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Hassan AMIA, Zhao Y, Chen X, He C. Blockage of Autophagy for Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7459. [PMID: 39000565 PMCID: PMC11242824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer are increasing, making it a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy face significant limitations due to therapeutic resistance. Autophagy, a cellular self-degradation mechanism, plays a crucial role in cancer development, drug resistance, and treatment. This review investigates the potential of autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. A systematic search was conducted on Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases from 1967 to 2024 to identify studies on autophagy inhibitors and their mechanisms in cancer therapy. The review includes original articles utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental methods, literature reviews, and clinical trials. Key terms used were "Autophagy", "Inhibitors", "Molecular mechanism", "Cancer therapy", and "Clinical trials". Autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown promise in preclinical studies by inhibiting lysosomal acidification and preventing autophagosome degradation. Other inhibitors like wortmannin and SAR405 target specific components of the autophagy pathway. Combining these inhibitors with chemotherapy has demonstrated enhanced efficacy, making cancer cells more susceptible to cytotoxic agents. Clinical trials involving CQ and HCQ have shown encouraging results, although further investigation is needed to optimize their use in cancer therapy. Autophagy exhibits a dual role in cancer, functioning as both a survival mechanism and a cell death pathway. Targeting autophagy presents a viable strategy for cancer therapy, particularly when integrated with existing treatments. However, the complexity of autophagy regulation and the potential side effects necessitate further research to develop precise and context-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China (X.C.)
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China (X.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China (X.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
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2
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Kun Z, Lin L, Xiang Z. One new limonoid with cytotoxicity against glioma cell lines from Cipadessa baccifera. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:152-157. [PMID: 35921334 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is a common malignant tumor with a high incidence rate but a low cure rate. In this paper, one previously undescribed limonoid (1), along with two known cipadesin-type limonoids 2 and 3, were isolated from Cipadessa baccifera. Their structures were established based on a comprehensive analysis of NMR and MS spectra. Compound 1 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against U251 and BT-325 cells with IC50 values of 7.32 ± 0.21 and 13.25 ± 0.35 μM, suggesting that 1 might be a promising leading compound for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Kun
- Department of Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- The First Oncology Department, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Qin Y, Xiong S, Ren J, Sethi G. Autophagy machinery in glioblastoma: The prospect of cell death crosstalk and drug resistance with bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Lett 2024; 580:216482. [PMID: 37977349 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors are common malignancies with high mortality and morbidity in which glioblastoma (GB) is a grade IV astrocytoma with heterogeneous nature. The conventional therapeutics for the GB mainly include surgery and chemotherapy, however their efficacy has been compromised due to the aggressiveness of tumor cells. The dysregulation of cell death mechanisms, especially autophagy has been reported as a factor causing difficulties in cancer therapy. As a mechanism contributing to cell homeostasis, the autophagy process is hijacked by tumor cells for the purpose of aggravating cancer progression and drug resistance. The autophagy function is context-dependent and its role can be lethal or protective in cancer. The aim of the current paper is to highlight the role of autophagy in the regulation of GB progression. The cytotoxic function of autophagy can promote apoptosis and ferroptosis in GB cells and vice versa. Autophagy dysregulation can cause drug resistance and radioresistance in GB. Moreover, stemness can be regulated by autophagy and overall growth as well as metastasis are affected by autophagy. The various interventions including administration of synthetic/natural products and nanoplatforms can target autophagy. Therefore, autophagy can act as a promising target in GB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Lab, Chifeng Cancer Hospital (The 2nd Afflicted Hospital of Chifeng University), Chifeng University, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 024000, China.
| | - Shengjun Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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4
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Gozdz A. Proteasome Inhibitors against Glioblastoma-Overview of Molecular Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity, Progress in Clinical Trials, and Perspective for Use in Personalized Medicine. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:9676-9688. [PMID: 37999122 PMCID: PMC10670062 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are moieties targeting the proteolytic activity of a proteasome, with demonstrated efficacy in certain hematological malignancies and candidate drugs in other types of cancer, including glioblastoma (GBM). They disturb the levels of proteasome-regulated proteins and lead to the cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis of GBM cells. The accumulation of cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27, and decreased levels of prosurvival molecules NFKB, survivin, and MGMT, underlie proteasome inhibitors' cytotoxicity when used alone or in combination with the anti-GBM cytostatic drug temozolomide (TMZ). The evidence gathered in preclinical studies substantiated the design of clinical trials that employed the two most promising proteasome inhibitors, bortezomib and marizomib. The drug safety profile, maximum tolerated dose, and interaction with other drugs were initially evaluated, mainly in recurrent GBM patients. A phase III study on newly diagnosed GBM patients who received marizomib as an adjuvant to the Stupp protocol was designed and completed in 2021, with the Stupp protocol receiving patients as a parallel control arm. The data from this phase III study indicate that marizomib does not improve the PFS and OS of GBM patients; however, further analysis of the genetic and epigenetic background of each patient tumor may shed some light on the sensitivity of individual patients to proteasome inhibition. The mutational and epigenetic makeup of GBM cells, like genetic alterations to TP53 and PTEN, or MGMT promoter methylation levels may actually determine the response to proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gozdz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Centre for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Pizzimenti C, Fiorentino V, Franchina M, Martini M, Giuffrè G, Lentini M, Silvestris N, Di Pietro M, Fadda G, Tuccari G, Ieni A. Autophagic-Related Proteins in Brain Gliomas: Role, Mechanisms, and Targeting Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092622. [PMID: 37174088 PMCID: PMC10177137 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review focuses on the phenomenon of autophagy, a catabolic cellular process, which allows for the recycling of damaged organelles, macromolecules, and misfolded proteins. The different steps able to activate autophagy start with the formation of the autophagosome, mainly controlled by the action of several autophagy-related proteins. It is remarkable that autophagy may exert a double role as a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. Herein, we analyse the molecular mechanisms as well as the regulatory pathways of autophagy, mainly addressing their involvement in human astrocytic neoplasms. Moreover, the relationships between autophagy, the tumour immune microenvironment, and glioma stem cells are discussed. Finally, an excursus concerning autophagy-targeting agents is included in the present review in order to obtain additional information for the better treatment and management of therapy-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pizzimenti
- Translational Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mariausilia Franchina
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giuffrè
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Oncology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Di Pietro
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Oncology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Pathology Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Wolin IAV, Nascimento APM, Seeger R, Poluceno GG, Zanotto-Filho A, Nedel CB, Tasca CI, Correia SEG, Oliveira MV, Pinto-Junior VR, Osterne VJS, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. The lectin DrfL inhibits cell migration, adhesion and triggers autophagy-dependent cell death in glioma cells. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:47-67. [PMID: 36522582 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-022-10095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of glioma, displaying atypical glycosylation pattern that may modulate signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Lectins are glycan binding proteins with antitumor properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the antitumor capacity of the Dioclea reflexa lectin (DrfL) on glioma cell cultures. Our results demonstrated that DrfL induced morphological changes and cytotoxic effects in glioma cell cultures of C6, U-87MG and GBM1 cell lines. The action of DrfL was dependent upon interaction with glycans, and required a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and the cytotoxic effect was apparently selective for tumor cells, not altering viability and morphology of primary astrocytes. DrfL inhibited tumor cell migration, adhesion, proliferation and survival, and these effects were accompanied by activation of p38MAPK and JNK (p46/54), along with inhibition of Akt and ERK1/2. DrfL also upregulated pro-apoptotic (BNIP3 and PUMA) and autophagic proteins (Atg5 and LC3 cleavage) in GBM cells. Noteworthy, inhibition of autophagy and caspase-8 were both able to attenuate cell death in GBM cells treated with DrfL. Our results indicate that DrfL cytotoxicity against GBM involves modulation of cell pathways, including MAPKs and Akt, which are associated with autophagy and caspase-8 dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A V Wolin
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Seeger
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G Poluceno
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Claudia B Nedel
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Programa Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Gomes Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, BioMolLab, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Messias Vital Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, BioMolLab, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vanir Reis Pinto-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, BioMolLab, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, BioMolLab, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Kyria Santiago Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, BioMolLab, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Benildo Sousa Cavada
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, BioMolLab, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bainy Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Sharp PS, Stylianou M, Arellano LM, Neves JC, Gravagnuolo AM, Dodd A, Barr K, Lozano N, Kisby T, Kostarelos K. Graphene Oxide Nanoscale Platform Enhances the Anti-Cancer Properties of Bortezomib in Glioblastoma Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201968. [PMID: 36300643 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based 2D nanomaterials possess unique physicochemical characteristics which can be utilized in various biomedical applications, including the transport and presentation of chemotherapeutic agents. In glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), intratumorally administered thin graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets demonstrate a widespread distribution throughout the tumor volume without impact on tumor growth, nor spread into normal brain tissue. Such intratumoral localization and distribution can offer multiple opportunities for treatment and modulation of the GBM microenvironment. Here, the kinetics of GO nanosheet distribution in orthotopic GBM mouse models is described and a novel nano-chemotherapeutic approach utilizing thin GO sheets as platforms to non-covalently complex a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BTZ), is rationally designed. Through the characterization of the GO:BTZ complexes, a high loading capacity of the small molecule on the GO surface with sustained BTZ biological activity in vitro is demonstrated. In vivo, a single low-volume intratumoral administration of GO:BTZ complex shows an enhanced cytotoxic effect compared to free drug in two orthotopic GBM mouse models. This study provides evidence of the potential that thin and small GO sheets hold as flat nanoscale platforms for GBM treatment by increasing the bioavailable drug concentration locally, leading to an enhanced therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sharp
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Maria Stylianou
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Luis M Arellano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Juliana C Neves
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Alfredo M Gravagnuolo
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Abbie Dodd
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katharine Barr
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Kisby
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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8
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Zhang C, Huang C, Xia H, Xu H, Tang Q, Bi F. Autophagic sequestration of SQSTM1 disrupts the aggresome formation of ubiquitinated proteins during proteasome inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:615. [PMID: 35840557 PMCID: PMC9287315 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aggresome formation is a protective cellular response to counteract proteasome dysfunction by sequestering misfolded proteins and reducing proteotoxic stress. Autophagic degradation of the protein aggregates is considered to be a key compensating mechanism for balancing proteostasis. However, the precise role of autophagy in proteasome inhibition-induced aggresome biogenesis remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that in the early stage of proteasome inhibition, the maturation of the autophagosome is suppressed, which facilitates aggresome formation of misfolded proteins. Proteasome inhibition-induced phosphorylation of SQSTM1 T269/S272 inhibits its autophagic receptor activity and promotes aggresome formation of misfolded proteins. Inhibiting SQSTM1 T269/S272 phosphorylation using Doramapimod aggravates proteasome inhibitor-mediated cell damage and tumor suppression. Taken together, our data reveal a negative effect of autophagy on aggresome biogenesis and cell damage upon proteasome inhibition. Our study suggests a novel therapeutic intervention for proteasome inhibitor-mediated tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Zhang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Huang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Bi
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Ouellette MM, Zhou S, Yan Y. Cell Signaling Pathways That Promote Radioresistance of Cancer Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030656. [PMID: 35328212 PMCID: PMC8947583 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a standard treatment for solid tumors and about 50% of patients with cancer, including pediatric cancer, receive RT. While RT has significantly improved the overall survival and quality of life of cancer patients, its efficacy has still been markedly limited by radioresistance in a significant number of cancer patients (intrinsic or acquired), resulting in failure of the RT control of the disease. Radiation eradicates cancer cells mainly by causing DNA damage. However, radiation also concomitantly activates multiple prosurvival signaling pathways, which include those mediated by ATM, ATR, AKT, ERK, and NF-κB that promote DNA damage checkpoint activation/DNA repair, autophagy induction, and/or inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, emerging data support the role of YAP signaling in promoting the intrinsic radioresistance of cancer cells, which occurs through its activation of the transcription of many essential genes that support cell survival, DNA repair, proliferation, and the stemness of cancer stem cells. Together, these signaling pathways protect cancer cells by reducing the magnitude of radiation-induced cytotoxicity and promoting radioresistance. Thus, targeting these prosurvival signaling pathways could potentially improve the radiosensitivity of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the contribution of these pathways to the radioresistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Sumin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Li H, Roy M, Liang L, Cao W, Hu B, Li Y, Xiao X, Wang H, Ye M, Sun S, Zhang B, Liu J. Deubiquitylase USP12 induces pro-survival autophagy and bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma by stabilizing HMGB1. Oncogene 2022; 41:1298-1308. [PMID: 34997217 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the establishment of novel therapeutic interventions, multiple myeloma (MM) remains invariably incurable due to development of drug resistance and subsequent relapse, which are attributed to activation of oncogenic pathways such as autophagy. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are promising targets to overcome resistance to proteasome inhibitor-based treatment. Ubiquitin-specific protease-12 (USP12) is a DUB with a known prognostic value in several cancers. We found that USP12 protein levels were significantly higher in myeloma patient samples than in non-cancerous human samples. Depletion of USP12 suppressed cell growth and clonogenicity and inhibited autophagy. Mechanistic studies showed that USP12 interacted with, deubiquitylated and stabilized the critical autophagy mediator HMGB1 (high mobility group box-1) protein. Knockdown of USP12 decreased the level of HMGB1 and suppressed HMGB1-mediated autophagy in MM. Furthermore, basal autophagy activity associated with USP12/HMGB1 was elevated in bortezomib (BTZ)-resistant MM cell lines. USP12 depletion, concomitant with a reduced expression of HMGB1, suppressed autophagy and increased the sensitivity of resistant cells to BTZ. Collectively, our findings have identified an important role of the deubiquitylase USP12 in pro-survival autophagy and resultant BTZ resistance in MM by stabilizing HMGB1, suggesting that the USP12/HMGB1 axis might be pursued as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in human MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Mridul Roy
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Long Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Wenjie Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Haiqin Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
| | - Shuming Sun
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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11
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Abstract
Around three out of one hundred thousand people are diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, simply called glioblastoma, which is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. With a dismal prognosis of a little over a year, receiving a glioblastoma diagnosis is oftentimes fatal. A major advancement in its treatment was made almost two decades ago when the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) was combined with radiotherapy (RT). Little progress has been made since then. Therapies that focus on the modulation of autophagy, a key process that regulates cellular homeostasis, have been developed to curb the progression of glioblastoma. The dual role of autophagy (cell survival or cell death) in glioblastoma has led to the development of autophagy inhibitors and promoters that either work as monotherapies or as part of a combination therapy to induce cell death, cellular senescence, and counteract the ability of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) for initiating tumor recurrence. The myriad of cellular pathways that act upon the modulation of autophagy have created contention between two groups: those who use autophagy inhibition versus those who use promotion of autophagy to control glioblastoma growth. We discuss rationale for using current major therapeutics, their molecular mechanisms for modulation of autophagy in glioblastoma and GSCs, their potentials for making strides in combating glioblastoma progression, and their possible shortcomings. These shortcomings may fuel the innovation of novel delivery systems and therapies involving TMZ in conjunction with another agent to pave the way towards a new gold standard of glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Manea
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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12
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Maksoud S. The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Glioma: Analysis Emphasizing the Main Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies Identified in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3252-3269. [PMID: 33665742 PMCID: PMC8260465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas constitute the most frequent tumors of the brain. High-grade gliomas are characterized by a poor prognosis caused by a set of attributes making treatment difficult, such as heterogeneity and cell infiltration. Additionally, there is a subgroup of glioma cells with properties similar to those of stem cells responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment. Since proteasomal degradation regulates multiple cellular processes, any mutation causing disturbances in the function or expression of its elements can lead to various disorders such as cancer. Several studies have focused on protein degradation modulation as a mechanism of glioma control. The ubiquitin proteasome system is the main mechanism of cellular proteolysis that regulates different events, intervening in pathological processes with exacerbating or suppressive effects on diseases. This review analyzes the role of proteasomal degradation in gliomas, emphasizing the elements of this system that modulate different cellular mechanisms in tumors and discussing the potential of distinct compounds controlling brain tumorigenesis through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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13
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Jiang L, Zhao YM, Yang MZ. Inhibition of autophagy enhances apoptosis induced by bortezomib in AML cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:109. [PMID: 33376542 PMCID: PMC7751351 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is a novel proteasome inhibitor, which has been successfully used to treat mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. However, the direct effects of bortezomib on acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) have not been fully investigated. In the present study, the WST-8 assay, western blotting, flow cytometry, monodansylcadaverine staining and transmission electron microscopy were performed. It was demonstrated that bortezomib treatment induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in the viability of NB4 cells. Bortezomib treatment induced cell apoptosis in NB4 cells, as assessed by Annexin V/propidium iodide analysis, and the detection of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, bortezomib treatment induced autophagy in NB4 cells, as indicated by autophagosome formation, p62 degradation, LC3-I to LC3-II conversion and formation of acidic autophagic vacuoles. Notably, autophagy induced by bortezomib was initiated prior to apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by knocking down Beclin-1 expression increased bortezomib-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. Therefore, the present study revealed that the combination of bortezomib and autophagy inhibition may be a potential treatment strategy for APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Haematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhao
- Department of Haematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Zhen Yang
- Department of Haematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
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14
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Wolin IAV, Heinrich IA, Nascimento APM, Welter PG, Sosa LDV, De Paul AL, Zanotto-Filho A, Nedel CB, Lima LD, Osterne VJS, Pinto-Junior VR, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. ConBr lectin modulates MAPKs and Akt pathways and triggers autophagic glioma cell death by a mechanism dependent upon caspase-8 activation. Biochimie 2020; 180:186-204. [PMID: 33171216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive type of glioma, with limited treatment and poor prognosis. Despite some advances over the last decade, validation of novel and selective antiglioma agents remains a challenge in clinical pharmacology. Prior studies have shown that leguminous lectins may exert various biological effects, including antitumor properties. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the antiglioma activity of ConBr, a lectin extracted from the Canavalia brasiliensis seeds. ConBr at lower concentrations inhibited C6 glioma cell migration while higher levels promoted cell death dependent upon carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) structure. ConBr increased p38MAPK and JNK and decreased ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. Moreover, ConBr inhibited mTORC1 phosphorylation associated with accumulation of autophagic markers, such as acidic vacuoles and LC3 cleavage. Inhibition of early steps of autophagy with 3-methyl-adenine (3-MA) partially protected whereas the later autophagy inhibitor Chloroquine (CQ) had no protective effect upon ConBr cytotoxicity. ConBr also augmented caspase-3 activation without affecting mitochondrial function. Noteworthy, the caspase-8 inhibitor IETF-fmk attenuated ConBr induced autophagy and C6 glioma cell death. Finally, ConBr did not show cytotoxicity against primary astrocytes, suggesting a selective antiglioma activity. In summary, our results indicate that ConBr requires functional CRD lectin domain to exert antiglioma activity, and its cytotoxicity is associated with MAPKs and Akt pathways modulation and autophagy- and caspase-8- dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A V Wolin
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Isabella A Heinrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Priscilla G Welter
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Liliana Del V Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucia De Paul
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Beatriz Nedel
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Gliomas, Programa de Pós-graduação Em Biologia Celular e Do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lara Dias Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BioMolLab, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BioMolLab, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Kyria S Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BioMolLab, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Benildo S Cavada
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, BioMolLab, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, CEP, 60020-181, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Programa de Pós-graduação Em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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15
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Shin DW. Dual Roles of Autophagy and Their Potential Drugs for Improving Cancer Therapeutics. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:503-511. [PMID: 33077698 PMCID: PMC7585634 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic process that maintains cell metabolism by degrading damaged organelles and other dysfunctional proteins via the lysosome. Abnormal regulation of this process has been known to be involved in the progression of pathophysiological diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Although the mechanisms for the regulation of autophagic pathways are relatively well known, the precise regulation of this pathway in the treatment of cancer remains largely unknown. It is still complicated whether the regulation of autophagy is beneficial in improving cancer. Many studies have demonstrated that autophagy plays a dual role in cancer by suppressing the growth of tumors or the progression of cancer development, which seems to be dependent on unknown characteristics of various cancer types. This review summarizes the key targets involved in autophagy and malignant transformation. In addition, the opposing tumor-suppressive and oncogenic roles of autophagy in cancer, as well as potential clinical therapeutics utilizing either regulators of autophagy or combinatorial therapeutics with anti-cancer drugs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Shin
- College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
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16
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Molecular mechanisms of interplay between autophagy and metabolism in cancer. Life Sci 2020; 259:118184. [PMID: 32763290 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential mechanism of cellular degradation, a way to protect the cells under stress conditions, such as deprivation of nutrients, growth factors and cellular damage. However, in normal physiology autophagy plays a significant role in cancer cells. Current research is in progress to understand how autophagy and cancer cells go hand in hand to support cancer cell progression. The important aspect in cancer and autophagy is the interdependence of autophagy in the survival and progression of cancer cells. Autophagy is known to be a major cause of chemotherapeutic resistance in various cancer cell types. Therefore, inhibition of autophagy as an effective therapeutic approach is being actively studied and tested in clinical studies. Multiple metabolic pathways are linked with autophagy that could potentially be a significant target for chemotherapeutic strategy. The comprehension of the interconnection of autophagy with cancer metabolism can pave a novel findings for effective combinatorial therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Agarwal S, Maekawa T. Nano delivery of natural substances as prospective autophagy modulators in glioblastoma. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102270. [PMID: 32702467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most destructive type of malignant brain tumor in humans due to cancer relapse. Latest studies have indicated that cancer cells are more reliant on autophagy for survival than non-cancer cells. Autophagy is entitled as programmed cell death type II and studies imply that it is a comeback of cancer cells to innumerable anti-cancer therapies. To diminish the adverse consequences of chemotherapeutics, numerous herbs of natural origin have been retained in cancer treatments. Additionally, autophagy induction occurs via their tumor suppressive actions that could cause cell senescence and increase apoptosis-independent cell death. However, most of the drugs have poor solubility and thus nano drug delivery systems possess excessive potential to improve the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of encapsulated drugs. There is a pronounced need for more therapies for glioblastoma treatment and hereby, the fundamental mechanisms of natural autophagy modulators in glioblastoma are prudently reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Agarwal
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Center, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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18
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Escamilla-Ramírez A, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Zavala-Vega S, Jimenez-Farfan D, Anaya-Rubio I, Briseño E, Palencia G, Guevara P, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J, Trejo-Solís C. Autophagy as a Potential Therapy for Malignant Glioma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070156. [PMID: 32707662 PMCID: PMC7407942 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most frequent and aggressive type of brain neoplasm, being anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), its most malignant forms. The survival rate in patients with these neoplasms is 15 months after diagnosis, despite a diversity of treatments, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. The resistance of GBM to various therapies is due to a highly mutated genome; these genetic changes induce a de-regulation of several signaling pathways and result in higher cell proliferation rates, angiogenesis, invasion, and a marked resistance to apoptosis; this latter trait is a hallmark of highly invasive tumor cells, such as glioma cells. Due to a defective apoptosis in gliomas, induced autophagic death can be an alternative to remove tumor cells. Paradoxically, however, autophagy in cancer can promote either a cell death or survival. Modulating the autophagic pathway as a death mechanism for cancer cells has prompted the use of both inhibitors and autophagy inducers. The autophagic process, either as a cancer suppressing or inducing mechanism in high-grade gliomas is discussed in this review, along with therapeutic approaches to inhibit or induce autophagy in pre-clinical and clinical studies, aiming to increase the efficiency of conventional treatments to remove glioma neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Rosa A. Castillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Experimental, CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Isabel Anaya-Rubio
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Eduardo Briseño
- Clínica de Neurooncología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Patricia Guevara
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-060-4040
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19
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Morin A, Soane C, Pierce A, Sanford B, Jones KL, Crespo M, Zahedi S, Vibhakar R, Mulcahy Levy JM. Proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic approach in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa051. [PMID: 32642704 PMCID: PMC7236404 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical teratoid/thabdoid tumor (AT/RT) remains a difficult-to-treat tumor with a 5-year overall survival rate of 15%–45%. Proteasome inhibition has recently been opened as an avenue for cancer treatment with the FDA approval of bortezomib (BTZ) in 2003 and carfilzomib (CFZ) in 2012. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize a pre-approved targeted therapy with potential for clinical trials in AT/RT. Methods We performed a drug screen using a panel of 134 FDA-approved drugs in 3 AT/RT cell lines. Follow-on in vitro studies used 6 cell lines and patient-derived short-term cultures to characterize selected drug interactions with AT/RT. In vivo efficacy was evaluated using patient derived xenografts in an intracranial murine model. Results BTZ and CFZ are highly effective in vitro, producing some of the strongest growth-inhibition responses of the evaluated 134-drug panel. Marizomib (MRZ), a proteasome inhibitor known to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB), also strongly inhibits AT/RT proteasomes and generates rapid cell death at clinically achievable doses in established cell lines and freshly patient-derived tumor lines. MRZ also significantly extends survival in an intracranial mouse model of AT/RT. Conclusions MRZ is a newer proteasome inhibitor that has been shown to cross the BBB and is already in phase II clinical trials for adult high-grade glioma (NCT NCT02330562 and NCT02903069). MRZ strongly inhibits AT/RT cell growth both in vitro and in vivo via a moderately well-characterized mechanism and has direct translational potential for patients with AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Morin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Caroline Soane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michele Crespo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shadi Zahedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
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20
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Liu T, Zhang J, Li K, Deng L, Wang H. Combination of an Autophagy Inducer and an Autophagy Inhibitor: A Smarter Strategy Emerging in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:408. [PMID: 32322202 PMCID: PMC7156970 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a cytoprotective function in cancer therapy under certain conditions and is a drug resistance mechanism that represents a clinical obstacle to successful cancer treatment and leads to poor prognosis in cancer patients. Because certain clinical drugs and agents in development have cytoprotective autophagy effects, targeting autophagic pathways has emerged as a potential smarter strategy for cancer therapy. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibition augments the efficacy of anticancer agents in various cancers. Autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have already been clinically approved, promoting drug combination treatment by targeting autophagic pathways as a means of discovering and developing more novel and more effective cancer therapeutic approaches. We summarize current studies that focus on the antitumor efficiency of agents that induce cytoprotective autophagy combined with autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss the challenge and development of targeting cytoprotective autophagy as a cancer therapeutic approach in clinical application. Thus, we need to facilitate the exploitation of appropriate autophagy inhibitors and coadministration delivery system to cooperate with anticancer drugs. This review aims to note optimal combination strategies by modulating autophagy for therapeutic advantage to overcome drug resistance and enhance the effect of antitumor therapies on cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangdi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingnan Deng
- Department of Digestion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Xia J, He Y, Meng B, Chen S, Zhang J, Wu X, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Feng X, Guan Y, Kuang C, Guo J, Lei Q, Wu Y, An G, Li G, Qiu L, Zhan F, Zhou W. NEK2 induces autophagy-mediated bortezomib resistance by stabilizing Beclin-1 in multiple myeloma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:763-778. [PMID: 31955515 PMCID: PMC7138399 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
NEK2 is associated with drug resistance in multiple cancers. Our previous studies indicated that high NEK2 confers inferior survival in multiple myeloma (MM); thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NEK2 induces drug resistance in MM is required. In this study, we discovered that NEK2 enhances MM cell autophagy, and a combination of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and chemotherapeutic bortezomib (BTZ) significantly prevents NEK2-induced drug resistance in MM cells. Interestingly, NEK2 was found to bind and stabilize Beclin-1 protein but did not affect its mRNA expression and phosphorylation. Moreover, autophagy enhanced by NEK2 was significantly prevented by knockdown of Beclin-1 in MM cells, suggesting that Beclin-1 mediates NEK2-induced autophagy. Further studies demonstrated that Beclin-1 ubiquitination is decreased through NEK2 interaction with USP7. Importantly, knockdown of Beclin-1 sensitized NEK2-overexpressing MM cells to BTZ in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, we identify a novel mechanism whereby autophagy is activated by the complex of NEK2/USP7/Beclin-1 in MM cells. Targeting the autophagy signaling pathway may provide a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome NEK2-induced drug resistance in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Xia
- Department of HematologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yanjuan He
- Department of HematologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Bin Meng
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shilian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yinghong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySecond Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow TransplantationHolden Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of IowaIAUSA
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Xiangya School of Public HealthCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yongjun Guan
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Chunmei Kuang
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Qian Lei
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yangbowen Wu
- Xiangya School of Public HealthCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Gang An
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyInstitute of Hematology & Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Guancheng Li
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lugui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyInstitute of Hematology & Blood Diseases HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow TransplantationHolden Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of IowaIAUSA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of HematologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and InvasionChinese Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of CarcinogenesisChinese Ministry of HealthCancer Research InstituteSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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22
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Tang JH, Yang L, Chen JX, Li QR, Zhu LR, Xu QF, Huang GH, Zhang ZX, Xiang Y, Du L, Zhou Z, Lv SQ. Bortezomib inhibits growth and sensitizes glioma to temozolomide (TMZ) via down-regulating the FOXM1-Survivin axis. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2019; 39:81. [PMID: 31796105 PMCID: PMC6892143 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade glioma (HGG) is a fatal human cancer. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma but its use in glioma awaits further investigation. This study aimed to explore the chemotherapeutic effect and the underlying mechanism of bortezomib on gliomas. Methods U251 and U87 cell viability and proliferation were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, tumor cell spheroid growth, and colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. Temozolomide (TMZ)-insensitive cell lines were induced by long-term TMZ treatment, and cells with stem cell characteristics were enriched with stem cell culture medium. The mRNA levels of interested genes were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were determined via Western blotting/immunofluorescent staining in cell lines and immunohistochemical staining in paraffin-embedded sections. Via inoculating U87 cells subcutaneously, glioma xenograft models in nude mice were established for drug experiments. Patient survival data were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Bortezomib inhibited the viability and proliferation of U251 and U87 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Bortezomib also significantly inhibited the spheroid growth, colony formation, and stem-like cell proliferation of U251 and U87 cells. When administrated in combination, bortezomib showed synergistic effect with TMZ in vitro and sensitized glioma to TMZ treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Bortezomib reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of Forkhead Box M1 (FOXM1) and its target gene Survivin. The FOXM1–Survivin axis was markedly up-regulated in established TMZ-insensitive glioma cell lines and HGG patients. Expression levels of FOXM1 and Survivin were positively correlated with each other and both related to poor prognosis in glioma patients. Conclusions Bortezomib was found to inhibit glioma growth and improved TMZ chemotherapy efficacy, probably via down-regulating the FOXM1–Survivin axis. Bortezomib might be a promising agent for treating malignant glioma, alone or in combination with TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Ju-Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Rui Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Li-Rong Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Children Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Fu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Zuo-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P. R. China.
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23
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Mathen P, Rowe L, Mackey M, Smart D, Tofilon P, Camphausen K. Radiosensitizers in the temozolomide era for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Neurooncol Pract 2019; 7:268-276. [PMID: 32537176 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a challenging diagnosis with almost universally poor prognosis. Though the survival advantage of postoperative radiation (RT) is well established, around 90% of patients will fail in the RT field. The high likelihood of local failure suggests the efficacy of RT needs to be improved to improve clinical outcomes. Radiosensitizers are an established method of enhancing RT cell killing through the addition of a pharmaceutical agent. Though the majority of trials using radiosensitizers have historically been unsuccessful, there continues to be interest with a variety of approaches having been employed. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, and a number of other molecularly targeted agents have all been investigated as potential methods of radiosensitization in the temozolomide era. Outcomes have varied both in terms of toxicity and survival, but some agents such as valproic acid and bortezomib have demonstrated promising results. However, reporting of results in phase 2 trials in newly diagnosed GBM have been inconsistent, with no standard in reporting progression-free survival and toxicity. There is a pressing need for investigation of new agents; however, nearly all phase 3 trials of GBM patients of the past 25 years have demonstrated no improvement in outcomes. One proposed explanation for this is the selection of agents lacking sufficient preclinical data and/or based on poorly designed phase 2 trials. Radiosensitization may represent a viable strategy for improving GBM outcomes in newly diagnosed patients, and further investigation using agents with promising phase 2 data is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mathen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsay Rowe
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Mackey
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - DeeDee Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Cordycepin Enhances Radiosensitivity in Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells by Inducing Autophagy and Apoptosis Through Cell Cycle Arrest. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215366. [PMID: 31661901 PMCID: PMC6862293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and accounts for over 90% of malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. The long-term survival rate of OSCC patients has not markedly improved in recent decades due to its heterogeneous etiology and treatment outcomes. We investigated the anticancer effect of the combination of irradiation (IR) and cordycepin in the treatment of human OSCC cells in vitro. The type of cell death, especially autophagy and apoptosis, and the underlying mechanisms were examined. We found synergistic effects of cordycepin and IR on the viability of human oral cancer cells. The combination of cordycepin and IR treatment induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagic cell death. Furthermore, cordycepin induced S-phase arrest and prolonged G2/M arrest in the cells that received the combination treatment compared with those that received irradiation alone. Combined treatment induced the upregulation of ATG5 and p21 in an autophagy cascade-dependent manner, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and repressed cell proliferation. Thus, we conclude that the combination of cordycepin and IR treatment could be a potential therapeutic strategy for OSCC.
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25
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Pérez-Hernández M, Arias A, Martínez-García D, Pérez-Tomás R, Quesada R, Soto-Cerrato V. Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment and Tumor Chemosensitization. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1599. [PMID: 31635099 PMCID: PMC6826429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process that facilitates nutrient recycling from damaged organelles and other cellular components through lysosomal degradation. Deregulation of this process has been associated with the development of several pathophysiological processes, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, autophagy has opposing roles, being either cytoprotective or cytotoxic. Thus, deciphering the role of autophagy in each tumor context is crucial. Moreover, autophagy has been shown to contribute to chemoresistance in some patients. In this regard, autophagy modulation has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment and chemosensitization of tumors, and has already demonstrated positive clinical results in patients. In this review, the dual role of autophagy during carcinogenesis is discussed and current therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting autophagy for the treatment of cancer, both under preclinical and clinical development, are presented. The use of autophagy modulators in combination therapies, in order to overcome drug resistance during cancer treatment, is also discussed as well as the potential challenges and limitations for the use of these novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alain Arias
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Research Group of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán 3780000, Chile.
| | - David Martínez-García
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Yang K, Niu L, Bai Y, Le W. Glioblastoma: Targeting the autophagy in tumorigenesis. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:334-340. [PMID: 31580908 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant and aggressive primary brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. The malignant nature of GBM prompts the need for further research on its tumorigenesis and novel treatments to improve its outcome. One of the promising research targets is autophagy, a fundamental metabolic process of degrading and recycling cellular components. Interventions to activate or inhibit autophagy have both been proposed as GBM therapies, suggesting a controversial, context-dependent role of autophagy in GBM tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight the molecular links between GBM and autophagy with the focus on the effects of autophagy on the stemness maintenance, metabolism and proteostasis in GBM tumorigenesis. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in autophagy target is critical for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Long Niu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yijing Bai
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China.
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27
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Ouellette MM, Yan Y. Radiation‐activated prosurvival signaling pathways in cancer cells. PRECISION RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pro6.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska USA
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28
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Nascimento APM, Wolin IA, Welter PG, Heinrich IA, Zanotto-Filho A, Osterne VJ, Lossio CF, Silva MT, Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, Leal RB. Lectin from Dioclea violacea induces autophagy in U87 glioma cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:660-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Li Y, Yang X, Yao P, Shen W, Wu Y, Ye Z, Zhao K, Chen H, Cao J, Xing C. B7-H3 increases the radioresistance of gastric cancer cells through regulating baseline levels of cell autophagy. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4438-4449. [PMID: 31396347 PMCID: PMC6684931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Adjuvant therapy has been shown to improve survival and is delivered either postoperatively (chemoradiotherapy) or perioperatively (chemotherapy) in Western countries. Debate continues regarding which of these approaches is an optimal strategy. Radioresistance in gastric cancer cells remains a serious concern. B7 homologue 3 (B7-H3, CD276), a newly found member of B7 immunoregulatory family, was found to be expressed in aberrant gastric cancer cells, and played a direct role in gastric cancer progression systems in a previous study. With upregulation or downregulation of B7-H3, it was observed that B7-H3 could increase radiotherapy resistance of gastric cancer cells by modulating apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, it was found that B7-H3 could regulate baseline levels of cell autophagy. B7-H3 expression was negatively correlated with LC3-B expression in gastric cancer tissues. It was found that increasing baseline levels of cell autophagy with rapamycin in B7-H3-overexpressing cells could improve their sensitivity to radiation. This protein also exerted its function by modulating apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks. Overall, it is demonstrated that B7-H3 increases the radiotherapy resistance of gastric cancer cells through regulating baseline levels of cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Pingan Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Wenqi Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhenyu Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
| | - Hanqing Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, China
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30
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Kriel J, Loos B. The good, the bad and the autophagosome: exploring unanswered questions of autophagy-dependent cell death. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:640-652. [PMID: 30659234 PMCID: PMC6460391 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of autosis as a variant of autophagy-dependent cell death has challenged the conventional understanding of cell death and programmed cell death in cellular decision making. In contrast to previous accounts of distinct cell death modalities, autosis occurs with high autophagic activity, in the absence of apoptotic and necrotic markers and yet is not fully regulated by typical autophagy markers. Given the metabolic importance of autophagic responses and the extensive cross-talk with both apoptosis and necrosis signalling, the classical and morphotype-driven characterization of cell death as pre-determined subroutines is being increasingly called into question. Furthermore, the conflicting evidence with regards to cell death induction through autophagy modulation in various cancer models highlights the lack of consensus over the extent to which autophagy assists in cell death ontrol and whether it is capable of being a bona fide lethal process. This review evaluates the evidence and context of autophagy-dependent cell death and delineates the role of an autophagic flux threshold associated with 'lethal' and 'non-lethal' autophagy and its role in autosis control. In doing so, cancer treatment avenues will be explored with regards to precision modulation of tumour autophagic flux to ascertain whether autosis induction may present a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Kriel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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31
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Zhang M, Zhang W, Tang G, Wang H, Wu M, Yu W, Zhou Z, Mou Y, Liu X. Targeted Codelivery of Docetaxel and Atg7 siRNA for Autophagy Inhibition and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1168-1176. [PMID: 35021365 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaozun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315041, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Guping Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Hebin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315041, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yiping Mou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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32
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Taylor MA, Das BC, Ray SK. Targeting autophagy for combating chemoresistance and radioresistance in glioblastoma. Apoptosis 2018; 23:563-575. [PMID: 30171377 PMCID: PMC6193815 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading unneeded cell components. When exposed to hostile environments, such as hypoxia or nutrient starvation, cells hyperactivate autophagy in an effort to maintain their longevity. In densely packed solid tumors, such as glioblastoma, autophagy has been found to run rampant due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. In recent years, targeting autophagy as a way to strengthen current glioblastoma treatment has shown promising results. However, that protective autophagy inhibition or autophagy overactivation is more beneficial, is still being debated. Protective autophagy inhibition would lower a cell's previously activated defense mechanism, thereby increasing its sensitivity to treatment. Autophagy overactivation would cause cell death through lysosomal overactivation, thus introducing another cell death pathway in addition to apoptosis. Both methods have been proven effective in the treatment of solid tumors. This systematic review article highlights scenarios where both autophagy inhibition and activation have proven effective in combating chemoresistance and radioresistance in glioblastoma, and how autophagy may be best utilized for glioblastoma therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Building 2, Room C11, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Building 2, Room C11, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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33
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Trejo-Solís C, Serrano-Garcia N, Escamilla-Ramírez Á, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Jimenez-Farfan D, Palencia G, Calvillo M, Alvarez-Lemus MA, Flores-Nájera A, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J. Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123773. [PMID: 30486451 PMCID: PMC6320836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and aggressive type of brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. This is due in part to the high resistance to apoptosis and moderate resistant to autophagic cell death in glioblastoma cells, and to the poor therapeutic response to conventional therapies. Autophagic cell death represents an alternative mechanism to overcome the resistance of glioblastoma to pro-apoptosis-related therapies. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction plays a major conceptual role in several experimental studies to develop novel therapies against brain tumors. In this review, we outline the different components of the apoptotic and autophagic pathways and explore the mechanisms of resistance to these cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Finally, we discuss drugs with clinical and preclinical use that interfere with the mechanisms of survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and cell death of malignant cells, favoring the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, or the inhibition of the latter leading to cell death, as well as their therapeutic potential in glioma, and examine new perspectives in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma Serrano-Garcia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaria de Salud, C.P. 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | | | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Calvillo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Mayra A Alvarez-Lemus
- División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, C.P. 86040 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Athenea Flores-Nájera
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Secretaria de Salud, 14000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Li Q, Yue Y, Chen L, Xu C, Wang Y, Du L, Xue X, Liu Q, Wang Y, Fan F. Resveratrol Sensitizes Carfilzomib-Induced Apoptosis via Promoting Oxidative Stress in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 29867453 PMCID: PMC5961230 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor is a target therapy for multiple myeloma (MM) patients, which has increased the overall survival rate of multiple myeloma in clinic. However, relapse and toxicity are major challenges for almost all MM patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for an effective and less toxic combination therapy. Here, we demonstrated that a natural compound, resveratrol (RSV) displayed anti-proliferative activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner in a panel of MM cell lines. More importantly, a low concentration of RSV was synergistic with a low dose of the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (CFZ) to induce apoptosis in myeloma cells. Further studies showed that mitochondria was a key regulatory site after RSV/CFZ combination treatment. RSV induced the release of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) in a dose-dependent manner and kept the Smac in a high level after combination with CFZ. Also, RSV was additive with CFZ to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, a stress sensor SIRT1, with deacetylase enzyme activity, was remarkably downregulated after RSV/CFZ combination, thereby significantly decreasing its target protein, survivin in MM cells. Simultaneously, autophagy was invoked after RSV/CFZ combination treatment in myeloma cells. Further inhibition of autophagy could increase more ROS production and apoptosis, indicating a close linkage between autophagy and proteasome to modulate the oxidative stress. Together, these findings suggest that induction of multiple stress responses after RSV/CFZ combination is a major mechanism to synergistically inhibit MM cell growth and reduce the toxicity of CFZ in MM cells. This study also provides an important rationale for the clinic to consider an autophagy inhibitor for the combination therapy in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanfang Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolei Xue
- Baokang Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Feiyue Fan
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Bhat P, Kriel J, Shubha Priya B, Basappa, Shivananju NS, Loos B. Modulating autophagy in cancer therapy: Advancements and challenges for cancer cell death sensitization. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:170-182. [PMID: 29203368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major protein degradation pathway capable of upholding cellular metabolism under nutrient limiting conditions, making it a valuable resource to highly proliferating tumour cells. Although the regulatory machinery of the autophagic pathway has been well characterized, accurate modulation of this pathway remains complex in the context of clinical translatability for improved cancer therapies. In particular, the dynamic relationship between the rate of protein degradation through autophagy, i.e. autophagic flux, and the susceptibility of tumours to undergo apoptosis remains largely unclear. Adding to inefficient clinical translation is the lack of measurement techniques that accurately depict autophagic flux. Paradoxically, both increased autophagic flux as well as autophagy inhibition have been shown to sensitize cancer cells to undergo cell death, indicating the highly context dependent nature of this pathway. In this article, we aim to disentangle the role of autophagy modulation in tumour suppression by assessing existing literature in the context of autophagic flux and cellular metabolism at the interface of mitochondrial function. We highlight the urgency to not only assess autophagic flux more accurately, but also to center autophagy manipulation within the unique and inherent metabolic properties of cancer cells. Lastly, we discuss the challenges faced when targeting autophagy in the clinical setting. In doing so, it is hoped that a better understanding of autophagy in cancer therapy is revealed in order to overcome tumour chemoresistance through more controlled autophagy modulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Bhat
- DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasgangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Jurgen Kriel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Babu Shubha Priya
- DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasgangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of studies in Organic Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Nanjunda Swamy Shivananju
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, JSS TEI Campus, Mysuru 57006, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Han L, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhao Q, Liang X, Ma Z, Gupta PK, Zhao M, Wang A. Autophagy flux inhibition, G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction by ubenimex in glioma cell lines. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107730-107743. [PMID: 29296201 PMCID: PMC5746103 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether ubenimex could work as an anti-tumor drug alone in glioma cells and figure out the underlying potential mechanisms. Ubenimex is widely used as an adjunct therapy in multiple solid cancers. However, it is rarely used to treat glioblastoma. The function of ubenimex in enhancing JQ1 treatment sensitivity of glioma cells by blocking autophagic degradation of HEXIM1 was previously studied. However, the detailed mechanism of autophagy regulation by ubenimex remains unclear. The U87 and U251 cell lines were treated with different doses of ubenimex. Cell viability was measured by using the WST-8 assay. Cell death was assessed using trypan blue staining and flow cytometry. The migration and invasive ability of glioma cells were examined by transwell migration/invasion assay. LC3-GFP-RFP was used to measure autophagic flux. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot analysis. Autophagosomes were evaluated using the transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, cell cycle arrest (PI Staining) was measured by flow cytometry. Results revealed that ubenimex inhibited cell proliferation as well as migration/invasion in glioma cells. Besides, ubenimex increased glioma cell death via autophagic flux inhibition. Meanwhile, ubenimex induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis, and this effect was accompanied by the decreased levels of p-Akt, indicating the role of ubenimex in the regulation of glioma cell proliferation and metastasis. To sum up, this study concluded that ubenimex could work as an anti-tumor drug alone in the glioma cells via inhibiting autophagic flux and inducing G2/M arrest as well as apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Han
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yongfei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Qingwei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xianhong Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, P.R. China
| | | | - Miaoqing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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Taxifolin synergizes Andrographolide-induced cell death by attenuation of autophagy and augmentation of caspase dependent and independent cell death in HeLa cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171325. [PMID: 28182713 PMCID: PMC5300218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (Andro) has emerged recently as a potential and effective anticancer agent with induction of apoptosis in some cancer cell lines while induction of G2/M arrest with weak apoptosis in others. Few studies have proved that Andro is also effective in combination therapy. The flavonoid Taxifolin (Taxi) has showed anti-oxidant and antiproliferative effects against different cancer cells. Therefore, the present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of Andro alone or in combination with Taxi on HeLa cells. The combination of Andro with Taxi was synergistic at all tested concentrations and combination ratios. Andro alone induced caspase-dependent apoptosis which was enhanced by the combination with Taxi and attenuated partly by using Z-Vad-Fmk. Andro induced a protective reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent autophagy which was attenuated by Taxi. The activation of p53 was involved in Andro-induced autophagy where the use of Taxi or pifithrin-α (PFT-α) decreased it while the activation of JNK was involved in the cell death of HeLa cells but not in the induction of autophagy. The mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization (MOMP) plays an important role in Andro-induced cell death in HeLa cells. Andro alone increased the MOMP which was further increased in the case of combination. This led to the increase in AIF and cytochrome c release from mitochondria which consequently increased caspase-dependent and independent cell death. In conclusion, Andro induced a protective autophagy in HeLa cells which was reduced by Taxi and the cell death was increased by increasing the MOMP and subsequently the caspase-dependent and independent cell death.
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Wu ST, Sun GH, Cha TL, Kao CC, Chang SY, Kuo SC, Way TD. CSC-3436 switched tamoxifen-induced autophagy to apoptosis through the inhibition of AMPK/mTOR pathway. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:60. [PMID: 27526942 PMCID: PMC4986227 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks specific therapeutic target and limits to chemotherapy and is essential to develop novel therapeutic regimens. Increasing studies indicated that tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), has anti-tumor therapeutic effect in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-negative tumor. Here, we determined whether autophagy was activated by tamoxifen in TNBC cells. Moreover, CSC-3436 displayed strong and selective growth inhibition on cancer cells. Next, we investigated the anti-proliferation effect of combination of CSC-3436 plus tamoxifen on cell death in TNBC cells. Results Our study found that tamoxifen induces autophagy in TNBC cells. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and AMPK/mTOR contributed tamoxifen-induced autophagy. Interestingly, in combination treatment with CSC-3436 enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of tamoxifen. We found that CSC-3436 switched tamoxifen-induced autophagy to apoptosis via cleavage of ATG-5. Moreover, AMPK/mTOR pathway may involve in CSC-3436 switched tamoxifen-induced autophagy to apoptosis. The combination of tamoxifen and CSC-3436 produced stronger tumor growth inhibition compared with CSC-3436 or tamoxifen alone treatments in vivo. Conclusion These data indicated that CSC-3436 combined with tamoxifen may be a potential approach for treatment TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tang Wu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Huan Sun
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Lung Cha
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Kao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sun-Yran Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan R.O.C. .,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Areeb Z, Stylli SS, Ware TMB, Harris NC, Shukla L, Shayan R, Paradiso L, Li B, Morokoff AP, Kaye AH, Luwor RB. Inhibition of glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by the proteasome antagonist carfilzomib. Med Oncol 2016; 33:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Nakanishi T, Song Y, He C, Wang D, Morita K, Tsukada J, Kanazawa T, Yoshida Y. Autophagy is associated with cucurbitacin D-induced apoptosis in human T cell leukemia cells. Med Oncol 2016; 33:30. [PMID: 26913856 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the inflammasome inhibitor cucurbitacin D (CuD) induces apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of co-treatment with an additional Bcl-xL inhibitor, Z36. Treatment with Z36 induced cell death in leukemia cell lines, with MT-4 cells exhibiting the lowest sensitivity to Z36. Co-treatment of cells with Z36 and CuD resulted in a greater degree of cell death for Hut78 and Jurkat cells than treatment with CuD alone. In contrast, co-treatment of MT-4 cells with Z36 and CuD had a suppressive effect on cell death. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed the growth of leukemia cell lines HuT78, Jurkat, MT-1, and MT-4. CuD-induced cell death was enhanced by 3-MA in Jurkat cells, but inhibited in MT-4 cells. Western blotting results revealed cleavage of poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP), supporting CuD-induced cell death; 3-MA enhanced CuD-Z36-induced PARP cleavage. Taken together, our results indicate that autophagy negatively regulates chemical-induced cell death of leukemia cells, and that controlling autophagy could be beneficial in the development of more effective chemotherapies against leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nakanishi
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yuan Song
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 169 Tian Shan Street, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Cuiying He
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Duo Wang
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Tsukada
- Department of Hematology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kanazawa
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Sinha N, Das DN, Panda PK, Naik PP, Bhutia SK. Clinical relevance of autophagic therapy in cancer: Investigating the current trends, challenges, and future prospects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:228-52. [PMID: 26743568 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1135103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncophagy (cancer-related autophagy) has a complex dual character at different stages of tumor progression. It remains an important clinical problem to unravel the reasons that propel the shift in the role of oncophagy from tumor inhibition to a protective mechanism that shields full-blown malignancy. Most treatment strategies emphasize curbing protective oncophagy while triggering the oncophagy that is lethal to tumor cells. In this review, we focus on the trends in current therapeutics as well as various challenges in clinical trials to address the oncophagic dilemma and evaluate the potential of these developing therapies. A detailed analysis of the clinical and pre-clinical scenario of the anticancer medicines highlights the various inducers and inhibitors of autophagy. The ways in which tumor stage, the microenvironment and combination drug treatment continue to play an important tactical role are discussed. Moreover, autophagy targets also play a crucial role in developing the best possible solution to this oncophagy paradox. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on the current clinical impact of autophagy-based cancer therapeutic drugs and try to lessen the gap between translational medicine and clinical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- a Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Odisha , India
| | - Niharika Sinha
- a Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Odisha , India
| | - Durgesh Nandini Das
- a Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Odisha , India
| | - Prashanta Kumar Panda
- a Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Odisha , India
| | - Prajna Paramita Naik
- a Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Odisha , India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- a Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , Odisha , India
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Toton E, Romaniuk A, Budzianowski J, Hofmann J, Rybczynska M. Zapotin (5,6,2',6'-tetramethoxyflavone) Modulates the Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Apoptosis Pathways in Cancer Cells with Overexpressed Constitutively Active PKCϵ. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:290-304. [PMID: 26847268 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1134595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is important in the regulation of survival and death signaling pathways in cancer. PKCϵ revealed high transforming potential and the ability to increase cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Zapotin (5,6,2',6'-tetramethoxyflavone), a natural flavonoid, showed chemopreventive and anticancer properties. Previously, we reported that downmodulation of induced PKCϵ level by zapotin was associated with decreased migration and increased apoptosis in HeLa cell line containing doxycycline-inducible constitutively active PKCϵ (PKCϵA/E, Ala(159) → Glu). Depending on the genetic and environmental content of cells, autophagy may either precede apoptosis or occur simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of zapotin on autophagy. Increasing concentration of zapotin (from 7.5 µM to 30 µM) caused an inhibition of the formation of autophagosomes and a decline in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) protein levels. The gene expression level of major negative regulator of autophagy was noticeably increased. Moreover, the expression of the pivotal autophagy genes was decreased. These changes were accompanied by alternation in autophagy-related protein levels. In conclusion, our results implied that both the antiautophagic and the proapoptosis effect of zapotin in HeLaPKCϵA/E cells are associated with the protein kinase C epsilon signaling pathway and lead to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Toton
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Romaniuk
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Jaromir Budzianowski
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Botany , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Johann Hofmann
- c Biocenter, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Maria Rybczynska
- a Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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Chaurasia M, Bhatt AN, Das A, Dwarakanath BS, Sharma K. Radiation-induced autophagy: mechanisms and consequences. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:273-90. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1129534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chiu HW, Lin SW, Lin LC, Hsu YH, Lin YF, Ho SY, Wu YH, Wang YJ. Synergistic antitumor effects of radiation and proteasome inhibitor treatment in pancreatic cancer through the induction of autophagy and the downregulation of TRAF6. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:229-39. [PMID: 26052093 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ninety percent of human pancreatic cancer is characterized by activating K-RAS mutations. TRAF6 is an oncogene that plays a vital role in K-RAS-mediated oncogenesis. We investigated the synergistic effect of combining ionizing radiation (IR) and proteasome inhibitor (MG132). Furthermore, following combined treatment with IR and MG132, we analyzed the expression of TRAF6 and the mechanism of human pancreatic cancer cell death in vitro and in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model. The combined treatment groups displayed synergistic cell killing effects and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in human pancreatic cancer cells. The combined treatment groups were characterized by enhanced cytotoxicity, which resulted from increased autophagy induction through the inhibition of TRAF6. Significantly reduced cytotoxicity was observed following MG132 and IR treatment of MIA PaCa-2 cells pre-treated with 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor). Down-regulation of TRAF6 led to a significant increase in apoptosis and autophagy. In an orthotopic xenograft model of SCID mice, combination MG132 and IR therapy resulted in a significant increase in the tumor growth delay time and a decreased tumor tissue expression of TRAF6. IR combined with a proteasome inhibitor or TRAF6 inhibition could represent a new therapeutic strategy for human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yow Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan; Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ye Y, Tan S, Zhou X, Li X, Jundt MC, Lichter N, Hidebrand A, Dhasarathy A, Wu M. Inhibition of p-IκBα Ubiquitylation by Autophagy-Related Gene 7 to Regulate Inflammatory Responses to Bacterial Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1816-26. [PMID: 26022442 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae causes serious infections and healthcare burdens in humans. We have previously reported that the deficiency of autophagy-related gene (Atg) 7 in macrophages (murine alveolar macrophage cell line [MH-S]) induced irregular host immunity against K. pneumoniae and worsened pathologic effects in the lung. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Atg7 influenced K. pneumoniae-induced inflammatory responses. METHODS Expression levels of Atg7, ubiquitin (Ub), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) were determined with immunoblotting. Ubiquitylation of p-IκBα was determined with immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We noted an interaction between Atg7 and p-IκBα, which was decreased in MH-S after K. pneumoniae infection, whereas the interaction between Ub and p-IκBα was increased. Knock-down of Atg7 with small interfering RNA increased p-IκBα ubiquitylation, promoted nuclear factor κB translocation into the nucleus, and increased the production of TNF-α. Moreover, knock-down of Ub with lentivirus-short hairpin RNA Ub particles decreased binding of p-IκBα to Ub and inhibited TNF-α expression in the primary alveolar macrophages and lung tissue of atg7-knockout mice on K. pneumoniae infection. CONCLUSIONS Loss of Atg7 switched binding of p-IκBα from Atg7 to Ub, resulting in increased ubiquitylation of p-IκBα and intensified inflammatory responses against K. pneumoniae. Our findings not only reveal a regulatory role of Atg7 in ubiquitylation of p-IκBα but also indicate potential therapeutic targets for K. pneumoniae control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Shirui Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael C Jundt
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Natalie Lichter
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Alec Hidebrand
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
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Xie T, Li SJ, Guo MR, Wu Y, Wang HY, Zhang K, Zhang X, Ouyang L, Liu J. Untangling knots between autophagic targets and candidate drugs, in cancer therapy. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:119-39. [PMID: 25650136 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal mechanism implicated in a wide variety of pathological processes, such as cancer. Autophagy can be regulated by a limited number of autophagy-related genes (Atgs) such as oncogenic Bcl-2/Bcl-XL , mTORC1, Akt and PI3KCI, and tumour suppressive proteins PI3KCIII, Beclin-1, Bif-1, p53, DAPKs, PTEN and UVRAG, which play their crucial roles in regulating autophagy-related cancer. As autophagy has a dual role in cancer cells, with tumour-promoting and tumour-suppressing properties, it has become an attractive target for a series of emerging small molecule drugs. In this review, we reveal new discoveries of related small molecules or chemical compounds that can regulate autophagic pathways and lead to pro-death or pro-survival autophagy, in different types of cancer. We discuss the knots between autophagic targets and candidate drugs, in the hope of shedding new light on exploiting new anti-tumour small molecule drugs for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Netea-Maier RT, Klück V, Plantinga TS, Smit JWA. Autophagy in thyroid cancer: present knowledge and future perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:22. [PMID: 25741318 PMCID: PMC4332359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Despite having a good prognosis in the majority of cases, when the tumor is dedifferentiated it does no longer respond to conventional treatment with radioactive iodine, the prognosis worsens significantly. Treatment options for advanced, dedifferentiated disease are limited and do not cure the disease. Autophagy, a process of self-digestion in which damaged molecules or organelles are degraded and recycled, has emerged as an important player in the pathogenesis of different diseases, including cancer. The role of autophagy in thyroid cancer pathogenesis is not yet elucidated. However, the available data indicate that autophagy is involved in several steps of thyroid tumor initiation and progression as well as in therapy resistance and therefore could be exploited for therapeutic applications. The present review summarizes the most recent data on the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer and we will provide a perspective on how this process can be targeted for potential therapeutic approaches and could be further explored in the context of multimodality treatment in cancer and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana T. Netea-Maier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Viola Klück
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Theo S. Plantinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. A. Smit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johannes W. A. Smit, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, Netherlands e-mail:
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