012 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents rely on olfactory stimuli to communicate information between conspecifics that is critical for health and survival. For example, rodents that detect a food odor simultaneously with the social odor carbon disulfide (CS(2)) will acquire a preference for that food. Disruption of the chemosensory transduction cascade in CS(2-)sensitive olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that express the receptor guanylyl cyclase type D (GC-D; GC-D+ OSNs) will prevent mice from acquiring these preferences. GC-D+ OSNs also respond to the natriuretic peptide uroguanylin, which is excreted into urine and feces. We analyzed if uroguanylin could also act as a social stimulus to promote the acquisition of food preferences. We found that feces of mice that had eaten odored food, but not unodored food, promoted a strong preference for that food in mice exposed to the feces. Olfactory exploration of uroguanylin presented with a food odor similarly produced a preference that was absent when mice were exposed to the food odor alone. Finally, the acquisition of this preference was dependent on GC-D+ OSNs, as mice lacking GC-D (Gucy2d(-)(/-) mice) showed no preference for the demonstrated food. Together with our previous findings, these results demonstrate that the diverse activators of GC-D+ OSNs elicit a common behavioral result and suggest that this specialized olfactory subsystem acts as a labeled line for a type of associative olfactory learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Packard A, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter A, Schwob JE. Progenitor cell capacity of NeuroD1-expressing globose basal cells in the mouse olfactory epithelium. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3580-96. [PMID: 21800309 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD1 is expressed in embryonic and adult mouse olfactory epithelium (OE), as well as during epithelial regeneration, suggesting that it plays an important role in olfactory neurogenesis. We characterized NEUROD1-expressing progenitors, determined their progeny in the adult OE, and identified a subtle phenotype in ΔNeuroD1-knockout mice. All olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) derive from a NeuroD1-expressing progenitor as shown by recombination-mediated lineage tracing, as do other sensory receptors of the nose, including vomeronasal, nasal septal, and Grunenberg ganglion neurons. NEUROD1-expressing cells are found among the globose basal cell population: they are actively proliferating and frequently coexpress Neurog1, but not the transit amplifying cell marker MASH1, nor the neuronal marker NCAM. As a consequence, NEUROD1-expressing globose basal cells are best classified as immediate neuronal precursors. In adolescent ΔNeuroD1-LacZ knock-in null mice the OE displays subtle abnormalities, as compared to wildtype and heterozygous littermates. In some areas of the OE, mature neurons are absent, or sparse, although those same areas retain immature OSNs and LacZ-expressing progenitors, albeit both of these populations are smaller than expected. Our results support the conclusion that most, if not all, nasal chemosensory neurons derive from NeuroD1-expressing globose basal cells of the immediate neuronal precursor variety. Moreover, elimination of NeuroD1 by gene knockout, while it does not disrupt initial OSN differentiation, does compromise the integrity of parts of the olfactory epithelium by altering proliferation, neuronal differentiation, or neuronal survival there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Packard
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Sharma RK, Duda T. Ca(2+)-sensors and ROS-GC: interlocked sensory transduction elements: a review. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:42. [PMID: 22509149 PMCID: PMC3321474 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From its initial discovery that ROS-GC membrane guanylate cyclase is a mono-modal Ca(2+)-transduction system linked exclusively with the photo-transduction machinery to the successive finding that it embodies a remarkable bimodal Ca(2+) signaling device, its widened transduction role in the general signaling mechanisms of the sensory neuron cells was envisioned. A theoretical concept was proposed where Ca(2+)-modulates ROS-GC through its generated cyclic GMP via a nearby cyclic nucleotide gated channel and creates a hyper- or depolarized sate in the neuron membrane (Ca(2+) Binding Proteins 1:1, 7-11, 2006). The generated electric potential then becomes a mode of transmission of the parent [Ca(2+)](i) signal. Ca(2+) and ROS-GC are interlocked messengers in multiple sensory transduction mechanisms. This comprehensive review discusses the developmental stages to the present status of this concept and demonstrates how neuronal Ca(2+)-sensor (NCS) proteins are the interconnected elements of this elegant ROS-GC transduction system. The focus is on the dynamism of the structural composition of this system, and how it accommodates selectivity and elasticity for the Ca(2+) signals to perform multiple tasks linked with the SENSES of vision, smell, and possibly of taste and the pineal gland. An intriguing illustration is provided for the Ca(2+) sensor GCAP1 which displays its remarkable ability for its flexibility in function from being a photoreceptor sensor to an odorant receptor sensor. In doing so it reverses its function from an inhibitor of ROS-GC to the stimulator of ONE-GC membrane guanylate cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar K. Sharma
- Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Salus University, Elkins ParkPA, USA
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Duda T, Pertzev A, Sharma RK. 657WTAPELL663 motif of the photoreceptor ROS-GC1: a general phototransduction switch. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:236-41. [PMID: 21463603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study documents the identity of an intriguing transduction mechanism of the [Ca(2+)](i) signals by the photoreceptor ROS-GC1. Despite their distal residences and operational modes in phototransduction, the two GCAPs transmit and activate ROS-GC1 through a common Ca(2+) transmitter switch (Ca(2+)TS). A combination of immunoprecipitation, fluorescent spectroscopy, mutational analyses and reconstitution studies has been used to demonstrate that the structure of this switch is (657)WTAPELL(663). The two Ca(2+) signaling GCAP pathways converge in Ca(2+)TS, get transduced, activate ROS-GC1, generate the LIGHT signal second messenger cyclic GMP and yet functionally perform divergent operations of the phototransduction machinery. The findings define a new Ca(2+)-modulated photoreceptor ROS-GC transduction model; it is depicted and discussed for its application to processing the different shades of LIGHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Duda
- Research Divisions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Salus University, 8360 Old York Road, Elkins Park, PA 19027, United States.
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Basu N, Visweswariah SS. Defying the stereotype: non-canonical roles of the Peptide hormones guanylin and uroguanylin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:14. [PMID: 22654795 PMCID: PMC3356075 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormones uroguanylin and guanylin have been traditionally thought to be mediators of fluid-ion homeostasis in the vertebrate intestine. They serve as ligands for receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), and both receptor and ligands are expressed predominantly in the intestine. Ligand binding to GC-C results in increased cyclic GMP production in the cell which governs downstream signaling. In the last decade, a significant amount of research has unraveled novel functions for this class of peptide hormones, in addition to their action as intestinal secretagogues. An additional receptor for uroguanylin, receptor guanylyl cyclase D, has also been identified. Thus, unconventional roles of these peptides in regulating renal filtration, olfaction, reproduction, and cell proliferation have begun to be elucidated in detail. These varied effects suggest that these peptide hormones act in an autocrine, paracrine as well as endocrine manner to regulate diverse cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Basu
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, India
| | - Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. e-mail:
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Guanylate cyclase-G, expressed in the Grueneberg ganglion olfactory subsystem, is activated by bicarbonate. Biochem J 2010; 432:267-73. [PMID: 20738256 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GC (guanylate cyclase)-G is the most recently identified member of the receptor GC family. However, the regulation of its activity and protein expression in the mammalian olfactory system remains unclear. In the present study, we used a GC-G-specific antibody to validate that the GC-G protein is expressed in Grueneberg ganglion neurons, a newly recognized olfactory subsystem co-expressing other cGMP signalling components such as the cGMP-regulated PDE2A (phosphodiesterase 2A) and the cGMP-gated ion channel CNGA3 (cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel α-3). Further molecular and biochemical analyses showed that heterologously expressed GC-G protein, specifically the C-terminal cyclase domain, was directly stimulated by bicarbonate in both in vivo cellular cGMP accumulation assays in human embryonic kidney-293T cells and in vitro GC assays with a purified recombinant protein containing the GC domain. In addition, overexpression of GC-G in NG108 neuronal cells resulted in a CO2-dependent increase in cellular cGMP level that could be blocked by treatment with acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrases, which implies that the stimulatory effect of CO2 requires its conversion to bicarbonate. Together, our data demonstrate a novel CO2/bicarbonate-dependent activation mechanism for GC-G and suggest that GC-G may be involved in a wide variety of CO2/bicarbonate-regulated biological processes such as the chemosensory function in Grueneberg ganglion neurons.
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Pertzev A, Duda T, Sharma RK. Ca(2+) sensor GCAP1: A constitutive element of the ONE-GC-modulated odorant signal transduction pathway. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7303-13. [PMID: 20684533 DOI: 10.1021/bi101001v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a small subset of the olfactory sensory neurons, the odorant receptor ONE-GC guanylate cyclase is a central transduction component of the cyclic GMP signaling pathway. In a two-step transduction model, the odorant, uroguanylin, binds to the extracellular domain and activates its intracellular domain to generate the odorant second messenger, cyclic GMP. This study via comprehensive technology, including gene deletion, live cell Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, documents the identity of a remarkably intriguing operation of a Ca(2+) sensor component of the ONE-GC transduction machinery, GCAP1. In the ciliary membranes, the sites of odorant transduction, GCAP1 is biochemically and physiologically coupled to ONE-GC. Strikingly, this coupling reverses its well- established function in ROS-GC1 signaling, linked with phototransduction. In response to the free Ca(2+) range from nanomolar to semimicromolar, it inhibits ROS-GC1, yet in this range, it incrementally stimulates ONE-GC. These two opposite modes of signaling two SENSORY processes by a single Ca(2+) sensor define a new transduction paradigm of membrane guanylate cyclases. This paradigm is pictorially presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pertzev
- Research Division of Biochemistry, The Unit of Regulatory and Molecular Biology, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania 19027, USA
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Munger SD, Leinders-Zufall T, McDougall LM, Cockerham RE, Schmid A, Wandernoth P, Wennemuth G, Biel M, Zufall F, Kelliher KR. An olfactory subsystem that detects carbon disulfide and mediates food-related social learning. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1438-44. [PMID: 20637621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory signals influence social interactions in a variety of species. In mammals, pheromones and other social cues can promote mating or aggression behaviors; can communicate information about social hierarchies, genetic identity and health status; and can contribute to associative learning. However, the molecular, cellular, and neural mechanisms underlying many olfactory-mediated social interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we report that a specialized olfactory subsystem that includes olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-D, the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel subunit CNGA3, and the carbonic anhydrase isoform CAII (GC-D(+) OSNs) is required for the acquisition of socially transmitted food preferences (STFPs) in mice. Using electrophysiological recordings from gene-targeted mice, we show that GC-D(+) OSNs are highly sensitive to the volatile semiochemical carbon disulfide (CS(2)), a component of rodent breath and a known social signal mediating the acquisition of STFPs. Olfactory responses to CS(2) are drastically reduced in mice lacking GC-D, CNGA3, or CAII. Disruption of this sensory transduction cascade also results in a failure to acquire STFPs from either live or surrogate demonstrator mice or to exhibit hippocampal correlates of STFP retrieval. Our findings indicate that GC-D(+) OSNs detect chemosignals that facilitate food-related social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Munger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
The Grueneberg ganglion is a newly appreciated nasal subsystem with neural connections to the olfactory forebrain, but its functional role has not been well defined. Here, we assess whether Grueneberg ganglion neurons (GGNs) function as thermosensors. By investigating the effect of acute temperature changes on the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration of genetically labeled mouse GGNs (either gender), we demonstrate that GGNs are thermosensory neurons specialized to detect a temperature decline within a given temperature window. Furthermore, GGNs comprise a relatively homogeneous cell population with respect to temperature sensitivity. GGNs do not respond to ligands of the temperature-sensitive TRP channels TRPM8 and TRPA1, suggesting a novel mechanism for temperature sensing. One possibility is a cGMP-mediated mechanism, as GGNs express the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-G, the cGMP-sensitive phosphodiesterase PDE2 and the cGMP-sensitive channel CNGA3. Surprisingly, Cnga3-null mice show normal cooling-induced Ca(2+) responses although cGMP-dependent Ca(2+) increases are absent in these mice. Rather, the cooling-induced Ca(2+) response of GGNs depends critically on the activity of a tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium channel whereas the cGMP-dependent Ca(2+) signal does not. These findings establish the Grueneberg ganglion as a sensory organ mediating cold-evoked neural responses, possibly in conjunction with the sensing of other stress- or fear-related chemical social cues.
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Johnson JLF, Leroux MR. cAMP and cGMP signaling: sensory systems with prokaryotic roots adopted by eukaryotic cilia. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:435-44. [PMID: 20541938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An exciting discovery of the new millennium is that primary cilia, organelles found on most eukaryotic cells, play crucial roles in vertebrate development by modulating Hedgehog, Wnt and PDGF signaling. Analysis of the literature and sequence databases reveals that the ancient signal transduction pathway, which uses cGMP in eukaryotes or related cyclic di-GMP in bacteria, exists in virtually all eukaryotes. However, many eukaryotes that secondarily lost cilia during evolution, including flowering plants, slime molds and most fungi, lack otherwise evolutionarily conserved cGMP signaling components. Based on this intriguing phylogenetic distribution, the presence of cGMP signaling proteins within cilia, and the indispensable roles that cGMP plays in transducing environmental signals in divergent ciliated cells (e.g. vertebrate photoreceptors and Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons), we propose that cGMP signaling has a strong ciliary basis. cAMP signaling, also inherent to bacteria and crucial for cilium-dependent olfaction, similarly appears to have widespread usage in diverse cilia. Thus, we argue here that both cyclic nucleotides play essential and potentially ubiquitous roles in modulating ciliary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacque-Lynne F Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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