1
|
Wang Q, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Jin B, Wang L. Functions of Representative Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Medicinal Plants. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1725. [PMID: 38136596 PMCID: PMC10741589 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the broadest and richest group of chemicals obtained from plants. These plant-derived terpenoids have been extensively utilized in various industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. Several specific terpenoids have been identified and isolated from medicinal plants, emphasizing the diversity of biosynthesis and specific functionality of terpenoids. With advances in the technology of sequencing, the genomes of certain important medicinal plants have been assembled. This has improved our knowledge of the biosynthesis and regulatory molecular functions of terpenoids with medicinal functions. In this review, we introduce several notable medicinal plants that produce distinct terpenoids (e.g., Cannabis sativa, Artemisia annua, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginkgo biloba, and Taxus media). We summarize the specialized roles of these terpenoids in plant-environment interactions as well as their significance in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Additionally, we highlight recent findings in the fields of molecular regulation mechanisms involved in these distinct terpenoids biosynthesis, and propose future opportunities in terpenoid research, including biology seeding, and genetic engineering in medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (B.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao H, Quan H, Huang B, Ji H, Zhang T, Chen J, Zhou J. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the molecular basis of tissue-specific accumulation of bioactive steroidal alkaloids in Fritillaria unibracteata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113831. [PMID: 37598994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Fritillaria unibracteata is an endangered medicinal plant whose bulb has been used as a Chinese herb to suppress cough, asthma and excessive phlegm for centuries. Steroidal alkaloids, which are synthesized via the steroid synthesis pathways, are their significant bioactive constituents. However, few studies on genes involved in steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis in F. unibracteata have been reported, mainly due to the lack of the F. unibracteata genome. In this paper, comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of four different tissues of F. unibracteata (leaves, flowers, stems, and bulbs) were performed. Imperialine, peiminine, and peimisine were among the significant bioactive compounds that were considerably abundant in bulb tissue, according to the metabolomic findings. Then, 83.60 Gb transcriptome sequencing of four different tissues was performed, of which one gene encoding phosphomevalonate kinase was directly functionally characterized to verify the accuracy of sequences obtained from the transcriptome. A total of 9217 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were identified in four different tissues of F. unibracteata. GO and KEGG enrichments revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MVA-mediated terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis were enriched in bulb tissue, whereas enrichment of MEP-mediated terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna protein and carotenoid biosynthesis was observed in aerial tissues. Moreover, clustering analysis indicated that the downstream steroid biosynthesis pathway was more important in steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis compared to the upstream terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway. Hence, MVA-mediated biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids was proposed, in which 15 bulb-clustered DEGs were positively correlated with a high accumulation of bioactive steroid alkaloids, further validating our proposal. In addition, 36 CYP450s showing a positive correlation with bioactive steroidal alkaloids provided candidate enzymes to catalyze the subsequent steps of steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis. In addition, the transcription factors and ABC transporters clustered in bulb tissue might be responsible for the regulation and transportation of steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis. Protein-protein interaction analysis implied a highly complex steroid alkaloid biosynthesis network in which delta (24)-sterol reductase might be one of the central catalysts. Based on the integrated transcriptome and metabolome, this current study is a first step in understanding the tissue-specific biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids in F. unibracteata. Furthermore, key genes and regulators identified herein could facilitate metabolic engineering to improve steroidal alkaloids in F. unibracteata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Huige Quan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Binhan Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Huiyue Ji
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Jiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
System network analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis transcriptome and metabolome-Key genes in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282316. [PMID: 36862714 PMCID: PMC9980811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants contain valuable compounds that have attracted worldwide interest for their use in the production of natural drugs. The presence of compounds such as rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol in Rosmarinus officinalis has made it a plant with unique therapeutic effects. The identification and regulation of the biosynthetic pathways and genes will enable the large-scale production of these compounds. Hence, we studied the correlation between the genes involved in biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites in R. officinalis using proteomics and metabolomics data by WGCNA. We identified three modules as having the highest potential for the metabolite engineering. Moreover, the hub genes highly connected to particular modules, TFs, PKs, and transporters were identified. The TFs of MYB, C3H, HB, and C2H2 were the most likely candidates associated with the target metabolic pathways. The results indicated that the hub genes including Copalyl diphosphate synthase (CDS), Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Cineole synthase (CIN), Rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS), Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and MYB58 are responsible for biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites. Thus, we confirmed these results using qRT-PCR after treating R. officinalis seedlings with methyl jasmonate. These candidate genes may be employed for genetic and metabolic engineering research to increase R. officinalis metabolite production.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang Y, Xiao H. The Aspartic Protease Yps3p and Cell Wall Glucanase Scw10p Are Novel Determinants That Enhance the Secretion of the Antitumor Triterpenoid GA-HLDOA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2917-2926. [PMID: 35969118 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient bioproduction of triterpenoids is gaining increasing interest because of their significant biological applications; however, the secretion and bioproduction of triterpenoids are hindered by untapped genetic determinants. In our previous study, we observed that different engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains exhibit different abilities for secreting the antitumor triterpenoid ganoderic acid 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien-26-oic acid (GA-HLDOA). In the present study, we performed comparative proteomics analyses of the engineered strains and identified two genes, encoding an aspartic protease, YPS3, and a cell wall glucanase, SCW10, as the most effective determinants that enhance the secretion of GA-HLDOA. Compared with this control strain, strain BJ5464-r demonstrated an overexpression of YPS3 and SCW10 resulting in 3.9-fold and 4.7-fold higher secretion of GA-HLDOA, respectively, and these increases were accompanied by an increase in cell permeability. Moreover, compared with the YPS3-overexpressing strain, the SCW10-overexpressing strain had a thinner outer mannan layer. Our findings offer valuable insights into designing microbial cell factories for the efficient secretion of triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nogia P, Pati PK. Plant Secondary Metabolite Transporters: Diversity, Functionality, and Their Modulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758202. [PMID: 34777438 PMCID: PMC8580416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) play crucial roles in the vital functioning of plants such as growth, development, defense, and survival via their transportation and accumulation at the required site. However, unlike primary metabolites, the transport mechanisms of SMs are not yet well explored. There exists a huge gap between the abundant presence of SM transporters, their identification, and functional characterization. A better understanding of plant SM transporters will surely be a step forward to fulfill the steeply increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the formulation of herbal medicines. Thus, the engineering of transporters by modulating their expression is emerging as the most viable option to achieve the long-term goal of systemic metabolic engineering for enhanced metabolite production at minimum cost. In this review article, we are updating the understanding of recent advancements in the field of plant SM transporters, particularly those discovered in the past two decades. Herein, we provide notable insights about various types of fully or partially characterized transporters from the ABC, MATE, PUP, and NPF families including their diverse functionalities, structural information, potential approaches for their identification and characterization, several regulatory parameters, and their modulation. A novel perspective to the concept of "Transporter Engineering" has also been unveiled by highlighting its potential applications particularly in plant stress (biotic and abiotic) tolerance, SM accumulation, and removal of anti-nutritional compounds, which will be of great value for the crop improvement program. The present study creates a roadmap for easy identification and a better understanding of various transporters, which can be utilized as suitable targets for transporter engineering in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan L, Zhang J, Chen H, Luo H. Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporter provides insight to genes related to bioactive metabolite transportation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:315. [PMID: 33933003 PMCID: PMC8088630 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been found to play important roles in metabolic transport in plant cells, influencing subcellular compartmentalisation and tissue distribution of these metabolic compounds. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, known as Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine, is a highly valued medicinal plant used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The dry roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza contain biologically active secondary metabolites of tanshinone and salvianolic acid. Given an assembled and annotated genome and a set of transcriptome data of S. miltiorrhiza, we analysed and identified the candidate genes that likely involved in the bioactive metabolite transportation of this medicinal plant, starting with the members of the ABC transporter family. RESULTS A total of 114 genes encoding ABC transporters were identified in the genome of S. miltiorrhiza. All of these ABC genes were divided into eight subfamilies: 3ABCA, 31ABCB, 14ABCC, 2ABCD, 1ABCE, 7ABCF, 46ABCG, and 10 ABCI. Gene expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression profiles of these ABC transporters. In particular, we found 18 highly expressed transporters in the roots of S. miltiorrhiza, which might be involved in transporting the bioactive compounds of this medicinal plant. We further investigated the co-expression profiling of these 18 genes with key enzyme genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthetic pathways using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). From this RT-qPCR validation, we found that three ABC genes (SmABCG46, SmABCG40, and SmABCG4) and another gene (SmABCC1) co-expressed with the key biosynthetic enzymes of these two compounds, respectively, and thus might be involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid transport in root cells. In addition, we predicted the biological functions of S. miltiorrhiza ABC transporters using phylogenetic relationships and analysis of the transcriptome to find biological functions. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present the first systematic analysis of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza and predict candidate transporters involved in bioactive compound transportation in this important medicinal plant. Using genome-wide identification, transcriptome profile analysis, and phylogenetic relationships, this research provides a new perspective on the critical functions of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan L, Zhang J, Chen H, Luo H. Genome-wide analysis of ATP-binding cassette transporter provides insight to genes related to bioactive metabolite transportation in Salvia miltiorrhiza. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:315. [PMID: 33933003 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-99773/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been found to play important roles in metabolic transport in plant cells, influencing subcellular compartmentalisation and tissue distribution of these metabolic compounds. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, known as Danshen in traditional Chinese medicine, is a highly valued medicinal plant used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The dry roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza contain biologically active secondary metabolites of tanshinone and salvianolic acid. Given an assembled and annotated genome and a set of transcriptome data of S. miltiorrhiza, we analysed and identified the candidate genes that likely involved in the bioactive metabolite transportation of this medicinal plant, starting with the members of the ABC transporter family. RESULTS A total of 114 genes encoding ABC transporters were identified in the genome of S. miltiorrhiza. All of these ABC genes were divided into eight subfamilies: 3ABCA, 31ABCB, 14ABCC, 2ABCD, 1ABCE, 7ABCF, 46ABCG, and 10 ABCI. Gene expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression profiles of these ABC transporters. In particular, we found 18 highly expressed transporters in the roots of S. miltiorrhiza, which might be involved in transporting the bioactive compounds of this medicinal plant. We further investigated the co-expression profiling of these 18 genes with key enzyme genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthetic pathways using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). From this RT-qPCR validation, we found that three ABC genes (SmABCG46, SmABCG40, and SmABCG4) and another gene (SmABCC1) co-expressed with the key biosynthetic enzymes of these two compounds, respectively, and thus might be involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid transport in root cells. In addition, we predicted the biological functions of S. miltiorrhiza ABC transporters using phylogenetic relationships and analysis of the transcriptome to find biological functions. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present the first systematic analysis of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza and predict candidate transporters involved in bioactive compound transportation in this important medicinal plant. Using genome-wide identification, transcriptome profile analysis, and phylogenetic relationships, this research provides a new perspective on the critical functions of ABC transporters in S. miltiorrhiza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmed MS, Lauersen KJ, Ikram S, Li C. Efflux Transporters' Engineering and Their Application in Microbial Production of Heterologous Metabolites. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:646-669. [PMID: 33751883 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of microbial hosts for the production of heterologous metabolites and biochemicals is an enabling technology to generate meaningful quantities of desired products that may be otherwise difficult to produce by traditional means. Heterologous metabolite production can be restricted by the accumulation of toxic products within the cell. Efflux transport proteins (transporters) provide a potential solution to facilitate the export of these products, mitigate toxic effects, and enhance production. Recent investigations using knockout lines, heterologous expression, and expression profiling of transporters have revealed candidates that can enhance the export of heterologous metabolites from microbial cell systems. Transporter engineering efforts have revealed that some exhibit flexible substrate specificity and may have broader application potentials. In this Review, the major superfamilies of efflux transporters, their mechanistic modes of action, selection of appropriate efflux transporters for desired compounds, and potential transporter engineering strategies are described for potential applications in enhancing engineered microbial metabolite production. Future studies in substrate recognition, heterologous expression, and combinatorial engineering of efflux transporters will assist efforts to enhance heterologous metabolite production in microbial hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Ahmed
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Abid Majeed Road, The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Kyle J. Lauersen
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Ikram
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center for Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem/Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng X, Luo T, Li J, Li G, Zhou D, Liu T, Zou X, Pandey A, Luo Z. Transcriptomics-based identification and characterization of 11 CYP450 genes of Panax ginseng responsive to MeJA. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1094-1103. [PMID: 30321253 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP450s), a superfamily of mono-oxygenases, are essential to generate highly functionalized secondary metabolites in plants and contribute to the diversification of specialized triterpenoid biosynthesis in eudicots. However, screening and identifying the exact CYP450 genes in ginsenoside biosynthesis is extremely challenging due to existence of large quantities of members in CYP450 superfamily. Therefore, to screen the CYP450 genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, transcriptome dataset of Panax ginseng was created in our previous work using the technique of the next-generation sequencing. On the basis of bioinformatics analysis, 16 putative CYP450 genes with significant differential expression were screened from the dataset and submitted to GenBank, in which 11 of them have been cloned. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was used as an elicitor to analyze the expression profiles of candidate CYP450 genes by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results of qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of some CYP450 genes were strongly induced by MeJA and showed different transcription levels at different treatment time points. Homology analysis indicated that each putative CYP450 protein of P. ginseng has a conserved domain consisting of E-E-R-F-P-R-G. The CYP450 genes were screened and cloned here to enrich the resources of CYP450 genes, and the results of bioinformatics analysis provided a foundation to further identify the function of CYP450s involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. Furthermore, this study facilitated the construction of microbial cell factories for increasing the production of ginsenosides by means of metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zeng
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiao Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jijia Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gui Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Donghua Zhou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xian Zou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aparna Pandey
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu X, Ding W, Jiang H. Engineering microbial cell factories for the production of plant natural products: from design principles to industrial-scale production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:125. [PMID: 28724386 PMCID: PMC5518134 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) are widely used as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, seasonings, pigments, etc., with a huge commercial value on the global market. However, most of these PNPs are still being extracted from plants. A resource-conserving and environment-friendly synthesis route for PNPs that utilizes microbial cell factories has attracted increasing attention since the 1940s. However, at the present only a handful of PNPs are being produced by microbial cell factories at an industrial scale, and there are still many challenges in their large-scale application. One of the challenges is that most biosynthetic pathways of PNPs are still unknown, which largely limits the number of candidate PNPs for heterologous microbial production. Another challenge is that the metabolic fluxes toward the target products in microbial hosts are often hindered by poor precursor supply, low catalytic activity of enzymes and obstructed product transport. Consequently, despite intensive studies on the metabolic engineering of microbial hosts, the fermentation costs of most heterologously produced PNPs are still too high for industrial-scale production. In this paper, we review several aspects of PNP production in microbial cell factories, including important design principles and recent progress in pathway mining and metabolic engineering. In addition, implemented cases of industrial-scale production of PNPs in microbial cell factories are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Wang C, Han X, Qi W, Chen Y, Wang T, Zheng Y, Zhao X. Transcriptome Analysis to Identify the Putative Biosynthesis and Transport Genes Associated with the Medicinal Components of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1860. [PMID: 28018396 PMCID: PMC5149546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata is a popular perennial medicine herb used for 1000s of years in China to treat various diseases. Although this herb has multiple pharmaceutical purposes in China, no transcriptomic information has been reported for this species. In addition, the understanding of several key pathways and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of oleanolic acid and ecdysterone, two pharmacologically active classes of metabolites and major chemical constituents of A. bidentata root extracts, is limited. The aim of the present study was to characterize the transcriptome profile of the roots and leaves of A. bidentata to uncover the biosynthetic and transport mechanisms of the active components. In this study, we identified 100,987 transcripts, with an average length of 1146.8 base pairs. A total of 31,634 (31.33%) unigenes were annotated, and 12,762 unigenes were mapped to 303 pathways according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. Moreover, we identified a total of 260 oleanolic acid and ecdysterone genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes. Furthermore, the key enzymes involved in the oleanolic acid and ecdysterone synthesis pathways were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, revealing that the roots expressed these enzymes to a greater extent than the leaves. In addition, we identified 85 ATP-binding cassette transporters, some of which might be involved in the translocation of secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Biotechnology for Green Medicinal Plant of Henan ProvinceXinxiang, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Xueping Han
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Wanzhen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Yanqiong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Taixia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Xiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Biotechnology for Green Medicinal Plant of Henan ProvinceXinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lv H, Li J, Wu Y, Garyali S, Wang Y. Transporter and its engineering for secondary metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6119-6130. [PMID: 27209041 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites possess a lot of biological activities, and to achieve their functions, transmembrane transportation is crucial. Elucidation of their transport mechanisms in the cell is critical for discovering ways to improve the production. Here, we have summarized the recent progresses for representative secondary metabolite transporters and also the strategies for uncovering the transporter systems in plants and microbes. We have also discussed the transporter engineering strategies being utilized for improving the heterologous natural product production, which exhibits promising future under the guide of synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sanjog Garyali
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiu H, Nuruzzaman M, Guo X, Cao H, Huang J, Chen X, Wu K, Zhang R, Huang Y, Luo J, Luo Z. Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Eight PgWRKY Genes in Panax ginseng Responsive to Salt and Hormones. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:319. [PMID: 26959011 PMCID: PMC4813182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of WRKY genes in plant physiological processes, little is known about their roles in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Forty-eight unigenes on this species were previously reported as WRKY transcripts using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Subsequently, one gene that encodes PgWRKY1 protein belonging to subgroup II-d was cloned and functionally characterized. In this study, eight WRKY genes from the NGS-based transcriptome sequencing dataset designated as PgWRKY2-9 have been cloned and characterized. The genes encoding WRKY proteins were assigned to WRKY Group II (one subgroup II-c, four subgroup II-d, and three subgroup II-e) based on phylogenetic analysis. The cDNAs of the cloned PgWRKYs encode putative proteins ranging from 194 to 358 amino acid residues, each of which includes one WRKYGQK sequence motif and one C2H2-type zinc-finger motif. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that the eight analyzed PgWRKY genes were expressed at different levels in various organs including leaves, roots, adventitious roots, stems, and seeds. Importantly, the transcription responses of these PgWRKYs to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) showed that PgWRKY2, PgWRKY3, PgWRKY4, PgWRKY5, PgWRKY6, and PgWRKY7 were downregulated by MeJA treatment, while PgWRKY8 and PgWRKY9 were upregulated to varying degrees. Moreover, the PgWRKY genes increased or decreased by salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and NaCl treatments. The results suggest that the PgWRKYs may be multiple stress–inducible genes responding to both salt and hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hongzhe Cao
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jingjia Huang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Kunlu Wu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ru Zhang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Yuzhao Huang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Junli Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nuruzzaman M, Cao H, Xiu H, Luo T, Li J, Chen X, Luo J, Luo Z. Transcriptomics-based identification of WRKY genes and characterization of a salt and hormone-responsive PgWRKY1 gene in Panax ginseng. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:117-31. [PMID: 26685304 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY proteins belong to a transcription factor (TF) family and play dynamic roles in many plant processes, including plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as secondary metabolism. However, no WRKY gene in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer has been reported to date. In this study, a number of WRKY unigenes from methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated adventitious root transcriptome of this species were identified using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 48 promising WRKY unigenes encoding WRKY proteins were obtained by eliminating wrong and incomplete open reading frame (ORF). Phylogenetic analysis reveals 48 WRKY TFs, including 11 Group I, 36 Group II, and 1 Group III. Moreover, one MeJA-responsive unigene designated as PgWRKY1 was cloned and characterized. It contains an entire ORF of 1077 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 358 amino acid residues. The PgWRKY1 protein contains a single WRKY domain consisting of a conserved amino acid sequence motif WRKYGQK and a C2H2-type zinc-finger motif belonging to WRKY subgroup II-d. Subcellular localization of PgWRKY1-GFP fusion protein in onion and tobacco epidermis cells revealed that PgWRKY1 was exclusively present in the nucleus. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the expression of PgWRKY1 was relatively higher in roots and lateral roots compared with leaves, stems, and seeds. Importantly, PgWRKY1 expression was significantly induced by salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and NaCl, but downregulated by MeJA treatment. These results suggested that PgWRKY1 might be a multiple stress-inducible gene responding to hormones and salt stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hongzhe Cao
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Hao Xiu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Tiao Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jijia Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Junli Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang R, Xu S, Wang N, Xia B, Jiang Y, Wang R. Transcriptome Analysis of Secondary Metabolism Pathway, Transcription Factors, and Transporters in Response to Methyl Jasmonate in Lycoris aurea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1971. [PMID: 28111578 PMCID: PMC5217099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lycoris aurea, a medicinal species of the Amaryllidaceae family, is used in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) because of its broad pharmacological activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Despite the officinal and economic importance of Lycoris species, the secondary mechanism for this species is relatively deficient. In this study, we attempted to characterize the transcriptome profiling of L. aurea seedlings with the methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment to uncover the molecular mechanisms regulating plant secondary metabolite pathway. By using short reads sequencing technology (Illumina), two sequencing cDNA libraries prepared from control (Con) and 100 μM MeJA-treated (MJ100) samples were sequenced. A total of 26,809,842 and 25,874,478 clean reads in the Con and MJ100 libraries, respectively, were obtained and assembled into 59,643 unigenes. Among them, 41,585 (69.72%) unigenes were annotated by basic local alignment search tool similarity searches against public sequence databases. These included 55 Gene Ontology (GO) terms, 128 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and 25 Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) families. Additionally, 4,175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; false discovery rate ≤ 0.001 and |log2 Ratio| ≥ 1) with 2,291 up-regulated and 1,884 down-regulated, were found to be affected significantly under MeJA treatment. Subsequently, the DEGs encoding key enzymes involving in the secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways, transcription factors, and transporter proteins were also analyzed and summarized. Meanwhile, we confirmed the altered expression levels of the unigenes that encode transporters and transcription factors using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). With this transcriptome sequencing, future genetic and genomics studies related to the molecular mechanisms associated with the chemical composition of L. aurea may be improved. Additionally, the genes involved in the enrichment of secondary metabolite biosynthesis-related pathways could enhance the potential applications of L. aurea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural GermplasmNanjing, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural GermplasmNanjing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural GermplasmNanjing, China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural GermplasmNanjing, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing, China
- The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural GermplasmNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ren Wang
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang L, Yang C, Li C, Zhao Q, Liu L, Fang X, Chen XY. Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015; 61:3-17. [PMID: 26844006 PMCID: PMC4722072 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and accumulate large amount of specialized (or secondary) metabolites also known as natural products, which provide a rich source for modern pharmacy. In China, plants have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Recent development of molecular biology, genomics and functional genomics as well as high-throughput analytical chemical technologies has greatly promoted the research on medicinal plants. In this article, we review recent advances in the elucidation of biosynthesis of specialized metabolites in medicinal plants, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. These natural products may share a common upstream pathway to form a limited numbers of common precursors, but are characteristic in distinct modifications leading to highly variable structures. Although this review is focused on traditional Chinese medicine, other plants with a great medicinal interest or potential are also discussed. Understanding of their biosynthesis processes is critical for producing these highly value molecules at large scale and low cost in microbes and will benefit to not only human health but also plant resource conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Changqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Chenyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai, 201602 China ; National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cao H, Nuruzzaman M, Xiu H, Huang J, Wu K, Chen X, Li J, Wang L, Jeong JH, Park SJ, Yang F, Luo J, Luo Z. Transcriptome analysis of methyl jasmonate-elicited Panax ginseng adventitious roots to discover putative ginsenoside biosynthesis and transport genes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3035-57. [PMID: 25642758 PMCID: PMC4346879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer belonging to the Araliaceae has long been used as an herbal medicine. Although public databases are presently available for this family, no methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicited transcriptomic information was previously reported on this species, with the exception of a few expressed sequence tags (ESTs) using the traditional Sanger method. Here, approximately 53 million clean reads of adventitious root transcriptome were separately filtered via Illumina HiSeq™2000 from two samples treated with MeJA (Pg-MeJA) and equal volumes of solvent, ethanol (Pg-Con). Jointly, a total of 71,095 all-unigenes from both samples were assembled and annotated, and based on sequence similarity search with known proteins, a total of 56,668 unigenes was obtained. Out of these annotated unigenes, 54,920 were assigned to the NCBI non-redundant protein (Nr) database, 35,448 to the Swiss-prot database, 43,051 to gene ontology (GO), and 19,986 to clusters of orthologous groups (COG). Searching in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway database indicated that 32,200 unigenes were mapped to 128 KEGG pathways. Moreover, we obtained several genes showing a wide range of expression levels. We also identified a total of 749 ginsenoside biosynthetic enzyme genes and 12 promising pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) genes related to ginsenoside transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Cao
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hao Xiu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jingjia Huang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Kunlu Wu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jijia Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ji-Hak Jeong
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Sun-Jin Park
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Junli Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nuruzzaman M, Zhang R, Cao HZ, Luo ZY. Plant pleiotropic drug resistance transporters: transport mechanism, gene expression, and function. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:729-40. [PMID: 24645852 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporters belonging to the ABCG subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are identified only in fungi and plants. Members of this family are expressed in plants in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses and transport a diverse array of molecules across membranes. Although their detailed transport mechanism is largely unknown, they play important roles in detoxification processes, preventing water loss, transport of phytohormones, and secondary metabolites. This review provides insights into transport mechanisms of plant PDR transporters, their expression profiles, and multitude functions in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
ABCG Transporters and Their Role in the Biotic Stress Response. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06511-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|