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DsDBF1, a Type A-5 DREB Gene, Identified and Characterized in the Moss Dicranum scoparium. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010090. [PMID: 36676039 PMCID: PMC9862540 DOI: 10.3390/life13010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles during stress tolerance by regulating the expression of numerous genes involved in stresses. DREB TFs have been extensively studied in a variety of angiosperms and bryophytes. To date, no information on the identification and characterization of DREB TFs in Dicranum scoparium has been reported. In this study, a new DBF1 gene from D. scoparium was identified by cloning and sequencing. Analysis of the conserved domain and physicochemical properties revealed that DsDBF1 protein has a classic AP2 domain encoding a 238 amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 26 kDa and a pI of 5.98. Subcellular prediction suggested that DsDBF1 is a nuclear and cytoplasmic protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DsDBF1 belongs to group A-5 DREBs. Expression analysis by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that DsDBF1 was significantly upregulated in response to abiotic stresses such as desiccation/rehydration, exposure to paraquat, CdCl2, high and freezing temperatures. Taken together, our data suggest that DsDBF1 could be a promising gene candidate to improve stress tolerance in crop plants, and the characterization of TFs of a stress tolerant moss such as D. scoparium provides a better understanding of plant adaptation mechanisms.
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Vignale L, Alvarez A, Ponce De León I. The moss-specific transcription factor PpERF24 positively modulates immunity against fungal pathogens in Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908682. [PMID: 36186018 PMCID: PMC9520294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
APETALA2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERFs) transcription factors (TFs) have greatly expanded in land plants compared to algae. In angiosperms, AP2/ERFs play important regulatory functions in plant defenses against pathogens and abiotic stress by controlling the expression of target genes. In the moss Physcomitrium patens, a high number of members of the ERF family are induced during pathogen infection, suggesting that they are important regulators in bryophyte immunity. In the current study, we analyzed a P. patens pathogen-inducible ERF family member designated as PpERF24. Orthologs of PpERF24 were only found in other mosses, while they were absent in the bryophytes Marchantia polymorpha and Anthoceros agrestis, the vascular plant Selaginella moellendorffii, and angiosperms. We show that PpERF24 belongs to a moss-specific clade with distinctive amino acids features in the AP2 domain that binds to the DNA. Interestingly, all P. patens members of the PpERF24 subclade are induced by fungal pathogens. The function of PpERF24 during plant immunity was assessed by an overexpression approach and transcriptomic analysis. Overexpressing lines showed increased defenses to infection by the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides evidenced by reduced cellular damage and fungal biomass compared to wild-type plants. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PpERF24 positively regulates the expression levels of defense genes involved in transcriptional regulation, phenylpropanoid and jasmonate pathways, oxidative burst and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. These findings give novel insights into potential mechanism by which PpERF24 increases plant defenses against several pathogens by regulating important players in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Vignale
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alfonso Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Wu Y, Zhang L, Nie L, Zheng Y, Zhu S, Hou J, Li R, Chen G, Tang X, Wang C, Yuan L. Genome-wide analysis of the DREB family genes and functional identification of the involvement of BrDREB2B in abiotic stress in wucai (Brassica campestris L.). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:598. [PMID: 35978316 PMCID: PMC9382803 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration responsive element binding protein (DREB) is a significant transcription factor class known to be implicated in abiotic stresses. In this study, we systematically conducted a genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the DREB gene family, including gene structures, evolutionary relationships, chromosome distribution, conserved domains, and expression patterns. A total of 65 DREB family gene members were identified in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) and were classified into five subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis. Through analysis of the conserved domains of BrDREB family genes, only one exon existed in the gene structure. Through the analysis of cis-acting elements, these genes were mainly involved in hormone regulation and adversity stress. In order to identify the function of BrDREB2B, overexpressed transgenic Arabidopsis was constructed. After different stress treatments, the germination rate, root growth, survival rate, and various plant physiological indicators were measured. The results showed that transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing BrDREB2B exhibited enhanced tolerance to salt, heat and drought stresses. Taken together, our results are the first to report the BrDREB2B gene response to drought and heat stresses in Chinese cabbage and provide a basis for further studies to determine the function of BrDREBs in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Libing Nie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yushan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, 238200, Maanshan, Anhui, China
| | - Jinfeng Hou
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, 238200, Maanshan, Anhui, China
| | - Renjie Li
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, 238200, Maanshan, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, 238200, Maanshan, Anhui, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, 238200, Maanshan, Anhui, China.
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, 238200, Maanshan, Anhui, China.
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ain-Ali QU, Mushtaq N, Amir R, Gul A, Tahir M, Munir F. Genome-wide promoter analysis, homology modeling and protein interaction network of Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) gene family in Solanum tuberosum. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261215. [PMID: 34914734 PMCID: PMC8675703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) regulates the expression of numerous stress-responsive genes, and hence plays a pivotal role in abiotic stress responses and tolerance in plants. The study aimed to develop a complete overview of the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) present in S. tuberosum DREB gene promoters. A total of one hundred and four (104) cis-regulatory elements (CREs) were identified from 2.5kbp upstream of the start codon (ATG). The in-silico promoter analysis revealed variable sets of cis-elements and functional diversity with the predominance of light-responsive (30%), development-related (20%), abiotic stress-responsive (14%), and hormone-responsive (12%) elements in StDREBs. Among them, two light-responsive elements (Box-4 and G-box) were predicted in 64 and 61 StDREB genes, respectively. Two development-related motifs (AAGAA-motif and as-1) were abundant in StDREB gene promoters. Most of the DREB genes contained one or more Myeloblastosis (MYB) and Myelocytometosis (MYC) elements associated with abiotic stress responses. Hormone-responsive element i.e. ABRE was found in 59 out of 66 StDREB genes, which implied their role in dehydration and salinity stress. Moreover, six proteins were chosen corresponding to A1-A6 StDREB subgroups for secondary structure analysis and three-dimensional protein modeling followed by model validation through PROCHECK server by Ramachandran Plot. The predicted models demonstrated >90% of the residues in the favorable region, which further ensured their reliability. The present study also anticipated pocket binding sites and disordered regions (DRs) to gain insights into the structural flexibility and functional annotation of StDREB proteins. The protein association network determined the interaction of six selected StDREB proteins with potato proteins encoded by other gene families such as MYB and NAC, suggesting their similar functional roles in biological and molecular pathways. Overall, our results provide fundamental information for future functional analysis to understand the precise molecular mechanisms of the DREB gene family in S. tuberosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat-ul ain-Ali
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nida Mushtaq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Amir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Munir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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He S, Hao X, He S, Hao X, Chen X. Genome-wide identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of AP2/ERF transcription factors family in sweet potato. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:748. [PMID: 34656106 PMCID: PMC8520649 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, much attention has been given to AP2/ERF transcription factors because they play indispensable roles in many biological processes, such as plant development and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although AP2/ERFs have been thoroughly characterised in many plant species, the knowledge about this family in the sweet potato, which is a vital edible and medicinal crop, is still limited. In this study, a comprehensive genome-wide investigation was conducted to characterise the AP2/ERF gene family in the sweet potato. Results Here, 198 IbAP2/ERF transcription factors were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis classified the members of the IbAP2/ERF family into three groups, namely, ERF (172 members), AP2 (21 members) and RAV (5 members), which was consistent with the analysis of gene structure and conserved protein domains. The evolutionary characteristics of these IbAP2/ERF genes were systematically investigated by analysing chromosome location, conserved protein motifs and gene duplication events, indicating that the expansion of the IbAP2/ERF gene family may have been caused by tandem duplication. Furthermore, the analysis of cis-acting elements in IbAP2/ERF gene promoters implied that these genes may play crucial roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. Additionally, the available RNA-seq data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to investigate the expression patterns of IbAP2/ERF genes during sweet potato root development as well as under multiple forms of abiotic stress, and we identified several developmental stage-specific and stress-responsive IbAP2/ERF genes. Furthermore, g59127 was differentially expressed under various stress conditions and was identified as a nuclear protein, which was in line with predicted subcellular localization results. Conclusions This study originally revealed the characteristics of the IbAP2/ERF superfamily and provides valuable resources for further evolutionary and functional investigations of IbAP2/ERF genes in the sweet potato. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08043-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuli He
- Jining College Affiliated Senior High School, Jining, 272004, China
| | - Xiaoge Hao
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Mushtaq N, Munir F, Gul A, Amir R, Zafar Paracha R. Genome-wide analysis, identification, evolution and genomic organization of dehydration responsive element-binding (DREB) gene family in Solanum tuberosum. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11647. [PMID: 34221730 PMCID: PMC8236231 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dehydration responsive element-binding (DREB) gene family plays a crucial role as transcription regulators and enhances plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Although the DREB gene family has been identified and characterized in many plants, knowledge about it in Solanum tuberosum (Potato) is limited. Results In the present study, StDREB gene family was comprehensively analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. We identified 66 StDREB genes through genome wide screening of the Potato genome based on the AP2 domain architecture and amino acid conservation analysis (Valine at position 14th). Phylogenetic analysis divided them into six distinct subgroups (A1–A6). The categorization of StDREB genes into six subgroups was further supported by gene structure and conserved motif analysis. Potato DREB genes were found to be distributed unevenly across 12 chromosomes. Gene duplication proved that StDREB genes experienced tandem and segmental duplication events which led to the expansion of the gene family. The Ka/Ks ratios of the orthologous pairs also demonstrated the StDREB genes were under strong purification selection in the course of evolution. Interspecies synteny analysis revealed 45 and 36 StDREB genes were orthologous to Arabidopsis and Solanum lycopersicum, respectively. Moreover, subcellular localization indicated that StDREB genes were predominantly located within the nucleus and the StDREB family’s major function was DNA binding according to gene ontology (GO) annotation. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive and systematic understanding of precise molecular mechanism and functional characterization of StDREB genes in abiotic stress responses and will lead to improvement in Solanum tuberosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Mushtaq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Munir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Amir
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- Research Centre for Modelling & Simulation, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Li Z, Liang F, Zhang T, Fu N, Pei X, Long Y. Enhanced tolerance to drought stress resulting from Caragana korshinskii CkWRKY33 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:11. [PMID: 33691617 PMCID: PMC7945665 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-00965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and development, defense regulation and stress responses. Results In this study, a WRKY transcription factor, WRKY33, was cloned from Caragana korshinskii. A sequence structure analysis showed that it belonged to the Group-I type. Subcellular localization experiments in tobacco epidermal cells showed the presence of CkWRKY33 in the nucleus. Additionally, CkWRKY33 was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. A phenotypic investigation revealed that compared with wild-type plants, CkWRKY33-overexpressing transgenic plants had higher survival rates, as well as relative soluble sugar, proline and peroxidase contents, but lower malondialdehyde contents, following a drought stress treatment. Conclusions This suggested that the overexpression of CkWRKY33 led to an enhanced drought-stress tolerance in transgenic A. thaliana. Thus, CkWRKY33 may act as a positive regulator involved in the drought-stress responses in Caragana korshinskii. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-021-00965-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fengping Liang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Tianbao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Na Fu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinwu Pei
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yan Long
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Xiao D, Li X, Zhou YY, Wei L, Keovongkod C, He H, Zhan J, Wang AQ, He LF. Transcriptome analysis reveals significant difference in gene expression and pathways between two peanut cultivars under Al stress. Gene 2021; 781:145535. [PMID: 33631240 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important factor in limiting peanut growth on acidic soil. The molecular mechanisms underlying peanut responses to Al stress are largely unknown. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of the root tips (0-1 cm) of peanut cultivar ZH2 (Al-sensitive) and 99-1507 (Al-tolerant) respectively. Root tips of peanuts that treated with 100 μM Al for 8 h and 24 h were analyzed by RNA-Seq, and a total of 8,587 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. GO and KEGG pathway analysis excavated a group of important Al-responsive genes related to organic acid transport, metal cation transport, transcription regulation and programmed cell death (PCD). These homologs were promising targets to modulate Al tolerance in peanuts. It was found that the rapid transcriptomic response to Al stress in 99-1507 helped to activate effective Al tolerance mechanisms. Protein and protein interaction analysis indicated that MAPK signal transduction played important roles in the early response to Al stress in peanuts. Moreover, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified a predicted EIL (EIN3-like) gene with greatly increased expression as an Al-associated gene, and revealed a link between ethylene signaling transduction and Al resistance related genes in peanut, which suggested the enhanced signal transduction mediated the rapid transcriptomic responses. Our results revealed key pathways and genes associated with Al stress, and improved the understanding of Al response in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Xia Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yun-Yi Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Li Wei
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chanthaphoone Keovongkod
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Huyi He
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Jie Zhan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Ai-Qin Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Long-Fei He
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Kim S, Na J, Nie H, Kim J, Lee J, Kim S. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling of Caragana microphylla in response to salt condition using de novo assembly. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:317-327. [PMID: 33026585 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the response of Caragana microphylla in salt condition, transcriptome analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chlorophyll content analysis were performed. RESULTS Gene Ontology (GO) term, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of DEGs indicated that salt condition affected photosynthesis and chlorophyll in C. microphylla. The DEGs compared with salt responsive genes of A. thaliana indicated that C. microphylla's responses to salt differed greatly from those of the model plant and that the results also indicated up-regulated genes related to photosynthesis and chlorophyll in C. microphylla. Moreover, we confirmed that salt-treated C. microphylla increased chlorophyll content, and the genes of protoporphyrin IX downstream in chlorophyll biosynthesis were induced in the heatmap analysis. CONCLUSIONS These results showed a similar pattern to some halophytes plants with increased chlorophyll at a certain salt concentration, and we assumed that C. microphylla also has a mechanism to adapt or tolerate moderate salt conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungup Na
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hualin Nie
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiseong Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, 02504, Seoul, Korea.
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Kim SJ, Na JU, Kim JS, Lee JE, Nie H, Lee KA, Woo SY, Kim SH. Identification of valid reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR in Caragana microphylla under salt and drought stresses. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2103-2108. [PMID: 33088054 PMCID: PMC7548303 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Caragana microphylla is a leguminosae plant and grows mainly in semi-arid areas of northwest China and Mongolia. However, the lack of studies on C. microphylla reference genes limits the accurate understanding of the molecular biology mechanisms in this crop under abiotic stresses. In this study, we selected nine candidate genes from salt-treated C. microphylla transcriptome data and evaluated their stability by using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder in salt and drought conditions. In addition, the relative expressions of Delta 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 2 (P5CS2) and Catalase 2 (CAT2) were examined to confirm the stability of the candidate reference genes. As a results, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase C2 (GAPC2) and 26S proteasome regulatory subunit (RPN5) were the most stable in both salt and drought treatments. The relative expression of P5CS2 and CAT2 also showed more stable levels in normalization by GAPC2 and RPN5 than the most unstable gene, Ubiquitin 4 (UBQ4). Therefore, it is believed that these candidate reference genes selected and validated in our study could be used to study the molecular biological study of response to salt and drought stress in C. microphylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Jung Up Na
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Ji Seong Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Haulin Nie
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Keum Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Su Young Woo
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
| | - Sun Hyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504 Korea
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Luan W, Dai Y, Li XY, Wang Y, Tao X, Li CX, Mao P, Ma XR. Identification of tRFs and phasiRNAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their responses to exogenous abscisic acid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:320. [PMID: 32635887 PMCID: PMC7339384 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-coding small RNA tRFs (tRNA-derived fragments) and phasiRNAs (plant-specific) exert important roles in plant growth, development and stress resistances. However, whether the tRFs and phasiRNAs respond to the plant important stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) remain enigma. RESULTS Here, the RNA-sequencing was implemented to decipher the landscape of tRFs and phasiRNAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves and their responses when foliar spraying exogenous ABA after 24 h. In total, 733 tRFs and 137 phasiRNAs were detected. The tRFs were mainly derived from the tRNAAla transporting alanine, which tended to be cleaved at the 5'terminal guanine site and D loop uracil site to produce tRFAla with length of 20 nt. Most of phasiRNAs originated from NBS-LRR resistance genes. Expression analysis revealed that 156 tRFs and 68 phasiRNAs expressed differentially, respectively. Generally, exogenous ABA mainly inhibited the expression of tRFs and phasiRNAs. Furthermore, integrating analysis of target gene prediction and transcriptome data presented that ABA significantly downregulated the abundance of phsaiRNAs associated with biological and abiotic resistances. Correspondingly, their target genes such as AP2/ERF, WRKY and NBS-LRR, STK and RLK, were mainly up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Combined with the previous analysis of ABA-response miRNAs, it was speculated that ABA can improve the plant resistances to various stresses by regulating the expression and interaction of small RNAs (such as miRNAs, tRFs, phasiRNAs) and their target genes. This study enriches the plant tRFs and phasiRNAs, providing a vital basis for further investigating ABA response-tRFs and phasiRNAs and their functions in biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Mao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rong Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar A, Singh S, Gaurav AK, Srivastava S, Verma JP. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Biological Tools for the Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1216. [PMID: 32733391 PMCID: PMC7358356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening sustainable crop production worldwide. The extent of salinity affected area is expected to cover about 50% of total agricultural land by 2050. Salinity stress produces various detrimental effects on plants’ physiological, biochemical, and molecular features and reduces productivity. The poor plant growth under salinity stress is due to reduced nutrient mobilization, hormonal imbalance, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ionic toxicity, and osmotic stress. Additionally, salinity also modulates physicochemical properties and reduces the microbial diversity of soil and thus decreases soil health. On the other hand, the demand for crop production is expected to increase in coming decades owing to the increasing global population. Conventional agricultural practices and improved salt-tolerant crop varieties will not be sufficient to achieve the yields desired in the near future. Plants harbor diverse microbes in their rhizosphere, and these have the potential to cope with the salinity stress. These salinity-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) assist the plants in withstanding saline conditions. These plant-associated microbes produce different compounds such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), antioxidants, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Additionally, the naturally associated microbiome of plants has the potential to protect the host through stress avoidance, tolerance, and resistance strategies. Recent developments in microbiome research have shown ways in which novel microbe-assisted technologies can enhance plant salt tolerance and enable higher crop production under saline conditions. This focused review article presents the global scenario of salinity stress and discusses research highlights regarding PGPB and the microbiome as a biological tool for mitigation of salinity stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anand Kumar Gaurav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jay Prakash Verma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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13
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Identification of drought response genes by digital gene expression (DGE) analysis in Caragana korshinskii Kom. Gene 2020; 725:144170. [PMID: 31647996 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caragana korshinskii Kom. is a legume shrub that is widely distributed across desert habitats with gravely, sandy, and saline soils in Asia and Africa. C. korshinskii has highly developed roots and a strong tolerance to abiotic stress. At present, there are few genetic studies of C. korshinskii because of the limited availability of genomic resources. To understand the comprehensive mechanisms that are associated with drought tolerance, we used RNA-seq to survey the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons of drought-treated and control plants. After analysing the sequencing results, we found 440 differentially expressed genes existing in drought-treated and control plants. Among the DEGs, 39 unigenes showed up-regulated expression after drought treatment, while 401 unigenes were down-regulated. We used the KEGG database to annotate these drought-induced genes; 126 unigenes were identified by KEGG pathway annotation, and approximately 28% of the unigenes with known function fell into categories related to fatty acid metabolism, starch, sucrose metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, suggesting that these pathways or processes may be involved in the drought response. Finally, we confirmed that one gene has a potential function in drought tolerance. Our study is the first to provide transcriptomic resources for Caragana korshinskii and to determine its digital gene expression profile under conditions of drought stress using the assembled transcriptomic data for reference. These data provide a valuable resource for genetic and genomic studies of desert plants under abiotic stress conditions.
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Srivastava R, Kumar R. The expanding roles of APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factors and their potential applications in crop improvement. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 18:240-254. [PMID: 30783669 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of the gene-regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits or plant responses to abiotic/biotic stresses is very important for crop improvement. In this context, transcription factors, which either singularly or in conjugation directly control the expression of many target genes, are suitable candidates for improving agronomic traits via genetic engineering. In this regard, members of one of the largest class of plant-specific APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily, which is implicated in various aspects of development and plant stress adaptation responses, are considered high-value targets for crop improvement. Besides their long-known regulatory roles in mediating plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and submergence, the novel roles of AP2/ERFs during fruit ripening or secondary metabolites production have also recently emerged. The astounding functional plasticity of AP2/ERF members is considered to be achieved by their interplay with other regulatory networks and signalling pathways. In this review, we have integrated the recently accumulated evidence from functional genomics studies and described their newly emerged functions in plants. The key structural features of AP2/ERF proteins and the modes of their action are briefly summarized. The importance of AP2/ERFs in plant development and stress responses and a summary of the event of their successful applications in crop improvement programs are also provided. Altogether, we envisage that the synthesized information presented in this review will be useful to design effective strategies for improving agronomic traits in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Srivastava
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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15
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Galeano E, Vasconcelos TS, Novais de Oliveira P, Carrer H. Physiological and molecular responses to drought stress in teak (Tectona grandis L.f.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221571. [PMID: 31498810 PMCID: PMC6733471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is an increasingly common and worrying phenomenon because it causes a loss of production in both agriculture and forestry. Teak is a tropical tree which needs alternating rainy and dry seasons to produce high-quality wood. However, a robust understanding about the physiological characteristics and genes related to drought stress in this species is lacking. Consequently, after applying moderate and severe drought stress to teak seedlings, an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) was used to measure different parameters in the leaves. Additionally, using the root transcriptome allowed finding and analyzing the expression of several drought-related genes. As a result, in both water deficit treatments a reduction in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf relative water content was found. As well, an increase in free proline levels and intrinsic water use efficiency was found when compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, 977 transcripts from the root contigs showed functional annotation related to drought stress, and of these, TgTPS1, TgDREB1, TgAREB1 and TgPIP1 were selected. The expression analysis of those genes along with TgHSP1, TgHSP2, TgHSP3 and TgBI (other stress-related genes) showed that with moderate treatment, TgTPS1, TgDREB1, TgAREB1, TgPIP1, TgHSP3 and TgBI genes had higher expression than the control treatment, but with severe treatment only TgTPS1 and TgDREB1 showed higher expression than the control treatment. At the end, a schematic model for the physiological and molecular strategies under drought stress in teak from this study is provided. In conclusion, these physiological and biochemical adjustments in leaves and genetic changes in roots under severe and prolonged water shortage situations can be a limiting factor for teak plantlets' growth. Further studies of those genes under different biotic and abiotic stress treatments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Galeano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Sales Vasconcelos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Perla Novais de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Helaine Carrer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Xiang L, Liu C, Luo J, He L, Deng Y, Yuan J, Wu C, Cai Y. A tuber mustard AP2/ERF transcription factor gene, BjABR1, functioning in abscisic acid and abiotic stress responses, and evolutionary trajectory of the ABR1 homologous genes in Brassica species. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6071. [PMID: 30581669 PMCID: PMC6294115 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The AP2/ERF superfamily of transcription factors is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and plays an important role in plant development processes and stress responses. In this study, BjABR1, an AP2/ERF superfamily gene, from tuber mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee), sharing high amino acid sequence similarity with the AtABR1 (Arabidopsis thaliana AP2-like abscisic acid repressor 1) gene, were performed functional research, and the ABR1 homologous genes in Brassica species were identified and performed phylogenetic analysis. The promoter sequence of BjABR1 contained many phytohormone- and stress-related cis-elements; ABA (abscisic acid) and abiotic stresses can induce BjABR1 expression in tuber mustard; overexpression of BjABR1 in Arabidopsis can alleviate plant sensitivity to ABA and salt and osmotic stresses, and the alleviation may be due to changes in stress/ABA-induced gene expression. These results indicated that BjABR1 functions in ABA and abiotic stress responses. By BLAST searches against the genome database of five Brassica species (three diploids, B. rapa, B. nigra, and B. oleracea, and two allotetraploid, B. juncea and B. napus) using the protein sequence of AtABR1, 3, 3, 3, 6, and 5 ABR1 homologous genes in B. nigra, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. juncea, and B. napus were identified, respectively, and they shared high sequence similarity. By sequence analysis, annotation mistakes of the protein-coding regions of two ABR1 homologous genes, GSBRNA2T00134741001 and BjuB007684, were found and corrected. Then, the evolution analysis of these ABR1 homologous genes showed that the ancestor of the three diploid species had three ABR1 homologous genes and each diploid inherited all the three genes from their ancestor; then, allotetraploid B. juncea inherited all the six genes from B. rapa and B. nigra with no gene lost, while allotetraploid B. napus inherited all the three genes from B. oleracea and two genes from B. rapa with one gene lost, indicating that ABR1 homologous genes possessed greater hereditary conservation in Brassica species. The ABR1 homologous genes between B. rapa and B. oleracea shared much higher sequence similarity compared to that of B. nigra in diploid species, indicating that ABR1 homologous genes in B. nigra had experienced more rapid evolution, and B. rapa and B. oleracea may share closer relationship compared to B. nigra. Moreover, the spatial and temporal expression analysis of six ABR1 homologous genes of tuber mustard showed that they possessed different expression models. These results imply that ABR1 homologous genes are important to Brassica plants, and they may possess similar function in ABA and abiotic stress responses but play a role in different tissues and growing stages of plant. This study will provide the foundation to the functional research of ABR1 homologous genes in the Brassica species and help to reveal and understand the evolution mechanisms of Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxin Xiang
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingzhi Luo
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Yushan Deng
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaofeng Wu
- Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, School of Bioinformatics, School of Software Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingfan Cai
- Henan University, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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17
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Najafi S, Sorkheh K, Nasernakhaei F. Characterization of the APETALA2/Ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor family in sunflower. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11576. [PMID: 30068961 PMCID: PMC6070487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most prominent families of genes in plants is the AP2/ERF which play an important role in regulating plant growth and responses to various stresses. In this research, a genome-wide survey was conducted to recognize the AP2/ERF genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and a total of 288 HaAP2/ERF was obtained. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into four sub-families, including 248 ERF, 4 RAV and 35 AP2, and one subgroup of the Soloist family. Localization of chromosome, gene structure, the conserved motif, gene ontology, interaction networks, homology modeling, the modeling of cis-regulatory elements and the analysis of events in the duplication of genes were carried out for HaAP2/ERF genes. Finally, 9AP2/ERF genes were chosen to confirm the gene expression of the selected genes in leaf and root tissues in various abiotic stress conditions by qPCR. The results confirmed that AP2/ERFs genes could effectively resist abiotic stress. Also, proline content was studied under drought, salinity, cold and heat stress. The results indicated that proline was increased under abiotic stress. This research has been done for the first time to determine the HaAP2/ERF family, which prepared valuable data for the evolutionary and practical research regarding AP2/ERF in sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Najafi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P. O. Box 61355/144, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Karim Sorkheh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P. O. Box 61355/144, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nasernakhaei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P. O. Box 61355/144, Ahvaz, Iran
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18
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Dixit A, Tomar P, Vaine E, Abdullah H, Hazen S, Dhankher OP. A stress-associated protein, AtSAP13, from Arabidopsis thaliana provides tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1171-1185. [PMID: 29194659 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Members of Stress-Associated Protein (SAP) family in plants have been shown to impart tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses, however, their mode of action in providing tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses is largely unknown. There are 14 SAP genes in Arabidopsis thaliana containing A20, AN1, and Cys2-His2 zinc finger domains. AtSAP13, a member of the SAP family, carries two AN1 zinc finger domains and an additional Cys2-His2 domain. AtSAP13 transcripts showed upregulation in response to Cd, ABA, and salt stresses. AtSAP13 overexpression lines showed strong tolerance to toxic metals (AsIII, Cd, and Zn), drought, and salt stress. Further, transgenic lines accumulated significantly higher amounts of Zn, but less As and Cd accumulation in shoots and roots. AtSAP13 promoter-GUS fusion studies showed GUS expression predominantly in the vascular tissue, hydathodes, and the apical meristem and region of root maturation and elongation as well as the root hairs. At the subcellular level, the AtSAP13-eGFP fusion protein was found to localize in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Through yeast one-hybrid assay, we identified several AP2/EREBP family transcription factors that interacted with the AtSAP13 promoter. AtSAP13 and its homologues will be highly useful for developing climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudha Dixit
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Parul Tomar
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Evan Vaine
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hesham Abdullah
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - Samuel Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Kumar J, Singh S, Singh M, Srivastava PK, Mishra RK, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Transcriptional regulation of salinity stress in plants: A short review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Huang Z, He J, Zhong XJ, Guo HD, Jin SH, Li X, Sun LX. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel freezing-inducible DREB1/CBF transcription factor gene in boreal plant Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule). Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:616-628. [PMID: 27560992 PMCID: PMC5127145 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DREB1 of the AP2/ERF superfamily plays a key role in the regulation of plant response to low temperatures. In this study, a novel DREB1/CBF transcription factor, PnDREB1, was isolated from Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule), a plant adaptive to low temperature environments. It is homologous to the known DREB1s of Arabidopsis and other plant species. It also shares similar 3D structure, and conserved and functionally important motifs with DREB1s of Arabidopsis. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the AP2 domain of PnDREB1 is similar to those of Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, and M. sativa. PnDREB1 is constitutively expressed in diverse tissues and is increased in roots. qPCR analyses indicated that PnDREB1 is significantly induced by freezing treatment as well as by abscissic acid. The expression levels induced by freezing treatment were higher in the variety with higher degree of freezing tolerance. These results suggested that PnDREB1 is a novel and functional DREB1 transcription factor involved in freezing response and possibly in other abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the freezing-induction could be suppressed by exogenous gibberellins acid, indicating that PnDREB1 might play some role in the GA signaling transduction pathway. This study provides a basis for better understanding the roles of DREB1 in adaption of Iceland poppy to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao He
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhong
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Han-Du Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Si-Han Jin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling-Xia Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University,
Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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Li S, Fan C, Li Y, Zhang J, Sun J, Chen Y, Tian C, Su X, Lu M, Liang C, Hu Z. Effects of drought and salt-stresses on gene expression in Caragana korshinskii seedlings revealed by RNA-seq. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:200. [PMID: 26951633 PMCID: PMC4782325 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought and soil salinity are major abiotic stresses. The mechanisms of stress tolerance have been studied extensively in model plants. Caragana korshinskii is characterized by high drought and salt tolerance in northwestern China; unique patterns of gene expression allow it to tolerate the stress imposed by dehydration and semi-desert saline soil. There have, however, been no reports on the differences between C. korshinskii and model plants in the mechanisms underlying their drought and salt tolerance and regulation of gene expression. RESULTS Three sequencing libraries from drought and salt-treated whole-seedling- plants and the control were sequenced to investigate changes in the C. korshinskii transcriptome in response to drought and salt stresses. Of the 129,451 contigs, 70,662 (54.12 %) were annotated with gene descriptions, gene ontology (GO) terms, and metabolic pathways, with a cut-off E-value of 10(-5). These annotations included 56 GO terms, 148 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and 25 Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG). On comparison of the transcriptomes of the control, drought- and salt-treated plants, 1630 and 1521 contigs showed significant differences in transcript abundance under drought and salt stresses. Compared to the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in drought- or salt-treated Arabidopsis in the database, 542 DEGs in drought-treated C. korshinskii and 529 DEGs in salt-treated samples were presumably unique to C. korshinskii. The transcription profiles revealed that genes related to transcription factors, protein kinases, and antioxidant enzymes are relevant to the tolerance of drought and salt stress in this species. The expression patterns of 38 randomly selected DEGs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and were essentially consistent with the changes in transcript abundance identified by RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified potential genes involved in drought and salt tolerance in C. korshinskii, as well as many DEGs uniquely expressed in drought- or salt-treated C. korshinskii samples compared to Arabidopsis. To our knowledge, this study is the first exploration of the C. korshinskii transcriptome under drought and salt conditions, and these results will facilitate the discovery of specific stress-resistance-related genes in C. korshinskii, possibly leading to the development of novel plant cultivars through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100023, P. R. China
| | - Chengming Fan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jingshuang Sun
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100023, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Changyan Tian
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, P. R. China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zanmin Hu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of the ERF transcription factor family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Mol Biotechnol 2015; 57:348-58. [PMID: 25491236 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ERF transcription factors belong to the AP2/ERF superfamily, one of the largest transcription factor families in plants. They play important roles in plant development processes, as well as in the response to biotic, abiotic, and hormone signaling. In the present study, 155 putative ERF transcription factor genes were identified from the potato (Solanum tuberosum) genome database, and compared with those from Arabidopsis thaliana. The StERF proteins are divided into ten phylogenetic groups. Expression analyses of five StERFs were carried out by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and compared with published RNA-seq data. These latter analyses were used to distinguish tissue-specific, biotic, and abiotic stress genes as well as hormone-responsive StERF genes. The results are of interest to better understand the role of the AP2/ERF genes in response to diverse types of stress in potatoes. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological functions and biological roles of the ERF family genes in S. tuberosum is required to understand crop stress tolerance mechanisms.
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Wu BF, Li WF, Xu HY, Qi LW, Han SY. Role of cin-miR2118 in drought stress responses in Caragana intermedia and Tobacco. Gene 2015; 574:34-40. [PMID: 26216304 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The miR2118 is highly conserved in leguminous plants. Its function is to regulate the expression of genes encoding the TIR-NBS-LRR resistance protein. In this study, cin-miR2118 from Caragana intermedia was functionally characterized, especially with regard to its role in drought stress resistance. Two target genes of cin-miR2118 were predicted and cloned, the occurrence of miR2118 target sequence in both genes indicated that they might be targets of cin-miR2118. We investigated the expression patterns of cin-miR2118 and its target genes in C. intermedia stems and found diverse changes in expression in response to drought stress. CiDR1 was negatively correlated with corresponding miR2118 expression while CiDR2 was positively correlated with cin-miR2118. For further study, induced tolerance was observed in the transgenic Tobacco with overexpression cin-miR2118 upon 140-min water deficiency. And the expression level of cin-miR2118 was dramatically increased under drought stress. These results reveal that cin-miR2118 exert positive effects on drought stress tolerance. In addition, our study unexpectedly found that overexpression of cin-miR2118 in Tobacco can cause phenotype changes, which suggested that cin-miR2118 may have a novel function as a growth regulator in Tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Fei Wu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wan-Feng Li
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xu
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Li-Wang Qi
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Su-Ying Han
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Pandey B, Sharma P, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Grover A, Sharma I. Structural modeling and molecular simulation analysis of HvAP2/EREBP from barley. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1073630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Wu H, Lv H, Li L, Liu J, Mu S, Li X, Gao J. Genome-Wide Analysis of the AP2/ERF Transcription Factors Family and the Expression Patterns of DREB Genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126657. [PMID: 25985202 PMCID: PMC4436012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP2/ERF transcription factor family, one of the largest families unique to plants, performs a significant role in terms of regulation of growth and development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is a fast-growing non-timber forest species with the highest ecological, economic and social values of all bamboos in Asia. The draft genome of moso bamboo and the available genomes of other plants provide great opportunities to research global information on the AP2/ERF family in moso bamboo. In total, 116 AP2/ERF transcription factors were identified in moso bamboo. The phylogeny analyses indicated that the 116 AP2/ERF genes could be divided into three subfamilies: AP2, RAV and ERF; and the ERF subfamily genes were divided into 11 groups. The gene structures, exons/introns and conserved motifs of the PeAP2/ERF genes were analyzed. Analysis of the evolutionary patterns and divergence showed the PeAP2/ERF genes underwent a large-scale event around 15 million years ago (MYA) and the division time of AP2/ERF family genes between rice and moso bamboo was 15–23 MYA. We surveyed the putative promoter regions of the PeDREBs and showed that largely stress-related cis-elements existed in these genes. Further analysis of expression patterns of PeDREBs revealed that the most were strongly induced by drought, low-temperature and/or high salinity stresses in roots and, in contrast, most PeDREB genes had negative functions in leaves under the same respective stresses. In this study there were two main interesting points: there were fewer members of the PeDREB subfamily in moso bamboo than in other plants and there were differences in DREB gene expression profiles between leaves and roots triggered in response to abiotic stress. The information produced from this study may be valuable in overcoming challenges in cultivating moso bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Wu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Lv
- Hunan Forest Botanical Garden, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Li
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Mu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueping Li
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XPL); (JG)
| | - Jian Gao
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XPL); (JG)
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Long Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Wang J, Tian X, Pei X. De novo assembly of transcriptome sequencing in Caragana korshinskii Kom. and characterization of EST-SSR markers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115805. [PMID: 25629164 PMCID: PMC4309406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caragana korshinskii Kom. is widely distributed in various habitats, including gravel desert, clay desert, fixed and semi-fixed sand, and saline land in the Asian and African deserts. To date, no previous genomic information or EST-SSR marker has been reported in Caragana Fabr. genus. In this study, more than two billion bases of high-quality sequence of C. korshinskii were generated by using illumina sequencing technology and demonstrated the de novo assembly and annotation of genes without prior genome information. These reads were assembled into 86,265 unigenes (mean length = 709 bp). The similarity search indicated that 33,955 and 21,978 unigenes showed significant similarities to known proteins from NCBI non-redundant and Swissprot protein databases, respectively. Among these annotated unigenes, 26,232 a unigenes were separately assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) database. When 22,756 unigenes searched against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway (KEGG) database, 5,598 unigenes were assigned to 5 main categories including 32 KEGG pathways. Among the main KEGG categories, metabolism was the biggest category (2,862, 43.7%), suggesting the active metabolic processes in the desert tree. In addition, a total of 19,150 EST-SSRs were identified from 15,484 unigenes, and the characterizations of EST-SSRs were further compared with other four species in Fabraceae. 126 potential marker sites were randomly selected to validate the assembly quality and develop EST-SSR markers. Among the 9 germplasms in Caranaga Fabr. genus, PCR success rate were 93.7% and the phylogenic tree was constructed based on the genotypic data. This research generated a substantial fraction of transcriptome sequences, which were very useful resources for gene annotation and discovery, molecular markers development, genome assembly and annotation. The EST-SSR markers identified and developed in this study will facilitate marker-assisted selection breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Plant science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- College of Plant science and technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinjie Tian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinwu Pei
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen R, Li Q, Tan H, Chen J, Xiao Y, Ma R, Gao S, Zerbe P, Chen W, Zhang L. Gene-to-metabolite network for biosynthesis of lignans in MeJA-elicited Isatis indigotica hairy root cultures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:952. [PMID: 26579184 PMCID: PMC4630570 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root and leaf tissue of Isatis indigotica shows notable anti-viral efficacy, and are widely used as "Banlangen" and "Daqingye" in traditional Chinese medicine. The plants' pharmacological activity is attributed to phenylpropanoids, especially a group of lignan metabolites. However, the biosynthesis of lignans in I. indigotica remains opaque. This study describes the discovery and analysis of biosynthetic genes and AP2/ERF-type transcription factors involved in lignan biosynthesis in I. indigotica. MeJA treatment revealed differential expression of three genes involved in phenylpropanoid backbone biosynthesis (IiPAL, IiC4H, Ii4CL), five genes involved in lignan biosynthesis (IiCAD, IiC3H, IiCCR, IiDIR, and IiPLR), and 112 putative AP2/ERF transcription factors. In addition, four intermediates of lariciresinol biosynthesis were found to be induced. Based on these results, a canonical correlation analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to construct gene-to-metabolite networks and identify putative key genes and rate-limiting reactions in lignan biosynthesis. Over-expression of IiC3H, identified as a key pathway gene, was used for metabolic engineering of I. indigotica hairy roots, and resulted in an increase in lariciresinol production. These findings illustrate the utility of canonical correlation analysis for the discovery and metabolic engineering of key metabolic genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ruifang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang
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28
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Gupta K, Jha B, Agarwal PK. A dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factor from the succulent halophyte Salicornia brachiata enhances abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:657-73. [PMID: 25022621 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factor (TF) plays a key role for abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Earlier, we have published the isolation and characterisation of an A-2-type SbDREB2A TF from an extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata. The SbDREB2A protein lacks potential proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T) (PEST) sequence which is known to act as signal peptide for protein degradation. In this study, SbDREB2A TF was over-expressed in tobacco plants without any modification in polypeptide sequence. Transgenic plants showed better seed germination and growth characteristics in both hyperionic and hyperosmotic stresses. Transgenic plants exhibited higher water content, membrane stability and less electrolyte leakage in stress conditions. The transgenic plants accumulated less Na(+) and higher K(+) than wildtype (WT) plants. The transgenic plants revealed higher chlorophyll content, water use efficiency (WUE) and net photosynthesis rate. Transgenics exhibited higher level of proline and low amount of MDA and H2O2 under stress conditions. The real-time PCR of transgenics showed higher expression of downstream heat shock genes (Hsp18, Hsp26 and Hsp70), TFs (AP2 domain containing TF, HSF2 and ZFP), signalling components (PLC3 and Ca (2+) /calmodulin) and dehydrins (ERD10B, ERD10D and LEA5) under different abiotic stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gupta
- Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), G. B. Road, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364 002, India
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29
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Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel DREB genes encoding dehydration-responsive element binding proteins in halophyte Suaeda salsa. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Ma LF, Zhang JM, Huang GQ, Li Y, Li XB, Zheng Y. Molecular characterization of cotton C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element binding factor genes that are involved in response to cold stress. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4369-79. [PMID: 24566693 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Low temperature, drought and salinity are major abiotic stresses that influence survival, productivity and geographical distribution of many important crops across the globe. The C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element binding transcription factors (CBF/DREB) are important proteins involved in response to abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, twenty-one CBF genes were identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) by bioinformatic approach. The twenty-one CBF genes (named as GhCBF1--GhCBF21) were characterized to encode proteins that share high similarity with those plant cold stress-related CBF proteins, which contain the classic AP2 domain of 58 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated cotton CBF genes can be classified into 4 groups: GhCBF I, GhCBF II, GhCBF III and GhCBF IV. RT-PCR analysis indicated that GhCBF genes were up-regulated in cotton plants under cold stress. Furthermore, four GhCBF genes were up-regulated in cotton under salinity and drought treatments. Our data provided valuable information for further exploring the roles of the CBF genes in cotton development and in response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Feng Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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31
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Li X, Zhang D, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wood AJ. EsDREB2B, a novel truncated DREB2-type transcription factor in the desert legume Eremosparton songoricum, enhances tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in yeast and transgenic tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:44. [PMID: 24506952 PMCID: PMC3940028 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydration-Responsive Element-Binding Protein2 (DREB2) is a transcriptional factor which regulates the expression of several stress-inducible genes. DREB2-type proteins are particularly important in plant responses to drought, salt and heat. DREB2 genes have been identified and characterized in a variety of plants, and DREB2 genes are promising candidate genes for the improvement of stress tolerance in plants. However, little is known about these genes in plants adapted to water-limiting environments. RESULTS In this study, we describe the characterization of EsDREB2B, a novel DREB2B gene identified from the desert plant Eremosparton songoricum. Phylogenetic analysis and motif prediction indicate that EsDREB2B encodes a truncated DREB2 polypeptide that belongs to a legume-specific DREB2 group. In E. songoricum, EsDREB2B transcript accumulation was induced by a variety of abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, cold, heat, heavy metal, mechanical wounding, oxidative stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Consistent with the predicted role as a transcription factor, EsDREB2B was targeted to the nucleus of onion epidermal cells and exhibited transactivation activity of a GAL4-containing reporter gene in yeast. In transgenic yeast, overexpression of EsDREB2B increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Our findings indicate that EsDREB2B can enhance stress tolerance in other plant species. Heterologous expression of EsDREB2B in tobacco showed improved tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses, and the transgenic plants exhibited no reduction in foliar growth. We observed that EsDREB2B is a functional DREB2-orthologue able to influence the physiological and biochemical response of transgenic tobacco to stress. CONCLUSIONS Based upon these findings, EsDREB2B encodes an abiotic stress-inducible, transcription factor which confers abiotic stress-tolerance in yeast and transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6899, USA
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Andrew J Wood
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6899, USA
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Yang Q, Yin J, Li G, Qi L, Yang F, Wang R, Li G. Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR in Caragana korshinskii Kom. under different stress conditions. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2325-34. [PMID: 24452712 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caragana korshinskii Kom., which is widely distributed in the northwest China and Mongolia, is an important forage bush belonging to the legume family with high economic and ecological value. Strong tolerance ability to various stresses makes C. korshinskii Kom. a valuable species for plant stress research. In this study, suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) were screened from 11 candidate reference genes, including ACT, GAPDH, EF1α, UBQ, TUA, CAP, TUB, TUB3, SKIP1, SKIP5-1 and SKIP5-2. A total of 129 samples under drought, heat, cold, salt, ABA and high pH treatment were profiled, and software such as geNORM, NormFinder and BestKeeper were used for reference gene evaluation and selection. Different suitable reference genes were selected under different stresses. Across all 129 samples, GAPDH, EF1α and SKIP5-1 were found to be the most stable reference genes, and EF1α+SKIP5-1 is the most stable reference gene combination. Conversely, TUA, TUB and SKIP1 were not suitable for using as reference genes owing to their great expression variation under some stress conditions. The relative expression levels of CkWRKY1 were detected using the stable and unstable reference genes and their applicability was confirmed. These results provide some stable reference genes and reference gene combinations for qRT-PCR under different stresses in C. korshinskii Kom. for future research work, and indicate that CkWRKY1 plays essential roles in response to stresses in C. korshinskii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
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Mishra S, Panda SK, Sahoo L. TRANSGENIC ASIATIC GRAIN LEGUMES FOR SALT TOLERANCE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7831/ras.2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
| | - Sanjib K Panda
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Noble Research Centre, Oklahoma State University
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University
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Gene structures, classification, and expression models of the DREB transcription factor subfamily in Populus trichocarpa. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:954640. [PMID: 24324388 PMCID: PMC3845248 DOI: 10.1155/2013/954640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified 75 dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) protein genes in Populus trichocarpa. We analyzed gene structures, phylogenies, domain duplications, genome localizations, and expression profiles. The phylogenic construction suggests that the PtrDREB gene subfamily can be classified broadly into six subtypes (DREB A-1 to A-6) in Populus. The chromosomal localizations of the PtrDREB genes indicated 18 segmental duplication events involving 36 genes and six redundant PtrDREB genes were involved in tandem duplication events. There were fewer introns in the PtrDREB subfamily. The motif composition of PtrDREB was highly conserved in the same subtype. We investigated expression profiles of this gene subfamily from different tissues and/or developmental stages. Sixteen genes present in the digital expression analysis had high levels of transcript accumulation. The microarray results suggest that 18 genes were upregulated. We further examined the stress responsiveness of 15 genes by qRT-PCR. A digital northern analysis showed that the PtrDREB17, 18, and 32 genes were highly induced in leaves under cold stress, and the same expression trends were shown by qRT-PCR. Taken together, these observations may lay the foundation for future functional analyses to unravel the biological roles of Populus' DREB genes.
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35
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Song X, Li Y, Hou X. Genome-wide analysis of the AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:573. [PMID: 23972083 PMCID: PMC3765354 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is a member of one of the most important leaf vegetables grown worldwide, which has experienced thousands of years in cultivation and artificial selection. The entire Chinese cabbage genome sequence, and more than forty thousand proteins have been obtained to date. The genome has undergone triplication events since its divergence from Arabidopsis thaliana (13 to 17 Mya), however a high degree of sequence similarity and conserved genome structure remain between the two species. Arabidopsis is therefore a viable reference species for comparative genomics studies. Variation in the number of members in gene families due to genome triplication may contribute to the broad range of phenotypic plasticity, and increased tolerance to environmental extremes observed in Brassica species. Transcription factors are important regulators involved in plant developmental and physiological processes. The AP2/ERF proteins, one of the most important families of transcriptional regulators, play a crucial role in plant growth, and in response to biotic and abiotic stressors. Our analysis will provide resources for understanding the tolerance mechanisms in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. Results In the present study, 291 putative AP2/ERF transcription factor proteins were identified from the Chinese cabbage genome database, and compared with proteins from 15 additional species. The Chinese cabbage AP2/ERF superfamily was classified into four families, including AP2, ERF, RAV, and Soloist. The ERF family was further divided into DREB and ERF subfamilies. The AP2/ERF superfamily was subsequently divided into 15 groups. The identification, classification, phylogenetic reconstruction, conserved motifs, chromosome distribution, functional annotation, expression patterns, and interaction networks of the AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily were predicted and analyzed. Distribution mapping results showed AP2/ERF superfamily genes were localized on the 10 Chinese cabbage chromosomes. AP2/ERF transcription factor expression levels exhibited differences among six tissue types based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs). In the AP2/ERF superfamily, 214 orthologous genes were identified between Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis. Orthologous gene interaction networks were constructed, and included seven CBF and four AP2 genes, primarily involved in cold regulatory pathways and ovule development, respectively. Conclusions The evolution of the AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily in Chinese cabbage resulted from genome triplication and tandem duplications. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological functions and biological roles of AP2/ERF superfamily genes in Chinese cabbage is required to fully elucidate AP2/ERF, which provides us with rich resources and opportunities to understand crop stress tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in Caragana intermedia under different abiotic stress conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53196. [PMID: 23301042 PMCID: PMC3534648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a sensitive technique for gene expression analysis, depends on the stability of the reference genes used for data normalization. Caragana intermedia, a native desert shrub with strong drought-resistance, sand-fixing capacity and high forage value that is widespread in the desert land of west and northwest China, has not been investigated regarding the identification of reference genes suitable for the normalization of qPCR data. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes were analyzed in C. intermedia subjected to different abiotic (osmotic, salt, cold and heat) stresses, in two distinct plant organs (roots and leaves). The expression stability of these genes was assessed using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithms. The best-ranked reference genes differed across the different sets of samples, but UNK2, PP2A and SAND were the most stable across all tested samples. UNK2 and SAND would be appropriate for normalizing gene expression data for salt-treated roots, whereas the combination of UNK2, SAND and EF-1α would be appropriate for salt-treated leaves. UNK1, UNK2 and PP2A would be appropriate for PEG-treated (osmotic) roots, whereas the combination of TIP41 and PP2A was the most suitable for PEG-treated leaves. SAND, PP2A and TIP41 exhibited the most stable expression in heat-treated leaves. In cold-treated leaves, SAND and EF-1α were the most stably expressed. To further validate the suitability of the reference genes identified in this study, the expression levels of DREB1 and DREB2 (homologs of AtDREB1 and AtDREB2) were studied in parallel. This study is the first systematic analysis for the selection of superior reference genes for qPCR in C. intermedia under different abiotic stress conditions, and will benefit future studies on gene expression in C. intermedia and other species of the leguminous genus Caragana.
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Bouaziz D, Pirrello J, Ben Amor H, Hammami A, Charfeddine M, Dhieb A, Bouzayen M, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Ectopic expression of dehydration responsive element binding proteins (StDREB2) confers higher tolerance to salt stress in potato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 60:98-108. [PMID: 22922109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration responsive element binding proteins (DREB) are members of a larger family of transcription factors, many of which have been reported to contribute to plant responses to abiotic stresses in several species. While, little is known about their role in potato (Solanum tuberosum). This report describes the cloning and characterization of a DREB transcription factor cDNA, StDREB2, isolated from potato (cv Nicola) plants submitted to salt treatment. Based on a multiple sequence alignment, this protein was classified into the A-5 group of DREB subfamily. Expression studies revealed that StDREB2 was induced in leaves, roots and stems upon various abiotic stresses and in response to exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA). In agreement with this expression pattern, over-expression of StDREB2 in transgenic potato plants resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt stress. These data suggest that the isolated StDREB2 encodes a functional protein involved in plant response to different abiotic stresses. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that the StDREB2 protein bound specifically to the DRE core element (ACCGAGA) in vitro. Moreover, Semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript level of a putative target gene i.e. δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) was up-regulated in transgenic plants submitted to salt stress conditions. A concomitant increase in proline accumulation was also observed under these conditions. Taking together, all these data suggest that StDREB2 takes part in the processes underlying plant responses to abiotic stresses probably via the regulation of ABA hormone signaling and through a mechanism allowing proline synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Bouaziz
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Dong J, Wang X, Wang K, Wang Z, Gao H. Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding an ethylene responsive factor protein from Ceratoides arborescens. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:1349-57. [PMID: 21603850 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene responsive factor (ERF) proteins play important roles in plant growth and development and regulate biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this study, a full length mRNA encoding a novel ERF-type transcription factor namely Ceratoides arborescens ERF protein (CeERF) was isolated from C. arborescens. The deduced amino acid of CeERF had a conserved APETALA2/ERF (AP2/ERF) domain which specifically binds to cis-acting elements GCC box. Under normal conditions, the expression level of CeERF was highest in leaves and lowest in roots. CeERF expression was induced by 20% PEG in a time-dependent pattern and peaked at 8 h. CeERF also acts in salt- and hormones-induced stresses. Transient expression analysis in onion epidermal cells indicated that CeERF protein localized to nucleus. Overexpression of CeERF in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in higher tolerance to abiotic stresses than in control plants. These results suggested that CeERF might play a role in abiotic stress signal transduction and that overexpression of CeERF might serve as a feasible approach to enhance resistance in forage, even crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2-Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Xu ZS, Chen M, Li LC, Ma YZ. Functions and application of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family in crop improvement. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:570-85. [PMID: 21676172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have acquired sophisticated stress response systems to adapt to changing environments. It is important to understand plants' stress response mechanisms in the effort to improve crop productivity under stressful conditions. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are known to regulate diverse processes of plant development and stress responses. In this study, the molecular characteristics and biological functions of AP2/ERFs in a variety of plant species were analyzed. AP2/ERFs, especially those in DREB and ERF subfamilies, are ideal candidates for crop improvement because their overexpression enhances tolerances to drought, salt, freezing, as well as resistances to multiple diseases in the transgenic plants. The comprehensive analysis of physiological functions is useful in elucidating the biological roles of AP2/ERF family genes in gene interaction, pathway regulation, and defense response under stress environments, which should provide new opportunities for the crop tolerance engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shi Xu
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
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