Synergistic effects of curcumin with emodin against the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells through upregulation of miR-34a

Therapeutic Potential of 1,8-Dihydroanthraquinone Derivatives for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. In recent years, significant progress has been made in BC therapy. However, serious side effects resulting from the use of standard chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR), limit the effectiveness of approved therapies. Advanced research in the BC area is necessary to create more effective and safer forms of therapy to improve the outlook for individuals diagnosed with this aggressive neoplasm. For decades, plants and natural products with anticancer properties have been successfully utilized in treating various medical conditions. Anthraquinone derivatives are tricyclic secondary metabolites of natural origin that have been identified in plants, lichens, and fungi. They represent a few botanical families, e.g., Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and others. The review comprehensively covers and analyzes the most recent advances in the anticancer activity of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives (emodin, aloe-emodin, hypericin, chrysophanol, rhein, and physcion) applied both individually, or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in in vitro and in vivo BC models. The application of nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo evidence in the context of 1,8-dihydroanthraquinone derivatives was also described.

Recent insights into the nutritional immunomodulation of cancer-related microRNAs

Cancer is the most common cause of death worldwide, following cardiovascular diseases. Cancer is a multifactorial disease and many reasons such as physical, chemical, biological, and lifestyle-related factors. Nutrition, which is one of the various factors that play a role in the prevention, development, and treatment of many types of cancer, affects the immune system, which is characterized by disproportionate pro-inflammatory signaling in cancer. Studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of this effect have shown that foods rich in bioactive compounds, such as green tea, olive oil, turmeric, and soybean play a significant role in positively changing the expression of miRNAs involved in the regulation of genes associated with oncogenic/tumor-suppressing pathways. In addition to these foods, some diet models may change the expression of specific cancer-related miRNAs in different ways. While Mediterranean diet has been associated with anticancer effects, a high-fat diet, and a methyl-restricted diet are considered to have negative effects. This review aims to discuss the effects of specific foods called "immune foods," diet models, and bioactive components on cancer by changing the expression of miRNAs in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Systems biology based miRNA-mRNA expression pattern analysis of Emodin in breast cancer cell lines

Breast cancer has been among the most prominent cancers with high mortality. Currently most of the offered therapeutics are toxic; hence, less toxic therapeutic intervention is required. Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms of the effect of a phytoestrogen Emodin on estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 and negative MDA-MB-231 cells by carrying out a comprehensive network assessment. Differentially expressed microRNAs along with their previously identified differentially expressed mRNAs were analyzed through microarrays by using integrative systems biology approach. For each cell line miRNA-target gene networks were built, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed, enrichment maps were constructed and the potential key genes, miRNAs and miRNA-gene interactions were studied.

Oxidative Stress and Epigenetics: miRNA Involvement in Rare Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) such as Sjögren’s syndrome, Kawasaki disease, and systemic sclerosis are characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and autoantibodies, which cause joint tissue damage, vascular injury, fibrosis, and debilitation. Epigenetics participate in immune cell proliferation and differentiation, which regulates the development and function of the immune system, and ultimately interacts with other tissues. Indeed, overlapping of certain clinical features between ADs indicate that numerous immunologic-related mechanisms may directly participate in the onset and progression of these diseases. Despite the increasing number of studies that have attempted to elucidate the relationship between miRNAs and oxidative stress, autoimmune disorders and oxidative stress, and inflammation and miRNAs, an overall picture of the complex regulation of these three actors in the pathogenesis of ADs has yet to be formed. This review aims to shed light from a critical perspective on the key AD-related mechanisms by explaining the intricate regulatory ROS/miRNA/inflammation axis and the phenotypic features of these rare autoimmune diseases. The inflamma-miRs miR-155 and miR-146, and the redox-sensitive miR miR-223 have relevant roles in the inflammatory response and antioxidant system regulation of these diseases. ADs are characterized by clinical heterogeneity, which impedes early diagnosis and effective personalized treatment. Redox-sensitive miRNAs and inflamma-miRs can help improve personalized medicine in these complex and heterogeneous diseases.

Contribution of Non-Coding RNAs to Anticancer Effects of Dietary Polyphenols: Chlorogenic Acid, Curcumin, Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Genistein, Quercetin and Resveratrol

Growing evidence has been accumulated to show the anticancer effects of daily consumption of polyphenols. These dietary polyphenols include chlorogenic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, genistein, quercetin, and resveratrol. These polyphenols have similar chemical and biological properties in that they can act as antioxidants and exert the anticancer effects via cell signaling pathways involving their reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity. These polyphenols may also act as pro-oxidants under certain conditions, especially at high concentrations. Epigenetic modifications, including dysregulation of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs are now known to be involved in the anticancer effects of polyphenols. These polyphenols can modulate the expression/activity of the component molecules in ROS-scavenger-triggered anticancer pathways (RSTAPs) by increasing the expression of tumor-suppressive ncRNAs and decreasing the expression of oncogenic ncRNAs in general. Multiple ncRNAs are similarly modulated by multiple polyphenols. Many of the targets of ncRNAs affected by these polyphenols are components of RSTAPs. Therefore, ncRNA modulation may enhance the anticancer effects of polyphenols via RSTAPs in an additive or synergistic manner, although other mechanisms may be operating as well.

Global publication trends and research hotspots of curcumin application in tumor: A 20-year bibliometric approach

Malignant tumor is a disease caused by the imbalance of cell growth and proliferation mechanism, which seriously threatens human health and life safety. However, side effects and drug resistance are the key factors that limit the efficacy of anti-tumor drugs. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to explore and unearth natural, safe and effective chemosensitizers in tumor researches. Curcumin is the main active ingredient in Curcuma, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects, and has inhibitory effects on a variety of cancers. Bibliometric analysis is a scientific and quantitative method to assess the published articles, which can help researchers to find the development trends and the research hotspots of a specific research field, providing the development of future research for researchers. This study searched the Web Science Core Collection (woscc) for publications related to curcumin and tumors from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2021. The specific characteristics of 1707 publications were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel software, CiteSpace, Vosviewer and online analysis platform of literature metrology. China had the largest number of published articles, with 579 publications. Aggarwal BB’s articles total citations and average citations were the most. PLoS One had the largest number of publications, with 32 publications. The current research focuses on “nanoparticles”, “delivery”, “micells” and “doxorubicin”. At present, nano based drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of curcumin and thus to treat tumors will be the focus of future research.

Cellular reprogramming, chemoresistance, and dietary interventions in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) diagnosis has been associated with significant risk factors, including family history, late menopause, obesity, poor eating habits, and alcoholism. Despite the advances in the last decades regarding cancer treatment, some obstacles still hinder the effectiveness of therapy. For example, chemotherapy resistance is common in locally advanced or metastatic cancer, reducing treatment options and contributing to mortality. In this review, we provide an overview of BC metabolic changes, including the impact of restrictive diets associated with chemoresistance, the therapeutic potential of the diet on tumor progression, pathways related to metabolic health in oncology, and perspectives on the future in the area of oncological nutrition.

Anti-Cancer Effects of Dietary Polyphenols via ROS-Mediated Pathway with Their Modulation of MicroRNAs

Consumption of coffee, tea, wine, curry, and soybeans has been linked to a lower risk of cancer in epidemiological studies. Several cell-based and animal studies have shown that dietary polyphenols like chlorogenic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, genistein, quercetin and resveratrol play a major role in these anticancer effects. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the anticancer effects of polyphenols. Depending on the cellular microenvironment, these polyphenols can exert double-faced actions as either an antioxidant or a prooxidant, and one of the representative anticancer mechanisms is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism. These polyphenols can also influence microRNA (miR) expression. In general, they can modulate the expression/activity of the constituent molecules in ROS-mediated anticancer pathways by increasing the expression of tumor-suppressive miRs and decreasing the expression of oncogenic miRs. Thus, miR modulation may enhance the anticancer effects of polyphenols through the ROS-mediated pathways in an additive or synergistic manner. More precise human clinical studies on the effects of dietary polyphenols on miR expression will provide convincing evidence of the preventive roles of dietary polyphenols in cancer and other diseases.

New 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid-Emodin Esters Synthetized by a One-Step Innovative Route, Its Structural Characterization, and in Vivo Toxicity Assessed on Zebrafish Models

To integrate the active advantages of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) and emodin, improve bioavailability, increase efficiency, and reduce toxicity, a one-step innovative synthetic route was set up for the first time: 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was used as catalyst, 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carboimide hydrochloride (EDCI) as condensation agent, dry dichloromethane (DCM) as solvent at 25 °C for 12 h, the three target products were obtained and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the chemical structures of them were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique and high resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry (HREI-MS), namely, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid-3-emodin ester (1, yield 78.83 %, known), di-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid-1-emodin ester (2, yield 6.49 %, new), and di-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid-8-emodin ester (3, yield 1.81 %, new). To estimate their effects of the products on toxicity in zebrafish embryos and juvenile fishes, the two precursors and three target products were assayed involving in hatching rate, survival rate, morphology, heart rate, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The results showed that the target products enhanced the hatching and survival rate of zebrafish embryos, decreased the malformation rate and the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. It should be suggested that the one-step synthesis route with high yield makes the industrial application of the target products possible due to significantly reduced toxicity. The two new by-products provide potential candidates for the applications of pharmaceutical industry in the future.

Involvement of microRNA modifications in anticancer effects of major polyphenols from green tea, coffee, wine, and curry

Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of green tea, coffee, wine, and curry may contribute to a reduced risk of various cancers. However, there are some cancer site-specific differences in their effects; for example, the consumption of tea or wine may reduce bladder cancer risk, whereas coffee consumption may increase the risk. Animal and cell-based experiments have been used to elucidate the anticancer mechanisms of these compounds, with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based mechanisms emerging as likely candidates. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), curcumin (CUR), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol (RSV) can act as antioxidants that activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to downregulate ROS, and as prooxidants to generate ROS, leading to the downregulation of NF-κB. Polyphenols can modulate miRNA (miR) expression, with these dietary polyphenols shown to downregulate tumor-promoting miR-21. CUR, EGCG, and RSV can upregulate tumor-suppressing miR-16, 34a, 145, and 200c, but downregulate tumor-promoting miR-25a. CGA, EGCG, and RSV downregulate tumor-suppressing miR-20a, 93, and 106b. The effects of miRs may combine with ROS-mediated pathways, enhancing the anticancer effects of these polyphenols. More precise analysis is needed to determine how the different modulations of miRs by polyphenols relate to the cancer site-specific differences found in epidemiological studies related to the consumption of foods containing these polyphenols.

Association between extract of Euphorbia szovitsii and expression level of microRNAs in MDA-MB-231 cell line

BACKGROUND

The miRNAs have been shown to be involved in breast cancer. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the impacts of extract from Euphorbia szovitsii Fisch & C.A. Mey on the expression level of microRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell line.

METHODS AND RESULT

The alterations in the expression level of miRNAs in MDA-MB-231 cell line exposed to the extract of E. szovitsii were determined exploiting qRT-PCR technique. The expression of MDA-MB-231 cell microRNAs including miR-15, miR-16, miR-21, miR-29, miR-34a, miR-146b, miR-151, miR-155, miR-181b, miR-221, miR-222, and Let-7 was evaluated at 24 and 48 h after treatment with the E. szovitsii extract. The treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with E. szovitsii caused a significant elevation in the expression of miR-155, miR-146b (P < 0.05), miR-16, miR-21, miR-151 (P < 0.01), and miR-34a (P < 0.001) after 24 h, and also miR-155, Let-7 (P < 0.05), miR-15, miR-29, miR-151 (P < 0. 01), miR-146b and miR-34a (P<0.001) after 48 h.

CONCLUSIONS

The qRT-PCR findings at 24 and 48 h after treatment revealed that the MDA-MB-231 cell line in the presence of E. szovitsii extract showed an alteration in the expression profile of miRNAs implicated in the induction of cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. These results may be helpful in determining the anticancer activity of E. szovitsii in MDA-MB-231 cell line.

Evaluation of the Effects of Nanomicellar Curcumin, Berberine, and Their Combination with 5-Fluorouracil on Breast Cancer Cells

INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer is one of the main challenging areas in cancer treatment. Natural compounds such as curcumin and berberine have been approved with anticancer effects and are more favorable to people. Here, we investigated the potential synergistic anticancer effects of these two compounds in combination with the standard cancer drug 5-FU on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study tested the effects of six different treatments on cancer cell growth: A) control; B) curcumin; C) berberine; D) 5-FU; E) curcumin + berberine; and F) curcumin + berberine + 5-FU. The IC₅₀ concentration of each treatment on cancer cell growth was determined using the MTT assay. Invasiveness of cells grown in 3D culture was analyzed using the transwell chamber technique. Expression levels of genes involved in cancer cell growth and survival (WNT1, APC, AXIN1, CTNNB1, TCF, MTOR, AKT1, MAPK1, PTEN, BIRC5, CCNG1) were evaluated by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

There was a reduction in cancer cell growth and invasion, and an increase in cellular decomposition across all treatment groups compared to the control with the strongest effects seen in the combined curcumin/berberine/5-FU group. The expression levels of all tested genes were altered in all treatment groups compared to the control, with that of WNT1, CTNNB1, TCF, MTOR, AKT1, BIRC5, and CCND1 showing the most robust changes in the combined curcumin/berberine/5-FU treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

All treatment groups had anti-growth, anti-invasion, and pro-apoptotic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells in culture. In addition, all treatment groups showed changes in the expression of the genes involved in cancer cell growth and survival with the strongest effects found for the curcumin/berberine/5-FU combination. Therefore, curcumin and berberine may improve the anticancer effects of chemotherapy and these natural compounds should undergo further testing as potential adjuvants.

Phytochemicals mediated modulation of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in cancer prevention and therapy

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two main categories of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that can influence essential biological functions in various ways, as well as their expression and function are tightly regulated in physiological homeostasis. Additionally, the dysregulation of these ncRNAs seems to be crucial to the pathogenesis of human diseases. The latest findings indicate that ncRNAs execute vital roles in cancer initiation and progression, and the cancer phenotype can be reversed by modulating their expression. Available scientific discoveries suggest that phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and organosulfur compounds can significantly modulate multiple cancer-associated miRNAs and lncRNAs, thereby inhibiting cancer initiation and development. However, despite promising outcomes of experimental research, only a few clinical trials are currently being conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of these compounds. Nevertheless, understanding phytochemical-mediated ncRNA regulation in cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms on tumor pathophysiology can aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat this deadly disease.

MicroRNAs: Important Players in Breast Cancer Angiogenesis and Therapeutic Targets

The high incidence of breast cancer (BC) is linked to metastasis, facilitated by tumor angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have an essential role in gene expression and are significantly linked to the tumor development and angiogenesis process in different types of cancer, including BC. There's increasing evidence showed that various miRNAs play a significant role in disease processes; specifically, they are observed and over-expressed in a wide range of diseases linked to the angiogenesis process. However, more studies are required to reach the best findings and identify the link among miRNA expression, angiogenic pathways, and immune response-related genes to find new therapeutic targets. Here, we summarized the recent updates on miRNA signatures and their cellular targets in the development of breast tumor angiogenetic and discussed the strategies associated with miRNA-based therapeutic targets as anti-angiogenic response.

Multiple strategies for the treatment of invasive breast carcinoma: A comprehensive prospective

In this review, we emphasize on evolving therapeutic strategies and advances in the treatment of breast cancer (BC). This includes small-molecule inhibitors under preclinical and clinical investigation, phytoconstituents with antiproliferative potential, targeted therapies as antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), vaccines as immunotherapeutic agents and peptides as a novel approach inhibiting the interaction of oncogenic proteins. We provide an update of molecules under different phases of clinical investigation which aid in the identification of loopholes or shortcomings that can be overcomed with future breast cancer research.

Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities

Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is present in numerous globally renowned herbal medicines. It is recognised as a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and as an anticancer drug, active against various tumour cells, including lung, breast, liver, and ovarian cancer cells. Recently, its role in combination chemotherapy with various allopathic medicines, to minimize their toxicity and to enhance their efficacy, has been studied. The use of emodin in these therapies is gaining popularity, due to fewer associated side effects compared with standard anticancer drugs. Emodin has a broad therapeutic window, and in addition to its antineoplastic activity, it displays anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, immunosuppressive and antifibrotic activities, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Although reviews on the anticancer activity of emodin have been published, none coherently unite all the pharmacological properties of emodin, particularly the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective activities of the compound. Hence, in this review, all of the available data regarding the pharmacological properties of emodin are explored, with particular emphasis on the modes of action of the molecule. In addition, the manuscript details the occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of the compound, as well as its toxic effects on biotic systems.

Modulation of MicroRNAs by Euphorbia Microsciadia Boiss in MDA-MB-231 Cell Line: New Possibilities in Breast Cancer Therapy

BACKGROUND

A large number of Euphorbia species have been evaluated for anticancer effects; however, their anticancer mechanisms have not been established up to now.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Euphorbia microsciadia (E. microsciadia) Boiss on the modulation of micro (mi) RNAs in MDA-MB-231 cell line.

METHODS

As the first step, the inhibitory concentration of hydroalcoholic extract of E. microsciadia on MDA-MB-231 cells was examined using the MTT assay, bypassing 24 and 48h from seeding. The real-time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was also utilized to determine Let-7, miR-15, miR-16, miR-29, miR-151, miR-155, miR-21, miR-146b, miR-181b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-21, and miR-146b expressions in MDA-MB-231 cells, by passing 24 and 48h from treating with the extract of E. microsciadia.

RESULTS

The results reveal the cytotoxic effects of E. microsciadia on MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal Inhibitory Concentrations (IC50) were also equal to 275 and 240μg/ml for E. microsciadia, by passing 24 and 48h from the treatment, respectively. Furthermore, it was confirmed that, E. microsciadia had augmented the expression levels of Let-7, miR-15, miR-16, miR-29, and miR-34a, which lead to an increase in apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

E. microsciadia could modulate some miRNAs involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cell line. Accordingly, targeting miRNAs by E. microsciadia can open some newer avenues for breast cancer therapy.

Curcumin: Modulator of Key Molecular Signaling Pathways in Hormone-Independent Breast Cancer

Simple Summary

Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females worldwide. It is a highly heterogeneous disease, classified according to hormone and growth factor receptor expression. Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-negative) and hormone-independent HER2 overexpressing subtypes still represent highly aggressive behavior, metastasis, poor prognosis, and drug resistance. Thus, new alternative anticancer agents based on the use of natural products have been receiving enormous attention. In this regard, curcumin is a promising lead in cancer drug discovery due its ability to modulate a diverse range of molecular targets and signaling pathways. The current review has emphasized the underlying mechanism of curcumin anticancer action mediated through the modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, MAPK, NF-ĸB, p53, Wnt/β-catenin, apoptosis, and cell cycle pathways in hormone-independent breast cancer, providing frameworks for future studies and insights to improve its efficiency in clinical practice.

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Despite the overall successes in breast cancer therapy, hormone-independent HER2 negative breast cancer, also known as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking estrogens and progesterone receptors and with an excessive expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), along with the hormone-independent HER2 positive subtype, still remain major challenges in breast cancer treatment. Due to their poor prognoses, aggressive phenotype, and highly metastasis features, new alternative therapies have become an urgent clinical need. One of the most noteworthy phytochemicals, curcumin, has attracted enormous attention as a promising drug candidate in breast cancer prevention and treatment due to its multi-targeting effect. Curcumin interrupts major stages of tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis in hormone-independent breast cancer through the modulation of multiple signaling pathways. The current review has highlighted the anticancer activity of curcumin in hormone-independent breast cancer via focusing on its impact on key signaling pathways including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, JAK/STAT pathway, MAPK pathway, NF-ĸB pathway, p53 pathway, and Wnt/β-catenin, as well as apoptotic and cell cycle pathways. Besides, its therapeutic implications in clinical trials are here presented.

Breast Cancer Targeting of a Drug Delivery System through Postsynthetic Modification of Curcumin@N3-bio-MOF-100 via Click Chemistry

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer many opportunities for applications across biology and medicine. Their wide range of chemical composition makes toxicologically acceptable formulation possible, and their high level of functionality enables possible applications as delivery systems for therapeutics agents. Surface modifications have been used in drug delivery systems to minimize their interaction with the bulk, improving their specificity as targeted carriers. Herein, we discuss a strategy to achieve a tumor-targeting drug-loaded MOF using "click" chemistry to anchor functional folic acid (FA) molecules on the surface of N₃-bio-MOF-100. Using curcumin (CCM) as an anticancer drug, we observed drug loading encapsulation efficiencies (DLEs) of 24.02 and 25.64% after soaking N₃-bio-MOF-100 in CCM solutions for 1 day and 3 days, respectively. The success of postsynthetic modification of FA was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The stimuli-responsive drug release studies demonstrated an increase of CCM released under acidic microenvironments. Moreover, the cell viability assay was performed on the 4T1 (breast cancer) cell line in the presence of CCM@N₃-bio-MOF-100 and CCM@N₃-bio-MOF-100/FA carriers to confirm its biological compatibility. In addition, a cellular uptake study was conducted to evaluate the targeting of tumor cells.

The comprehensive landscape of miR-34a in cancer research

MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) plays central roles in human diseases, especially cancers. Inactivation of miR-34 is detected in cancer cell lines and tumor tissues versus normal controls, implying its potential tumor-suppressive effect. Clinically, miR-34 has been identified as promising prognostic indicators for various cancers. In fact, members of the miR-34 family, especially miR-34a, have been convincingly proved to affect almost the whole cancer progression process. Here, a total of 512 (miR-34a, 10/21), 85 (miR-34b, 10/16), and 114 (miR-34c, 10/14) putative targets of miR-34a/b/c are predicted by at least ten miRNA databases, respectively. These targets are further analyzed in gene ontology (GO), KEGG pathway, and the Reactome pathway dataset. The results suggest their involvement in the regulation of signal transduction, macromolecule metabolism, and protein modification. Also, the targets are implicated in critical signaling pathways, such as MAPK, Notch, Wnt, PI3K/AKT, p53, and Ras, as well as apoptosis, cell cycle, and EMT-related pathways. Moreover, the upstream regulators of miR-34a, mainly including transcription factors (TFs), lncRNAs, and DNA methylation, will be summarized. Meanwhile, the potential TF upstream of miR-34a/b/c will be predicted by PROMO, JASPAR, Animal TFDB 3.0, and GeneCard databases. Notably, miR-34a is an attractive target for certain cancers. In fact, miR-34a-based systemic delivery combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy can more effectively control tumor progression. Collectively, this review will provide a panorama for miR-34a in cancer research.

The Anticancer Effects of Flavonoids through miRNAs Modulations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence rate has regularly risen over the last decades and is expected to increase in the future. Finding novel treatment options with minimum or no toxicity is of great importance in treating or preventing TNBC. Flavonoids are new attractive molecules that might fulfill this promising therapeutic option. Flavonoids have shown many biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In addition to their anticancer effects by arresting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing cancer cell proliferation, flavonoids can modulate non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) function. Several preclinical and epidemiological studies indicate the possible therapeutic potential of these compounds. Flavonoids display a unique ability to change miRNAs' levels via different mechanisms, either by suppressing oncogenic miRNAs or activating oncosuppressor miRNAs or affecting transcriptional, epigenetic miRNA processing in TNBC. Flavonoids are not only involved in the regulation of miRNA-mediated cancer initiation, growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also control miRNAs-mediated biological processes that significantly impact TNBC, such as cell cycle, immune system, mitochondrial dysregulation, modulating signaling pathways, inflammation, and angiogenesis. In this review, we highlighted the role of miRNAs in TNBC cancer progression and the effect of flavonoids on miRNA regulation, emphasizing their anticipated role in the prevention and treatment of TNBC.

Regulation of gene transcription of B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Review)

B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi-1) is a core protein component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 that inhibits cell senescence and maintains the self-renewal ability of stem cells via downregulation of p16Ink4a and p19Arf expression. Bmi-1 serves an important role in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and neurodevelopment during embryonic development, and it has been shown to enhance tumorigenesis by promoting cancer stem cell self-renewal and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Emerging evidence suggests that Bmi-1 overexpression is closely related to the development and progression of various types of cancer, and that downregulation of Bmi-1 expression can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. It is therefore important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the regulation of Bmi-1 expression both under normal growth conditions and in malignant tissues. In the present review, the current body of knowledge pertaining to the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the BMI-1 gene is discussed, and the potential mechanisms by which Bmi-1 is dysregulated in various types of cancer are highlighted. Bmi-1 expression is primarily controlled via transcriptional regulation, and is regulated by the transcription https://www.ushuaia.pl/hyphen/?ln=en factors of the Myc family, including Myb, Twist1, SALL4 and E2F-1. Post-transcriptionally, regulation of Bmi-1 expression is inhibited by several microRNAs and certain small-molecule drugs. Thus, regulatory transcriptional factors are potential therapeutic targets to reduce Bmi-1 expression in cancer cells. Thus, the present review provides an up-to-date review on the regulation of BMI-1 gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level.

Identification of Potential Therapeutic Genes and Pathways in Phytoestrogen Emodin Treated Breast Cancer Cell Lines via Network Biology Approaches

Phytoestrogens have been investigated for their potential anti-tumorigenic effects in various cancers including breast cancer. Emodin being a phytoestrogen shows anti-carcinogenic properties especially in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers. The aim of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism and related biological pathways in both (ER+) MCF-7 and (ER-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines upon Emodin treatment via microarray analysis in order to find out therapeutic biomarkers. In both cell lines, first differentially expressed genes were identified, then gene ontology and functional pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Genes regulated through multiple pathways were studied together with literature and a gene cluster was determined for each cell line. Further GeneMANIA and STRING databases were used to study the interactions within the related gene clusters. The results showed that, the genes which are related to cell cycle were significantly regulated in both cell lines. Also, Forkhead Box O1-related genes were found to be prominent in MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, spindle attachment checkpoint mechanism-related genes were regulated, remarkably. As a result, novel gene regulations reported in this study in response to Emodin will give more information about its metabolism and antiproliferative effect, especially in ER + cells.

Curcumin anti-tumor effects on endometrial cancer with focus on its molecular targets

Curcumin is extracted from turmeric and shows a variety of properties that make it a useful agent for treating diseases and targeting different biological mechanisms, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This phenolic compound is safe even at high doses. However, it has poor bioavailability. The incidence rates of endometrial cancer (EC) that is one of the most prevalent gynecological malignancies is increasing. Meanwhile, the onset age of EC has been decreased in past few years. Besides, EC does not show a convenient prognosis, particularly at advanced stages. Based on this information, discovering new approaches or enhancing the available ones is required to provide better care for EC patients. In this review, we cover studies concerned with the anti-tumor effects of curcumin on EC. We focus on molecular mechanisms that are targeted by curcumin treatment in different processes of cancer development and progression, such as apoptosis, inflammation, and migration. Furthermore, we present the role of curcumin in targeting some microRNAs (miRNAs) that may play a role in EC.

Curcumin from Turmeric Rhizome: A Potential Modulator of DNA Methylation Machinery in Breast Cancer Inhibition

One of the most systematically studied bioactive nutraceuticals for its benefits in the management of various diseases is the turmeric-derived compounds: curcumin. Turmeric obtained from the rhizome of a perennial herb Curcuma longa L. is a condiment commonly used in our diet. Curcumin is well known for its potential role in inhibiting cancer by targeting epigenetic machinery, with DNA methylation at the forefront. The dynamic DNA methylation processes serve as an adaptive mechanism to a wide variety of environmental factors, including diet. Every healthy tissue has a precise DNA methylation pattern that changes during cancer development, forming a cancer-specific design. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, global DNA demethylation, and promoter hypomethylation of oncogenes and prometastatic genes are hallmarks of nearly all types of cancer, including breast cancer. Curcumin has been shown to modulate epigenetic events that are dysregulated in cancer cells and possess the potential to prevent cancer or enhance the effects of conventional anti-cancer therapy. Although mechanisms underlying curcumin-mediated changes in the epigenome remain to be fully elucidated, the mode of action targeting both hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes in cancer is promising for cancer chemoprevention. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of potential epigenetic mechanisms of curcumin in reversing altered patterns of DNA methylation in breast cancer that is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among females worldwide. Insight into the other bioactive components of turmeric rhizome as potential epigenetic modifiers has been indicated as well.

Natural Compound Mixture, Containing Emodin, Genipin, Chlorogenic Acid, Cimigenoside, and Ginsenoside Rb1, Ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Skin Lesions by Suppressing Inflammation and Proliferation in Keratinocytes

Herbal combinations of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Gardeniae Fructus, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and Ginseng Radix have been used in traditional formulas to treat the symptoms of heat and dryness. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of a natural compound mixture (PSM) of these herbal combinations, containing emodin, genipin, chlorogenic acid, cimigenoside, and ginsenoside Rb1, for the treatment of psoriasis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. PSM was applied topically to the dorsal skin lesions of imiquimod- (IMQ-) induced C57BL/6 mice, and the expression of the proinflammatory mediators was investigated. The topical application of 1% PSM reduced psoriasis-like symptoms in IMQ-induced C57BL/6 mice significantly. PSM also attenuated the production of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 in skin lesions. Histological analysis showed that PSM had antipsoriatic effects by reducing the lesional epidermal thickness. Either M5 (IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, and TNF-α, 10 ng/ml each) or IL-22- (100 ng/ml) stimulated HaCaT cells were used to examine the efficacy and underlying mechanism of PSM. In M5-stimulated HaCaT cells, PSM inhibited the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 10 and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 20 effectively. Moreover, compared to the use of a single compound, it had synergistic inhibitory effects in CXCL8 production. PSM suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and STAT3 signaling pathways in M5-stimulated HaCaT cells. Furthermore, PSM reduced the proliferation rate and K16 and K17 expressions in IL-22-stimulated HaCaT cells by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results suggest that PSM may have a therapeutic potential in the treatment of psoriasis lesions.

Combinatorial therapy of Thymoquinone and Emodin synergistically enhances apoptosis, attenuates cell migration and reduces stemness efficiently in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer intimidates the contemporary medical advances, attempting to revolutionize cancer therapeutics. While patients suffering an advanced breast cancer are dependent on mono drugs, yet the build out of resistance leading to treatment fails has become inevitable.

METHODS

Cell viability Assay with MTT revealed the "IC50" concentrations of the drugs in both cancer as well as PBMC. Cell cycle arrest, flow cytometric ROS analysis & apoptosis evaluation pointed out the efficacy of the dual drug. Wound Healing, Transwell Migration & Immunocytochemistry indicated anti-migratory potential of TQ-Emo while expression patterns of Cl-Cas3, p53, Bax, Bcl2 & the stemness markers further vouched the potential of the combinatorial drug. Furthermore, validation of tumor inhibitory effect was earned by an ex-ovo xenograft model.

RESULTS

Dual dosage enhanced apoptosis through ROS generation, anti- migratory effect by targeting FAK &Integrins, displaying effective stemness control by assessing regulatory proteins- Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, ALDH1/2. Ex-ovo xenograft model validated tumor regression. Our study thereby deals with devastating effects of cancer drug resistance while trying to abate enhanced migratory potential & stemness, utilizing the synergism of the combinable therapy.

CONCLUSION

TQ/Emo inhibited breast cancer proliferation synergistically while enhancing cytotoxicity, inducing apoptosis on MCF-7 cells while curbing migration & stemness.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

Employment of the combinatorial phytochemicals, Thymoquinone & Emodin attempted to achieve deliverables like reduced cellular toxicity, drug resistance, anti-migratory potency & stemness. Besides, decreased p-FAK expression or regression in Mammosphere & tumor size in ex-ovo xenograft model is indicative of the better anti-tumorigenic potential of the dual formulation.

Phytochemicals modulate cancer aggressiveness: A review depicting the anticancer efficacy of dietary polyphenols and their combinations

Cancer is referred to as the "Emperor of all maladies" accounting for the second-highest mortality rates worldwide. Major factors associated with cancer lethality are uncontrolled proliferation, metastasis, and frequent recurrence. The conventional therapeutic drugs used in cancer therapy have been associated with numerous damaging side-effects that call for the use of alternative therapeutic options. The natural plant compounds (NPCs) have been found to be effective against diverse groups of diseases including cancer. Among the different types, the polyphenolic phytochemicals like curcumin, (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Resveratrol, and nimbolide which are predominant parts of daily dietary intake have proved their potency in reducing the aggressive properties of cancer. Here, we have highlighted the mechanisms through which these NPCs influence growth, metastatic potential, and the drug-resistant behavior of different cancer types. Moreover, we have also emphasized on their function as modulators of the immune system as well as the metabolic properties of the tumor. The role of these phytochemicals in reducing cancer progression has been highlighted when administered unaided or in combination with similar group of compounds. Moreover, their ability to enhance the drug-sensitivity of cancer cells which accounts for their use in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics has also been discussed in this article. Therefore, co-administration of these phytochemicals with chemically similar group members or with conventional chemotherapeutics may prove to be an effective treatment strategy for cancer.

Curcumin: a phytochemical modulator of estrogens and androgens in tumors of the reproductive system

Curcumin (Cur) is an active derivative extracted from turmeric which exerts a wide range of interactions with biomolecules through complex signaling pathways. Cur has been extensively shown to possess potential antitumor properties. In addition, there is growing body of evidence suggesting that Cur may exert potential anti-estrogen and anti-androgen activity. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that anticancer properties of Cur against tumors affecting the reproductive system in females and males may be underlied by the Cur-mediated inhibition of androgen and estrogen signaling pathways. In this review we examine various studies assessing the crosstalk between Cur and both androgen and estrogen hormonal activity. Also, we discuss the potential chemopreventive and antitumor role of Cur in the most prevalent cancers affecting the reproductive system in females and males.

Chinese Herbal Medicine-Based Cancer Therapy: Novel Anticancer Agents Targeting MicroRNAs to Regulate Tumor Growth and Metastasis

MicroRNAs, small non-coding RNA molecules, have gained a reputation of the most substantial regulators in gene network with the ability to down-regulate their targets. Accumulating evidence shifted insight toward microRNAs regulation as the key element of cancer initiation, development, and aggression. Recent studies have attached the importance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to the treatment of various cancers, and the functional natural compounds have been considered as novel anticancer agents to directly inhibit tumor progression. In more recent decades, a wide range of biologically active components of TCM has gained increasing attention to their applications in the modulation of microRNAs. This review is on the purpose of demonstrating the significance of TCM bioactive ingredients in microRNAs regulation for cancer treatment according to the reports mainly in the recent six years, providing the evidence of efficient Chinese herbal medicine-based therapy and effective pro-diagnosis focusing on microRNAs expression of cancer patients.

Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine

Numerous natural products originated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibit anti-cancer activities, including anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects, as well as regulate autophagy, reverse multidrug resistance, balance immunity, and enhance chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. To provide new insights into the critical path ahead, we systemically reviewed the most recent advances (reported since 2011) on the key compounds with anti-cancer effects derived from Chinese herbal medicine (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, artemisinin, ginsenoside Rg3, ursolic acid, silibinin, emodin, triptolide, cucurbitacin B, tanshinone I, oridonin, shikonin, gambogic acid, artesunate, wogonin, β-elemene, and cepharanthine) in scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Clinical Trials). With a broader perspective, we focused on their recently discovered and/or investigated pharmacological effects, novel mechanism of action, relevant clinical studies, and their innovative applications in combined therapy and immunomodulation. In addition, the present review has extended to describe other promising compounds including dihydroartemisinin, ginsenoside Rh2, compound K, cucurbitacins D, E, I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in view of their potentials in cancer therapy. Up to now, the evidence about the immunomodulatory effects and clinical trials of natural anti-cancer compounds from Chinese herbal medicine is very limited, and further research is needed to monitor their immunoregulatory effects and explore their mechanisms of action as modulators of immune checkpoints.

Emodin sensitizes human pancreatic cancer cells to EGFR inhibitor through suppressing Stat3 signaling pathway

Background

Excessive expression of EGFR is closely related to tumor formation, transfer and deterioration, which has attracted much attention. EGFR overexpression may be detected in up to 90% of pancreatic tumors. However, drug resistance of EGFR inhibitors targeting treatment severely limits its clinical application.

Methods

In this study, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of p-Stat3, EGFR, Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase3 and Bax. Cell apoptosis was evaluated via flow cytometry. The colon assay and MTT assay were applied for detecting the cell proliferation in vitro. The xenograft mouse model was used to examine the cell proliferation in vivo.

Results

Emodin remarkably enhanced the anti-cancer effect of EGFR inhibitor on pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, emodin promoted afatinib-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the Stat3 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, siRNAs against Stat3 significantly increased the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. EGFR inhibitor promoted phosphorylation of Stat3 in pancreatic cancer cells. Interestingly, emodin combined with EGFR inhibitor inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. The tumor xenograft mice model was further confirmed that emodin possessed a synergy anticancer effect with afatinib on pancreatic cancer cells by regulating the Stat3 expression.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the combination of emodin with EGFR inhibitor is an effective therapeutic strategy to sensitize human pancreatic cancer.

Curcumin suppresses osteogenesis by inducing miR-126a-3p and subsequently suppressing the WNT/LRP6 pathway

Curcumin, a natural phenolic biphenyl compound derived from the plant Curcuma longa, modulates multiple steps of carcinogenesis partly by affecting the expression of miRNAs. Interestingly, cancer development shares many of the same signalling pathways with bone formation. Reduced bone mass creates favourable conditions for tumor metastasis. However, the effects and mechanism of curcumin on bone formation and osteogenesis are relatively unknown and controversial. We demonstrated that curcumin inhibited osteogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) in a concentration-dependent manner. In hADSCs, curcumin modulates the expression of a series of miRNAs, including miR-126a-3p, during osteogenesis. Overexpression or inhibition of miR-126a-3p is required for the effect of curcumin on osteogenesis. Further investigation indicated that miR-126a-3p directly targets and inhibits LRP6 through binding to its 3’-UTR, and then blocks WNT activation. Our findings suggest that the use of curcumin as an anti-tumor agent may lead to decreased bone mass through the suppression of osteogenesis. Knowing whether the long-term or high doses use of curcumin will cause decreased bone mass and bone density, which might increase the potential threat of tumor metastasis, also requires a neutral assessment of the role of curcumin in both regulating bone formation and bone absorption.

Bioactive Ingredients in Chinese Herbal Medicines That Target Non-coding RNAs: Promising New Choices for Disease Treatment

Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are widely used in China and have long been a powerful method to treat diseases in Chinese people. Bioactive ingredients are the main components extracted from herbs that have therapeutic properties. Since artemisinin was discovered to inhibit malaria by Nobel laureate Youyou Tu, extracts from natural plants, particularly bioactive ingredients, have aroused increasing attention among medical researchers. The bioactive ingredients of some CHMs have been found to target various non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNAs), especially miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, which have emerged as new treatment targets in numerous diseases. Here we review the evidence that, by regulating the expression of ncRNAs, these ingredients exert protective effects, including pro-apoptosis, anti-proliferation and anti-migration, anti-inflammation, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-infection, anti-senescence, and suppression of structural remodeling. Consequently, they have potential as treatment agents in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, nervous system disease, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, infectious diseases, and senescence-related diseases. Although research has been relatively limited and inadequate to date, the promising choices and new alternatives offered by bioactive ingredients for the treatment of the above diseases warrant serious investigation.

The targeting of non‑coding RNAs by curcumin: Facts and hopes for cancer therapy (Review)

Curcumin [(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione] is a natural polyphenol that is derived from the turmeric plant (curcuma longa L.). Curcumin is widely used in food coloring, preservatives, and condiments. Curcumin possesses anti-tumor, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory efficacy, as well as other pharmacological effects. Emerging evidence indicates that curcumin alters microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in various types of cancers. Both miRNAs and lncRNAs are non-coding RNAs that can epigenetically modulate the expression of multiple genes via post-transcriptional regulation. In the present review, the interactions between curcumin and non-coding RNAs are summarized in numerous types of cancers, including lung, colorectal, prostate, breast, nasopharyngeal, pancreatic, blood, and ovarian cancer, and the vital non-coding RNAs and their downstream targets are described.

Emodin protects H9c2 cells from hypoxia-induced injury by up-regulating miR-138 expression

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common presentation for ischemic heart disease, which is a leading cause of death. Emodin is a Chinese herbal anthraquinone used in several diseases. However, the effect of emodin in hypoxia-induced injury in cardiomyocytes has not been clearly elucidated. Our study aimed to clarify the functions of emodin in hypoxia-induced injury in rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 and explore the underlying mechanism. The effects of emodin on cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed by the Cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry assay, respectively. The cell proliferation- and cell apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. qRT-PCR was used to determine the relative expression of miR-138. Cell transfection was performed to alter miR-138 and MLK3 expression. miR-138 target was performed by dual luciferase activity assay. Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways-related factors phosphorylation were analyzed by western blot. Emodin inhibited hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells by promoting cell viability and reducing cell apoptosis. miR-138 was down-regulated by hypoxia treatment but up-regulated by emodin. Up-regulation of miR-138 alleviated hypoxia-induced cell injury. Down-regulation of miR-138 attenuated the growth-promoting effect of emodin on hypoxia-induced injury, whereas up-regulation of miR-138 enhanced the growth-promoting effects of emodin. The underlying mechanism might be by inactivating Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. MLK3 was negatively regulated by miR-138 expression and inactivated Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Emodin alleviated hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cells via up-regulation of miR-138 modulated by MLK3, as well as by activating Sirt1/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.

Drug Bioavailability Enhancing Agents of Natural Origin (Bioenhancers) that Modulate Drug Membrane Permeation and Pre-Systemic Metabolism

Many new chemical entities are discovered with high therapeutic potential, however, many of these compounds exhibit unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties due to poor solubility and/or poor membrane permeation characteristics. The latter is mainly due to the lipid-like barrier imposed by epithelial mucosal layers, which have to be crossed by drug molecules in order to exert a therapeutic effect. Another barrier is the pre-systemic metabolic degradation of drug molecules, mainly by cytochrome P450 enzymes located in the intestinal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes. Although the nasal, buccal and pulmonary routes of administration avoid the first-pass effect, they are still dependent on absorption of drug molecules across the mucosal surfaces to achieve systemic drug delivery. Bioenhancers (drug absorption enhancers of natural origin) have been identified that can increase the quantity of unchanged drug that appears in the systemic blood circulation by means of modulating membrane permeation and/or pre-systemic metabolism. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of natural bioenhancers and their main mechanisms of action for the nasal, buccal, pulmonary and oral routes of drug administration. Poorly bioavailable drugs such as large, hydrophilic therapeutics are often administered by injections. Bioenhancers may potentially be used to benefit patients by making systemic delivery of these poorly bioavailable drugs possible via alternative routes of administration (i.e., oral, nasal, buccal or pulmonary routes of administration) and may also reduce dosages of small molecular drugs and thereby reduce treatment costs.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of curcumin in prevention and treatment of disease

Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound present in rhizome of Curcuma longa belonging to the family zingiberaceae. Growing experimental evidence revealed that curcumin exhibit multitarget biological implications signifying its crucial role in health and disease. The current review highlights the recent progress and mechanisms underlying the wide range of pharmacological effects of curcumin against numerous diseases like neuronal, cardiovascular, metabolic, kidney, endocrine, skin, respiratory, infectious, gastrointestinal diseases and cancer. The ability of curcumin to modulate the functions of multiple signal transductions are linked with attenuation of acute and chronic diseases. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that curcumin modulates several molecules in cell signal transduction pathway including PI3K, Akt, mTOR, ERK5, AP-1, TGF-β, Wnt, β-catenin, Shh, PAK1, Rac1, STAT3, PPARγ, EBPα, NLRP3 inflammasome, p38MAPK, Nrf2, Notch-1, AMPK, TLR-4 and MyD-88. Curcumin has a potential to prevent and/or manage various diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties with an excellent safety profile. In contrast, the anti-cancer effects of curcumin are reflected due to induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in various premalignant and malignant cells. This review also carefully emphasized the pharmacokinetics of curcumin and its interaction with other drugs. Clinical studies have shown that curcumin is safe at the doses of 12 g/day but exhibits poor systemic bioavailability. The use of adjuvant like piperine, liposomal curcumin, curcumin nanoparticles and curcumin phospholipid complex has shown enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic potential. Further studies are warranted to prove the potential of curcumin against various ailments.

Plant natural modulators in breast cancer prevention: status quo and future perspectives reinforced by predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach

In contrast to the genetic component in mammary carcinogenesis, epigenetic alterations are particularly important for the development of sporadic breast cancer (BC) comprising over 90% of all BC cases worldwide. Most of the DNA methylation processes are physiological and essential for human cellular and tissue homeostasis, playing an important role in a number of key mechanisms. However, if dysregulated, DNA methylation contributes to pathological processes such as cancer development and progression. A global hypomethylation of oncogenes and hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor genes are characteristic of most cancer types. Moreover, histone chemical modifications and non-coding RNA-associated multi-gene controls are considered as the key epigenetic mechanisms governing the cellular homeostasis and differentiation states. A number of studies demonstrate dietary plant products as actively affecting the development and progression of cancer. "Nutri-epigenetics" focuses on the influence of dietary agents on epigenetic mechanisms. This approach has gained considerable attention; since in contrast to genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications are reversible affect early carcinogenesis. Currently, there is an evident lack of papers dedicated to the phytochemicals/plant extracts as complex epigenetic modulators, specifically in BC. Our paper highlights the role of plant natural compounds in targeting epigenetic alterations associated with BC development, progression, as well as its potential chemoprevention in the context of preventive medicine. Comprehensive measures are stated with a great potential to advance the overall BC management in favor of predictive, preventive, and personalized medical services and can be considered as "proof-of principle" model, for their potential application to other multifactorial diseases.

Synergistic Action of 1,2-Epoxy-3 (3- (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 4H-1-benzopiyran-4-on) Propane with Doxorubicin and Cisplatin through Increasing of p53, TIMP-3, and MicroRNA-34a in Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HeLa)

Objective: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide, with a high mortality rate especially in developing countries. Insufficient treatment for cervical cancer, multiple side effects, and high drug prices encourage researchers to look for effective and selective cancer drugs with appropriate molecular targets. This study explored the cytotoxicity of (1,2-epoxy-3(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-on) propane (EPI) synthesized from clove leaves oil on HeLa cells, its combination with doxorubicin (DOX) and cisplatin (CIS), and also their influence on p53, TIMP-3, and miR-34a as therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods: This research was an experimental in vitro study on cervical cancer uteri culture. The cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. The drug combination synergisms were indicated by the combination index (CI) (using CompuSyn 1.4). HeLa cells in 32 wells were divided into eight groups as negative control, which were given EPI ½IC50, EPI IC50, EPI 2IC50, DOX IC50, combination of EPI+DOX, CIS, and the combination of EPI+CIS. The p53 and TIMP-3 concentrations were measured using ELISA, and expressions of miR-34a with qRT-PCR. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were performed to determine the mean difference of all variables between the study groups. Results: IC50 for EPI was 33.24 (±3.01) μg/ml, while DOX and CIS were 4.8 μg/ml (±0.1), and 23.34 μg/ml (±3.01), respectively, while CI values for EPI-DOX were <0.1 and for EPI-CIS <0.9. Expression of p53 in group 6 (1.67±0.31) μg/ml and 8 (1.18±0.18) μg/ml, TIMP-3 6 (3.81±0.49) μg/ml and 8 (2.93±0.42) μg/ml were significantly higher compared to the control group (p<0.05). All treatment groups showed significantly increased miR-34a expressions compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The combinations showed a very strong synergism and a moderate slight synergism for EPI-DOX and EPI-CIS. Both combinations were able to increase the expressions of p53, TIMP-3 proteins, and MiR-34a in the HeLa cells.

Interactions Between Emodin and Efflux Transporters on Rat Enterocyte by a Validated Ussing Chamber Technique

Emodin, a major active anthraquinone, frequently interacts with other drugs. As changes of efflux transporters on intestine are one of the essential reasons why the drugs interact with each other, a validated Ussing chamber technique was established to detect the interactions between emodin and efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug-resistant associated protein 2 (MRP2), and multidrug-resistant associated protein 3 (MRP3). Digoxin, pravastatin, and teniposide were selected as the test substrates of P-gp, MRP2, and MRP3. Verapamil, MK571, and benzbromarone were their special inhibitors. The results showed that verapamil, MK571, and benzbromarone could increase digoxin, pravastatin, and teniposide absorption, and decrease their E_r values, respectively. Verapamil (220 μM) could significantly increase emodin absorption at 9.25 μM. In the presence of MK571 (186 μM), the P_app values of emodin from M-S were significantly increased and the efflux ratio decreased. With the treatment of emodin (185, 370, and 740 μM), digoxin absorption was significantly decreased while teniposide increased. These results indicated that emodin might be the substrate of P-gp and MRP2. Besides, it might be a P-gp inducer and MRP3 inhibitor on enterocyte, which are reported for the first time. These results will be helpful to explain the drug–drug interaction mechanisms between emodin and other drugs and provide basic data for clinical combination therapy.

Emodin inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and metastasis of triple negative breast cancer via antagonism of CC‑chemokine ligand 5 secreted from adipocytes

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the lowest survival rate of the breast cancer subtypes owing to its aggressive and metastatic behavior. It has been reported that peritumoral adipose tissue contributes to the cell invasiveness and dissemination of TNBC. Emodin is an active anthraquinone derivative isolated from Rheum palmatum, with anticancer properties that have been reported to inhibit lung metastasis in a nude mouse xenograft model. In the present study, the effects of emodin on human TNBC cells and adipocytes were investigated in vivo and in vitro. The TNBC cell lines MDA‑MB‑231 and MDA‑MB‑453 were co‑cultured with human adipocytes and treated with either emodin or epirubicin. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and migration and invasion were examined using a wound healing assay and a Transwell assay. interleukin‑8, CC‑chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and insulin‑like growth factor‑1 levels in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. The epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) or metastasis associated markers were determined by western blot analysis. Nude mice fed with a high fat and sugar diet were used investigate the in vivo effect of emodin. The results showed that emodin inhibited TNBC proliferation and invasion more efficiently than epirubicin when co‑cultured with adipocytes by downregulating the level of CCL5 in adipocyte supernatants; inhibiting the expression level of protein kinase B (AKT); and activating glycogen synthase kinase‑3i (GSK3) and β‑catenin. This led to the suppressed expression of EMT‑ and invasion‑associated markers, including vimentin, snail, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and MMP‑9, and upregulation of E‑cadherin, contributing to the inhibition of invasion. The in vivo assay showed that emodin inhibited tumor growth, and suppressed the lung and liver metastasis of TNBC cells by decreasing the secretion of CCL5 in mice fed a high fat and sugar diet more efficiently when compared with epirubicin. In conclusion, emodin inhibited the secretion of CCL5 from adipocytes, inhibited the EMT of TNBC cells, and inhibited tumor growth and lung and liver metastasis, which indicated a novel role of emodin in preventing the metastasis of TNBC.

Effects of resveratrol, curcumin, berberine and other nutraceuticals on aging, cancer development, cancer stem cells and microRNAs

Natural products or nutraceuticals have been shown to elicit anti-aging, anti-cancer and other health-enhancing effects. A key target of the effects of natural products may be the regulation of microRNA (miR) expression which results in cell death or prevents aging, diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. This review will focus on a few natural products, especially on resveratrol (RES), curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR). RES is obtained from the skins of grapes and other fruits and berries. RES may extend human lifespan by activating the sirtuins and SIRT1 molecules. CUR is isolated from the root of turmeric (Curcuma longa). CUR is currently used in the treatment of many disorders, especially in those involving an inflammatory process. CUR and modified derivatives have been shown to have potent anti-cancer effects, especially on cancer stem cells (CSC). BBR is also isolated from various plants (e.g., Coptis chinensis) and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as adult- onset diabetes. Understanding the benefits of these and other nutraceuticals may result in approaches to improve human health.

Emodin inhibits TGF-β2 by activating the FOXD3/miR‑199a axis in ovarian cancer cells in vitro

Ovarian cancer is a highly metastatic malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related death in postmenopausal women. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone isolated from several traditional Chinese medicines including Rhubarb and Polygonum cuspidatum. Recently, emodin was demonstrated to reduce the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cells. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we identified that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 was significantly affected by emodin treatment in A2780 cells using microarray analysis. MicroRNA (miR)-199a was predicted as a potential miRNA targeting TGF-β2 by in silico prediction using TargetScan. The mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β2 were both significantly reduced by miR-199a. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between the expression level of miR-199a and TGF-β2 in human ovarian cancer specimens. Silencing of miR-199a with miR-199a inhibitor significantly restored the reduction in TGF-β2 expression induced by emodin. Additionally, cell viability and colony formation of A2780 cells were markedly inhibited by emodin treatment, which was mediated by miR-199a. We analyzed the primary mature miR-199a-1 and miR-199a-2 transcripts in A2780 cells treated with emodin or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and found that only pri-miR-199a-1 was regulated by emodin. A conserved binding site of Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3) was identified within pri-miR-199a-1. We further revealed that miR-199a expression was significantly regulated by FOXD3. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that emodin may directly promote FOXD3 expression and sequentially activates miR-199a, which in turn suppresses the expression of TGF-β2 to reduce cell viability and colony formation of A2780 cells.

Gallic acid and curcumin induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231

Introduction: Gallic acid (GA) and curcumin (Cur) are natural phenolic compounds that their anti-tumor effects on many types of cancers have been proved. In the current study, the effect of the combination of these agents on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was investigated.

Methods: Inhibition of cell proliferation (MTT assay), light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, cell cycle analysis, nitrite detection, ROS levels, measurement of the mitochondrial membrane potential, GSH level, Annexin V assay, RT-PCR and Western blotting methods were applied.

Results: The results revealed the combination of GA and Cur strongly decreased MDA-MB-231 cell growth. Moreover, this combination increased ROS level and cytotoxic activity along with the glutathione depletion in MDA-MB-231 cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed the combination of GA and Cur increased sub-G1 cell population. Furthermore, fluorescent staining and Annexin V/PI assay showed that apoptotic cells were significantly increased in the presence of GA and Cur. At last, protein expression evaluation showed that the combination of GA and Cur significantly decreased Bcl-2 level while increased Bax, cleaved-caspase3 and PARP levels in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Conclusion: These results suggest that GA in combination with Cur could be a possible candidate for chemoprevention agent of triple negative breast cancer.

Emodin Alleviates Sodium Taurocholate-Induced Pancreatic Acinar Cell Injury via MicroRNA-30a-5p-Mediated Inhibition of High-Temperature Requirement A/Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Inflammatory Signaling

Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease that is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, and it can induce pancreatic necrosis that starts within pancreatic acinar cells in severe cases. Emodin, a pleiotropic natural product isolated from the Chinese herb Rheum palmatum L., has effective anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, we investigated the protective effects and molecular mechanism of emodin against sodium taurocholate (STC)-induced pancreatic acinar cells injury in vitro and in vivo; and the results showed that emodin could significantly alleviate STC-induced pancreatic acinar cells injury through decreasing trypsin, amylase and the release of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6). Also, we found that emodin could significantly downregulate the HTRA1, interleukin-33, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, TNF receptor-associated factor-6, and nuclear factor kappa-B protein levels, but upregulate the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) protein level. These results indicated that emodin alleviated pancreatic acinar cells injury mainly through inhibiting HTRA1/TGF-β1 signaling pathway, and this finding was further proved by the HTRA1 overexpression experiments. In addition, the inflammatory regulator microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) was confirmed to be a transcriptional brake that controls the HTRA1 gene through using a dual luciferase reporter assay, and it was upregulated by emodin in pancreatic acinar cells. Furthermore, the pancreatic protective effects and anti-inflammatory activities of emodin were all abrogated with both miR-30a-5p inhibitor in vitro and miR-30a-5p antagomir in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that miR-30a-5p/HTRA1 are the target of emodin-mediated attenuation of pancreatic acinar cell injury in pancreatitis, thus providing the foundation for further development of this natural product for medical therapy.

BMI1 is downregulated by the natural compound curcumin, but not by bisdemethoxycurcumin and dimethoxycurcumin

The B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1) locus encodes a 37-kD protein that is a key regulatory component of the polycomb regulatory complex 1 (PRC1). When overexpressed in various cancer types, the BMI1 protein induces cell growth and promotes tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin, a major phytochemical in turmeric (Curcuma longa), inhibits the proliferation and survival of many types of cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo, and has been reported to reduce BMI1 expression in breast cancer cells. In this study, effects of curcumin and two analogs (bisdemethoxycurcumin and dimethoxycurcumin) on BMI1 expression were evaluated in DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells. Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) is naturally occurring in turmeric, whereas dimethoxycurcumin (DMC) is a synthetic analog of curcumin. All three compounds reduced cell survival, but only the natural compound downregulated BMI1 protein expression; curcumin significantly reduced BMI1 levels more than bisdemethoxycurcumin and dimethoxycurcumin. In addition, curcumin and BDMC inhibit survival of the DLD-1 colorectal cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, whereas DMC inhibits survival by a mechanism other than apoptosis.