1
|
Rajesh R U, Sangeetha D. Therapeutic potentials and targeting strategies of quercetin on cancer cells: Challenges and future prospects. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 133:155902. [PMID: 39059266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Every cell in the human body is vital because it maintains equilibrium and carries out a variety of tasks, including growth and development. These activities are carried out by a set of instructions carried by many different genes and organized into DNA. It is well recognized that some lifestyle decisions, like using tobacco, alcohol, UV, or multiple sexual partners, might increase one's risk of developing cancer. The advantages of natural products for any health issue are well known, and researchers are making attempts to separate flavonoid-containing substances from plants. Various parts of plants contain a phenolic compound called flavonoid. Quercetin, which belongs to the class of compounds known as flavones with chromone skeletal structure, has anti-cancer activity. PURPOSE The study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic action of the flavonoid quercetin on various cancer cells. METHODS The phrases quercetin, anti-cancer, nanoparticles, and cell line were used to search the data using online resources such as PubMed, and Google Scholar. Several critical previous studies have been included. RESULTS Quercetin inhibits various dysregulated signaling pathways that cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis to exercise its anticancer effects. Numerous signaling pathways are impacted by quercetin, such as the Hedgehog system, Akt, NF-κB pathway, downregulated mutant p53, JAK/STAT, G1 phase arrest, Wnt/β-Catenin, and MAPK. There are downsides to quercetin, like hydrophobicity, first-pass effect, instability in the gastrointestinal tract, etc., because of which it is not well-established in the pharmaceutical industry. The solution to these drawbacks in the future is using bio-nanomaterials like chitosan, PLGA, liposomes, and silk fibroin as carriers, which can enhance the target specificity of quercetin. The first section of this review covers the specifics of flavonoids and quercetin; the second section covers the anti-cancer activity of quercetin; and the third section explains the drawbacks and conjugation of quercetin with nanoparticles for drug delivery by overcoming quercetin's drawback. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review presented details about quercetin, which is a plant derivative with a promising molecular mechanism of action. They inhibit cancer by various mechanisms with little or no side effects. It is anticipated that plant-based materials will become increasingly relevant in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Rajesh R
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanaraj Sangeetha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Figueira MI, Carvalho TMA, Macário-Monteiro J, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Vaz CV, Duarte AP, Socorro S. The Pros and Cons of Estrogens in Prostate Cancer: An Update with a Focus on Phytoestrogens. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1636. [PMID: 39200101 PMCID: PMC11351860 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of estrogens in prostate cancer (PCa) is shrouded in mystery, with its actions going from angelic to devilish. The findings by Huggins and Hodges establishing PCa as a hormone-sensitive cancer have provided the basis for using estrogens in therapy. However, despite the clinical efficacy in suppressing tumor growth and the panoply of experimental evidence describing its anticarcinogenic effects, estrogens were abolished from PCa treatment because of the adverse secondary effects. Notwithstanding, research work over the years has continued investigating the effects of estrogens, reporting their pros and cons in prostate carcinogenesis. In contrast with the beneficial therapeutic effects, many reports have implicated estrogens in the disruption of prostate cell fate and tissue homeostasis. On the other hand, epidemiological data demonstrating the lower incidence of PCa in Eastern countries associated with a higher consumption of phytoestrogens support the beneficial role of estrogens in counteracting cancer development. Many studies have investigated the effects of phytoestrogens and the underlying mechanisms of action, which may contribute to developing safe estrogen-based anti-PCa therapies. This review compiles the existing data on the anti- and protumorigenic actions of estrogens and summarizes the anticancer effects of several phytoestrogens, highlighting their promising features in PCa treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.I.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren L, Zhang T, Zhang J. Recent advances in dietary androgen receptor inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1446-1500. [PMID: 38279967 DOI: 10.1002/med.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
As a nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role not only in normal male sexual differentiation and growth of the prostate, but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Multiple population-based epidemiological studies demonstrated that prostate cancer risk was inversely associated with increased dietary intakes of green tea, soy products, tomato, and so forth. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the structure and function of AR, and further illustrate the structural basis for antagonistic mechanisms of the currently clinically available antiandrogens. Due to the limitations of these antiandrogens, a series of natural AR inhibitors have been identified from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, as well as folk medicines, health foods, and nutritional supplements. Hence, this review mainly focused on recent experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies about natural AR inhibitors, particularly the association between dietary intake of natural antiandrogens and reduced risk of prostatic diseases. Since natural products offer multiple advantages over synthetic antiandrogens, this review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview of dietary-derived AR inhibitors, as well as their potential for the nutritional intervention against prostatic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santiano FE, Fernández MDLÁ, Espino M, Zyla LE, Rey L, Gómez SE, Bruna FA, Pistone-Creydt V, Pietrobon E, Pérez Elizalde R, Silva MF, Carón RW, López Fontana CM. Protective effects of Yerba mate (IIex paraguariensis) on prostate cancer development. Nutrition 2023; 108:111957. [PMID: 36696705 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common adenocarcinoma in men >50 y of age. It has a long latency period, which provides time for preventive strategies like incorporating healthy eating habits. Yerba mate (YM) intake has been associated with numerous health benefits. Since YM is one of the most popular infusions in Argentina, the of this study was to examine the influence of YM on PCa development. METHODS We carried out an in vivo model of PCa through subcutaneous inoculation of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate-C1 cells in C57BL/6 mice. Subsequently, the animals were divided into two groups: mate (25 mg/mL of YM in drinking water, n = 15), and control (only drinking water, n = 15). We also developed an in vitro model to study the direct effects of YM on three human PCa cell lines: lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP), PC-3, and DU-145. RESULTS Our in vivo model showed that YM intake slightly reduced body weight, increased the latency of tumor appearance (P <0.01), and diminished the tumor volume (P <0.05) compared with the control group. In agreement, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and nuclear estrogen receptor α were lower in the tumors of the mate animals (P <0.05). In vitro, YM decreased the viability, proliferation, and adhesion of the three tumor cell lines (P < 0.001) and retarded the migration of LNCaP (P <0.05) and DU-145 (P <0.005), without modifying the migration of PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS YM showed anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo and were more effective on the androgen-sensitive cell line (LNCaP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia E Santiano
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - María de Los Ángeles Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Espino
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leila E Zyla
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Lara Rey
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Silvina E Gómez
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia A Bruna
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Virginia Pistone-Creydt
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Elisa Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - María F Silva
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén W Carón
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Constanza M López Fontana
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar R, Mahmoud MM, Tashkandi HM, Haque S, Harakeh S, Ponnusamy K, Haider S. Combinatorial Network of Transcriptional and miRNA Regulation in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065356. [PMID: 36982429 PMCID: PMC10048903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality across the worldwide. One of the major challenges in colorectal cancer is the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of biological molecules. In this study, we aimed to identify novel key molecules in colorectal cancer by using a computational systems biology approach. We constructed the colorectal protein–protein interaction network which followed hierarchical scale-free nature. We identified TP53, CTNBB1, AKT1, EGFR, HRAS, JUN, RHOA, and EGF as bottleneck-hubs. The HRAS showed the largest interacting strength with functional subnetworks, having strong correlation with protein phosphorylation, kinase activity, signal transduction, and apoptotic processes. Furthermore, we constructed the bottleneck-hubs’ regulatory networks with their transcriptional (transcription factor) and post-transcriptional (miRNAs) regulators, which exhibited the important key regulators. We observed miR-429, miR-622, and miR-133b and transcription factors (EZH2, HDAC1, HDAC4, AR, NFKB1, and KLF4) regulates four bottleneck-hubs (TP53, JUN, AKT1 and EGFR) at the motif level. In future, biochemical investigation of the observed key regulators could provide further understanding about their role in the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India;
| | - Maged Mostafa Mahmoud
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M. Tashkandi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut 13-5053, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalaiarasan Ponnusamy
- Biotechnology Division, National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi 110054, India
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Shazia Haider
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida 201309, India;
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Z, Xie T, Zhang S, Yin H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Chen W, Yu D, Qiu X, Zhao W, Guo H, Zhuang J. Second generation androgen receptor antagonist, TQB3720 abrogates prostate cancer growth via AR/GPX4 axis activated ferroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1110146. [PMID: 36744249 PMCID: PMC9895946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) poses a great threat to humans. The study aimed to evaluate the potential of TQB3720 in promoting ferroptosis to suppress prostate cancer, providing a theoretical basis for PCa therapy. Methods: PCa cells and nude mice models were divided into TQB3720, enzalutamide (ENZ), and control groups. Sulforhodamine B assay, colony formation assessment, organoids culture system, and the CCK8 assay were used for detecting proliferation. Western blot assay was processed to detect the expression of androgen receptor (AR), ferroptosis, and apoptosis-related genes. Flow cytometry was applied to measure the intracellular ROS levels. ELISA was performed to determine the cellular oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. RT-qPCR was conducted to detect the mRNA expression of genes in AR signaling. BODIPYTM™ 581/591 was processed for detection of intracellular lipid peroxidation levels. The interaction of AR with other translational factor complex proteins was explored using Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was performed to detect the binding of AR-involved translational complex to downstream genes promoter. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to examine the translation activity of GPX4 promoter, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to analyze the levels of c-MYC, Ki-67 and AR in TQB3720-treated cancer tissues. Results: Here, we found TQB3720 inhibits the growth of prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. TQB3720 treatment induced intracellular levels of GSSG and MDA significantly, by which hints AR antagonist caused ferroptosis-related cell death. Moreover, molecular evidence shown TQB3720 regulates downstream of AR signaling by binding AR resulting in inhibition of AR entry into the nucleus. Additional, we also proved that TQB3720 abrogates the interaction between AR and SP1 and leads to decrease GPX4 transcription. Conclusion: TQB3720 promotes ferroptosis in prostate cancer cells by reducing the AR/SP1 transcriptional complex binding to GPX4 promoter. As a result, it is suggested to be a potential drug for clinic prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianlei Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoli Yin
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-Origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ding Yu
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine/Sichuan Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Prevention and Control Technology of Veterinary Drug Residue in Animal-Origin Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junlong Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Urology Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
ZHANG BY, ZHENG YF, ZHAO J, KANG D, WANG Z, XU LJ, LIU AL, DU GH. Identification of multi-target anti-cancer agents from TCM formula by in silico prediction and in vitro validation. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:332-351. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Zheng S, Chen Y, Ma M, Li M. Mechanism of quercetin on the improvement of ovulation disorder and regulation of ovarian CNP/NPR2 in PCOS model rats. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:1081-1092. [PMID: 34538551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of quercetin on ovulation disorder and expression of androgen receptor (AR) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) / Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 (NPR2) in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rat model. METHODS DHEA was used to construct the PCOS rat model. After intervention with quercetin, metformin, and AR, the estrous cycle, ovarian and uterine weight of rats were measured. The morphological changes of ovarian and uterine were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE staining). Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemical detection of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2), BCL2-Associated X (Bax) and AR expression in ovarian. Determination of the expression of CNP and NPR2 mRNA by qRT-PCR. Chromatin immunocoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to detect the ability of AR to bind to CNP or NPR2 promoter. RESULTS The results showed that quercetin could significantly reduce the expression of Testosterone (T) , Estradiol (E2) , LH, Bax, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, increase the expression of FSH and Bcl-2, inhibit the expression of AR, regulate the expression of CNP / NPR2 gene and protein by affecting the combination of AR with the specific sequence of CNP and NPR2 gene promoters, restore the maturation of oocyte and ovulation. CONCLUSION The results suggest that quercetin can alleviate the hormone, metabolic and ovulatory aberrations caused by PCOS, and provide experimental basis for the clinical application of quercetin in PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Zheng
- Pharmacy Department, Foshan Women And Children Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Pharmacy Department, The First Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Mingying Ma
- Pharmacy Department, Nanfang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, China
| | - Miaoxia Li
- Comprehensive Laboratory, Guangdong Huiqun Chinese Traditional Medicine CO., Ltd, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Effect of Quercetin Nanosuspension on Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP via Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 10:69-75. [PMID: 34277870 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in American population. In this manner, novel therapeutic approaches for identification of therapeutic targets for PCa has significant clinical implications. Quercetin is a potent cancer therapeutic agent and dietary antioxidant present in fruit and vegetables. Methods To investigate the underlying mechanism by which the PCa was regulated, nanoparticles of quercetin were administrated to cells. For in vitro experiments, human PCa cell line LNCaP were involved. Cell viability assay and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) for hedgehog signaling pathway genes were used to determine the key signaling pathway regulated for PCa progression. Results The cell viability gradually decreased with increased concentration of quercetin nanoparticles. At 48 h, 40 mM concentration of quercetin treatment showed near 50% of viable cells. Quercetin nanoparticles upregulates Su(Fu) mRNA expressions and downregulates gli mRNA expressions in the LNCaP cells. Conclusion The results showed that the hedgehog signaling targeted inhibition may have important implications of PCa therapeutics. Additionally, the outcomes provided new mechanistic basis for further examination of quercetin nanoparticles to discover potential treatment strategies and new targets for PCa inhibition.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang W, Ning J, He Y, Zhai L, Xiang F, Yao L, Ye L, Wu L, Ji T, Tang Z. Unveiling the mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers based on network pharmacology. Eur J Integr Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Lim SC, Jansson PJ, Assinder SJ, Maleki S, Richardson DR, Kovacevic Z. Unique targeting of androgen-dependent and -independent AR signaling in prostate cancer to overcome androgen resistance. FASEB J 2020; 34:11511-11528. [PMID: 32713076 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a major driver of prostate cancer (PCa) and a key therapeutic target for AR inhibitors (ie, Enzalutamide). However, Enzalutamide only inhibits androgen-dependent AR signaling, enabling intrinsic AR activation via androgen-independent pathways, leading to aggressive castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). We investigated the ability of novel anti-cancer agents, Dp44mT and DpC, to overcome androgen resistance. The effect of Dp44mT and DpC on androgen-dependent and independent AR signaling was assessed in androgen-dependent and -independent PCa cells using 2D- and 3D-tissue culture. The clinically trialed DpC was then examined in vivo and compared to Enzalutamide. These agents uniquely promote AR proteasomal degradation and inhibit AR transcription in PCa cells via the upregulation of c-Jun, potently reducing the AR target, prostate-specific antigen (PSA). These agents also inhibited the activation of key molecules in both androgen-dependent and independent AR signaling (ie, EGFR, MAPK, PI3K), which promote CRPC. The clinically trialed DpC also significantly inhibited PCa tumor growth, AR, and PSA expression in vivo, being more potent than Enzalutamide. DpC is a promising candidate for a unique, structurally distinct generation of AR inhibitors that simultaneously target both androgen-dependent and independent arms of AR signaling. No other therapies exhibit such comprehensive and potent AR suppression, which is critical for overcoming the development of androgen resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syer C Lim
- Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Assinder
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sanaz Maleki
- Histopathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Centre for Cancer Cell Biology, Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Cancer Metastasis and Tumour Microenvironment Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Di Domizio A, Limonta P. Natural Compounds in Prostate Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020460. [PMID: 32085497 PMCID: PMC7072821 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents a major cause of cancer mortality among men in developed countries. Patients with recurrent disease initially respond to androgen-deprivation therapy, but the tumor eventually progresses into castration-resistant PCa; in this condition, tumor cells acquire the ability to escape cell death and develop resistance to current therapies. Thus, new therapeutic approaches for PCa management are urgently needed. In this setting, natural products have been extensively studied for their anti-PCa activities, such as tumor growth suppression, cell death induction, and inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis. Additionally, numerous studies have shown that phytochemicals can specifically target the androgen receptor (AR) signaling, as well as the PCa stem cells (PCSCs). Interestingly, many clinical trials have been conducted to test the efficacy of nutraceuticals in human subjects, and they have partially confirmed the promising results obtained in vitro and in preclinical models. This article summarizes the anti-cancer mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of different natural compounds in the context of PCa prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Alessandro Di Domizio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
- SPILLOproject, 20037 Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318213
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The role of JNK in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
14
|
Elshan NGRD, Rettig MB, Jung ME. Molecules targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis beyond the AR-Ligand binding domain. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:910-960. [PMID: 30565725 PMCID: PMC6608750 DOI: 10.1002/med.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) and the physiological pathways it regulates are central to the initiation and progression of PCa. As a member of the nuclear steroid receptor family, it is a transcription factor with three distinct functional domains (ligand-binding domain [LBD], DNA-binding domain [DBD], and transactivation domain [TAD]) in its structure. All clinically approved drugs for PCa ultimately target the AR-LBD. Clinically active drugs that target the DBD and TAD have not yet been developed due to multiple factors. Despite these limitations, the last several years have seen a rise in the discovery of molecules that could successfully target these domains. This review aims to present and comprehensively discuss such molecules that affect AR signaling through direct or indirect interactions with the AR-TAD or the DBD. The compounds discussed here include hairpin polyamides, niclosamide, marine sponge-derived small molecules (eg, EPI compounds), mahanine, VPC compounds, JN compounds, and bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors. We highlight the significant in vitro and in vivo data found for each compound and the apparent limitations and/or potential for further development of these agents as PCa therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B. Rettig
- . Division of Hematology/Oncology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System West LA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- . Departments of Medicine and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- . Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molecular Mechanisms and Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051062. [PMID: 30823649 PMCID: PMC6429226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men over the age of 50. Several lines of evidence support the observation that polyphenols have preventive and therapeutic effects in prostate cancer. Moreover, prostate cancer is ideal for chemoprevention due to its long latency. We propose here an equilibrated lifestyle with a diet rich in polyphenols as prophylactic attempts to slow down the progression of localized prostate cancer or prevent the occurrence of the disease. In this review, we will first summarize the molecular mechanisms of polyphenols in prostate cancer with a focus on the antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects, androgen receptors (AR), key molecules involved in AR signaling and their transactivation pathways, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, genetic aspects, and epigenetic mechanisms. The relevance of the molecular mechanisms is discussed in light of current bioavailability data regarding the activity of polyphenols in prostate cancer. We also highlight strategies for improving the bioavailability of polyphenols. We hope that this review will lead to further research regarding the bioavailability and the role of polyphenols in prostate cancer prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Quercetin inhibits prostate cancer by attenuating cell survival and inhibiting anti-apoptotic pathways. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:108. [PMID: 29898731 PMCID: PMC6001031 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Current treatments offered in the clinics are often toxic and have severe side effects. Hence, to treat and manage PCa, new agents with fewer side effects or having potential to reduce side effects of conventional therapy are needed. In this study, we show anti-cancer effects of quercetin, an abundant bioflavonoid commonly used to treat prostatitis, and defined quercetin-induced cellular and molecular changes leading to PCa cell death. Methods Cell viability was assessed using MTT. Cell death mode, mitochondrial outer membrane potential, and oxidative stress levels were determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-7 AAD dual staining kit, JC-1 dye, and ROS detection kit, respectively. Antibody microarray and western blot were used to delineate the molecular changes induced by quercetin. Results PCa cells treated with various concentrations of quercetin showed time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability compared to controls, without affecting normal prostate epithelial cells. Quercetin led to apoptotic and necrotic cell death in PCa cells by affecting the mitochondrial integrity and disturbing the ROS homeostasis depending upon the genetic makeup and oxidative status of the cells. LNCaP and PC-3 cells that have an oxidative cellular environment showed ROS quenching after quercetin treatment while DU-145 showed rise in ROS levels despite having a highly reductive environment. Opposing effects of quercetin were also observed on the pro-survival pathways of PCa cells. PCa cells with mutated p53 (DU-145) and increased ROS showed significant reduction in the activation of pro-survival Akt pathway while Raf/MEK were activated in response to quercetin. PC-3 cells lacking p53 and PTEN with reduced ROS levels showed significant activation of Akt and NF-κB pathway. Although some of these changes are commonly associated with oncogenic response, the cumulative effect of these alterations is PCa cell death. Conclusions Our results demonstrated quercetin exerts its anti-cancer effects by modulating ROS, Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Quercetin could be used as a chemopreventive option as well as in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to improve clinical outcomes of PCa patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Badders NM, Korff A, Miranda HC, Vuppala PK, Smith RB, Winborn BJ, Quemin ER, Sopher BL, Dearman J, Messing J, Kim NC, Moore J, Freibaum BD, Kanagaraj AP, Fan B, Tillman H, Chen PC, Wang Y, Freeman BB, Li Y, Kim HJ, La Spada AR, Taylor JP. Selective modulation of the androgen receptor AF2 domain rescues degeneration in spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. Nat Med 2018; 24:427-437. [PMID: 29505030 PMCID: PMC5975249 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a motor neuron disease caused by toxic gain of function of the androgen receptor (AR). Previously, we found that co-regulator binding through the activation function-2 (AF2) domain of AR is essential for pathogenesis, suggesting that AF2 may be a potential drug target for selective modulation of toxic AR activity. We screened previously identified AF2 modulators for their ability to rescue toxicity in a Drosophila model of SBMA. We identified two compounds, tolfenamic acid (TA) and 1-[2-(4-methylphenoxy)ethyl]-2-[(2-phenoxyethyl)sulfanyl]-1H-benzimidazole (MEPB), as top candidates for rescuing lethality, locomotor function and neuromuscular junction defects in SBMA flies. Pharmacokinetic analyses in mice revealed a more favorable bioavailability and tissue retention of MEPB compared with TA in muscle, brain and spinal cord. In a preclinical trial in a new mouse model of SBMA, MEPB treatment yielded a dose-dependent rescue from loss of body weight, rotarod activity and grip strength. In addition, MEPB ameliorated neuronal loss, neurogenic atrophy and testicular atrophy, validating AF2 modulation as a potent androgen-sparing strategy for SBMA therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha M Badders
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ane Korff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Helen C Miranda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pradeep K Vuppala
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca B Smith
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brett J Winborn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emmanuelle R Quemin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryce L Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Dearman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Messing
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Nam Chul Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian D Freibaum
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anderson P Kanagaraj
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Baochang Fan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heather Tillman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ping-Chung Chen
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Burgess B Freeman
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology and Cell Biology, and the Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tummala R, Lou W, Gao AC, Nadiminty N. Quercetin Targets hnRNPA1 to Overcome Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2770-2779. [PMID: 28729398 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains dependent on androgen receptor signaling even after castration. Aberrant androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer is mediated by mechanisms such as alterations in the androgen receptor and activation of interacting signaling pathways. Clinical evidence confirms that resistance to the next-generation antiandrogen, enzalutamide, may be mediated to a large extent by alternative splicing of the androgen receptor to generate constitutively active splice variants such as AR-V7. The splice variants AR-V7 and ARv567es have been implicated in the resistance to not only enzalutamide, but also to abiraterone and other conventional therapeutics such as taxanes. Numerous studies, including ours, suggest that splicing factors such as hnRNPA1 promote the generation of AR-V7, thus contributing to enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells. In the present study, we discovered that quercetin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, reduces the expression of hnRNPA1, and consequently, that of AR-V7. The suppression of AR-V7 by quercetin resensitizes enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells to treatment with enzalutamide. Our results indicate that quercetin downregulates hnRNPA1 expression, downregulates the expression of AR-V7, antagonizes androgen receptor signaling, and resensitizes enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide treatment in vivo in mouse xenografts. These findings demonstrate that suppressing the alternative splicing of the androgen receptor may have important implications in overcoming the resistance to next-generation antiandrogen therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2770-9. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakumar Tummala
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Nagalakshmi Nadiminty
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Crumbaker M, Khoja L, Joshua AM. AR Signaling and the PI3K Pathway in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E34. [PMID: 28420128 PMCID: PMC5406709 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide. Aberrant signaling in the androgen pathway is critical in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Despite ongoing reliance on androgen receptor (AR) signaling in castrate resistant disease, in addition to the development of potent androgen targeting drugs, patients invariably develop treatment resistance. Interactions between the AR and PI3K pathways may be a mechanism of treatment resistance and inhibitors of this pathway have been developed with variable success. Herein we outline the role of the PI3K pathway in prostate cancer and, in particular, its association with androgen receptor signaling in the pathogenesis and evolution of prostate cancer, as well as a review of the clinical utility of PI3K targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Crumbaker
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Leila Khoja
- AstraZeneca UK, Clinical Discovery Unit, Early Clinical Development Innovative Medicines, da Vinci Building, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Hertfordshire SG8 6HB, UK.
- Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dell'Albani P, Di Marco B, Grasso S, Rocco C, Foti MC. Quercetin derivatives as potent inducers of selective cytotoxicity in glioma cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Phosphorylation-induced conformational dynamics in an intrinsically disordered protein and potential role in phenotypic heterogeneity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2644-E2653. [PMID: 28289210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that lack a unique 3D structure and comprise a large fraction of the human proteome play important roles in numerous cellular functions. Prostate-Associated Gene 4 (PAGE4) is an IDP that acts as a potentiator of the Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (HIPK1) phosphorylates PAGE4 at S9 and T51, but only T51 is critical for its activity. Here, we identify a second kinase, CDC-Like Kinase 2 (CLK2), which acts on PAGE4 and hyperphosphorylates it at multiple S/T residues, including S9 and T51. We demonstrate that HIPK1 is expressed in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells, whereas CLK2 and PAGE4 are expressed only in androgen-dependent cells. Cell-based studies indicate that PAGE4 interaction with the two kinases leads to opposing functions. HIPK1-phosphorylated PAGE4 (HIPK1-PAGE4) potentiates c-Jun, whereas CLK2-phosphorylated PAGE4 (CLK2-PAGE4) attenuates c-Jun activity. Consistent with the cellular data, biophysical measurements (small-angle X-ray scattering, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and NMR) indicate that HIPK1-PAGE4 exhibits a relatively compact conformational ensemble that binds AP-1, whereas CLK2-PAGE4 is more expanded and resembles a random coil with diminished affinity for AP-1. Taken together, the results suggest that the phosphorylation-induced conformational dynamics of PAGE4 may play a role in modulating changes between PCa cell phenotypes. A mathematical model based on our experimental data demonstrates how differential phosphorylation of PAGE4 can lead to transitions between androgen-dependent and androgen-independent phenotypes by altering the AP-1/androgen receptor regulatory circuit in PCa cells.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou J, Fang L, Liao J, Li L, Yao W, Xiong Z, Zhou X. Investigation of the anti-cancer effect of quercetin on HepG2 cells in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172838. [PMID: 28264020 PMCID: PMC5338765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid compound, can inhibit the growth of several malignant cancers. However, the mechanism still remains unclear. Our previous findings have suggested that quercetin can significantly inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in vitro. It can also affect cell cycle distribution and significantly decrease cyclin D1 expression. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of quercetin on HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mice and its effect on cyclin D1 expression in the tumor tissue. First, the nude murine tumor model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of HepG2 cells, then quercetin was administered intraperitoneally, and the mice injected with saline solution were used as controls. The daily behavior of the tumor-bearing mice was observed and differences in tumor growth and survival rate were monitored. The expression of cyclin D1 in isolated tumor sections was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We found that HepG2 tumor became palpable in the mice one-week post-inoculation. Tumors in the control group grew rapidly and the daily behavior of the mice changed significantly, including listlessness, poor feeding and ataxia. The mice in quercetin-treated group showed delayed tumor growth, no significant changes in daily behavior, and the survival rate was significantly improved. Finally, we observed increased tumor necrosis and a lighter cyclin D1 staining with reduced staining areas. Our findings thus suggest that quercetin can significantly inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation, and this effect may be achieved through the regulation of cyclin D1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxu Liao
- Department of Radiology, the Sixth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Yao
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhujuan Xiong
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Chemotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang X, Bu HF, Liu SXL, De Plaen IG, Tan XD. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of the MFG-E8 Gene Promoter Activity in Physiological and Inflammatory Conditions. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1867-79. [PMID: 25711369 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) is expressed by macrophages and plays an important role in attenuating inflammation and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Previously, we and others found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits MFG-E8 gene expression in macrophages. Here, we characterized the 5'-flanking region of the mouse MFG-E8 gene. To functionally analyze the upstream regulatory region of the MFG-E8 gene, a series of luciferase reporter gene constructs containing deleted or mutated regulatory elements were prepared. Using the luciferase assay, we revealed that Sp1 binding motifs within the proximal promoter region were necessary for full activity of the MFG-E8 promoter, whereas AP-1 like binding sequence at -372 played a role in governing the promoter activity at a homeostatic level. With chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we showed that Sp1 and c-Jun physically interact with the MFG-E8 promoter region in vivo. In addition, Sp1 was found to regulate the MFG-E8 promoter activity positively and c-Jun negatively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LPS inhibited MFG-E8 promoter activity via targeting Sp1 and AP-1-like motifs in the 5'-flanking region. Collectively, our data indicate that Sp1 and AP-1-related factors are involved in the regulation of MFG-E8 gene transcription by targeting their binding sites in the 5'-flanking region under physiological and inflammatory states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heng-Fu Bu
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shirley X L Liu
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Isabelle G De Plaen
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- Center for Intestinal and Liver Inflammation Research, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Research & Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Dietary-derived agents, such as the flavonoids, are of particular interest for prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention as they may offer a favourable safety and side-effect profile. An agent that demonstrates action on the androgen receptor (AR) axis may have value for preventing or treating castrate-resistant PCa. Four main flavonols - quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and fisetin - have been demonstrated in laboratory studies to have chemopreventive action in both castrate-resistant and castrate-sensitive PCa models. Mechanisms of flavonol action on the AR axis in PCa have been proposed to be inhibition of the 5α-reductase enzymes, direct androgen competition, suppression of the AR complex and transactivation by coregulators such as c-Jun, Sp1, and the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is, however, still unclear with current levels of evidence whether AR axis-mediated effects can fully account for the flavonols' chemopreventive action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Boam
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, Merseyside, L7 8XP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
D'Andrea G. Quercetin: A flavonol with multifaceted therapeutic applications? Fitoterapia 2015; 106:256-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
26
|
YANG FEIYA, SONG LIMING, WANG HUIPING, WANG JUN, XU ZHIQING, XING NIANZENG. Quercetin in prostate cancer: Chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects, mechanisms and clinical application potential (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2659-68. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
27
|
Sun M, Li M, Huang Q, Han F, Gu JH, Xie J, Han R, Qin ZH, Zhou Z. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced upregulation of TIGAR in brain is mediated by SP1 and modulated by ROS and hormones involved in glucose metabolism. Neurochem Int 2015; 80:99-109. [PMID: 25445985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that TIGAR (TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator) was upregulated in response to ischemia/reperfusion insult in a TP53-independent manner. The present study sought to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of TIGAR upregulation in animal and cellular models of stroke. The animal and cellular models of ischemia/reperfusion were produced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (tMCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), respectively. The expression of TIGAR protein in cortical tissues and hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 cells or primary neurons was determined. Glucose, hormones and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were administered to mice via injection into the tail vein or lateral ventricle or directly added into cell culture medium. In mice subjected to tMCAO/R, the blood glucose level rapidly increased, peaking at 0.5 h and then declined. TIGAR protein was also significantly increased and then declined with a delayed time-course. The increase in TIGAR protein was blunted when blood glucose levels were controlled with insulin. However, administering glucose solution to mice or adding glucose to cell culture medium had no effect on TIGAR protein levels. In contrast adrenaline, hydrocortisone, glucagon and H2O2 significantly increased TIGAR protein expression, whereas insulin inhibited TIGAR expression. The transcription factor SP1 was induced by ischemia/reperfusion ahead of TIGAR upregulation. Inhibiting SP1 with mithramycin A or silencing SP1 with siRNA blocked the ischemia-induced TIGAR upregulation. These results suggest that ROS and hormones regulating blood glucose metabolism play a role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced TIGAR upregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jin-Hua Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medical Science, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jiaming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin 541001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Quercetin induces mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and protective autophagy in human glioblastoma U373MG cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:596496. [PMID: 24379902 PMCID: PMC3863523 DOI: 10.1155/2013/596496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid with known antitumor effects against several types of cancers by promoting apoptotic cell death and inducing cell cycle arrest. However, U373MG malignant glioma cells expressing mutant p53 are resistant to a 24 h quercetin treatment. In this study, the anticancer effect of quercetin was reevaluated in U373MG cells, and quercetin was found to be significantly effective in inhibiting proliferation of U373MG cells in a concentration-dependent manner after 48 and 72 h of incubation. Quercetin induced U373MG cell death through apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased number of cells in the sub-G1 phase, the appearance of fragmented nuclei, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7, an increase in caspase-3 and 9 activities, and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein. Furthermore, quercetin activated JNK and increased the expression of p53, which translocated to the mitochondria and simultaneously led to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol. We also found that quercetin induced autophagy. Pretreatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, strongly augmented apoptosis in U373MG cells, indicating that quercetin induced protective autopagy in U373MG cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu C, Wang C, Wang K, Liu L, Shen Q, Yan K, Sun X, Chen J, Liu J, Ren H, Liu H, Xu Z, Hu S, Xu D, Fan Y. SMYD3 as an oncogenic driver in prostate cancer by stimulation of androgen receptor transcription. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1719-28. [PMID: 24174655 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) is critical for prostate tumorigenesis and is frequently overexpressed during prostate cancer (PC) progression. However, few studies have addressed the epigenetic regulation of AR expression. METHODS We analyzed SMYD3 expression in human PC with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. SMYD3 expression was knocked down using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis analyses and xenograft transplantation were performed to evaluate the impact of SMYD3 depletion on PC cells. AR expression and promoter activity were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and luciferase reporter assay. AR promoter association with Sp1, SMYD3, and histone modifications was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Differences in AR mRNA abundance and promoter activity were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, SMYD3 expression was analyzed using with Mann-Whitney U tests for unpaired samples, and tumor weight was analyzed with Student t test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The upregulation of SMYD3 protein expression was observed in seven of eight prostate tumor specimens, compared with matched normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a strong SMYD3 staining in the nuclei of PC tissues in eight of 25 (32%) cases and in the cytoplasm in 23 out of 25 (92%) cases, whereas benign prostate tissue exhibited weak immunostaining. Depletion of SMYD3 by siRNA or shRNA inhibited PC cell proliferation (72 hours relative to 24 hours: control shRNA vs SMYD3 shRNA 1: mean fold change = 2.76 vs 1.68; difference = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = 0.78 to 1.38, P < .001), colony formation, cell migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor formation. Two functional SMYD3-binding motifs were identified in the AR promoter region. CONCLUSIONS SMYD3 promotes prostate tumorigenesis and mediates epigenetic upregulation of AR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Urology (CL, CW, KW, KY, JC, JL, HR, HL, ZX, YF), Department of General Surgery (LL, SH), and School of Nursing (LL), Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China; Central Research Laboratory of Shandong University Second Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China (DX); Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (QS); Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China (XS); Department of Medicine, Division of Haematology and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (CW, DX)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Z, Fan J, Liu M, Yeung S, Chang A, Chow MSS, Pon D, Huang Y. Nutraceuticals for prostate cancer chemoprevention: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1613-26. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.833183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
31
|
Liu YQ, Ji Y, Li XZ, Tian KL, Yf Young C, Lou HX, Yuan HQ. Retigeric acid B-induced mitophagy by oxidative stress attenuates cell death against prostate cancer cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1183-91. [PMID: 23892275 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Retigeric acid B (RAB), a pentacyclic triterpenic acid from Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim, has been found to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of mitochondrial damage-caused mitophagy in RAB-induced prostate cancer cell death in vitro. METHODS Human prostate cancer PC3 and LNCaP cells were tested. Cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay. Cell apoptosis, ROS level and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔψ) were measured with flow cytometry. Autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins were studied using Western blotting. GFP-LC3B puncta, mitochondrial swelling and mitophagy were examined morphologically. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure LC3B mRNA level, and siRNA was used to knock down LC3BII. RESULTS In both PC3 and LNCaP cells, RAB (15 μmol/L) increased ROS accumulation and decreased mtΔψ in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, RAB induced mitochondrial swelling and mitophagy, significantly increased LC3B expression and conversion of LC3BI to LC3BII, and the elimination of mitochondria by LC3BII-containing autophagolysosomes. In addition, RAB suppressed the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. Pretreatment of PC3 cells with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (5 mmol/L) or the lysosomal protease inhibitor CQ (10 μmol/L) significantly increased RAB-induced apoptosis. Similar results were obtained in RAB-treated PC3 cells with LC3B knocked down. CONCLUSION RAB induces mitochondrial damage and mitophagy that attenuates RAB-induced prostate cancer cell death. Thus, suppression of mitophagy might be a potential strategy for improving the chemotherapeutic effects of RAB.
Collapse
|
32
|
Meinel S, Ruhs S, Schumann K, Strätz N, Trenkmann K, Schreier B, Grosse I, Keilwagen J, Gekle M, Grossmann C. Mineralocorticoid receptor interaction with SP1 generates a new response element for pathophysiologically relevant gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8045-60. [PMID: 23821666 PMCID: PMC3783164 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor belonging to the steroid receptor family and involved in water-electrolyte homeostasis, blood pressure regulation, inflammation and fibrosis in the renocardiovascular system. The MR shares a common hormone-response-element with the glucocorticoid receptor but nevertheless elicits MR-specific effects including enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression via unknown mechanisms. The EGFR is a receptor tyrosine kinase that leads to activation of MAP kinases, but that can also function as a signal transducer for other signaling pathways. In the present study, we mechanistically investigate the interaction between a newly discovered MR- but not glucocorticoid receptor- responsive-element (=MRE1) of the EGFR promoter, specificity protein 1 (SP1) and MR to gain general insights into MR-specificity. Biological relevance of the interaction for EGFR expression and consequently for different signaling pathways in general is demonstrated in human, rat and murine vascular smooth muscle cells and cells of EGFR knockout mice. A genome-wide promoter search for identical binding regions followed by quantitative PCR validation suggests that the identified MR-SP1-MRE1 interaction might be applicable to other genes. Overall, a novel principle of MR-specific gene expression is explored that applies to the pathophysiologically relevant expression of the EGFR and potentially also to other genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Meinel
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany, Institut für Informatik, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany and Abteilung Molekulare Genetik, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hsu CC, Hu CD. Transcriptional activity of c-Jun is critical for the suppression of AR function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 372:12-22. [PMID: 23523566 PMCID: PMC3646949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a pivotal role in growth and survival of prostate cancer cells. c-Jun is an important member of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family and was shown to interact with AR. However, the role of c-Jun in AR signaling remains controversial, with being a coactivator or a corepressor reported. Here, utilizing multiple approaches, we show that c-Jun efficiently inhibits AR activity and the growth of prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of c-Jun inhibits not only the activities of various androgen-responsive promoters but also the transcripts of multiple AR target genes. Interestingly, long-term c-Jun overexpression also down-regulates AR expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. Molecular analysis suggests that c-Jun inhibits AR transactivation potential via an unknown target gene. The inhibition of AR by c-Jun occurs in both hormone naïve and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Our results unravel a novel mechanism by which c-Jun antagonizes the AR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Hsu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu PY, Lin SZ, Sheu JJC, Lin CT, Lin PC, Chou YW, Huang MH, Chiou TW, Harn HJ. Regulation of androgen receptor expression by Z-isochaihulactone mediated by the JNK signaling pathway and might be related to cytotoxicity in prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:531-41. [PMID: 23038474 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) is a main therapeutic target for treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). The natural compound isochaihulactone (K8), which has a chiral center ring and two racemic forms (E-K8 and Z-K8), has anti-tumor effects on multiple cancer types both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we determined which form of K8 contains significant tumor cytotoxicity and examined how this form regulates AR expression in PCa cells and xenografts. METHODS We chose the androgen-dependent human PCa cell line LNCaP and the androgen-independent cell lines DU145 and PC-3 to study the anti-tumor potency and AR regulation mediated by Z-K8. We measured cell viability and used flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Growth inhibition in vivo was evaluated with an LNCaP xenograft animal model. RESULTS In LNCaP cells, Z-K8 significantly repressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, repressed AR mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner, and induced JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, treatment with a JNK inhibitor significantly abolished Z-K8-induced AR downregulation. Z-K8 did not significantly inhibit reporter gene expression of constructs containing the AR promoter when it contained a mutated Sp1 binding site. Z-K8 also showed anti-tumor effects in the xenograft animal model. CONCLUSION Z-K8 not only induced LNCaP apoptosis but also reduced AR expression. These results indicate that Z-K8 may be a potential anti-tumor drug for PCa therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sui H, Fan ZZ, Li Q. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional mechanisms of ABCB1/Pgp-mediated multiple drug resistance in human cancer cells. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:426-35. [PMID: 22613403 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), defined as the ability of tumour cells to survive exposure to many chemotherapeutic agents, is a major cause of treatment failure in human cancers. The membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp, encoded by the ABCB1 [adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1] gene) is the main mechanism for decreased intracellular drug accumulation in human MDR cancer. ABCB1/Pgp-mediated MDR involves several signal transduction pathways and transcription factors. Activation of these signal transduction pathways influences the prognosis of MDR human cancer. Signalling pathways involved in ABCB1/Pgp-mediated MDR include the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, phosphatidylino sitol 3-kinase and protein kinase C signalling pathways. This review summarizes the biological characteristics, target points and signalling cascade mediators of these pathways. Drugs targeted against these pathways may provide new therapies for treatment of ABCB1/Pgp-mediated MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sui
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gong AY, Eischeid AN, Xiao J, Zhao J, Chen D, Wang ZY, Young CY, Chen XM. miR-17-5p targets the p300/CBP-associated factor and modulates androgen receptor transcriptional activity in cultured prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:492. [PMID: 23095762 PMCID: PMC3519561 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) signalling is critical to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Transcriptional activity of AR involves chromatin recruitment of co-activators, including the p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). Distinct miRNA expression profiles have been identified in PCa cells during the development and progression of the disease. Whether miRNAs regulate PCAF expression in PCa cells to regulate AR transcriptional activity is still unclear. METHODS Expression of PCAF was investigated in several PCa cell lines by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. The effects of PCAF expression on AR-regulated transcriptional activity and cell growth in PCa cells were determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation, reporter gene construct analysis, and MTS assay. Targeting of PCAF by miR-17-5p was evaluated using the luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS PCAF was upregulated in several PCa cell lines. Upregulation of PCAF promoted AR transcriptional activation and cell growth in cultured PCa cells. Expression of PCAF in PCa cells was associated with the downregulation of miR-17-5p. Targeting of the 3'-untranslated region of PCAF mRNA by miR-17-5p caused translational suppression and RNA degradation, and, consequently, modulation of AR transcriptional activity in PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS PCAF is upregulated in cultured PCa cells, and upregulation of PCAF is associated with the downregulation of miR-17-5p. Targeting of PCAF by miR-17-5p modulates AR transcriptional activity and cell growth in cultured PCa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiao J, Gong AY, Eischeid AN, Chen D, Deng C, Young CYF, Chen XM. miR-141 modulates androgen receptor transcriptional activity in human prostate cancer cells through targeting the small heterodimer partner protein. Prostate 2012; 72:1514-22. [PMID: 22314666 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expressions of microRNAs, including upregulation of miR-141, are closely associated with the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). The orphan receptor small heterodimer partner (Shp) is a co-repressor to androgen receptor (AR) and represses AR-regulated transcriptional activity. METHODS Here, we investigated the correlation of Shp expression with the cellular level of miR-141 and its effects on AR transcriptional activity in non-malignant and malignant human prostate epithelial cell lines. RESULTS We found that Shp was downregulated in multiple PCa cell lines. The mature form of miR-141 was upregulated in PCa cells. miR-141 could target 3'-untranslated region of Shp mRNA resulting in translational suppression and RNA degradation. Moreover, enforced expression of Shp or inhibition of miR-141 function by anti-miR-141 attenuated AR-regulated transcriptional activity in AR-responsive LNCaP cells. Phenethyl isothiocyanate, a natural constituent of many edible cruciferous vegetables, increased Shp expression, downregulated miR-141, and inhibited AR transcriptional activity in LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS Shp is a target for miR-141 and it is downregulated in cultured human PCa cells with the involvement of upregulation of miR-141, which promotes AR transcriptional activity. Moreover, Shp and miR-141 could be targets for chemoprevention for PCa.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Isothiocyanates/pharmacology
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chang YC, Lee TS, Chiang AN. Quercetin enhances ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux through a p38-dependent pathway in macrophages. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1840-50. [PMID: 22711909 PMCID: PMC3413225 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m024471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays a crucial role in exporting cholesterol from macrophages, a function relevant to its involvement in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Quercetin, one of flavonoids, has been described to reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin on regulation of ABCA1 expression and to explore its underlying mechanisms in macrophages. The results show that quercetin markedly enhanced cholesterol efflux from macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with an increase in ABCA1 mRNA and protein expression. Remarkably, quercetin is able to stimulate the phosphorylation of p38 by up to 234-fold at 6 h via an activation of the transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and mitogen-activated kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6). Inhibition of p38 with a pharmacological inhibitor or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) suppressed the stimulatory effects of quercetin on ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux. Moreover, knockdown of p38 reduced quercetin-enhanced ABCA1 promoter activity and the binding of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) to the ABCA1 promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. These findings provide evidence that p38 signaling is essential for the regulation of quercetin-induced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Retigeric acid B exhibits antitumor activity through suppression of nuclear factor-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38000. [PMID: 22666431 PMCID: PMC3362538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that retigeric acid B (RB), a natural pentacyclic triterpenic acid isolated from lichen, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in androgen-independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells. However, the mechanism of action of RB remains unclear. In this study, we found that using PC3 and DU145 cells as models, RB inhibited phosphorylation levels of IκBα and p65 subunit of NF-κB in a time- and dosage-dependent manner. Detailed study revealed that RB blocked the nuclear translocation of p65 and its DNA binding activity, which correlated with suppression of NF-κB-regulated proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cyclin D1 and survivin. NF-κB reporter assay suggested that RB was able to inhibit both constitutive activated-NF-κB and LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced activation of NF-κB. Overexpression of RelA/p65 rescued RB-induced cell death, while knockdown of RelA/p65 significantly promoted RB-mediated inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, suggesting the crucial involvement of NF-κB pathway in this event. We further analyzed antitumor activity of RB in in vivo study. In C57BL/6 mice carrying RM-1 homografts, RB inhibited tumor growth and triggered apoptosis mainly through suppressing NF-κB activity in tumor tissues. Additionally, DNA microarray data revealed global changes in the gene expression associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis in response to RB treatment. Therefore, our findings suggested that RB exerted its anti-tumor effect by targeting the NF-κB pathway in PCa cells, and this could be a general mechanism for the anti-tumor effect of RB in other types of cancers as well.
Collapse
|
40
|
Polyphenols: key issues involved in chemoprevention of prostate cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:632959. [PMID: 22690272 PMCID: PMC3368543 DOI: 10.1155/2012/632959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is is the most common solid neoplasm and it is now recognized as one of the most important medical problems facing the male population. Due to its long latency and its identifiable preneoplastic lesions, prostate cancer is an ideal target tumor for chemoprevention. Different compounds are available and certainly polyphenols represent those with efficacy against prostate cancer. This review take a look at activity and properties of major polyphenolic substances, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, curcumin, resveratrol and the flavonoids quercetin and genistein. Although the current studies are limited, mechanisms of action of polyphenols added with the lack of side effects show a a start for future strategies in prostate chemoprevention.
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang P, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Mei J, Chen CJ, Feng ZZ, Yu DH. Effects of quercetin on the apoptosis of the human gastric carcinoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:221-8. [PMID: 22222411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a natural constituent abundantly present in grapes, red wine, and other food products, is known to possess potent antiproliferative effects against various malignant cells. The present study aims to investigate the effect of quercetin on the apoptosis and morphology of gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells, as well as the probable mechanism, in an effort to identify an effective drug as a potential candidate for gastric cancer. Gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells were treated with quercetin, and cell morphology was determined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis and cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry, using propidium iodide staining. The apoptotic protein expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax was detected by Western blot. Quercetin induced apoptosis in BGC-823 cell. Some morphologic features of apoptosis were found, such as cell shrinkage or even apoptosis body. Quercetin changed the apoptotic protein expression. These results indicate that quercetin can induce apoptosis of the BGC-823 cells. A decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio with the increased expression of caspase-3 provides evidence that quercetin-induced apoptosis may be mediated via the mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaojv Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mulholland DJ, Tran LM, Li Y, Cai H, Morim A, Wang S, Plaisier S, Garraway IP, Huang J, Graeber TG, Wu H. Cell autonomous role of PTEN in regulating castration-resistant prostate cancer growth. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:792-804. [PMID: 21620777 PMCID: PMC3157296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of the PTEN/PI3K pathway is associated with late-stage and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, how PTEN loss is involved in CRPC development is not clear. Here, we show that castration-resistant growth is an intrinsic property of Pten null prostate cancer (CaP) cells, independent of cancer development stage. PTEN loss suppresses androgen-responsive gene expressions by modulating androgen receptor (AR) transcription factor activity. Conditional deletion of Ar in the epithelium promotes the proliferation of Pten null cancer cells, at least in part, by downregulating the androgen-responsive gene Fkbp5 and preventing PHLPP-mediated AKT inhibition. Our findings identify PI3K and AR pathway crosstalk as a mechanism of CRPC development, with potentially important implications for CaP etiology and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Mulholland
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Linh M. Tran
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ashkan Morim
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Shunyou Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Seema Plaisier
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles
- Corresponding author: Hong Wu, M.D, Ph.D. 650 Charles E Young Drive S. Los Angeles, CA 90095, Phone: 310.825.5160, FAX: 310.267.0242,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Inoue J, Choi JM, Yoshidomi T, Yashiro T, Sato R. Quercetin enhances VDR activity, leading to stimulation of its target gene expression in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 56:326-30. [PMID: 21228504 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.56.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium homeostasis. Activation of VDR is thought to be a promising drug target for osteoporosis. Using a VDR-driven luciferase expression assay for screening a naturally occurring food component, we identified quercetin as a VDR activator. Quercetin also activated the GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused to the VDR ligand-binding domain. Moreover, it was confirmed that quercetin increases the mRNA level of TRPV6, which is a VDR target gene, in Caco-2 cells. These results indicate that quercetin enhances VDR activity through the alteration of cofactor recruitment, thereby stimulating its target genes while providing a new function for quercetin as the VDR activator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|