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Wormwood KL, Charette L, Ryan JP, Darie CC, Woods AG. A Proteomics Investigation of Salivary Profiles as Potential Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Protein J 2023; 42:607-620. [PMID: 37566278 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects approximately 1/68 children, with a more recent study suggesting numbers as high as 1/36. According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the etiology of ASD is unknown and diagnosis of this disorder is behavioral. There is currently no biomarker signature for ASD, however, identifying a biomarker signature is crucial as it would aid in diagnosis, identifying treatment targets, monitoring treatments, and identifying the etiology of the disorder. Here we used nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) to investigate the saliva from individuals with ASD and matched controls in a 14 vs 14 study. We found numerous proteins to have statistically significant dysregulations, including lactotransferrin, transferrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, Ig A L, Ig J chain, mucin 5 AC, and lipocalin 1 isoform X1. These findings are consistent with previous studies by our lab, and others, and point to dysregulations in the immune system, lipid metabolism and/or transport, and gastrointestinal disturbances, which are common and reoccurring topics in ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wormwood
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Laci Charette
- Center for Neurobehavioral Health and Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne P Ryan
- Center for Neurobehavioral Health and Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
| | - Alisa G Woods
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave, Box 5810, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Health and Department of Psychology, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY, USA
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Prims S, Van Ostade X, Ayuso M, Dom M, Van Raemdonck G, Van Cruchten S, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C. Chronic exposure to multiple stressors alters the salivary proteome of piglets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286455. [PMID: 37235602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring chronic stress in pigs is not only essential in view of animal welfare but is also important for the farmer, given that stress influences the zootechnical performance of the pigs and increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases. To investigate the use of saliva as a non-invasive, objective chronic stress monitoring tool, twenty-four 4-day-old piglets were transferred to artificial brooders. At the age of 7 days, they were assigned to either the control or the stressed group and reared for three weeks. Piglets in the stressed group were exposed to overcrowding, absence of cage enrichment, and frequent mixing of animals between pens. Shotgun analysis using an isobaric labelling method (iTRAQ) for tandem mass spectrometry performed on saliva samples taken after three weeks of chronic stress identified 392 proteins, of which 20 proteins displayed significantly altered concentrations. From these 20 proteins, eight were selected for further validation using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). For this validation, saliva samples that were taken one week after the start of the experiment and samples that were taken at the end of the experiment were analysed to verify the profile over time. We wanted to investigate whether the candidate biomarkers responded fast or rather slowly to the onset of chronic exposure to multiple stressors. Furthermore, this validation could indicate whether age influenced the baseline concentrations of these salivary proteins, both in healthy and stressed animals. This targeted PRM analysis confirmed that alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein was upregulated in the stressed group after one and three weeks, while odorant-binding protein, chitinase, long palate lung and nasal epithelium protein 5, lipocalin-1, and vomeromodulin-like protein were present in lower concentrations in the saliva of the stressed pigs, albeit only after three weeks. These results indicate that the porcine salivary proteome is altered by chronic exposure to multiple stressors. The affected proteins could be used as salivary biomarkers to identify welfare problems at the farm and facilitate research to optimise rearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics (CfP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Dom
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics (CfP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ali DA, Domínguez Mercado L, Findlay BL, Badia A, DeWolf C. Opposites Attract: Electrostatically Driven Loading of Antimicrobial Peptides into Phytoglycogen Nanocarriers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:53-63. [PMID: 36525622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides, such as GL13K, have a high binding selectivity toward bacterial membranes, while not affecting healthy mammalian cells at therapeutic concentrations. However, delivery of these peptides is challenging since they are susceptible to proteolytic hydrolysis and exhibit poor cellular uptake. A protective nanocarrier is thus proposed to overcome these obstacles. We investigate the potential to employ biodegradable phytoglycogen nanoparticles as carriers for GL13K using a simple loading protocol based on electrostatic association rather than chemical conjugation, eliminating the need for control of chemical cleavage for release of the peptide in situ. Both the native (quasi-neutral) and carboxymethylated (anionic) phytoglycogen were evaluated for their colloidal stability, loading capacity, and release characteristics. We show that the anionic nanophytoglycogen carries a greater cationic GL13K load and exhibits slower release kinetics than native nanophytoglycogen. Isotope exchange measurements demonstrate that the antimicrobial peptide is entrapped in the pores of the dendritic-like macromolecule, which should provide the necessary protection for delivery. Importantly, the nanoformulations are active against a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate at concentrations comparable to those of the free peptide and representative, small molecule antibiotics. The colloidal nanocarrier preserves peptide stability and antimicrobial activity, even after long periods of storage (at least 8 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QuebecH4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, QuebecH4B 1R6, Canada
- FRQNT Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels─Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QuebecH3A 0G4, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria5424041, Egypt
| | - Laura Domínguez Mercado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QuebecH4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Brandon L Findlay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QuebecH4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Antonella Badia
- FRQNT Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels─Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QuebecH3A 0G4, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Complexe des sciences, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QuebecH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christine DeWolf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QuebecH4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, QuebecH4B 1R6, Canada
- FRQNT Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels─Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QuebecH3A 0G4, Canada
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The antimicrobial peptide DGL13K is active against drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and sub-inhibitory concentrations stimulate bacterial growth without causing resistance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273504. [PMID: 36006947 PMCID: PMC9409508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides may be alternatives to traditional antibiotics with reduced bacterial resistance. The antimicrobial peptide GL13K was derived from the salivary protein BPIFA2. This study determined the relative activity of the L-and D-enantiomers of GL13K to wild-type and drug-resistant strains of three gram-negative species and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. DGL13K displayed in vitro activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (MICs 16–32 μg/ml), MDR and XDR P. aeruginosa, and XDR Acinetobacter baumannii carrying metallo-beta-lactamases (MICs 8–32 μg/ml). P. aeruginosa showed low inherent resistance to DGL13K and the increased metabolic activity and growth caused by sub-MIC concentrations of GL13K peptides did not result in acquired bacterial resistance. Daily treatment for approximately two weeks did not increase the MIC of DGL13K or cause cross-resistance between LGL13K and DGL13K. These data suggest that DGL13K is a promising antimicrobial peptide candidate for further development.
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He L, Zhou S, Li W, Wang Q, Qi Z, Zhou P, Wang Z, Chen J, Li Y, Lin Z. BPIFA2 as a Novel Early Biomarker to Identify Fatal Radiation Injury After Radiation Exposure. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221086478. [PMID: 35431693 PMCID: PMC9006374 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221086478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current dosimeters cannot cope with the two tasks of medical rescue in the early stage of nuclear accident, the accurate determination of radiation exposure and the identification of patients with fatal radiation injury. As radiation can cause alterations in serum components, it is feasible to develop biomarkers for radiation injury from serum. This study aims to investigate whether serum BPIFA2 could be used as a potential biomarker of predicting fatal radiation injury in the early stage after nuclear accident. Methods A rabbit anti-mouse BPIFA2 polyclonal antibody was prepared to detect the expression of BPIFA2. C57BL/6J female mice were exposed to total body radiation (TBI) at different dose and Partial body radiation (PBI) at lethal dose to detect the dynamic changes of BPIFA2 in serum at different time points after irradiation by Western blot assay. Results BPIFA2 in mice serum were significantly increased at 1–12 h post-irradiation at .5–10 Gy, and increased again significantly at 3 d after 10 Gy irradiation with associated with mortality closely. It also increased rapidly after PBI and was closely related to injury degree, regardless whether the salivary glands were irradiated. Conclusions The increase of serum BPIFA2 is a novel early biomarker not only for identifying radiation exposure, but also for fatal radiation injury playing a vital role in rational use of medical resources, and greater efficiency of medical treatment to minimize casualties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexin He
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwu Lin
- Science Research Management Department of the Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
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Molecular classification of different forms of arthritis using relative expression analysis of lipid metabolism regulatory molecules. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Thamadilok S, Choi KS, Ruhl L, Schulte F, Kazim AL, Hardt M, Gokcumen O, Ruhl S. Human and Nonhuman Primate Lineage-Specific Footprints in the Salivary Proteome. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:395-405. [PMID: 31614365 PMCID: PMC6993864 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in saliva are needed for preprocessing food in the mouth, maintenance of tooth mineralization, and protection from microbial pathogens. Novel insights into human lineage-specific functions of salivary proteins and clues to their involvement in human disease can be gained through evolutionary studies, as recently shown for salivary amylase AMY1 and salivary agglutinin DMBT1/gp340. However, the entirety of proteins in saliva, the salivary proteome, has not yet been investigated from an evolutionary perspective. Here, we compared the proteomes of human saliva and the saliva of our closest extant evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, using macaques as an outgroup, with the aim to uncover features in saliva protein composition that are unique to each species. We found that humans produce a waterier saliva, containing less than half total protein than great apes and Old World monkeys. For all major salivary proteins in humans, we could identify counterparts in chimpanzee and gorilla saliva. However, we discovered unique protein profiles in saliva of humans that were distinct from those of nonhuman primates. These findings open up the possibility that dietary differences and pathogenic pressures may have shaped a distinct salivary proteome in the human lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Thamadilok
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Kyoung-Soo Choi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lorenz Ruhl
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Fabian Schulte
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - A Latif Kazim
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Markus Hardt
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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The salivary protein BPIFA2 differentially regulates sodium preference and blood pressure in male and female mice. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBPIFA2 (PSP, SPLUNC2, C20orf70) is a major salivary protein of uncertain physiological function. BPIFA2 is downregulated in salivary glands of spontaneously hypertensive rats, pointing to a role in blood pressure regulation. This study used a novel Bpifa2 knockout mouse model to test the role of BPIFA2 in sodium preference and blood pressure. Blood pressure did not differ between wild-type male and female mice but was significantly lower in male knockout mice compared to male wild-type mice. In contrast, blood pressure was increased in female knockout mice compared to female wild-type mice. Female wild-type mice showed a significant preference for 0.9% saline compared to male mice. This difference was reduced in the knockout mice. BPIFA2 is an LPS-binding protein but it remains to be determined if the reported effects are mediated by the LPS-binding activity of BPIFA2.
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Nandula SR, Huxford I, Wheeler TT, Aparicio C, Gorr SU. The parotid secretory protein BPIFA2 is a salivary surfactant that affects lipopolysaccharide action. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1280-1292. [PMID: 32390232 DOI: 10.1113/ep088567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The salivary protein BPIFA2 binds lipopolysaccharide, but its physiological function is not known. This study uses a new knockout mouse model to explore the physiological role of BPIFA2 in the oral cavity and systemic physiology. What is the main finding and its importance? BPIFA2 is a crucial surfactant in mouse saliva. In its absence, saliva exhibits the surface tension of water. Depletion of BPIFA2 affects salivary and ingested lipopolysaccharide and leads to systemic sequelae that include increased insulin secretion and metabolomic changes. These results suggest that the lipopolysaccharide-binding activity of BPIFA2 affects the activity of ingested lipopolysaccharide in the intestine and that BPIFA2 depletion causes mild metabolic endotoxaemia. ABSTRACT Saliva plays important roles in the mastication, swallowing and digestion of food, speech and lubrication of the oral mucosa, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, and the control of body temperature in grooming animals. The salivary protein BPIFA [BPI fold containing family A member 2; former names: parotid secretory protein (PSP), SPLUN2 and C20orf70] is related to lipid-binding and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding proteins expressed in the mucosa. Indeed, BPIFA2 binds LPS, but the physiological role of BPIFA2 remains to be determined. To address this question, Bpifa2 knockout (Bpifa2tm1(KOMP)Vlcg ) (KO) mice were phenotyped, with emphasis on the saliva and salivary glands. Stimulated whole saliva collected from KO mice was less able to spread on a hydrophobic surface than wild-type saliva, and the surface tension of KO saliva was close to that of water. These data suggest that BPIFA2 is a salivary surfactant that is mainly responsible for the low surface tension of mouse saliva. The reduced surfactant activity of KO saliva did not affect consumption of dry food or grooming, but saliva from KO mice contained less LPS than wild-type saliva. Indeed, mice lacking BPIFA2 responded to ingested LPS with an increased stool frequency, suggesting that BPIFA2 plays a role in the solubilization and activity of ingested LPS. Consistent with these findings, BPIFA2-depleted mice also showed increased insulin secretion and metabolomic changes that were consistent with a mild endotoxaemia. These results support the distal physiological function of a salivary protein and reinforce the connection between oral biology and systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshagiri Rao Nandula
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ian Huxford
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Conrado Aparicio
- Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Gorr SU, Flory CM, Schumacher RJ. In vivo activity and low toxicity of the second-generation antimicrobial peptide DGL13K. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216669. [PMID: 31071184 PMCID: PMC6508730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have been evaluated as possible alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The translational potential of the antimicrobial peptide DGL13K was tested with focus on peptide toxicity and in vivo activity in two animal models. DGL13K was effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with minimal bactericidal concentrations similar to the minimal inhibitory concentration. The peptide showed low toxicity to human red blood cells and HEK cells with median lethal dose around 1 mg/ml. The median lethal dose in greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella) was about 125mg/kg while the peptide caused no skin toxicity in a mouse model. A novel high-throughput luminescence assay was used to test peptide activity in infected G. mellonella, thus reducing vertebrate animal use. DGL13K killed P. aeruginosa in both the G. mellonella model and a mouse burn wound infection model, with bacterial viability 3-10-fold lower than in untreated controls. Future experiments will focus on optimizing peptide delivery, dose and frequency to further improve the antibacterial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Craig M. Flory
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Minnesota Academic Health Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Minnesota Academic Health Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Cross BW, Ruhl S. Glycan recognition at the saliva - oral microbiome interface. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:19-33. [PMID: 30274839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouth is a first critical interface where most potentially harmful substances or pathogens contact the host environment. Adaptive and innate immune defense mechanisms are established there to inactivate or eliminate pathogenic microbes that traverse the oral environment on the way to their target organs and tissues. Protein and glycoprotein components of saliva play a particularly important role in modulating the oral microbiota and helping with the clearance of pathogens. It has long been acknowledged that glycobiological and glycoimmunological aspects play a pivotal role in oral host-microbe, microbe-host, and microbe-microbe interactions in the mouth. In this review, we aim to delineate how glycan-mediated host defense mechanisms in the oral cavity support human health. We will describe the role of glycans attached to large molecular size salivary glycoproteins which act as a first line of primordial host defense in the human mouth. We will further discuss how glycan recognition contributes to both colonization and clearance of oral microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Cross
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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12
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Honore PM, De Bels D, Spapen HD. BPI fold-containing family a member 2 as a biomarker of acute kidney injury-close but no (clinical) cigar? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:191. [PMID: 29951513 PMCID: PMC5994521 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.03.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Honore
- Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David De Bels
- Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herbert D. Spapen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, VUB University, Brussels, Belgium
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T Cell Zone Resident Macrophages Silently Dispose of Apoptotic Cells in the Lymph Node. Immunity 2017; 47:349-362.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nashida T, Shimomura-Kuroki J, Mizuhashi F, Haga-Tsujimura M, Yoshimura K, Hayashi-Sakai S. Presence of BPIFB1 in saliva from non-obese diabetic mice. Odontology 2017; 106:117-124. [PMID: 28748269 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-017-0312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that mRNA expression of BPIFB1 (Bpifb1), an antibacterial protein in the palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone protein family, was increased in parotid acinar cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD, NOD/ShiJcl) mice, which is an animal model for Sjögren's syndrome. However, we did not previously assess the protein levels. In this report, we confirmed the expression of BPIFB1 protein in the parotid glands of NOD mice. Immunoblotting of subcellular fractions revealed that BPIBB1 was localised in secretory granules in parotid glands from NOD mice, and was almost not in parotid glands from the control mice. BPIFB1 had N-linked glycan that reacted with Aleuria aurantia lectin, which caused two types of spots with a slightly different pI and molecular weight. The expression of BPIFB1 protein was also demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. BPIFB1 was detected in the saliva from NOD mice but not in the saliva from the control mice, indicating individual constitution. BPIFB1 in saliva may be applied to other research as a diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nashida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan.
| | - Junko Shimomura-Kuroki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan
| | - Fumi Mizuhashi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan
| | - Maiko Haga-Tsujimura
- Department of Histology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hayashi-Sakai
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:80-92. [PMID: 26662484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.
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Alves DBM, Bingle L, Bingle CD, Lourenço SV, Silva AA, Pereira DL, Vargas PA. BPI-fold (BPIF) containing/plunc protein expression in human fetal major and minor salivary glands. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e6. [PMID: 28099576 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine expression, not previously described, of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone) (BPI-fold containing) proteins in major and minor salivary glands from very early fetal tissue to the end of the second trimester and thus gain further insight into the function of these proteins. Early fetal heads, and major and minor salivary glands were collected retrospectively and glands were classified according to morphodifferentiation stage. Expression of BPI-fold containing proteins was localized through immunohistochemistry. BPIFA2, the major BPI-fold containing protein in adult salivary glands, was detected only in the laryngeal pharynx; the lack of staining in salivary glands suggested salivary expression is either very late in development or is only in adult tissues. Early expression of BPIFA1 was seen in the trachea and nasal cavity with salivary gland expression only seen in late morphodifferentiation stages. BPIFB1 was seen in early neural tissue and at later stages in submandibular and sublingual glands. BPIFA1 is significantly expressed in early fetal oral tissue but BPIFB1 has extremely limited expression and the major salivary BPIF protein (BPIFA2) is not produced in fetal development. Further studies, with more sensitive techniques, will confirm the expression pattern and enable a better understanding of embryonic BPIF protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berretta Moreira Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lynne Bingle
- University of Sheffield, School of Clinical Dentistry, Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sheffield, UK
| | - Colin David Bingle
- University of Sheffield, Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Silvia Vanessa Lourenço
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of General Pathology, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia Aparecida Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Lima Pereira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Guo Y, Guo LN, Zhu JF, Tang CY, Feng YZ, Zhou HD. Associations of Salivary BPIFA1 Protein in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:1087017. [PMID: 29109737 PMCID: PMC5646319 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1087017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the differences in salivary BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) concentration among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with various severities of chronic periodontitis and to determine whether BPIFA1 in saliva can be used as a potential biomarker of T2DM. METHODS Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 44 subjects with T2DM and 44 without T2DM (NDM). Additionally, demographic data and general health parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body mass index (BMI), were collected. We also detected full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PLI). Salivary BPIFA1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were also detected. RESULTS BPIFA1 in saliva was detected at relatively high levels. T2DM subjects had decreased salivary BPIFA1 concentrations (P = 0.031). In T2DM subjects with nonperiodontitis or severe periodontitis, the level of BPIFA1 was significantly lower compared with that of NDM. Salivary TNF-α concentration displayed a similar trend to BPIFA1 in the NDM group. CONCLUSIONS BPIFA1 protein is rich in saliva and might be used as a potential predictive biomarker of T2DM, especially in patients with severe periodontitis and nonperiodontitis. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-ROC-17010310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lin-Na Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jun-Fei Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chen-Yi Tang
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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A Novel RNase 3/ECP Peptide for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Eradication That Combines Antimicrobial, Lipopolysaccharide Binding, and Cell-Agglutinating Activities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6313-25. [PMID: 27527084 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00830-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of established biofilm communities of pathogenic Gram-negative species is one of the pending challenges for the development of new antimicrobial agents. In particular, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main dreaded nosocomial species, with a tendency to form organized microbial communities that offer an enhanced resistance to conventional antibiotics. We describe here an engineered antimicrobial peptide (AMP) which combines bactericidal activity with a high bacterial cell agglutination and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affinity. The RN3(5-17P22-36) peptide is a 30-mer derived from the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), a host defense RNase secreted by eosinophils upon infection, with a wide spectrum of antipathogen activity. The protein displays high biofilm eradication activity that is not dependent on its RNase catalytic activity, as evaluated by using an active site-defective mutant. On the other hand, the peptide encompasses both the LPS-binding and aggregation-prone regions from the parental protein, which provide the appropriate structural features for the peptide's attachment to the bacterial exopolysaccharide layer and further improved removal of established biofilms. Moreover, the peptide's high cationicity and amphipathicity promote the cell membrane destabilization action. The results are also compared side by side with other reported AMPs effective against either planktonic and/or biofilm forms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. The ECP and its derived peptide are unique in combining high bactericidal potency and cell agglutination activity, achieving effective biofilm eradication at a low micromolar range. We conclude that the designed RN3(5-17P22-36) peptide is a promising lead candidate against Gram-negative biofilms.
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Chalubinska-Fendler J, Fendler W, Spych M, Wyka K, Luniewska-Bury J, Fijuth J. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is efficient in biodosimetry during radiotherapy of lung cancer. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:450-454. [PMID: 27699012 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if the serum levels of early markers of inflammation, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were correlated with the radiation dose received by the pulmonary and mediastinal structures of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This pilot study included 26 patients with NSCLC who received total radiation doses ranging from 54 to 74 Gy (2.0 Gy/fraction). Cytokines were measured at baseline by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, and following administration of total doses of 20 and 40 Gy. A control group of 26 participants was sampled for comparisons with patient baseline cytokine levels. Only data from the 40-Gy cytokine blood levels of patients with NSCLC were identified to be correlated with histograms of the parameters of each patient's radiotherapy protocol. The IL-6, TNF-α and CRP median baseline levels of the patients with NSCLC were significantly higher than those of the controls (all P≤0.01). No differences were observed between the LBP levels of the patients and controls [median, 36.34 (25-75%; 31.35-39.27) vs. 36.92 (30.20-44.05) µg/ml, respectively; P=0.42]. No significant differences in the levels of the four cytokines between baseline, and at 20 and 40 Gy were observed [IL-6 (P=0.19); TNF-α (P=0.68); CRP (P=0.44) and LBP (P=0.29)]. LBP was significantly and positively correlated with the mean radiation dose to the lung (r=0.409; P=0.038), and showed a positive correlation with the percentage of lung volume exposed to at least 20 Gy of the planned radiation dose (r=0.3536; P=0.0764). CRP levels were positively correlated with the mean radiation dose to the esophagus (r=0.404; P=0.041); however, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP were not significantly associated with other lung dosimetry parameters. Thus, LBP levels were correlated with radiation exposure of pulmonary tissues, and LBP may be a marker that warrants further investigation on radiotoxicity in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Łódź, 91-738 Łódź, Poland
| | - Michal Spych
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Łódź, 93-509 Łódź, Poland
| | - Krystyna Wyka
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, Haematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Łódź, 91-738 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Fijuth
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Łódź, 93-509 Łódź, Poland
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Baik JE, Choe HI, Hong SW, Kang SS, Ahn KB, Cho K, Yun CH, Han SH. Human salivary proteins with affinity to lipoteichoic acid of Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:52-9. [PMID: 27474971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is associated with refractory apical periodontitis and its lipoteichoic acid (Ef.LTA) is considered as a major virulence factor. Although the binding proteins of Ef.LTA may play an important role for mediating infection and immunity in the oral cavity, little is known about Ef.LTA-binding proteins (Ef.LTA-BPs) in saliva. In this study, we identified salivary Ef.LTA-BPs with biotinylated Ef.LTA (Ef.LTA-biotin) through mass spectrometry. The biotinylation of Ef.LTA was confirmed by binding capacity with streptavidin-FITC on CHO/CD14/TLR2 cells. The biological activity of Ef.LTA-biotin was determined based on the induction of nitric oxide and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in a macrophage cell-line, RAW 264.7. To identify salivary Ef.LTA-BPs, the Ef.LTA-biotin was mixed with a pool of human saliva obtained from nine healthy subjects followed by precipitation with a streptavidin-coated bead. Ef.LTA-BPs were then separated with 12% SDS-PAGE and subjected to the mass spectrometry. Six human salivary Ef.LTA-BPs including short palate lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2, zymogen granule protein 16 homolog B, hemoglobin subunit α and β, apolipoprotein A-I, and lipocalin-1 were identified with statistical significance (P<0.05). Ef.LTA-BPs were validated with lipocalin-1 using pull-down assay. Hemoglobin inhibited the biofilm formation of E. faecalis whereas lipocalin-1 did not show such effect. Collectively, the identified Ef.LTA-BPs could provide clues for our understanding of the pathogenesis of E. faecalis and host immunity in oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Il Choe
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woong Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Seong Kang
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Cho
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Nashida T, Yoshimura K, Yoshie S, Mizuhashi F, Shimomura-Kuroki J. Upregulation of Bpifb1 expression in the parotid glands of non-obese diabetic mice. Oral Dis 2016; 22:46-52. [PMID: 26769076 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the increased mRNA expression of Bpifb1, a member of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein family, in parotid acinar cells from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, an animal model for Sjögren's syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parotid acinar cells were prepared from female NOD (NOD/ShiJcl) mice with or without diabetes, as well as from control (C57BL/6JJcl) mice. Total RNA and homogenate were prepared from the parotid acinar cells. Embryonic cDNA from a Mouse MTC(™) Panel I kit was used. The expression of Bpifb1 was determined by cDNA microarray analysis, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, northern blotting and in situ hybridization. RESULTS The expression of Bpifb1 mRNA was high in parotid acinar cells from diabetic and non-diabetic NOD mice at 5-50 weeks of age. Acinar cells in the C57BL/6 mice had a low expression of Bpifb1 mRNA at an age >8 weeks, but had a relatively high expression in the foetus and infantile stages. CONCLUSIONS Bpifb1 mRNA is upregulated in parotid acinar cells in NOD mice, but its expression is not related to the onset of diabetes. These findings suggest that high expression levels of Bpifb1 might predict disease traits before the onset of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nashida
- Departments of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Yoshimura
- Departments of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - S Yoshie
- Departments of Histology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - F Mizuhashi
- Departments of Removable Prosthodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - J Shimomura-Kuroki
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
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Metzler MA, Venkatesh SG, Lakshmanan J, Carenbauer AL, Perez SM, Andres SA, Appana S, Brock GN, Wittliff JL, Darling DS. A systems biology approach identifies a regulatory network in parotid acinar cell terminal differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125153. [PMID: 25928148 PMCID: PMC4416001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transcription factor networks that drive parotid salivary gland progenitor cells to terminally differentiate, remain largely unknown and are vital to understanding the regeneration process. METHODOLOGY A systems biology approach was taken to measure mRNA and microRNA expression in vivo across acinar cell terminal differentiation in the rat parotid salivary gland. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to specifically isolate acinar cell RNA at times spanning the month-long period of parotid differentiation. RESULTS Clustering of microarray measurements suggests that expression occurs in four stages. mRNA expression patterns suggest a novel role for Pparg which is transiently increased during mid postnatal differentiation in concert with several target gene mRNAs. 79 microRNAs are significantly differentially expressed across time. Profiles of statistically significant changes of mRNA expression, combined with reciprocal correlations of microRNAs and their target mRNAs, suggest a putative network involving Klf4, a differentiation inhibiting transcription factor, which decreases as several targeting microRNAs increase late in differentiation. The network suggests a molecular switch (involving Prdm1, Sox11, Pax5, miR-200a, and miR-30a) progressively decreases repression of Xbp1 gene transcription, in concert with decreased translational repression by miR-214. The transcription factor Xbp1 mRNA is initially low, increases progressively, and may be maintained by a positive feedback loop with Atf6. Transfection studies show that Xbp1 activates the Mist1 promoter [corrected]. In addition, Xbp1 and Mist1 each activate the parotid secretory protein (Psp) gene, which encodes an abundant salivary protein, and is a marker of terminal differentiation. CONCLUSION This study identifies novel expression patterns of Pparg, Klf4, and Sox11 during parotid acinar cell differentiation, as well as numerous differentially expressed microRNAs. Network analysis identifies a novel stemness arm, a genetic switch involving transcription factors and microRNAs, and transition to an Xbp1 driven differentiation network. This proposed network suggests key regulatory interactions in parotid gland terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Metzler
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America and
- * E-mail:
| | - Srirangapatnam G. Venkatesh
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America and
| | - Jaganathan Lakshmanan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Carenbauer
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Perez
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Andres
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America and
| | - Savitri Appana
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Guy N. Brock
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - James L. Wittliff
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America and
| | - Douglas S. Darling
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America and
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Ovocalyxin-36 is an effector protein modulating the production of proinflammatory mediators. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
As investigations into the innate immune responses that lead to allergic sensitization become better defined, there is a need to determine how allergens could interact with pattern recognition receptors that bind non-proteinaceous moieties. Many important allergens are not covalently bound to lipid or carbohydrate, but have structures belonging to lipid, glycan and glycolipid-binding families. These include ML-domain proteins, lipopolysaccharide-binding/cell permeability-increasing proteins, von Ebner gland lipocalins, salivary lipocalins/major urinary proteins, plant pathogenesis-related proteins PR-5 and -10, uteroglobins, non-specific lipid transfer proteins, large lipid transfer proteins and proteins with chitin and other carbohydrate-binding modules. The binding expected is overviewed with regard to importance of the allergens and their ability to elicit responses proposed from experimental models. The evidence compiled showing that allergens from the same source sensitize for different types of adaptive immune responses supports the concept that individual allergens within these sources have their own distinctive interactions with innate immunity.
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Holmes A, Rodrigues E, van der Wielen P, Lyons K, Haigh B, Wheeler T, Dawes P, Cannon R. Adherence ofCandida albicansto silicone is promoted by the human salivary protein SPLUNC2/PSP/BPIFA2. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Holmes
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - E. Rodrigues
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - P. van der Wielen
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - K.M. Lyons
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - B.J. Haigh
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - T.T. Wheeler
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - P.J.D. Dawes
- Department of Surgical Sciences; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - R.D. Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Prokopovic V, Popovic M, Andjelkovic U, Marsavelski A, Raskovic B, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M, Polovic N. Isolation, biochemical characterization and anti-bacterial activity of BPIFA2 protein. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:302-9. [PMID: 24581853 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human BPIFA2 (parotid secretory protein) is a ubiquitous soluble salivary protein, which belongs to the PLUNC family of proteins. Having sequence similarity to bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, PLUNC proteins are probably involved in local antibacterial response at mucosal sites, such as oral cavity. The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize human BPIFA2. DESIGN In this paper, we report one-step affinity chromatography method for BPIFA2 purification from whole human saliva. The isolated BPIFA2 was identified by trypsin mass fingerprinting and characterized by electrophoretic methods. Antibacterial activity of BPIFA2 against model microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown in minimum inhibitory concentration and time kill study assays. RESULTS The protein showed microheterogeneity, both in molecular weight and pI value. BPIFA2 inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa in microgram concentration range determined by minimum inhibitory concentration assay. In the time kill study, 32μg/mL BPIFA2 showed clear bactericidal activity and did not cause any aggregation of bacteria. CONCLUSION Affinity chromatography is well suited for isolation of functional BPIFA2 with a potent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Prokopovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Popovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Andjelkovic
- Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Marsavelski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brankica Raskovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Gavrovic-Jankulovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Polovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Balhara V, Schmidt R, Gorr SU, DeWolf C. Membrane selectivity and biophysical studies of the antimicrobial peptide GL13K. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Antimicrobial peptide GL13K is effective in reducing biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4903-10. [PMID: 23917321 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00311-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parotid secretory protein (PSP; BPIF2A) is predicted to be structurally similar to bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein. Based on the locations of known antimicrobial peptides in the latter two proteins, potential active peptides in the PSP sequence were identified. One such peptide, GL13NH2 (PSP residues 141 to 153) was shown previously to interfere with LPS binding and agglutinate bacteria without bactericidal activity. By introducing three additional positively charged lysine residues, the peptide was converted to the novel bactericidal cationic peptide GL13K (MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8 μg/ml [5.6 μM]). We investigated the antibiofilm activity of GL13K against static, monospecies biofilms of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Two-hour exposure of a 24-h biofilm to 64 μg/ml (44.8 μM) GL13K reduced biofilm bacteria by 10(2), and 100 μg/ml (70 μM) GL13K reduced bacteria by 10(3). Similar results could be achieved on 48-h-old biofilms. Lower concentrations of GL13K (32 μg/ml [22.4 μM]) were successful in reducing biofilm cell numbers in combination with tobramycin. This combination treatment also achieved total eradication of the biofilm in a majority (67.5%) of tested samples. An alanine scan of GL13K revealed the importance of the leucine residue in position six of the peptide sequence, where replacement led to a loss of antibiofilm activity, whereas the impact of replacing charged residues was less pronounced. Bacterial metalloproteases were found to partially inactivate GL13K but not a d amino acid version of the peptide.
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von Toerne C, Kahle M, Schäfer A, Ispiryan R, Blindert M, Hrabe De Angelis M, Neschen S, Ueffing M, Hauck SM. Apoe, Mbl2, and Psp Plasma Protein Levels Correlate with Diabetic Phenotype in NZO Mice—An Optimized Rapid Workflow for SRM-Based Quantification. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1331-43. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3009836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute
for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abdolhosseini M, Nandula SR, Song J, Hirt H, Gorr SU. Lysine substitutions convert a bacterial-agglutinating peptide into a bactericidal peptide that retains anti-lipopolysaccharide activity and low hemolytic activity. Peptides 2012; 35:231-8. [PMID: 22484285 PMCID: PMC3356437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GL13NH2 is a bacteria-agglutinating peptide derived from the sequence of the salivary protein parotid secretory protein (PSP, BPIFA2, SPLUNC2, C20orf70). The peptide agglutinates both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, and shows anti-lipopolysaccharide activity in vitro and in vivo. However, GL13NH2 does not exhibit bactericidal activity. To generate a more cationic peptide with potential bactericidal activity, three amino acid residues were replaced with lysine residues to generate the peptide GL13K. In this report, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of GL13K were characterized. GL13K had lost the ability to agglutinate bacteria but gained bactericidal activity. Substitution of individual amino acids in GL13K with alanine did not restore bacterial agglutination. GL13K was bactericidal against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus gordonii and Escherichia coli but not Porphyromonas gingivalis. Unlike the agglutinating activity of GL13NH2, the bactericidal activity of GL13K against P. aeruginosa was retained in the presence of saliva. Both GL13NH2 and GL13K exhibited anti-lipopolysaccharide activity. In GL13K, this activity appeared to depend on a serine hydroxyl group. GL13K protected mice from lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and the peptide exhibited a low level of hemolysis, suggesting that it may be suitable for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Abdolhosseini
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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