1
|
Szumilas K, Wilk A, Szumilas P, Dziedziejko V, Pawlik A. Role of leptin and adiponectin in the pathogenesis of post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024:106876. [PMID: 39032860 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure, but it poses unique challenges due to metabolic and immunological changes in recipients. One significant complication is post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), which affects a variety of solid organ recipients. Leptin, a hormone produced by adipose tissue, regulates appetite and affects glucose metabolism. High leptin levels are associated with the development of PTDM, especially in kidney transplant recipients. Adiponectin, another adipokine, increases insulin sensitivity and has anti-diabetic properties. Low adiponectin levels are associated with insulin resistance and increase the risk of PTDM. As the incidence of PTDM increases due to the increased life expectancy among transplant patients, understanding the role of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin becomes crucial for early detection and treatment. Additional studies on other adipokines may also provide valuable information on the pathogenesis of PTDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szumilas
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wilk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Szumilas
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Y, Wang L, Liu J. The diabetogenic effects of pesticides: Evidence based on epidemiological and toxicological studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121927. [PMID: 37268216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While the use of pesticides has improved grain productivity and controlled vector-borne diseases, the widespread use of pesticides has resulted in ubiquitous environmental residues that pose health risks to humans. A number of studies have linked pesticide exposure to diabetes and glucose dyshomeostasis. This article reviews the occurrence of pesticides in the environment and human exposure, the associations between pesticide exposures and diabetes based on epidemiological investigations, as well as the diabetogenic effects of pesticides based on the data from in vivo and in vitro studies. The potential mechanisms by which pesticides disrupt glucose homeostasis include induction of lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, acetylcholine accumulation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The gaps between laboratory toxicology research and epidemiological studies lead to an urgent research need on the diabetogenic effects of herbicides and current-use insecticides, low-dose pesticide exposure research, the diabetogenic effects of pesticides in children, and assessment of toxicity and risks of combined exposure to multiple pesticides with other chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yile Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linping Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsakiridis EE, Morrow MR, Desjardins EM, Wang D, Llanos A, Wang B, Wade MG, Morrison KM, Holloway AC, Steinberg GR. Effects of the pesticide deltamethrin on high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in male mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 176:113763. [PMID: 37030334 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, rates of metabolic diseases are rapidly increasing and environmental exposure to pesticides, pollutants and/or other chemicals may play a role. Reductions in Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, mediated in part by uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), are associated with metabolic diseases. In the current study, we investigated whether the pesticide deltamethrin (0.01-1 mg/kg bw/day) incorporated into a high-fat diet and fed to mice housed at either room temperature (21 °C) or thermoneutrality (29 °C) would suppress BAT activity and accelerate the development of metabolic disease. Importantly, thermoneutrality allows for more accurate modeling of human metabolic disease. We found that, 0.01mg/kg bw/day of deltamethrin induced weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity and increased energy expenditure, effects that were associated with increases in physical activity. In contrast, exposure to 0.1 and 1 mg/kg bw/day deltamethrin had no effect on any of the parameters examined. Deltamethrin treatment in mice did not alter molecular markers of BAT thermogenesis, despite observing suppression of UCP1 expression in cultured brown adipocytes. These data indicate that while deltamethrin inhibits UCP1 expression in vitro, 16wks exposure does not alter BAT thermogenesis markers nor exacerbates the development of obesity and insulin resistance in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marisa R Morrow
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Llanos
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bo Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sayilar EI, Ersoy A, Ersoy C, Oruc A, Ayar Y, Sigirli D. The effect of calcineurin inhibitors on anthropometric measurements in kidney transplant recipients. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:375. [DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-03004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study was designed to investigate the effect of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), cyclosporine (CsA), and tacrolimus (Tac) on anthropometrics in kidney transplant recipients.
Methods
111 of 128 adult kidney transplant recipients who received post-transplant CNIs were included in this retrospective study. Anthropometrics were recorded in the pre-transplant and post-transplant 4-year follow-up periods (1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th and 48th months).
Results
Compared to pre-transplant values, significant increases in body weight and body mass index (between 3rd and 48th months), waist and hip circumferences (between 1st and 48th months), waist-to-hip ratio (between 1st and 3rd or 6th months) and neck circumference (between 1st and 12th or 24th months) were observed in both CsA and Tac groups. A significant increase was noted in post-transplant body fat percentage values for the 3rd to 24th months in the CsA group, whereas for the 24th to 48th months in both CsA and Tac groups. Hip circumferences percentage changes from the pre-transplant period to the 1st, 12th and 24th months were significantly higher in CsA than in the Tac group. At each time point, there was no significant difference in percentage changes for other anthropometric parameters between the CsA and Tac groups. De novo diabetes mellitus developed in 8.3% of the CsA group and 19.1% of the Tac group.
Conclusions
After a successful kidney transplant, anthropometric measurements increase in most recipients. Although the effect of calcineurin inhibitor type on weight gain is unclear, a regression analysis showed that CNI type was not a risk factor for the development of obesity in the 48th month. However, it is helpful to be cautious about its dyslipidemic effect in patients using CsA and the potential hazards of using Tac in patients with a diabetic predisposition.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Q, Dong H, Li Y, Shen Y, Hong Y, Chen Y, Liu S, Wu X, Liu W, Hu H, Zhao Y, Lin S, Shen Y, Zhou Y, Ye B, Wu D. Apolipoprotein-A is a potential prognostic biomarker for severe aplastic anemia patients treated with ATG-based immunosuppressive therapy: a single-center retrospective study. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:93. [PMID: 36192750 PMCID: PMC9531379 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-thymoglobulin (ATG)-based immunosuppressive treatment (IST) is the standard first-line management for patients with severe AA/very severe AA (SAA/VSAA) and is not suitable for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The response predictor was not fully investigated. Objective The present study attempted to explore other characteristics, such as serum lipid changes, during ATG-based IST and analyzed their significance in predicting IST response and survival. Methods A total of 61 newly diagnosed SAA/VSAA patients who received ATG-based IST were enrolled from January 2011 to June 2019. The blood lipid levels, immunoglobulins, and peripheral T lymphocytes were retrospectively collected, and their correlations with IST response, estimated 8.5-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were analyzed. Results The overall response (OR)/complete remission (CR) at 3, 6, and 9 months was 24.6%/6.6%, 52.5%/14.8%, and 65.6%/23.0%, respectively. Based on the 9-month response effect, patients were divided into IST-response (IST-R) and IST-nonresponse (IST-NR) groups. The subgroup baseline characteristics showed that the disease severity grade, absolute neutrophil granulocyte count (ANC), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apolipoprotein-A (Apo-A) differed between the IST-R and IST-NR groups. Patients with lower Apo-A (< 1.205 g/L) level pretreatment had a better event-free survival (EFS), and a moderate negative correlation was established between the pretreatment Apo-A and 9-month response (P = 0.004). In addition, the T-cell subset and immunoglobulin analyses showed that the responsive patients had a low serum IgA level, which decreased further after therapy. Additionally, a moderate negative correlation was established between the 3-month IgA and 9-month response (P = 0.006). Conclusion Serum Apo-A is a prognostic biomarker for newly diagnosed < 60-year-old SAA/VSAA patients who received ATG-based IST (registered at chictr.org.cn as # ChiCTR2100052979). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01703-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huijie Dong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haining Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Haining, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuzhu Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilei Hong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Clinical Evaluation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolian Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijin Hu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenyun Lin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Shen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baodong Ye
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dijiong Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005), Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia C, Zhang S, Cheng X, An J, Zhang X, Li P, Li W, Wang X, Yuan Y, Zheng H, Zhang X, Guo H, Yang H, Wu T, Jing T, He M. Association between serum pyrethroid insecticide levels and incident type 2 diabetes risk: a nested case-control study in Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 2022; 37:959-970. [PMID: 36031647 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-022-00906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides have been extensively used worldwide, but few studies explored the prospective association between pyrethroid exposure and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a nested case-control study of 2012 paired cases and controls, and measured eight pyrethroid insecticides in the baseline sera. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals, and constructed multiple-pollutant models to investigate the association of pyrethroid mixture with incident T2D risk. The median concentrations (detection rates) were 3.53 μg/L (92.45%), 0.52 μg/L (99.80%), 1.16 μg/L (90.61%) and 1.43 μg/L (99.95%) for permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, respectively. Compared to participants with serum fenvalerate levels in the first quartile, the multivariable-adjusted ORs of incident T2D were 1.20 (95% CI 0.86-1.67), 1.41 (0.97-2.05), and 2.29 (1.27-4.11) for the second, third and fourth quartile (P trend = 0.01). Spline analysis further confirmed the positive association between serum fenvalerate levels and incident T2D risk (P for overall association = 0.006). Furthermore, mixture models revealed a positive association of pyrethroid mixture with incident T2D risk, with serum fenvalerate ranked as the top contributor (proportion of relative contribution: > 70%). We found that high concentrations of serum pyrethroid insecticides were significantly associated with an increased risk of incident T2D. The elevated risk was largely explained by fenvalerate. Further investigations are urgently needed to confirm our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, given the widespread use of pyrethroids and the global pandemic of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wending Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Su R, Wei X, Wei Q, Lu D, Lin Z, Wang S, Shao C, Xu X. Extrahepatic organs in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in liver transplant patients. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2022; 11:400-411. [PMID: 35693397 PMCID: PMC9186206 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-20-568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in patients who undergo liver transplantation (LT). Whereas there is huge data on NAFLD, little is known about NAFLD in LT. In this review, we aim to explore extrahepatic organs and their potential mechanisms in the development of NAFLD in LT patients and discuss current limitations in preclinical and clinical scenarios with suggestions for future study. METHODS The following keywords, such as NAFLD, NASH, liver transplant, therapy, pathogenesis and biomarkers, were set for literature retrieval. The articles which were published articles in English till 25th June 2020 in PubMed database were included, and there is no limit for the study design type. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS Following LT, there are significant shifts in the microbiota and farnesoid X receptor may be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD in LT settings. The roles of probiotics and diet on NALFD remain inconclusive in LT background. Nevertheless, the adipokines and cytokines disorder and local insulin resistance of adipose tissue may contribute to NAFLD process. Bariatric surgeries are promising in controlling de novo and recurrent NAFLD with significant reduction in abdominal adipose tissue, despite the optimal timing is inconclusive in LT cases. Furthermore, circumstantial evidence indicates that miRNA-33a may function as a mediator bridging sarcopenia and NAFLD of post-LT. β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl-Butyrate treatment could improve muscle status in graft recipients and shows protective potential for NAFLD in LT settings. CONCLUSIONS Gut, adipose tissue and muscle are intricately intertwined in promoting NAFLD in LT cases. Further animal studies are needed to deepen our understanding of mechanisms in multi-organ crosstalk. High quality clinical trials are warrant for making guidelines and developing management strategies on NAFLD after LT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuyuan Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shu Lan Hospital, Shu Lan International Medical College of Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Lishui Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Lishui, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
PINHO ARYANEC, BURGEIRO ANA, PEREIRA MARIAJOÃO, CARVALHO EUGENIA. Drug-induced metabolic alterations in adipose tissue - with an emphasis in epicardial adipose tissue. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - EUGENIA CARVALHO
- University of Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sánchez JC, Valencia-Vásquez A, García AM. Role of TRPV4 Channel in Human White Adipocytes Metabolic Activity. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:997-1006. [PMID: 34648704 PMCID: PMC8566118 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis plays an essential role in adipocyte metabolism and its alteration is associated with obesity and related disorders. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are an important Ca2+ pathway in adipocytes and their activity is regulated by metabolic mediators such as insulin. In this study, we evaluated the role of TRPV4 channels in metabolic activity and adipokine secretion in human white adipocytes. METHODS Human white adipocytes were freshly cultured and the effects of the activation and inhibition of TRPV4 channels on lipolysis, glucose uptake, lactate production, and leptin and adiponectin secretion were evaluated. RESULTS Under basal and isoproterenol-stimulated conditions, TRPV4 activation by GSK1016709A decreased lipolysis whereas HC067047, an antagonist, increased lipolysis. The activation of TRPV4 resulted in increased glucose uptake and lactate production under both basal conditions and insulin-stimulated conditions; in contrast HC067047 decreased both parameters. Leptin production was increased, and adiponectin production was diminished by TRPV4 activation and its inhibition had the opposite effect. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that TRPV4 channels are metabolic mediators involved in proadipogenic processes and glucose metabolism in adipocyte biology. TRPV4 channels could be a potential pharmacological target to treat metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Sánchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technological University of Pereira, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Aníbal Valencia-Vásquez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technological University of Pereira, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Andrés M García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Technological University of Pereira, La Julita, Pereira, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chevallier E, Jouve T, Rostaing L, Malvezzi P, Noble J. pre-existing diabetes and PTDM in kidney transplant recipients: how to handle immunosuppression. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 14:55-66. [PMID: 33196346 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1851596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preexisting diabetes (PD) and post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) are common and severe comorbidities posttransplantation. The immunosuppressive regimens are modifiable risk factors. AREAS COVERED We reviewed Pubmed and Cochrane database and we summarize the mechanisms and impacts of available immunosuppressive treatments on the risk of PD and PTDM. We also assess the possible management of these drugs to improve glycemic parameters while considering risks inherent in transplantation. EXPERT OPINION PD i) increases the risk of sepsis, ii) is an independent risk factor for infection-related mortality, and iii) increases acute rejection risk. Regarding PTDM development i) immunosuppressive strategies without corticosteroids significantly reduce the risk but the price may be a higher incidence of rejection; ii) minimization or rapid withdrawal of steroids are two valuable approaches; iii) the diabetogenic role of calcineurin inhibitors(CNIs) is also well-described and is more important for tacrolimus than for cyclosporine. Reducing tacrolimus-exposure may improve glycemic parameters but also has a higher risk of rejection. PTDM risk is higher in patients that receive sirolimus compared to mycophenolate mofetil. Finally, conversion from CNIs to belatacept may offer the best benefits to PTDM-recipients in terms of glycemic parameters, graft and patient-outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Chevallier
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Jouve
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Paolo Malvezzi
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Noble
- Service De Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses Et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes , Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Late Conversion From Calcineurin Inhibitors to Belatacept in Kidney-Transplant Recipients Has a Significant Beneficial Impact on Glycemic Parameters. Transplant Direct 2019; 6:e517. [PMID: 32047845 PMCID: PMC6964931 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and steroids are strongly associated with new-onset diabetes after transplantation, worsening of pre-existing diabetes, and cardiovascular events. We assessed the benefit of conversion from CNI-based to belatacept-based immunosuppression in diabetic kidney-transplant (KT) recipients on glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods. In this retrospective, noncontrolled single-study conducted between May 2016 and October 26, 2018, we recruited KT recipients converted from CNIs to belatacept at least 6 months after KT. The primary endpoint was the evolution of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Secondary endpoints included modifications to antidiabetic drugs, other cardiovascular risk factors, and renal function. Results. One hundred and three KT recipients were included. Of these, 26 (25%) had type 2 diabetes. The patients were either receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (n = 21; 75%) or insulin therapy (n = 14; 54%). Overall HbA1c decreased significantly from 6.2 ± 1 to 5.8 ± 1%, P < 0.001. In diabetic patients, HbA1c decreased from 7.2 ± 1 to 6.5 ± 1%, P = 0.001. HbA1c significantly decreased in the subgroup of patients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation and whether diabetes was controlled at inclusion or not (ie, HA1c ≤7% or >7%). Moreover, no diabetic patient increased the number of oral antidiabetic drugs and the dose of basal insulin was not statistically different from baseline to 6 months (16 international unit at baseline and 16 international unit at 6 mo, P = 1). One patient had to start treatment by insulin pump. During follow-up, the renal function, body mass index, and hemoglobin level of all 103 patients remained stable, 2 patients presented acute cellular rejection, and no patient suffered from graft loss. Conclusions. A late switch from CNI to belatacept was a valuable therapeutic option for diabetic kidney recipients and substantially improved glycemic parameters.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fliszkiewicz M, Niemczyk M, Kulesza A, Łabuś A, Pączek L. Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Abnormalities among Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:1416-1422. [PMID: 31694039 DOI: 10.1159/000503423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent monogenic renal disease with a prevalence of 1:1,000 births and it is the 4th most common cause of dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease (ESDR). Recent reports suggest an association between APDKD and metabolic derangements, particularly impaired glucose metabolism. METHODS In this cross-sectional study we analyzed data obtained from case records of 189 patients with ADPKD, including kidney transplant recipients, managed in an outpatient department. RESULTS The mean BMI was 25.4 ± 3.9; 25.25 before and 27.7 after transplan-tation. A fasting glucose level above 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) was observed in 60 patients (29%) - 27% without transplantation and 41% kidney transplant recipients. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 17 patients (8.9%), including 3 (2.3%) without a history of transplantation and 14 (24.1%) after kidney transplantation (p < 0.01). We observed dyslipidemia in 30% and hyperuricemia in 53% of patients. CONCLUSION Demonstrated metabolic abnormalities should be considered in maintenance of ADPKD patients, including kidney transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Fliszkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - Mariusz Niemczyk
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kulesza
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Łabuś
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Pączek
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jouve T, Noble J, Rostaing L, Malvezzi P. An update on the safety of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients, with a focus on tacrolimus minimization. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:285-294. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1599858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jouve
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Noble
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paolo Malvezzi
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse, Aphérèses et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Frew JW, Hawkes JE, Krueger JG. Topical, systemic and biologic therapies in hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenic insights by examining therapeutic mechanisms. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319830646. [PMID: 30854183 PMCID: PMC6399757 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319830646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, manifesting in chronic, recurrent painful pustules, nodules, boils and purulent draining abscesses. Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease is incomplete. This review aims to identify available treatment options in HS and discuss the pharmacological mechanisms through which such agents function. Identifying common pathways may inform our understanding of the pathogenesis of HS as well as identify future therapeutic targets. The pharmacological mechanisms implicated in topical therapies, antibiotic, hormonal, systemic immunomodulatory and biologic therapies for HS are discussed. Significant differences exist between agents and implicated pathways in therapy for mild and severe disease. This is an expression of the possible dichotomy in inflammatory pathways (and treatment responses) in HS. Studies involving monoclonal antibodies provide the greatest insight into what these specific mechanisms may be. Their variable levels of clinical efficacy compared with placebo bolsters the suggestion that differential inflammatory pathways may be involved in different presentations and severity of disease. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and other innate immune mechanisms are strongly represented in treatments which are effective in mild to moderate disease in the absence of scarring or draining fistulae, however complex feed-forward mechanisms in severe disease respond to interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition but are less likely to respond to innate immune inhibition (through NF-κB or TNF-α) alone. It is unclear whether IL-17 inhibition will parallel TNF-α or IL-1 inhibition in effect, however it is plausible that small molecule targets (Janus kinase1 and phosphodiesterase 4) may provide effective new strategies for treatment of HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Frew
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason E. Hawkes
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James G. Krueger
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ming Y, Stefano GB, Kream RM, Zhuang Q. Anti-Diabetogenic Properties of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Implications for Enhanced Safety and Efficacy of Post-Transplantation Pharmacotherapies. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1102-1104. [PMID: 30739121 PMCID: PMC6378856 DOI: 10.12659/msm.914340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread usage of the calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus and cyclosporine A as post-transplantation immunosuppressive agents is fraught with severe nephrotoxic and diabetogenic side effects. More recently, tapering of calcineurin inhibitor-based immunotherapies with concurrent administration of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors sirolimus and everolimus has been employed within pharmacological regimens designed to achieve better safety and efficacy for preservation of allograft kidney function. Collected preclinical data and recent clinical study, however, indicate that usage of calcineurin inhibitors and/or mTOR blockers as immunosuppressive agents promotes equivalent diabetogenic side effects. Based on a wealth of validating preclinical studies, we contend that the favorable metabolic effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, such as spironolactone, support their inclusion in novel immunosuppressive strategies to inhibit new onset type II diabetic symptoms in post-transplantation patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Ming
- Transplantation Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - George B Stefano
- Transplantation Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Richard M Kream
- Transplantation Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Quan Zhuang
- Transplantation Center, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kamble PG, Pereira MJ, Gustafsson S, Lundkvist P, Castillejo-López C, Fall T, Ingelsson E, Eriksson JW. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism in human adipose tissue: assessment of adipogenesis and adipocyte glucose and lipid turnover. Adipocyte 2018; 7:285-296. [PMID: 30064293 PMCID: PMC6768277 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1503030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective mechanisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) Pro12Ala polymorphism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are unclear. We obtained subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) before and 3 h after oral glucose (OGTT) in carriers and non-carriers of the Ala allele (12 Pro/Pro, 15 Pro/Ala, and 13 Ala/Ala). Adipogenesis, adipocyte glucose uptake and lipolysis as well as PPARγ target gene expression were investigated and compared between the genotype groups. During fasting and post-OGTT, neither basal nor insulin-stimulated adipocyte glucose uptake differed between genotypes. Compared to fasting, a decreased hormone-sensitive lipase gene expression in Pro/Pro (p < 0.05) was accompanied with a higher antilipolytic effect of insulin post-OGTT (p < 0.01). The adipocyte size was similar across groups. Preadipocyte differentiation rates between Pro/Pro and Ala/Ala were unchanged. In conclusion, no major differences in AT differentiation, glucose uptake, lipolysis or expression of PPARγ target genes were observed between different PPARγ Pro12Ala genotypes. Albeit small, our study may suggest that other pathways in AT or effects exerted in other tissues might contribute to the Pro12Ala-mediated protection against T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad G. Kamble
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-López
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract on the metabolism of diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:370-376. [PMID: 29864625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between metabolic disturbances and clinical events related to diabetes is well known. Yerba mate has presented a potential use as preventive and therapeutic agent on diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of yerba mate on different tissues of diabetic rats, focusing on energetic metabolism. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin, followed by daily yerba mate treatment. After 30 days, the animals were euthanized to evaluate metabolic parameters on liver, adipose tissue, muscle and serum. The results showed mate treatment promoted a decrease in retroperitoneal adipose tissue in healthy animals. Muscle weight returned to control levels in diabetic rats treated with mate. There was improvement on serum glucose, creatinine, urea and total protein levels associated with mate treatment. Muscle parameters, such as glucose uptake and carbon dioxide production, were improved by mate treatment to control levels. The results evidenced the beneficial actions mate can have on metabolic disturbances of diabetes.
Collapse
|