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Tan RX, Li WH, Pang JM, Zhong SM, Huang XY, Deng JZ, Zhou LY, Wu JQ, Wang XQ. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2,2'-bipyridyl derivatives as bifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1225-1238. [PMID: 37119457 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. Metal ion dyshomeostasis and Aβ aggregation have been proposed to contribute to AD progression. Metal ions can bind to Aβ and promote Aβ aggregation, and ultimately lead to neuronal death. Bifunctional (metal chelation and Aβ interaction) compounds are showing promise against AD. In this work, eleven new 3,3'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine derivatives 4a-4k were synthesized, and evaluated as bifunctional agents for AD treatment. In vitro Aβ aggregation inhibition assay confirmed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation inhibition. Among them, compound 4d displayed the best inhibitory potency of self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation with IC50 value of 9.4 µM, and it could selectively chelate with Cu2+ and exhibited 66.2% inhibition of Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation. Meanwhile, compound 4d showed strong neuroprotective activity against Aβ1-42 and Cu2+-treated Aβ1-42 induced cell damage. Moreover, compound 4d in high dose significantly reversed Aβ-induced memory impairment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Xian Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Min Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Si-Min Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Yi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Ze Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu-Yi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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Shi Y, Yan D, Nan C, Sun Z, Zhuo Y, Huo H, Jin Q, Yan H, Zhao Z. Salvianolic acid A inhibits ferroptosis and protects against intracerebral hemorrhage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12427. [PMID: 38816543 PMCID: PMC11140002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common cerebral vascular disease with high incidence, disability, and mortality. Ferroptosis is a regulated type of iron-dependent, non-apoptotic programmed cell death. There is increasing evidence that ferroptosis may lead to neuronal damage mediated by hemorrhagic stroke mediated neuronal damage. Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a natural bioactive polyphenol compound extracted from salvia miltiorrhiza, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrosis activities. SAA is reported to be an iron chelator that inhibits lipid peroxidation and provides neuroprotective effects. However, whether SAA improves neuronal ferroptosis mediated by hemorrhagic stroke remains unclear. The study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SAA on Ferroptosis mediated by Intracerebral hemorrhage and explore its potential mechanisms. We constructed in vivo and in vitro models of intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Multiple methods were used to analyze the inhibitory effect of SAA on ferroptosis in both in vivo and in vitro models of intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Then, network pharmacology is used to identify potential targets and mechanisms for SAA treatment of ICH. The SAA target ICH network combines SAA and ICH targets with protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Find the specific mechanism of SAA acting on ferroptosis through molecular docking and functional enrichment analysis. In rats, SAA (10 mg/kg in vivo and 50 μM in vitro, p < 0.05) alleviated dyskinesia and brain injury in the ICH model by inhibiting ferroptosis (p < 0.05). The molecular docking results and functional enrichment analyses suggested that AKT (V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog) could mediate the effect of SAA. NRF2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) was a potential target of SAA. Our further experiments showed that salvianolic acid A enhanced the Akt /GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway activation in vivo and in vitro. At the same time, SAA significantly expanded the expression of GPX4, XCT proteins, and the nuclear expression of Nrf2, while the AKT inhibitor SH-6 and the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 could reduce them to some extent. Therefore, SAA effectively ameliorated ICH-mediated neuronal ferroptosis. Meanwhile, one of the critical mechanisms of SAA inhibiting ferroptosis was activating the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Chengrui Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yayu Zhuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Haoran Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Qianxu Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hongshan Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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Zareei S, Pourmand S, Eskandarzadeh M, Massahi S. In silico anti-alzheimer study of phytochemicals from Lamiaceae family through GSK3-β inhibition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:834. [PMID: 38191548 PMCID: PMC10774376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47069-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-β) is a serine-threonine protease expressed in the brain, and its hyperactivity is considered the underlying cause of Alzheimer's disease. This enzyme requires an ATP molecule in its N-terminal lobe to phosphorylate its substrates, with the most important substrate being the Tau protein. This study focuses on the inhibitory mechanism of four naturally occurring compounds-apigenin, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid-from the Laminaceae family against GSK3-β. The orientation of the ligands within the ATP-binding pocket of GSK3-β and their binding energy were determined through molecular docking. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations was conducted to study the conformational changes induced by the ligands in the protein structure. The results showed that apigenin and salvianolic acid achieved deeper parts of the cavity compared to luteolin and rosmarinic acid and formed stable complexes with the enzyme. In the rosmarinic acid complex, the enzyme exhibited the most exposed conformation. On the other hand, luteolin binding caused a small closure of the opening, suggesting a potentially ATP-competitive role. Our results suggest these compounds as lead candidates for the design of GSK3-β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zareei
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Pourmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Eskandarzadeh
- Research Committee of Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Massahi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, P.O. Box 69315516, Ilam, Iran.
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Xiang L, Wang Y, Liu S, Liu B, Jin X, Cao X. Targeting Protein Aggregates with Natural Products: An Optional Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11275. [PMID: 37511037 PMCID: PMC10379780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is one of the hallmarks of aging and aging-related diseases, especially for the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and others. In these diseases, many pathogenic proteins, such as amyloid-β, tau, α-Syn, Htt, and FUS, form aggregates that disrupt the normal physiological function of cells and lead to associated neuronal lesions. Protein aggregates in NDs are widely recognized as one of the important targets for the treatment of these diseases. Natural products, with their diverse biological activities and rich medical history, represent a great treasure trove for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat disease. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that natural products, by virtue of their complex molecular scaffolds that specifically bind to pathogenic proteins and their aggregates, can inhibit the formation of aggregates, disrupt the structure of aggregates and destabilize them, thereby alleviating conditions associated with NDs. Here, we systematically reviewed studies using natural products to improve disease-related symptoms by reducing or inhibiting the formation of five pathogenic protein aggregates associated with NDs. This information should provide valuable insights into new directions and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Antioxidant Compounds in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Natural, Hybrid, and Synthetic Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:8056462. [PMID: 36865743 PMCID: PMC9974281 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8056462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is associated with cognitive dysfunction and memory lapse has become a health concern. Various targets and pathways have been involved in AD's progress, such as deficit of acetylcholine (ACh), oxidative stress, inflammation, β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits, and biometal dyshomeostasis. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that stress oxidative participation in an early stage of AD and the generated ROS could enable neurodegenerative disease leading to neuronal cell death. Hence, antioxidant therapies are applied in treating AD as a beneficial strategy. This review refers to the development and use of antioxidant compounds based on natural products, hybrid designs, and synthetic compounds. The results of using these antioxidant compounds were discussed with the given examples, and future directions for the development of antioxidants were evaluated.
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Rahman A, Saikia B, Gogoi CR, Baruah A. Advances in the understanding of protein misfolding and aggregation through molecular dynamics simulation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 175:31-48. [PMID: 36044970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein folding known as protein misfolding is counted as one of the striking factors of neurodegenerative diseases. The extensive range of pathologies caused by protein misfolding, aggregation and subsequent accumulation are mainly classified into either gain of function diseases or loss of function diseases. In order to seek for novel strategies for treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, insights into the mechanism of misfolding and aggregation is essential. A comprehensive knowledge on the factors influencing misfolding and aggregation is required as well. An extensive experimental study on protein aggregation is somewhat challenging due to the insoluble and noncrystalline nature of amyloid fibrils. Thus there has been a growing use of computational approaches including Monte Carlo simulation, docking simulation, molecular dynamics simulation in the study of protein misfolding and aggregation. The review presents a discussion on molecular dynamics simulation alone as to how it has emerged as a promising tool in the understanding of protein misfolding and aggregation in general, detailing upon three different aspects considering four misfold prone proteins in particular. It is noticeable that all four proteins considered in this review i.e prion, superoxide dismutase1, huntingtin and amyloid β are linked to chronic neurodegenerative diseases with debilitating effects. Initially the review elaborates on the factors influencing the misfolding and aggregation. Next, it addresses our current understanding of the amyloid structures and the associated aggregation mechanisms, finally, summarizing the contribution of this computational tool in the search for therapeutic strategies against the respective protein-deposition diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Bondeepa Saikia
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Chimi Rekha Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Anupaul Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India.
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Effect of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Polyphenolic Acid Injection on Improving Limb Use and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Acute Stroke. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1481294. [PMID: 35983530 PMCID: PMC9381215 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1481294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aims. To investigate the effect of injectable salvia polyphenolic acid on the improvement of limb movement and cognitive dysfunction in acute stroke patients. Materials and Methods. The clinical data of 90 acute stroke patients were collected for retrospective study and divided into 45 cases each in the comparison group and the observation group according to the different treatment methods; using basic treatment + salvianolic acid, the comparison group implemented conventional alteplase and butalbital treatment, and the observation group used injectable salvianolic acid treatment, to observe and compare the clinical efficacy, changes in neurological deficits, cognitive function, and motor function scores before and after treatment in the two groups. Results. The NIHSS (National Institute of Health stroke scale) score, cerebral infarct volume, NSE (neuron-specific enolase), and S100β (A neurotrophic factor) levels were reduced after treatment compared with those before treatment in this group, and the NIHSS score, cerebral infarct volume, NSE, and S100β levels in the observation group were lower than those in the comparison group after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (
). Compared with the clinical efficacy of the comparison group and the observation group, the treatment effect of the observation group was better than that of the comparison group, and the difference was statistically significant (
). After treatment, the cognitive function and motor function scores of both groups were significantly improved compared with those before treatment, and the degree of improvement of each score in the observation group was significantly better than that in the comparison group (
). During the trial, two patients in the comparison group developed a generalized rash and withdrew from the experiment, and the rash subsided after anti-allergic treatment, and no significant adverse events were observed in the remaining participants. There was no statistically significant difference in liver and kidney function and cardiac enzyme test indexes between the two groups of patients at 14 days of treatment (
). Conclusion. Danshen polyphenolic acid for injection has definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, and it can effectively improve cognitive and motor functions and promote neurological recovery in patients with high safety.
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A Novel Based-Network Strategy to Identify Phytochemicals from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Danshen) for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144463. [PMID: 35889336 PMCID: PMC9317794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease that strikes millions worldwide. Herein, we demonstrate a new approach based on network target to identify anti-AD compounds from Danshen. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to establish the DS-AD network, which mainly involved apoptosis of neuron cells. Then network scoring was confirmed via Connectivity Map analysis. M308 (Danshenxinkun D) was an anti-AD candidate with a high score (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we conducted ex vivo experiments with H2O2-treated PC12 cells to verify the neuroprotective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza-containing plasma (SMP), and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and RT-qPCR were performed to demonstrate the anti-AD activity of M308 from SMP. Results revealed that SMP could enhance cell viability and level of acetylcholine. AO/EB staining and Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysis showed that SMP significantly suppressed apoptosis, which may be due to anti-oxidative stress activity. Moreover, the effects of M308 and SMP on expressions of PSEN1, DRD2, and APP mRNA were consistent, and M308 can significantly reverse the expression of PSEN1 and DRD2 mRNA in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. The strategy based on the network could be employed to identify anti-AD compounds from Chinese herbs. Notably, M308 stands out as a promising anti-AD candidate for development.
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Medication Rules in Herbal Medicine for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Network Pharmacology and Data Mining Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2478940. [PMID: 35646138 PMCID: PMC9132671 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2478940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has good efficacy in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), especially memory improvement and safety, its substance basis and intervention mechanism are particularly complex and unknown. Therefore, based on network pharmacology and data mining, this study aims to explore the rules, active ingredients and mechanism of TCM in the treatment of MCI. Methods By searching the GeneCard, OMIM, DisGeNET and DrugBank databases, we obtained the critical targets associated with MCI. We matched the components and herbs corresponding to the important targets in the TCMSP platform. Using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software, we constructed a target-component-herb network and conducted a network topology analysis to obtain the core components and herbs. Molecular docking was used to preliminarily analyze and predict the binding activities and main binding combinations of the core targets and components. Based on the analysis of the properties, flavor and meridian distribution of herbs, the rules of herbal therapy for MCI were summarized. Results Twenty-eight critical targets were obtained after the screening. Using the TCMSP platform, 492 components were obtained. After standardization, we obtained 387 herbs. Based on the target-composition-herb network analysis, the core targets were ADRB2, ADRA1B, DPP4, ACHE and ADRA1D. According to the screening, the core ingredients were beta-sitosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, stigmasterol and luteolin. The core herbs were matched to Danshen, Yanhusuo, Gancao, Gouteng and Jiangxiang. It was found that the herbs were mainly warm in nature, pungent in taste and liver and lung in meridian. The molecular docking results showed that most core components exhibited strong binding activity to the target combination regardless of the in or out of network combination. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that herbs have great potential in the treatment of MCI. This study provides a reference and basis for clinical application, experimental research and new drug development of herbal therapy for MCI.
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Ayoub I, George MY, Menze ET, Mahmoud M, Botros M, Essam M, Ashmawy I, Shendi P, Hany A, Galal M, Ayman M, Labib R. Insights on the neuroprotective effects of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia microphylla Kunth in memory impairment rat model. Food Funct 2022; 13:2253-2268. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02988f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salvia species have a traditional longstanding culinary use mostly consumed in the Mediterranean diet as a common spice added to food. Salvia is commonly consumed as an herbal tea for...
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Tan FHP, Ting ACJ, Leow BG, Najimudin N, Watanabe N, Azzam G. Alleviatory effects of Danshen, Salvianolic acid A and Salvianolic acid B on PC12 neuronal cells and Drosophila melanogaster model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114389. [PMID: 34217797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshen water extract (DWE), obtained from the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Family Lamiaceae) root, is usually employed in Chinese traditional medicine as treatment to cardiovascular ailments and cerebrovascular diseases. Intriguingly, the extract was also found to contain vast beneficial properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY Alzheimer's disease is the most significant type of neurodegenerative disorder plaguing societies globally. Its pathogenesis encompasses the hallmark aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ). Of all the Aβ oligomers formed in the brain, Aβ42 is the most toxic and aggressive. Despite this, the mechanism behind this disease remains elusive. In this study, DWE, and its major components, Salvianolic acid A (SalA) and Salvianolic acid B (SalB) were tested for their abilities to attenuate Aβ42's toxic effects. METHODS The composition of DWE was determined via Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). DWE, SalA and SalB were first verified for their capability to diminish Aβ42 fibrillation using an in vitro activity assay. Since Aβ42 aggregation results in neuronal degeneration, the potential Aβ42 inhibitors were next evaluated on Aβ42-exposed PC12 neuronal cells. The Drosophila melanogaster AD model was then employed to determine the effects of DWE, SalA and SalB. RESULTS DWE, SalA and SalB were shown to be able to reduce fibrillation of Aβ42. When tested on PC12 neuronal cells, DWE, SalA and SalB ameliorated cells from cell death associated with Aβ42 exposure. Next, DWE and its components were tested on the Drosophila melanogaster AD model and their rescue effects were further characterized. The UPLC analysis showed that SalA and SalB were present in the brains and bodies of Drosophila after DWE feeding. When human Aβ42 was expressed, the AD Drosophila exhibited degenerated eye structures known as the rough eye phenotype (REP), reduced lifespan and deteriorated locomotor ability. Administration of DWE, SalA and SalB partially reverted the REP, increased the age of AD Drosophila and improved most of the mobility of AD Drosophila. CONCLUSION Collectively, DWE and its components may have therapeutic potential for AD patients and possibly other forms of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hui Ping Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | - Ban Guan Leow
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nazalan Najimudin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; Bioprobe Application Research Unit, RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Japan.
| | - Ghows Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Sharafdini R, Mosaddeghi H. Inhibition of Insulin Amyloid Fibrillation by Salvianolic Acids and Calix[ n]arenes: Molecular Docking Insight. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416521500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of salvianolic acids A, B, C, F, G and calix[[Formula: see text]]arenes ([Formula: see text], 5, 6 and 8) with different upper rims in the inhibition of insulin amyloid fibril formation was studied using molecular docking. The results were analyzed from a molecular point of view. All of the considering ligands interacted with significant residues of insulin, which had a crucial role in the process of insulin fibrillation. The interactions among the ligands and insulin residues could be done through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with good binding affinity. So, these ligands could prevent the formation of the insulin fibril. The good consistency of the docking results of [Formula: see text]-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and [Formula: see text]-sulfonatocalix[6]arene with the experimental results in the previous literature represented the capacity of the current theoretical method to supplement and interpret experimental findings. Also, in this study, salvianolic acids A, C, F and G were suggested as new inhibitors of the insulin amyloid fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Mosaddeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
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Dhage PA, Sharbidre AA, Dakua SP, Balakrishnan S. Leveraging hallmark Alzheimer's molecular targets using phytoconstituents: Current perspective and emerging trends. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111634. [PMID: 33965726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a type of dementia, severely distresses different brain regions. Characterized by various neuropathologies, it interferes with cognitive functions and neuropsychiatrical controls. This progressive deterioration has negative impacts not only on an individual's daily activity but also on social and occupational life. The pharmacological approach has always remained in the limelight for the treatment of AD. However, this approach is condemned with several side effects. Henceforth, a change in treatment approach has become crucial. Plant-based natural products are garnering special attention due to lesser side effects associated with their use. The current review emphasizes the anti-AD properties of phytoconstituents, throws light on those under clinical trials, and compiles information on their specific mode of actions against AD-related different neuropathologies. The phytoconstituents alone or in combinations will surely help discover new potent drugs for the effective treatment of AD with lesser side effects than the currently available pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta A Dhage
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India
| | - Archana A Sharbidre
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MS, India.
| | - Sarada P Dakua
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), 3050 Doha, Qatar
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Yuen CW, Murugaiyah V, Najimudin N, Azzam G. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) water extract shows potential neuroprotective effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113418. [PMID: 32991971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshen, is a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. It is known to be used for neurological disorder including for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study uncovers the effect of Danshen water extract on the Alzheimer's disease model of C.elegans. MATERIAL AND METHODS The composition of Danshen water extract was determined using (High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Then Thioflavin T assay was used to determined if Danshen water extract could prevent the aggregation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Alzheimer's disease C.elegans model was used to determine the effect of Danshen water extract. Finally, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using the 2,7-dichlorofuorescein diacetate method. RESULTS In this study, we found that standardized Danshen water extract that contains danshensu (1.26%), salvianolic acid A (0.35%) and salvianolic acid B (2.21%) are able to bind directly to Aβ and prevents it from aggregating. The IC50 for the inhibition of Aβ aggregation by Danshen water extract was 0.5 mg/ml. In the AD model of C.elegans, Danshen water extract managed to alleviates the paralysis phenotype. Furthermore, the administration of Danshen water extract displayed antioxidant properties toward the Aβ-induced oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS AD is a widespread neurodegenerative disease attributed to the accumulation of extracellular plaques comprising Aβ. Danshen water extract could significantly reduce the progress of paralysis in the AD model of C. elegans, showing promising results with its antioxidant properties. It can be concluded that Danshen water extract could potentially serve as a therapeutic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Yuen
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nazalan Najimudin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ghows Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Soheili M, Karimian M, Hamidi G, Salami M. Alzheimer's disease treatment: The share of herbal medicines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:123-135. [PMID: 33953850 PMCID: PMC8061323 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.50536.11512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequent forms of dementia in neurological disorders is Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired learning and memory. Pathological symptoms as extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles occur in AD. Due to the aging of the population and increased prevalence of AD, discovery of new therapeutic agents with the highest effectiveness and fewer side effect seems to be necessary. Numerous synthetic medicines such as tacrine, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, memantine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, ubiquinone, ibuprofen, and ladostigil are routinely used for reduction of the symptoms and prevention of disease progression. Nowadays, herbal medicines have attracted popular attention for numerous beneficial effects with little side effects. Lavandula angustifolia, Ginkgo biloba, Melissa officinalis, Crocus sativus, Ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Magnolia officinalis have been widely used for relief of symptoms of some neurological disorders. This paper reviews the therapeutic effects of phytomedicines with prominent effects against various factors implicated in the emergence and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Soheili
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamali Hamidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Salvianolic Acid D Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing the Cytoplasmic Translocation and Release of HMGB1-Triggered NF- κB Activation to Inhibit Inflammatory Response. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9049614. [PMID: 32410871 PMCID: PMC7204335 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9049614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response participates in the overall pathophysiological process of stroke. It is a promising strategy to develop antistroke drugs targeting inflammation. This study is aimed at investigating the therapeutic effect and anti-inflammatory mechanism of salvianolic acid D (SalD) against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. A rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury model was established, and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury model was established in PC12 cells. Neurological deficit score, cerebral infarction, and edema were studied in vivo. Cell viability was achieved using the MTT method in vitro. The Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, HMGB1, TLR4, TRAF6, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, and cleaved caspase-3 and -9 were tested via the Western blot method. Cytokines and cytokine mRNA, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, were studied via ELISA and PCR methods. The translocation of HMGB1 and NF-κB were studied by immunofluorescence assay. The HMGB1/NeuN, HMGB1/GFAP, and HMGB1/Iba1 double staining was carried out to observe the localization of HMGB1 in different cells. Results showed that SalD alleviated neurological impairment, decreased cerebral infarction, and reduced edema in I/R rats. SalD improved OGD/R-downregulated PC12 cell viability. SalD also promoted Bcl-2 expression and suppressed Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 and -9 expression. SalD decreased the intensity of TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6 proteins both in vivo and in vitro, and significantly inhibited the NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by I/R and OGD/R. What's more, SalD inhibited HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in both the cortex and hippocampus regions of I/R rats. In conclusion, SalD can alleviate I/R-induced cerebral injury in rats and increase the PC12 cell viability affected by OGD/R. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of SalD might result from the decreased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 and the inhibition on its downstream TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling.
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Du G, Song J, Du L, Zhang L, Qiang G, Wang S, Yang X, Fang L. Chemical and pharmacological research on the polyphenol acids isolated from Danshen: A review of salvianolic acids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 87:1-41. [PMID: 32089230 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, is a common medicinal herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been used for the treatment of a number of diseases for thousands of years. More than 2000 years ago, the Chinese early pharmacy monograph "Shennong Materia Medica" recorded that Danshen could be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, certain gynecological diseases, etc. Since then, Danshen has been widely used clinically in many different prescriptions for many different diseases, especially for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, many pharmacological studies about the water-soluble components from Danshen have been reported, especially salvianolic acids. It turned out that salvianolic acids showed strong anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-thrombic activities, and among them, SalAA and SalAB were the most potent. This review focused on the achievements in research of salvianolic acids regarding their bioactivities and pharmacological effects. These studies not only shed light on the water-soluble active components of Danshen and their mechanisms at the molecular level, but also provided theoretical information for the development of new medicines from Danshen for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Junke Song
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shoubao Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhua Fang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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18
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He Y, Ruganzu JB, Lin C, Ding B, Zheng Q, Wu X, Ma R, Liu Q, Wang Y, Jin H, Qian Y, Peng X, Ji S, Zhang L, Yang W, Lei X. Tanshinone IIA ameliorates cognitive deficits by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 133:104610. [PMID: 31778727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data indicated that tanshinone IIA (tan IIA) improves learning and memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by streptozotocin via restoring cholinergic function, attenuating oxidative stress and blocking p38 MAPK signal pathway activation. This study aims to estimate whether tan IIA inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis to prevent cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Tan IIA (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to the six-month-old APP/PS1 mice for 30 consecutive days. β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques were measured by immunohistochemisty and Thioflavin S staining, apoptotic cells were observed by TUNEL, ER stress markers and apoptosis signaling proteins were investigated by western blotting and RT-PCR. Our results showed that tan IIA significantly ameliorates cognitive deficits and improves spatial learning ability of APP/PS1 mice in the nest-building test, novel object recognition test and Morris water maze test. Furthermore, tan IIA significantly reduced the deposition of Aβ plaques and neuronal apoptosis, and markedly prevented abnormal expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), as well as suppressed the activation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, tan IIA induced an up-regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and down-regulation of caspase-3 protein activity. Taken together, the above findings indicated that tan IIA improves learning and memory through attenuating Aβ plaques deposition and inhibiting ER stress-induced apoptosis. These results suggested that tan IIA might become a promising therapeutic candidate drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Chengheng Lin
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Quzhao Zheng
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaomei Lei
- Department of Child Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710004, China.
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Machado ML, Arantes LP, da Silveira TL, Zamberlan DC, Cordeiro LM, Obetine FBB, da Silva AF, da Cruz IBM, Soares FAA, Oliveira RDP. Ilex paraguariensis extract provides increased resistance against oxidative stress and protection against Amyloid beta-induced toxicity compared to caffeine in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:697-709. [PMID: 31595831 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1671694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ilex paraguariensis is a plant from South America, used to prepare a tea-like beverage rich in caffeine and polyphenols with antioxidant proprieties. Caffeine consumption is associated with a lower risk of age-associated neuropathologies, besides several extracts that have antioxidant proprieties are known to be neuroprotective, and oxidative stress strongly correlates with Aβ-toxicity. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the Ilex paraguariensis hydroalcoholic extract (IPHE) and to evaluate if caffeine agent present in IPHE exerts neuroprotective effects in an amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ)-induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. The wild-type and CL2006 worms were treated with IPHE (2 and 4 mg/mL) or caffeine (200 and 400 μM) since larval stage 1 (L1) until they achieved the required age for each assay. IPHE and caffeine increased the lifespan and appeared to act directly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in both wild-type and CL2006 worms, also conferred resistance against oxidative stress in wild-type animals. Furthermore, both treatments delayed Aβ-induced paralysis and decreased AChE activity in CL2006. The protective effect of IPHE against Aβ-induced paralysis was found to be dependent on heat shock factor hsf-1 and FOXO-family transcription factor daf-16, which are respectively involved in aging-related processes and chaperone synthesis, while that of caffeine was dependent only on daf-16. Mechanistically, IPHE and caffeine decreased the levels of Aβ mRNA in the CL2006 worms; however, only IPHE induced expression of the heat shock chaperonin hsp-16.2, involved in protein homeostasis. The results were overall better when treated with IPHE than with caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lopes Machado
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leticia Priscilla Arantes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniele Coradini Zamberlan
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Baptista Bicca Obetine
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Felix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Riva de Paula Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Luo Y, Feng Y, Song L, He GQ, Li S, Bai SS, Huang YJ, Li SY, Almutairi MM, Shi HL, Wang Q, Hong M. A network pharmacology-based study on the anti-hepatoma effect of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Chin Med 2019; 14:27. [PMID: 31406500 PMCID: PMC6685170 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis in various human cancers. However, the anticancer effects of RSM on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS In this study, we aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of RSM in the treatment of HCC using a network pharmacology approach. In vivo and in vitro experiments were also performed to validate the therapeutic effects of RSM on HCC. RESULTS In total, 62 active compounds from RSM and 72 HCC-related targets were identified through network pharmacological analysis. RSM was found to play a critical role in HCC via multiple targets and pathways, especially the EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, RSM was found to suppress HCC cell proliferation, and impair cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that RSM induced cell cycle G2/M arrest and apoptosis, and western blot analysis showed that RSM up-regulated the expression of BAX and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 in MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, RSM administration down-regulated the expression of EGFR, PI3K, and p-AKT proteins, whereas the total AKT level was not altered. Finally, the results of our in vivo experiments confirmed the therapeutic effects of RSM on HCC in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS We provide an integrative network pharmacology approach, in combination with in vitro and in vivo experiments, to illustrate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of RSM action on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Traumatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004 China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Song
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Gan-Qing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 501260 China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sha-Sha Bai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Si-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | | | - Hong-Lian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
| | - Ming Hong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
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MEIm XD, Cao YF, Che YY, Li J, Shang ZP, Zhao WJ, Qiao YJ, Zhang JY. Danshen: a phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:59-80. [PMID: 30704625 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Danshen, the dried root or rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., is a traditional and folk medicine in Asian countries, especially in China and Japan. In this review, we summarized the recent researches of Danshen in traditional uses and preparations, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and side effects. A total of 201 compounds from Danshen have been reported, including lipophilic diterpenoids, water-soluble phenolic acids, and other constituents, which have showed various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-atherogenesis, and anti-diabetes. This article intends to provide novel insight information for further development of Danshen, which could be of great value to its improvement of utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan MEIm
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yan-Feng Cao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yan-Yun Che
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zhan-Peng Shang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Qiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jia-Yu Zhang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Chong CM, Su H, Lu JJ, Wang Y. The effects of bioactive components from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31139246 PMCID: PMC6528372 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common human neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the progressive loss of memory and the cognitive impairment. Since the etiology of AD is still unknown, it is extremely difficult to develop the effective drugs for preventing or slowing the AD process. The major characteristics of AD such as amyloid β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy dysfunction are commonly used as the important indicators for evaluating the effects of potential candidate drugs. The rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza (known as 'Danshen' in Chinese), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, which is widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, stroke, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Increasing evidences suggest that the bioactive components of Danshen can improve cognitive deficits in mice, protect neuronal cells, reduce tau hyperphosylation, prevent amyloid-β fiber formation and disaggregation. Here we briefly summarize the studies regarding the effects of bioactive component from Danshen on those major characteristics of AD in preclinical studies, as well as explore the potential of these Danshen component in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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23
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Eslami M, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Ghasemi Y. Computational approach to suggest a new multi-target-directed ligand as a potential medication for Alzheimer’s disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4825-4839. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1564701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Eslami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Cao Y, Xu W, Huang Y, Zeng X. Licochalcone B, a chalcone derivative from Glycyrrhiza inflata, as a multifunctional agent for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:736-739. [PMID: 30345819 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1496429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Department of Phase I Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxing Xu
- Department of Phase I Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyou Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zeng
- Department of Phase I Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Sharifi-Rad M, Ozcelik B, Altın G, Daşkaya-Dikmen C, Martorell M, Ramírez-Alarcón K, Alarcón-Zapata P, Morais-Braga MFB, Carneiro JN, Alves Borges Leal AL, Coutinho HDM, Gyawali R, Tahergorabi R, Ibrahim SA, Sahrifi-Rad R, Sharopov F, Salehi B, del Mar Contreras M, Segura-Carretero A, Sen S, Acharya K, Sharifi-Rad J. Salvia spp. plants-from farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Song J, Zhang W, Wang J, Yang H, Zhao X, Zhou Q, Wang H, Li L, Du G. Activation of Nrf2 signaling by salvianolic acid C attenuates NF‑κB mediated inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:299-310. [PMID: 30142530 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to neuroinflammation. Drugs targeting inflammation have been proved to be effective in many animal models. Salvianolic acid C (SalC) is a compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a plant with reported effects of inhibiting inflammation. However, the anti-inflammation effects and biological mechanisms of SalC on LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation remain unknown. The aim of this paper was to study its protective effects and its anti-inflammation mechanisms. LPS was used both in vivo and in vitro to induce neuroinflammation in SD rats and microglia cells. MTT assay was carried out to detect cell viability. The levels of TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑10 and PGE2 were detected by ELISA method. The expressions of p‑AMPK, p‑NF‑κB p65, p‑IκBα, Nrf2, HO‑1 and NQO1 proteins were examined by Western blot analysis. The nuclear translocation of NF‑κB p65 was studied by immunofluorescence assay. The specific Nrf2 siRNA was used to clarify the interaction between Nrf2 and NF‑κB p65. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C was used study the upstream protein of Nrf2. Results showed that LPS induced the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and mediated the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF‑κB p65 in rat brains and microglia cells. SalC reversed the inflammatory response induced by LPS and inhibited the NF‑κB activation. SalC also upregulated the expression of p‑AMPK, Nrf2, HO‑1 and NQO1. But the anti-inflammation and NF‑κB inhibition effects of SalC were attenuated by transfection with specific Nrf2 siRNA or interference with the potent AMPK inhibitor Compound C. In conclusion, SalC inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response and NF‑κB activation through the activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signaling both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qimeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Basavan D, Chalichem NSS, Kumar MKS. Phytoconstituents and their Possible Mechanistic Profile for Alzheimer's Disease - A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:263-291. [PMID: 30101703 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180813095637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory is an associated part of life without which livelihood of a human being becomes miserable. As the global aged population is increasing tremendously, time has come to concentrate on tail end life stage diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of such diseases whose origin is enigmatic, having an impact on later stage of life drastically due to irreparable damage of cognition, characterised by the presence of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyper phosphorylated Tau protein as fibrillary tangles. Existing therapeutic regimen mainly focuses on symptomatic relief by targeting neurotransmitters that are secondary to AD pathology. Plant derived licensed drugs, Galantamine and Huperzine-A were studied extensively due to their AChE inhibitory action for mild to moderate cases of AD. Although many studies have proved the efficacy of AChEIs as a preferable symptom reliever, they cannot offer long term protection. The future generation drugs of AD is expected to alter various factors that underlie the disease course with a symptomatic benefit promise. As AD involves complex pathology, it is essential to consider several molecular divergent factors apart from the events that result in the production of toxic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Even though several herbals have shown neuroprotective actions, we have mentioned about the phytoconstituents that have been tested experimentally against different Alzheimer's pathology models. These phytoconstituents need to be considered by the researchers for further drug development process to make them viable clinically, which is currently a lacuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Nehru S S Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Mohan K S Kumar
- TIFAC CORE Herbal drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), ooty-643001, India
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Yu T, Paudel P, Seong SH, Kim JA, Jung HA, Choi JS. Computational insights into β-site amyloid precursor protein enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibition by tanshinones and salvianolic acids from Salvia miltiorrhiza via molecular docking simulations. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 74:273-285. [PMID: 29679864 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza has emerged as a rich source of natural therapeutic agents, and its several compounds are supposed to exhibit favorable effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present work investigate the anti-AD potentials of 12 tanshinones, three salvianolic acids and three caffeic acid derivatives from S. miltiorrhiza via the inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Among the tested compounds, deoxyneocryptotanshinone (1), salvianolic acid A (13) and salvianolic acid C (15) displayed good inhibitory effect on BACE1 with IC50 values of 11.53 ± 1.13, 13.01 ± 0.32 and 9.18 ± 0.03 μM, respectively. Besides this, enzyme kinetic analysis on BACE1 revealed 13, a competitive type inhibitor while 1 and 15 showed mixed-type inhibition. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation displayed negative binding energies (AutoDock 4.2.6 = -10.0 to -7.1 kcal/mol) of 1, 13, and 15 for BACE1, indicating these compounds bound tightly to the active site of the enzyme with low energy and high affinity. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that S. miltiorrhiza and its constituents have potential anti-AD activity and can be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep Paudel
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Kalász H, Ojha S, Tekes K, Szőke É, Mohanraj R, Fahim M, Adeghate E, Adem A. Pharmacognostical Sources of Popular Medicine To Treat Alzheimer's Disease. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2018; 12:23-35. [PMID: 29515678 PMCID: PMC5827296 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501812010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of classical and recently discovered plants are indicated in preventing and/or treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE Name of plants with their anti-AD effects are important for their further use and investigation. METHOD A short overview of AD is given; anti-Alzheimer plants are given in a Table. RESULTS Various medicinal plants are listed here as sources of popular medicines to be used in cases when patients are afraid of developing and/or suffer from AD. Some of these plants have been used for centuries. The major sources in the literature, over one hundred of references are given for plants that show beneficial effect on the progress of AD. CONCLUSION Plant extracts are widely used addition to the synthetic drugs approved by various administrative authorities to stop/slow down the progress of symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út 26, Hungary
| | - Rajesh Mohanraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Fahim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Habtemariam S. Molecular Pharmacology of Rosmarinic and Salvianolic Acids: Potential Seeds for Alzheimer's and Vascular Dementia Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E458. [PMID: 29401682 PMCID: PMC5855680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid (danshensu) are synthesized through two distinct routs of the shikimic acid biosynthesis pathway. In many plants, especially the rosemary and sage family of Lamiaceae, these two compounds are joined through an ester linkage to form rosmarinic acid (RA). A further structural diversity of RA derivatives in some plants such as Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a form of RA dimer, salvianolic acid-B (SA-B), that further give rise to diverse salvianolic acid derivatives. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the chemistry and pharmacology of these compounds related to their potential therapeutic applications to dementia. The two common causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke, are employed to scrutinize the effects of these compounds in vitro and in animal models of dementia. Key pharmacological mechanisms beyond the common antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols are highlighted with emphasis given to amyloid beta (Aβ) pathologies among others and neuronal regeneration from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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31
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Ma L, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Cheng B, Peng A, Huang K. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for target identification and drug screening against neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:169-180. [PMID: 29208474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been widely used as a model system because of its small size, transparent body, short generation time and lifespan (~3 days and 3 weeks, respectively), completely sequenced genome and tractability to genetic manipulation. Protein misfolding and aggregation are key pathological features in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Animal models, including C. elegans, have been extensively used to discover and validate new drugs against neurodegenerative diseases. The well-defined and genetically tractable nervous system of C. elegans offers an effective model to explore basic mechanistic pathways of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent progress in high-throughput drug screening also provides a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes. Here, we summarize the latest progress of using C. elegans as a model system for target identification and drug screening in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yudan Zhao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Anlin Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Center for Biomedicine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan 430075, China.
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Yang XN, Li CS, Chen C, Tang XY, Cheng GQ, Li X. Protective effect of Shouwu Yizhi decoction against vascular dementia by promoting angiogenesis. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:740-750. [PMID: 29103459 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Shouwu is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with neuroprotective effect. Shouwu Yizhi decoction (SYD) was designed based on TCM theory. However, little is known about the roles of SYD in Vascular dementia (VaD). The present study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of SYD on the vascular cognitive impairment and explore the underlying mechanism by establishing focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model to induce VaD. SYD administration (54 mg·kg-1) for 40 days obviously improved the vascular cognitive impairment in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats as evidenced by the declined neurological deficit score and shortened escape latency via neurological deficit assessment and Morris water maze test. Moreover, SYD decreased neuron damage-induced cell death and ameliorated the ultrastructure of endothelial cells in the MCAO rats, thereby alleviating VaD. Mechanistically, SYD caused increases in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34 and CD31, compared with the MCAO rats in coronal hippocampus. Simultaneously, the expression level of miR-210 was elevated significantly after SYD administration, compared with the vehicle rats (P < 0.01). The expression of Notch 4 at both mRNA and protein levels was upregulated remarkably along with the notably downregulated DLL4 expression under SYD administration compared with the vehicle rats (P < 0.05). Overall, the above results indicated that SYD promoted angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF-induced miR210 expression to activate Notch pathway, and further alleviated neuron damage and ameliorated the ultrastructure of endothelial cells in the MCAO rats, ultimately enhancing the cognition and memory of MCAO rats. Therefore, our findings preliminarily identified the effect and the mechanism of action for SYD on VaD in rats. SYD could be a potential candidate in treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ni Yang
- Department of Tranditional Chinese Medicine Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Li
- Department of Tranditional Chinese Medicine Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Tranditional Chinese Medicine Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, Shandong Tumor Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guang-Qing Cheng
- Department of Tranditional Chinese Medicine Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology Institute of Basic Medicine Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China.
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Fang J, Wang L, Li Y, Lian W, Pang X, Wang H, Yuan D, Wang Q, Liu AL, Du GH. AlzhCPI: A knowledge base for predicting chemical-protein interactions towards Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178347. [PMID: 28542505 PMCID: PMC5460905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated progressive neurodegeneration disorder. To confront AD, scientists are searching for multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) to delay disease progression. The in silico prediction of chemical-protein interactions (CPI) can accelerate target identification and drug discovery. Previously, we developed 100 binary classifiers to predict the CPI for 25 key targets against AD using the multi-target quantitative structure-activity relationship (mt-QSAR) method. In this investigation, we aimed to apply the mt-QSAR method to enlarge the model library to predict CPI towards AD. Another 104 binary classifiers were further constructed to predict the CPI for 26 preclinical AD targets based on the naive Bayesian (NB) and recursive partitioning (RP) algorithms. The internal 5-fold cross-validation and external test set validation were applied to evaluate the performance of the training sets and test set, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for the test sets ranged from 0.629 to 1.0, with an average of 0.903. In addition, we developed a web server named AlzhCPI to integrate the comprehensive information of approximately 204 binary classifiers, which has potential applications in network pharmacology and drug repositioning. AlzhCPI is available online at http://rcidm.org/AlzhCPI/index.html. To illustrate the applicability of AlzhCPI, the developed system was employed for the systems pharmacology-based investigation of shichangpu against AD to enhance the understanding of the mechanisms of action of shichangpu from a holistic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yecheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Lian
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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34
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Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:29-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang L, Wang Y, Tian Y, Shang J, Sun X, Chen H, Wang H, Tan W. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of chalcone-rivastigmine hybrids as cholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:360-371. [PMID: 27856236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chalcone-rivastigmine hybrids were designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Most of the target compounds showed hBChE selective activity in the micro- and submicromolar ranges. The most potent compound 3 exhibited comparable IC50 to the commercially available drug (rivastigmine). To better understand their structure activity relationships (SAR) and mechanisms of enzyme-inhibitor interactions, kinetic and molecular modeling studies including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out. Furthermore, compound 3 blocks the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in SH-SY5Y cells and shows the required druggability and low cytotoxicity, suggesting this hybrid is a promising multifunctional drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yiguang Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinling Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Wen Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs & Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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36
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Su CY, Ming QL, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP. Salvia miltiorrhiza: Traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:163-82. [PMID: 25835361 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) is a very popular medicinal plant that has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases, especially coronary heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, either alone or in combination with other Chinese plant-based medicines. Although a large number of studies on SM have been performed, they are scattered across a variety of publications. The present review is an up-to-date summary of the published scientific information about the traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, side effects, and drug interactions with SM, in order to lay the foundation for further investigations and better utilization of SM. SM contains diverse chemical components including diterpenoid quinones, hydrophilic phenolic acids, and essential oils. Many pharmacological studies have been done on SM during the last 30 years, focusing on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects, and the antioxidative, neuroprotective, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. The research results strongly support the notion that SM has beneficial therapeutic properties and has a potential of being an effective adaptogenic remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Su
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian-Liang Ming
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Biosynthesis and Regulation of Active Compounds in Medicinal Model Plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Globally, greater than 30 million individuals are afflicted with disorders of the nervous system accompanied by tens of thousands of new cases annually with limited, if any, treatment options. Erythropoietin (EPO) offers an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy to address both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. EPO governs a number of critical protective and regenerative mechanisms that can impact apoptotic and autophagic programmed cell death pathways through protein kinase B (Akt), sirtuins, mammalian forkhead transcription factors, and wingless signaling. Translation of the cytoprotective pathways of EPO into clinically effective treatments for some neurodegenerative disorders has been promising, but additional work is necessary. In particular, development of new treatments with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as EPO brings several important challenges that involve detrimental vascular outcomes and tumorigenesis. Future work that can effectively and safely harness the complexity of the signaling pathways of EPO will be vital for the fruitful treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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Wu T, Jiang C, Wang L, Morris-Natschke SL, Miao H, Gu L, Xu J, Lee KH, Gu Q. 3,5-Diarylpyrazole Derivatives Obtained by Ammonolysis of the Total Flavonoids from Chrysanthemum indicum Extract Show Potential for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1593-1599. [PMID: 26099993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Four new 3,5-diarylpyrazole analogues (1-4) were isolated from an extract of the flowers of Chrysanthemun indicum using a combination of ammonolysis of the total flavonoid extract and an Aβ aggregation inhibitory activity guided purification procedure. All four compounds (1-4) showed moderate to potent activity against Aβ aggregation with EC50 values of 4.3, 15.8, 1.3, and 2.9 μM, respectively. Moreover, compound 3 showed low cytotoxicity and significant neuroprotective activity against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y cell line. This report is the first to show that 3,5-diarylpyrazole analogues can inhibit Aβ aggregation and exhibit neuroprotective activity with potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Taken together, the method presented here offers an alternative approach to yield bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizong Wu
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- ‡Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hui Miao
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianquan Gu
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- ‡Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- §Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 401, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Qiong Gu
- †Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- ‡Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Xie B, Dong X, Wang Y, Sun Y. Multifunctionality of Acidulated Serum Albumin on Inhibiting Zn²⁺-Mediated Amyloid β-Protein Fibrillogenesis and Cytotoxicity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7374-7380. [PMID: 26070334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillogenesis of amyloid β-proteins (Aβ) mediated by transition-metal ions such as Zn(2+) in neuronal cells plays a causative role in Alzheimer's disease. Hence, it is highly desired to design multifunctional agents capable of inhibiting Aβ aggregation and modulating metal-Aβ species. In this study, we fabricated acidulated human serum albumin (A-HSA) as a multifunctional agent for binding Zn(2+) and modulating Zn(2+)-mediated Aβ fibrillogenesis and cytotoxicity. On average, 19.5 diglycolic anhydrides were modified onto the surface of human serum albumin (HSA). It was confirmed that A-HSA kept the stability and biocompatibility of native HSA. Moreover, it could inhibit Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and change the pathway of Zn(2+)-mediated Aβ42 aggregation, as demonstrated by extensive biophysical assays. In addition, upon incubation with A-HSA, the cytotoxicity presented by Zn(2+)-Aβ42 aggregates was significantly mitigated in living cells. The results showed that A-HSA had much stronger inhibitory effect on Zn(2+)-mediated Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and cytotoxicity than equimolar HSA. Isothermal titration calorimetry and stopped-flow fluorescence measurements were then performed to investigate the working mechanism of A-HSA. The studies showed that the A-HSA surface, with more negative charges, not only had stronger affinity for Zn(2+) but also might decrease the binding affinity of Aβ42 for Zn(2+). Moreover, hydrophobic binding and electrostatic repulsion could work simultaneously on the bound Aβ42 on the A-HSA surface. As a result, Aβ42 conformations could be stretched, which avoided the formation of toxic Zn(2+)-Aβ42 aggregates. The research thus revealed that A-HSA is a multifunctional agent capable of altering the pathway of Zn(2+)-mediated Aβ42 aggregation and greatly mitigating the amyloid cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Xie
- †Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- †Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- ‡Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Sun
- †Department of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) Protects against Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid-Induced Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:740162. [PMID: 26236426 PMCID: PMC4508469 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carqueja (Baccharis trimera) is a native plant found throughout South America. Several studies have shown that Carqueja has antioxidant activity in vitro, as well as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, analgesic, antihepatotoxic, and antimutagenic properties. However, studies regarding its antioxidant potential in vivo are limited. In this study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to examine the antioxidant effects of a Carqueja hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) on stress resistance and lifespan and to investigate whether CHE has a protective effect in a C. elegans model for Alzheimer's disease. Here, we show for the first time, using in vivo assays, that CHE treatment improved oxidative stress resistance by increasing survival rate and by reducing ROS levels under oxidative stress conditions independently of the stress-related signaling pathways (p38, JNK, and ERK) and transcription factors (SKN-1/Nrf and DAF-16/Foxo) tested here. CHE treatment also increased the defenses against β-amyloid toxicity in C. elegans, in part by increasing proteasome activity and the expression of two heat shock protein genes. Our findings suggest a potential neuroprotective use for Carqueja, supporting the idea that dietary antioxidants are a promising approach to boost the defensive systems against stress and neurodegeneration.
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Zhang XZ, Qian SS, Zhang YJ, Wang RQ. Salvia miltiorrhiza: A source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:18-24. [PMID: 25857808 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1027408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of elderly people worldwide. However, no efficient therapeutic method for AD has yet been developed. Recently, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which is widely used for treating cardio-cerebrovascular, exerts multiple neuroprotective effects and is attracting increased attention for the treatment of AD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to discuss the neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis-inducing activities of S. miltiorrhiza components. METHODS A detailed search using major electronic search engines (such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) was undertaken with the search terms: Salvia miltiorrhiza, the components of S. miltiorrhiza such as salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, danshensu, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone, and neuroprotection. RESULTS Salvia miltiorrhiza components exert multiple neuroprotective potentials relevant to AD, such as anti-amyloid-β, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and anti-inflammation. Moreover, S. miltiorrhiza promotes neurogenesis of neural progenitor cells/stem cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The properties of S. miltiorrhiza indicate their therapeutic potential in AD via multiple mechanisms. In addition, S. miltiorrhiza provides lead compounds for developing new drugs against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhen Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Shao-Song Qian
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Yue-Jie Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Rui-Qi Wang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
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Sola I, Viayna E, Gómez T, Galdeano C, Cassina M, Camps P, Romeo M, Diomede L, Salmona M, Franco P, Schaeffer M, Colantuono D, Robin D, Brunner D, Taub N, Hutter-Paier B, Muñoz-Torrero D. Multigram synthesis and in vivo efficacy studies of a novel multitarget anti-Alzheimer's compound. Molecules 2015; 20:4492-515. [PMID: 25764491 PMCID: PMC6272704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20034492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the multigram synthesis and in vivo efficacy studies of a donepezil‒huprine hybrid that has been found to display a promising in vitro multitarget profile of interest for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its synthesis features as the key step a novel multigram preparative chromatographic resolution of intermediate racemic huprine Y by chiral HPLC. Administration of this compound to transgenic CL4176 and CL2006 Caenorhabditis elegans strains expressing human Aβ42, here used as simplified animal models of AD, led to a significant protection from the toxicity induced by Aβ42. However, this protective effect was not accompanied, in CL2006 worms, by a reduction of amyloid deposits. Oral administration for 3 months to transgenic APPSL mice, a well-established animal model of AD, improved short-term memory, but did not alter brain levels of Aβ peptides nor cortical and hippocampal amyloid plaque load. Despite the clear protective and cognitive effects of AVCRI104P4, the lack of Aβ lowering effect in vivo might be related to its lower in vitro potency toward Aβ aggregation and formation as compared with its higher anticholinesterase activities. Further lead optimization in this series should thus focus on improving the anti-amyloid/anticholinesterase activity ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sola
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Tània Gómez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Margherita Romeo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy.
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy.
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan 20156, Italy.
| | - Pilar Franco
- Chiral Technologies Europe, Parc d'Innovation, Bd. Gonthier d'Andernach, Illkirch F-67400, France.
| | - Mireille Schaeffer
- Chiral Technologies Europe, Parc d'Innovation, Bd. Gonthier d'Andernach, Illkirch F-67400, France.
| | - Diego Colantuono
- Chiral Technologies Europe, Parc d'Innovation, Bd. Gonthier d'Andernach, Illkirch F-67400, France.
| | - David Robin
- Chiral Technologies Europe, Parc d'Innovation, Bd. Gonthier d'Andernach, Illkirch F-67400, France.
| | - Daniela Brunner
- Neuropharmacology Department of QPS Austria-Gmbh, Parkring 12, Grambach 8074, Austria.
| | - Nicole Taub
- Neuropharmacology Department of QPS Austria-Gmbh, Parkring 12, Grambach 8074, Austria.
| | - Birgit Hutter-Paier
- Neuropharmacology Department of QPS Austria-Gmbh, Parkring 12, Grambach 8074, Austria.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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Eslami M, Hashemianzadeh SM, Moghaddam KG, Khorsandi-Lagol A, Seyed Sajadi SA. Computational evidence to design an appropriate candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease through replacement of the heptamethylene linker of bis(7)tacrine with S-allylcysteine. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11346f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the multiple pathogens of Alzheimer's disease, multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) design has been highly regarded in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Eslami
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science & Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Seyed Majid Hashemianzadeh
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science & Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Kiana Gholamjani Moghaddam
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science & Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Amin Khorsandi-Lagol
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science & Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Seyed Abolfazl Seyed Sajadi
- Molecular Simulation Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Iran University of Science & Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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Wang L, Zeng R, Pang X, Gu Q, Tan W. The mechanisms of flavonoids inhibiting conformational transition of amyloid-β42monomer: a comparative molecular dynamics simulation study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids can bind Aβ42to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ42monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ranran Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Xiaoqian Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Wen Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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Yue S, Hu B, Wang Z, Yue Z, Wang F, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Shen M. Salvia miltiorrhiza compounds protect the liver from acute injury by regulation of p38 and NFκB signaling in Kupffer cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1278-1285. [PMID: 25026357 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.889720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a traditional Asian medicine used to treat cerebral and cardiac ischemia. However, the effects of the active compounds of S. miltiorrhiza on liver damage are unclear. OBJECTIVE In this study, we tested the effects on acute liver injury of crude S. miltiorrhiza extracts from roots as well as neotanshinone B, dehydromiltirone, tanshinol A, tanshinone I, dihydrotanshinono I, neotanshinone A, cryptanshinono, tanshinone II A, and salvianolie acid B from purified S. miltiorrhiza extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various compounds or ethanol extract of S. miltiorrhiza (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered to rats for five consecutive days. After acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury by treatment of rats with a single dose of CCl4 (0.75 mL/kg, p.o), rat liver function was tested by measuring serum biochemical parameters. Serum cytokine concentrations were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of p38 and NFκB was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS All S. miltiorrhiza components showed their effects on liver function from the dose from 50 to 200 mg/kg. At the dose of 200 mg/kg, they reduced serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 34-77%, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 30-57%, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 43-72%, creatine total bilirubin (BIL-T) by 33-81%, albumin (ALB) by 37-67%, indicating that S. miltiorrhiza extracts protected liver from CCl4-induced damage. Moreover, S. miltiorrhiza extracts at 200 mg/kg reduced the increase in the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by 25-82%, interleukin-1 (IL-1) by 42-74% and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by 67-83%, indicating an effect on alleviating liver inflammation. Furthermore, in vitro, S. miltiorrhiza extracts inhibited p38 and NFκB signaling in Kupffer cells. This effect could be a main mechanism by which S. miltiorrhiza protects against acute liver toxicity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Active compounds of S. miltiorrhiza protected the liver from CCl4-induced injury. Protection might have been due to inhibition of p38 and NFκB signaling in Kupffer cells, which subsequently reduced inflammation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Yue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
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Peng L, Ru M, Wang B, Wang Y, Li B, Yu J, Liang Z. Genetic diversity assessment of a germplasm collection of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. based on morphology, ISSR and SRAP markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Hügel HM, Jackson N. Danshen diversity defeating dementia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:708-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Torrellas C, Tellado I, Carril JC. Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease: novel therapeutic strategies for drug development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:323-556. [PMID: 25150875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major problem of health and disability, with a relevant economic impact on our society. Despite important advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, its primary causes still remain elusive, accurate biomarkers are not well characterized, and the available pharmacological treatments are not cost-effective. As a complex disorder, AD is a polygenic and multifactorial clinical entity in which hundreds of defective genes distributed across the human genome may contribute to its pathogenesis. Diverse environmental factors, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and epigenetic phenomena, together with structural and functional genomic dysfunctions, lead to amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and premature neuronal death, the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Future perspectives for the global management of AD predict that genomics and proteomics may help in the search for reliable biomarkers. In practical terms, the therapeutic response to conventional drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, multifactorial strategies) is genotype-specific. Genomic factors potentially involved in AD pharmacogenomics include at least five categories of gene clusters: (1) genes associated with disease pathogenesis; (2) genes associated with the mechanism of action of drugs; (3) genes associated with drug metabolism (phase I and II reactions); (4) genes associated with drug transporters; and (5) pleiotropic genes involved in multifaceted cascades and metabolic reactions. The implementation of pharmacogenomic strategies will contribute to optimize drug development and therapeutics in AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain,
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Cao Y, Wang L, Lin Z, Liang F, Pei Z, Xu J, Gu Q. Dehydroabietylamine derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroabietylamine derivatives were found to show activity against Alzheimer's disease. Compound3b, in particular, showed potent multifunctional activity for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhongxiang Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Neurology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Neurology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qiong Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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