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Li J, Liu X, Xu L, Li W, Yao Q, Yin X, Wang Q, Tan W, Xing W, Liu D. Low nitrogen stress-induced transcriptome changes revealed the molecular response and tolerance characteristics in maintaining the C/N balance of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1164151. [PMID: 37152145 PMCID: PMC10160481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1164151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants, acting as a common limiting factor for crop yield. The application of nitrogen fertilizer is related to the sustainable development of both crops and the environment. To further explore the molecular response of sugar beet under low nitrogen (LN) supply, transcriptome analysis was performed on the LN-tolerant germplasm '780016B/12 superior'. In total, 580 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves, and 1,075 DEGs were identified in roots (log2 |FC| ≥ 1; q value < 0.05). Gene Ontology (GO), protein-protein interaction (PPI), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses clarified the role and relationship of DEGs under LN stress. Most of the downregulated DEGs were closely related to "photosynthesis" and the metabolism of "photosynthesis-antenna proteins", "carbon", "nitrogen", and "glutathione", while the upregulated DEGs were involved in flavonoid and phenylalanine biosynthesis. For example, GLUDB (glutamate dehydrogenase B) was identified as a key downregulated gene, linking carbon, nitrogen, and glutamate metabolism. Thus, low nitrogen-tolerant sugar beet reduced energy expenditure mainly by reducing the synthesis of energy-consuming amino acids, which in turn improved tolerance to low nitrogen stress. The glutathione metabolism biosynthesis pathway was promoted to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect cells from oxidative damage. The expression levels of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid transport genes, such as NRT2.5 (high-affinity nitrate transporter), NR (nitrate reductase [NADH]), NIR (ferredoxin-nitrite reductase), GS (glutamine synthetase leaf isozyme), GLUDB, GST (glutathione transferase) and GGT3 (glutathione hydrolase 3) at low nitrogen levels play a decisive role in nitrogen utilization and may affect the conversion of the carbon skeleton. DFRA (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) in roots was negatively correlated with NIR in leaves (coefficient = -0.98, p < 0.05), suggesting that there may be corresponding remote regulation between "flavonoid biosynthesis" and "nitrogen metabolism" in roots and leaves. FBP (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase) and PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.001) with Ci (intercellular CO2 concentration). The reliability and reproducibility of the RNA-seq data were further confirmed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) validation of 22 genes (R2 = 0.98). This study reveals possible pivotal genes and metabolic pathways for sugar beet adaptation to nitrogen-deficient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Wangsheng Li
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Yao
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Xilong Yin
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbo Tan
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Wang Xing
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Dali Liu, ; Wang Xing,
| | - Dali Liu
- National Beet Medium-term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced agriculture and ecological environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Dali Liu, ; Wang Xing,
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Ruan L, Wei K, Li J, He M, Wu L, Aktar S, Wang L, Cheng H. Responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) with different low-nitrogen tolerances during recovery from nitrogen deficiency. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1405-1414. [PMID: 34374435 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea plants have high nitrogen (N) consumptions, whereas molecular and physiological responses of tea plants to N recovery are still unclear. RESULTS By using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), 15 N tracer technique, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and transcriptome sequencing technology, we investigated the N recovery-induced changes in N absorptions, N tissue distributions, contents of free amino acids (FAAs), and global transcription of the low-N tolerant and intolerant tea genotypes [i.e. Wuniuzao (W) and Longjing43 (L)]. The results showed that the phenotype of Wuniuzao was better than that of Longjing43 under low-N condition. The N absorption and utilization of Wuniuzao were superior to Longjing43 under N recovery. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ratio (N recovery/N deficiency) in the root of Wuniuzao was significantly higher than that of Longjing43, while the glutamic acid ratio in the root of Wuniuzao was significantly lower than that of Longjing43. This findings suggested that Wuniuzao tended to enhance the GABA synthesis, while Longjing43 tended to inhibit the GABA synthesis under N recovery. The key genes in response to N recovery in Wuniuzao included N transport (AMT and NRT), N transformation (NR, NirA, and GAD), and amino acid transport (GAT) genes. In addition, some ribosome and flavonoid biosynthesis genes might help to maintain proteome homeostasis. CONCLUSION The N absorption and transport, and the conversion abilities of key amino acids (Glu and GABA) might improve the adaptability of tea plants to N recovery, which provided a basis for the breeding of N efficient tea varieties. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ruan
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wei
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi He
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shirin Aktar
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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She G, Yu S, Li Z, Peng A, Li P, Li Y, Chang M, Liu L, Chen Q, Shi C, Sun J, Zhao J, Wan X. Characterization of CsTSI in the Biosynthesis of Theanine in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:826-836. [PMID: 35029385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is a unique major amino acid in tea plants responsible for umami taste and mental health benefits of tea. However, theanine biosynthesis and physiological role in tea plants are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tea plant theanine synthetase is encoded by a glutamine synthetase gene CsTSI. The expression pattern of CsTSI is closely correlated with theanine and glutamine levels in various tissues. CsTSI transcripts were accumulated in root tip epidermal cells, pericycle and procambial cells, where CsTSI presents as a cytosolic protein. Ectopic expression of the gene in Arabidopsis led to greater glutamine and theanine production than controls when fed with ethylamine (EA). RNAi knockdown or overexpression of CsTSI in tea plant hairy roots reduced or enhanced theanine and glutamine contents, respectively, compared with controls. The CsTSI recombinant enzymes used glutamate as an acceptor and ammonium or EA as a donor to synthesize glutamine and theanine, respectively. CsTSI expression in tea roots responded to nitrogen supply and deprivation and was correlated with theanine contents. This study provides fresh insights into the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of theanine, which may facilitate the breeding of high-theanine tea plants for improving the nutritional benefit of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbiao She
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shuwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhenguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Anqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chengying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Fan K, Ruan J. Isolation and characterization of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2) in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:321-329. [PMID: 32798900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an ammonium preferring plant species. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this preference. Herein, a chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2), which is vital for nitrogen assimilation in mesophyll tissue, was isolated from tea cultivar C. sinensis cv. 'Longjing43'. The full length cDNA of CsGS2 was 1622 bp, having a 1299 bp open reading frame encoding a 432-amino acid protein. Homology search and sequence analysis demonstrated that CsGS2 protein carried the basic characteristics of a canonical GS2 domain and shared high identity with GS2s from other plant species. Subcellular localization and immunolocalization of CsGS2 revealed that it is localized in chloroplast. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that CsGS2 was expressed in a leaf-specific pattern, such that both CsGS2 and its protein were most abundant in mature leaves. Temporal expression patterns of CsGS2 showed minor differences in response to ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The transcript level of CsGS2 was significantly induced in mature leaves during the development of new shoots, whereas darkness inhibited this induction significantly. These results suggested that CsGS2 does not play a role in the differential utilization mechanisms of differing nitrogen forms in tea, and imply a light dependent transcription regulation in mature leaves during the development of new shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Wen B, Luo Y, Liu D, Zhang X, Peng Z, Wang K, Li J, Huang J, Liu Z. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor CsMYB73 negatively regulates l-Theanine biosynthesis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110546. [PMID: 32771159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine, a non-proteinaceous amino acid abundantly present in tea (Camellia sinensis), contributes to the umami flavor of tea and has beneficial effects on human health. While key l-theanine biosynthetic genes have been well documented, their transcriptional regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we determined the l-theanine contents in tea leaves of two cultivars at three developmental stages and investigated the expression patterns of the l-theanine biosynthetic genes CsGS1 and CsGS2. Additionally, we identified an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, CsMYB73, belonging to subgroup 22 of the R2R3-MYB family. CsMYB73 expression negatively correlated with l-theanine accumulation during leaf maturation. We found that CsMYB73, as a nuclear protein, binds to the promoter regions of CsGS1 and CsGS2 via MYB recognition sequences and represses the transcription of CsGS1 and CsGS2 in tobacco leaves. Collectively, our results demonstrate that CsMYB73 is a transcriptional repressor involved in l-theanine biosynthesis in tea plants. Our findings might contribute to future tea plant breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, PR China
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, PR China
| | - Xiangna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Zhong Peng
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Kunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients & Hunan Co-innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China.
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Shen H, Christopher L, Lai Y, Gong J, Kandoussi H, Garonzik S, Perera V, Garimella T, Humphreys WG. Further Studies to Support the Use of Coproporphyrin I and III as Novel Clinical Biomarkers for Evaluating the Potential for Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 and OATP1B3 Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1075-1082. [PMID: 29777022 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent study, limited to South Asian Indian subjects (n = 12), coproporphyrin (CP) I and CPIII demonstrated properties appropriate for an organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B endogenous probe. The current studies were conducted in healthy volunteers of mixed ethnicities, including black, white, and Hispanic subjects, to better understand the utility of these biomarkers in broader populations. After oral administration with 600 mg rifampin, AUC(0-24h) values were 2.8-, 3.7-, and 3.6-fold higher than predose levels for CPI and 2.6-, 3.1-, and 2.4-fold higher for CPIII, for the three populations, respectively. These changes in response to rifampin were consistent with previous results. The sensitivity toward OATP1B inhibition was also investigated by evaluating changes of plasma CP levels in the presence of diltiazem and itraconazole [administered as part of an unrelated drug-drug interaction (DDI) investigation], two compounds that were predicted to have minimal inhibitory effect on OATP1B. Administration of diltiazem and itraconazole did not increase plasma CPI and CPIII concentrations relative to prestudy levels, in agreement with predictions from in vitro parameters. Additionally, the basal CP concentrations in subjects with SLCO1B1 c.521TT genotype were comparable to those with SLCO1B1 c.521TC genotype, similar to studies with probe substrates. However, subjects with SLCO1B1 c.388AG and c.388GG genotypes (i.e., increased OATP1B1 transport activity for certain substrates) had lower concentrations of CPI than those with SLCO1B1 c.388AA. Collectively, these findings provide further evidence supporting the translational value of CPI and CPIII as suitable endogenous clinical probes to gauge OATP1B activity and potential for OATP1B-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Lisa Christopher
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yurong Lai
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Jiachang Gong
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Hamza Kandoussi
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Samira Garonzik
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Vidya Perera
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Tushar Garimella
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (H.S., L.C., Y.L., J.G., W.G.H.), Bioanalytical Sciences (H.K.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (S.G., V.P., T.G.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
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Pagter M, Yde CC, Kjær KH. Metabolic Fingerprinting of Dormant and Active Flower Primordia of Ribes nigrum Using High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10123-10130. [PMID: 29083175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Global warming may modify the timing of dormancy release and spring growth of buds of temperate fruit crops. Environmental regulation of the activity-dormancy cycle in perennial plants remains poorly understood at the metabolic level. Especially, the fine-scale metabolic dynamics in the meristematic zone within buds has received little attention. In this work we performed metabolic profiling of intact floral primordia of Ribes nigrum isolated from buds differing in dormancy status using high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. The technique proved useful in monitoring different groups of metabolites, e.g., carbohydrates and amino acids, in floral primordia and allowed metabolic separation of primordia from endo- and ecodormant buds. In addition, due to its nondestructive character, HR-MAS NMR may provide novel insights into cellular compartmentation of individual biomolecules that cannot be obtained using liquid-state NMR. Out results show that HR-MAS NMR may be an important method for metabolomics of intact plant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majken Pagter
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University , Fredrik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Christian Clement Yde
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark
| | - Katrine Heinsvig Kjær
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
- Danish Technological Institute, Gregersensvej 1, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Transcriptome and metabolite analysis identifies nitrogen utilization genes in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1693. [PMID: 28490757 PMCID: PMC5431998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer significantly increases the leaf yield. However, most N is not utilized by the plant, negatively impacting the environment. To date, little is known regarding N utilization genes and mechanisms in the leaf production. To understand this, we investigated transcriptomes using RNA-seq and amino acid levels with N treatment in tea (Camellia sinensis), the most popular beverage crop. We identified 196 and 29 common differentially expressed genes in roots and leaves, respectively, in response to ammonium in two tea varieties. Among those genes, AMT, NRT and AQP for N uptake and GOGAT and GS for N assimilation were the key genes, validated by RT-qPCR, which expressed in a network manner with tissue specificity. Importantly, only AQP and three novel DEGs associated with stress, manganese binding, and gibberellin-regulated transcription factor were common in N responses across all tissues and varieties. A hypothesized gene regulatory network for N was proposed. A strong statistical correlation between key genes’ expression and amino acid content was revealed. The key genes and regulatory network improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of N usage and offer gene targets for plant improvement.
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Ruan L, Wei K, Wang L, Cheng H, Zhang F, Wu L, Bai P, Zhang C. Characteristics of NH 4+ and NO 3- fluxes in tea (Camellia sinensis) roots measured by scanning ion-selective electrode technique. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38370. [PMID: 27918495 PMCID: PMC5137579 DOI: 10.1038/srep38370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a vital beverage crop, tea has been extensively planted in tropical and subtropical regions. Nitrogen (N) levels and forms are closely related to tea quality. Based on different N levels and forms, we studied changes in NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in tea roots utilizing scanning ion-selective electrode technique. Our results showed that under both single and mixed N forms, influx rates of NO3- were much lower than those of NH4+, suggesting a preference for NH4+ in tea. With the increase in N concentration, the influx rate of NO3- increased more than that of NH4+. The NH4+ influx rates in a solution without NO3- were much higher than those in a solution with NO3-, while the NO3- influx rates in a solution without NH4+ were much lower than those in a solution with NH4+. We concluded that (1) tea roots showed a preference for NH4+, (2) presence of NO3- had a negative effect on NH4+ influx, and (3) NH4+ had a positive effect on NO3- influx. Our findings not only may help advance hydroponic tea experiments but also may be used to develop efficient fertilization protocols for soil-grown tea in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ruan
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kang Wei
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chengcai Zhang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Yousfi S, Márquez AJ, Betti M, Araus JL, Serret MD. Gene expression and physiological responses to salinity and water stress of contrasting durum wheat genotypes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:48-66. [PMID: 25869057 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the relationships between gene expression and the physiological mechanisms remains a bottleneck in breeding for resistance to salinity and drought. This study related the expression of key target genes with the physiological performance of durum wheat under different combinations of salinity and irrigation. The candidate genes assayed included two encoding for the DREB (dehydration responsive element binding) transcription factors TaDREB1A and TaDREB2B, another two for the cytosolic and plastidic glutamine synthetase (TaGS1 and TaGS2), and one for the specific Na(+) /H(+) vacuolar antiporter (TaNHX1). Expression of these genes was related to growth and different trait indicators of nitrogen metabolism (nitrogen content, stable nitrogen isotope composition, and glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase activities), photosynthetic carbon metabolism (stable carbon isotope composition and different gas exchange traits) and ion accumulation. Significant interaction between genotype and growing conditions occurred for growth, nitrogen content, and the expression of most genes. In general terms, higher expression of TaGS1, TaGS2, TaDREB2B, and to a lesser extent of TaNHX1 were associated with a better genotypic performance in growth, nitrogen, and carbon photosynthetic metabolism under salinity and water stress. However, TaDREB1A was increased in expression under stress compared with control conditions, with tolerant genotypes exhibiting lower expression than susceptible ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Yousfi S, Serret MD, Márquez AJ, Voltas J, Araus JL. Combined use of δ¹³C, δ18O and δ15N tracks nitrogen metabolism and genotypic adaptation of durum wheat to salinity and water deficit. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:230-244. [PMID: 22300532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• Accurate phenotyping remains a bottleneck in breeding for salinity and drought resistance. Here the combined use of stable isotope compositions of carbon (δ¹³C), oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) in dry matter is aimed at assessing genotypic responses of durum wheat under different combinations of these stresses. • Two tolerant and two susceptible genotypes to salinity were grown under five combinations of salinity and irrigation regimes. Plant biomass, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N, gas-exchange parameters, ion and N concentrations, and nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities were measured. • Stresses significantly affected all traits studied. However, only δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ¹⁵N, GS and NR activities, and N concentration allowed for clear differentiation between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Further, a conceptual model explaining differences in biomass based on such traits was developed for each growing condition. • Differences in acclimation responses among durum wheat genotypes under different stress treatments were associated with δ¹³C. However, except for the most severe stress, δ¹³C did not have a direct (negative) relationship to biomass, being mediated through factors affecting δ¹⁸O or N metabolism. Based upon these results, the key role of N metabolism in durum wheat adaptation to salinity and water stress is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio José Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico
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Computational Structural Analysis and Kinetic Studies of a Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase from Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Protein J 2009; 28:428-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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