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Yoo HS, Shanmugalingam U, Smith PD. Potential roles of branched-chain amino acids in neurodegeneration. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Amaral AU, Wajner M. Pathophysiology of maple syrup urine disease: Focus on the neurotoxic role of the accumulated branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain α-keto acids. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Huang S, Luo Q, Liao J. Analysis of the Effect of Branched Chain Amino Acids on Muscle Health Information of Swimmers Based on Multisensor Fusion and Deep Learning. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:2573058. [PMID: 35528535 PMCID: PMC9071940 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2573058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimmers must fully mobilize the muscles of the whole body during exercise, and it is necessary to study the protection of swimmers from muscle damage. Now, muscle damage is increasing year by year, and more athletes are affected. Therefore, studying the causes of muscle injuries and exploring more effective treatments have become important research topics in the field of sports medicine. This study is mainly based on deep learning to analyze the protective effect of branched-chain amino acids on swimming athletes' muscle injury. Due to the complex and changeable environment and the interference of unknown factors, a single sensor cannot meet the needs of obtaining information. Therefore, people have developed the technology of multisensor information fusion to obtain enough information. Multisensor data fusion technology can synthesize the information of each sensor and then obtain more comprehensive and accurate decision-making information. This study is mainly based on multisensor fusion and deep learning to analyze the impact of branched chain amino acids on Swimmers' muscle health information. Finally, two experiments were designed in this article. The first experimental result showed that the pain level of the experimental group who took BCAA supplements was 19% lower than that of the control group that did not take the BCAA supplement within three days after exercise. The results of the second experiment show the following: after exercise, the creatine kinase activity value of the experimental group taking BCAA supplement was 4.38 ± 1.45, and the creatine kinase activity value of the control group taking placebo was 5.42 ± 2.12. It proves that BBCA can protect muscle damage by reducing the activity of creatine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Huang
- Swimming Teaching and Research Office, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500 Guangdong, China
| | - Qiulan Luo
- Department of Sports, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Science Experiment Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500 Guangdong, China
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Recent Advances in Understanding of Alzheimer's Disease Progression through Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:1-17. [PMID: 35656096 PMCID: PMC9159642 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the aging population, but despite extensive research, there is no consensus on the biological cause of AD. While AD research is dominated by protein/peptide-centric research based on the amyloid hypothesis, a theory that designates dysfunction in beta-amyloid production, accumulation, or disposal as the primary cause of AD, many studies focus on metabolomics as a means of understanding the biological processes behind AD progression. In this review, we discuss mass spectrometry (MS)-based AD metabolomics studies, including sample type and preparation, mass spectrometry specifications, and data analysis, as well as biological insights gleaned from these studies, with the hope of informing future AD metabolomic studies.
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Tsai HY, Wu SC, Li JC, Chen YM, Chan CC, Chen CH. Loss of the Drosophila branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex results in neuronal dysfunction. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044750. [PMID: 32680850 PMCID: PMC7473638 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited error in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) caused by a severe deficiency of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex, which ultimately leads to neurological disorders. The limited therapies, including protein-restricted diets and liver transplants, are not as effective as they could be for the treatment of MSUD due to the current lack of molecular insights into the disease pathogenesis. To address this issue, we developed a Drosophila model of MSUD by knocking out the dDBT gene, an ortholog of the human gene encoding the dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase (DBT) subunit of BCKDH. The homozygous dDBT mutant larvae recapitulate an array of MSUD phenotypes, including aberrant BCAA accumulation, developmental defects, poor mobile behavior and disrupted L-glutamate homeostasis. Moreover, the dDBT mutation causes neuronal apoptosis during the developmental progression of larval brains. The genetic and functional evidence generated by in vivo depletion of dDBT expression in the eye indicates severe impairment of retinal rhabdomeres. Further, the dDBT mutant shows elevated oxidative stress and higher lipid peroxidation accumulation in the larval brain. Therefore, we conclude from in vivo evidence that the loss of dDBT results in oxidative brain damage that may lead to neuronal cell death and contribute to aspects of MSUD pathology. Importantly, when the dDBT mutants were administrated with Metformin, the aberrances in BCAA levels and motor behavior were ameliorated. This intriguing outcome strongly merits the use of the dDBT mutant as a platform for developing MSUD therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Tsai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Wu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
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Lian K, Guo X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang RT, Gao C, Li CY, Li CX, Tao L. PP2Cm overexpression alleviates MI/R injury mediated by a BCAA catabolism defect and oxidative stress in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 866:172796. [PMID: 31738932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are sensitive to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. During diabetes, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is defective and mitochondrial phosphatase 2C (PP2Cm) expression is reduced. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between PP2Cm downregulation and BCAA catabolism defect in diabetic mice against MI/R injury. PP2Cm was significantly downregulated in hearts of diabetic mice. The cardiac function was improved and the myocardial infarct size and apoptosis were decreased in diabetic mice overexpressing PP2Cm after MI/R. In diabetic mice, the cardiac BCAA and its metabolites branched-chain keto-acids (BCKA) levels, and p-BCKDE1α (E1 subunit of BCKA dehydrogenase)/BCKDE1α ratio were increased while the BCKD activity was decreased. Treatment of diabetic mice subjected to MI/R injury with BT2, a BCKD kinase (BDK) inhibitor, alleviated the BCAA catabolism defect, and improved the cardiac function alongside reduced apoptosis. PP2Cm overexpression alleviated the BCAA catabolism defect and MI/R injury. Similarly, MnTBAP ameliorated the oxidative stress and MI/R injury. BCKA treatment of H9C2 cells under simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) injury significantly decreased cell viability and increased LDH release and apoptosis. These effects were alleviated by BT2 and MnTBAP treatments. These results suggested that PP2Cm directly mediates the BCAA catabolism defect and oxidative stress observed after MI/R in diabetes. Overexpression of PP2Cm alleviates MI/R injury by reducing the catabolism of BCAA and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Ru-Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Cong-Ye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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Gruenbaum SE, Chen EC, Sandhu MRS, Deshpande K, Dhaher R, Hersey D, Eid T. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Seizures: A Systematic Review of the Literature. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:755-770. [PMID: 31313139 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. RESULTS Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. CONCLUSIONS The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Eric C Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ketaki Deshpande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise Hersey
- Lewis Science Library, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Ananieva EA, Bostic JN, Torres AA, Glanz HR, McNitt SM, Brenner MK, Boyer MP, Addington AK, Hutson SM. Mice deficient in the mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm) respond with delayed tumour growth to a challenge with EL-4 lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1009-1017. [PMID: 30318512 PMCID: PMC6203766 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase (BCATm) is a recently discovered cancer marker with a poorly defined role in tumour progression. Methods To understand how a loss of function of BCATm affects cancer, the global knockout mouse BCATmKO was challenged with EL-4 lymphoma under different diet compositions with varying amounts of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Next, the growth and metabolism of EL-4 cells were studied in the presence of different leucine concentrations in the growth medium. Results BCATmKO mice experienced delayed tumour growth when fed standard rodent chow or a normal BCAA diet. Tumour suppression correlated with 37.6- and 18.9-fold increases in plasma and tumour BCAAs, 37.5% and 30.4% decreases in tumour glutamine and alanine, and a 3.5-fold increase in the phosphorylation of tumour AMPK in BCATmKO mice on standard rodent chow. Similar results were obtained with a normal but not with a choice BCAA diet. Conclusions Global deletion of BCATm caused a dramatic build-up of BCAAs, which could not be utilised for energy or amino acid synthesis, ultimately delaying the growth of lymphoma tumours. Furthermore, physiological, but not high, leucine concentrations promoted the growth of EL-4 cells. BCATm and BCAA metabolism were identified as attractive targets for anti-lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitsa A Ananieva
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
| | - Joshua N Bostic
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Sciences Building 0913, 1981 Kraft Drive Blacksburg, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.,Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ashley A Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Hannah R Glanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Sean M McNitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Michelle K Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Michael P Boyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Adele K Addington
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Sciences Building 0913, 1981 Kraft Drive Blacksburg, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Susan M Hutson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Sciences Building 0913, 1981 Kraft Drive Blacksburg, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Tynkkynen J, Chouraki V, van der Lee SJ, Hernesniemi J, Yang Q, Li S, Beiser A, Larson MG, Sääksjärvi K, Shipley MJ, Singh-Manoux A, Gerszten RE, Wang TJ, Havulinna AS, Würtz P, Fischer K, Demirkan A, Ikram MA, Amin N, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Perola M, Metspalu A, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Vasan RS, Kivimäki M, van Duijn CM, Seshadri S, Salomaa V. Association of branched-chain amino acids and other circulating metabolites with risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study in eight cohorts. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:723-733. [PMID: 29519576 PMCID: PMC6082422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolite, lipid, and lipoprotein lipid profiling can provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease. METHODS We studied eight prospective cohorts with 22,623 participants profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry metabolomics. Four cohorts were used for discovery with replication undertaken in the other four to avoid false positives. For metabolites that survived replication, combined association results are presented. RESULTS Over 246,698 person-years, 995 and 745 cases of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease were detected, respectively. Three branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine), creatinine and two very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-specific lipoprotein lipid subclasses were associated with lower dementia risk. One high density lipoprotein (HDL; the concentration of cholesterol esters relative to total lipids in large HDL) and one VLDL (total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in very large VLDL) lipoprotein lipid subclass was associated with increased dementia risk. Branched-chain amino acids were also associated with decreased Alzheimer's disease risk and the concentration of cholesterol esters relative to total lipids in large HDL with increased Alzheimer's disease risk. DISCUSSION Further studies can clarify whether these molecules play a causal role in dementia pathogenesis or are merely markers of early pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Tynkkynen
- Department of Cardiology, Tays Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Lille University, Inserm, Lille University Hospital, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, Labex Distalz, Lille, France
| | | | - Jussi Hernesniemi
- Department of Cardiology, Tays Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Qiong Yang
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexa Beiser
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin G Larson
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katri Sääksjärvi
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin J Shipley
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; INSERM, U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, France
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Würtz
- Nightingale Health Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Pasi Soininen
- Nightingale Health Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Reseach (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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