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Hill RC, Gold JAW, Lipner SR. Comprehensive Review of Tinea Capitis in Adults: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Presentations, and Management. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:357. [PMID: 38786712 PMCID: PMC11122068 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp and hair caused by dermatophyte molds, that most often affects children and may also affect adults. Previous estimates suggest that between 3% and 11% of all tinea capitis cases worldwide occur in adults, although updated epidemiological studies are needed to reassess the prevalence of tinea capitis in adult populations specifically. Postmenopausal adult women are most often affected by tinea capitis, with African American or Black women particularly at risk. Adults who experience crowded living conditions, who live in close proximity to animals, who are immunosuppressed, and/or who live in households with affected children are at greatest risk of infection. Tinea capitis can be non-inflammatory or inflammatory in nature, and the subtype affects the extent and severity of clinical symptoms. Fungal culture and potassium hydroxide preparations are the most commonly used diagnostic tools. Trichoscopy, defined as dermoscopic imaging of the scalp and hair, is a useful adjunct to the physical examination. The mainstay of therapy is oral antifungal therapy, and topical therapy alone is not recommended. Since tinea capitis infection is uncommon in adults, there are no widely accepted treatment guidelines. Rather, the same medications used for tinea capitis infection among children are recommended for adults at varying doses, including griseofulvin, and terbinafine, and, less commonly, itraconazole and fluconazole. The prognosis for tinea capitis in adults is typically excellent when prompt and adequate treatment is administered; however, delayed diagnosis or inadequate treatment can result in scarring alopecia. Over the past decade, dermatophyte infections resistant to treatment with topical and oral antifungal agents have emerged. While tinea capitis infections resistant to antifungal therapy have been rarely reported to date, antifungal resistance is rising among superficial fungal infections in general, and antifungal stewardship is necessary to ensure that resistance to treatment does not develop among dermatophytes that cause tinea capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy A. W. Gold
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Shari R. Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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2
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Hill RC, Caplan AS, Elewski B, Gold JAW, Lockhart SR, Smith DJ, Lipner SR. Expert Panel Review of Skin and Hair Dermatophytoses in an Era of Antifungal Resistance. Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:359-389. [PMID: 38494575 PMCID: PMC11201321 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-024-00848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Dermatophytoses are fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails that affect approximately 25% of the global population. Occlusive clothing, living in a hot humid environment, poor hygiene, proximity to animals, and crowded living conditions are important risk factors. Dermatophyte infections are named for the anatomic area they infect, and include tinea corporis, cruris, capitis, barbae, faciei, pedis, and manuum. Tinea incognito describes steroid-modified tinea. In some patients, especially those who are immunosuppressed or who have a history of corticosteroid use, dermatophyte infections may spread to involve extensive skin areas, and, in rare cases, may extend to the dermis and hair follicle. Over the past decade, dermatophytoses cases not responding to standard of care therapy have been increasingly reported. These cases are especially prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, and Trichophyton indotineae has been identified as the causative species, generating concern regarding resistance to available antifungal therapies. Antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections have been recently recognized in the United States. Antifungal resistance is now a global health concern. When feasible, mycological confirmation before starting treatment is considered best practice. To curb antifungal-resistant infections, it is necessary for physicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for resistant dermatophyte infections coupled with antifungal stewardship efforts. Furthermore, by forging partnerships with federal agencies, state and local public health agencies, professional societies, and academic institutions, dermatologists can lead efforts to prevent the spread of antifungal-resistant dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avrom S Caplan
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boni Elewski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeremy A W Gold
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shawn R Lockhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dallas J Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shari R Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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3
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Winter P, Burmester A, Tittelbach J, Wiegand C. A New Genotype of Trichophyton quinckeanum with Point Mutations in Erg11A Encoding Sterol 14-α Demethylase Exhibits Increased Itraconazole Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1006. [PMID: 37888261 PMCID: PMC10607888 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton quinckeanum, the causative agent of mouse favus, has been responsible for several infections of animal owners in recent years and showed an infection peak around 2020 in Jena, Thuringia. The isolated T. quinckeanum strains from Thuringia differ in some positions of the ITS region compared to strains from the IHEM collection as well as to Trichophyton schoenleinii. All T. quinckeanum strains of the new genotype show up to a 100-fold increased itraconazole resistance as measured by microplate laser nephelometry (MLN) assays. Analysis of genes involved in Trichophyton indotineae azole resistance, such as Erg1, which encodes squalene epoxidase, and Erg11B, one of two copies of the sterol 14-α demethylase gene, show a 100% identity between the two T. quinckeanum genotypes. In contrast, Erg11A fragments differ in 15-nucleotide positions between both T. quinckeanum genotypes, resulting in the unique amino acid substitution Ala256Ser in resistant strains. The new T. quinckeanum genotype may have evolved through interspecies mating. Mating type analysis showed a nearly 100% identity of the minus type MAT1-1-1 fragment for all T. quinckeanum isolates. The closely related Trichophyton schoenleinii belongs to the plus mating type and has 100% identical fragments of Erg1 and Erg11B. Erg11A protein sequences of T. schoenleinii and T. quinckeanum showed increased diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Winter
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Burmester
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Tittelbach
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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4
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Xia XJ, Zhi HL, Liu ZH. Revival of generalized favus. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:112-114. [PMID: 35636635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jiao Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hui-Lin Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ze-Hu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Getso MI, Hashemi SJ, Ghazvini RD, Yusuf SM, Khodavaisy S, Gerami-Shoar M, Kibiya FS, Aliyu UT, Sarvestani HK, Aliyu M. Determination of dermatophytes isolated from tinea capitis using conventional and ITS-based sequencing methods in Kano, Nigeria. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101157. [PMID: 34147757 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection of the scalp and hair that affects a large number of people worldwide. The disease commonly affects children and manifests with varying degrees of hair loss, scalp inflammation, and psychosocial impact. In Nigeria, the burden of tinea capitis is worrisome affecting over 15,000,000 school-age children. Molecular techniques complement the conventional mycological examinations in laboratory diagnosis of tinea capitis. In this study, we identified dermatophytes species causing tinea capitis in Kano, Nigeria, using ITS-based nucleotide sequencing technique in addition to conventional mycological examination. METHODS We collected 112 samples from the scalp of children with clinically diagnosed tinea capitis at the dermatology clinic of Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, between April and September 2019. The samples were processed and subjected to direct microscopy and mycological culture to isolate dermatophytes species that were identified morphologically and using ITS sequencing. RESULTS Out of the 112 patients investigated, the majority (59.8%) were between the ages 6 and 9 years with a mean age of 7.3 ± 1.9 years. Males (79.5%) were predominantly affected. Black dot (46.4%) was the most common clinical type of tinea capitis followed by gray patch (39.3%) and kerion (1.8%). Favus was not observed. Microsporum audouinii (45.7%) was the predominant etiologic agent followed by Trichophyton soudanense (28.6%), T. violaceum (22.9%), and T. tonsurans (2.9%). CONCLUSION The prominence of anthropophilic dermatophytes as the main causes of tinea capitis in our localities suggests that public health interventions to promote health education and good hygiene practices would minimize the transmission rate of tinea capitis among children in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim Getso
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano P.M.B 3011, Kano- Nigeria
| | - Seyed Jamal Hashemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shehu Mohammed Yusuf
- Dermatology unit, Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano- Nigeria; Consultant Dermatologist, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano P.M.B 3011, Kano- Nigeria
| | - Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Gerami-Shoar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faiza Sadauki Kibiya
- Dermatology unit, Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano- Nigeria
| | - Usman Tijjani Aliyu
- Consultant Dermatologist, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano P.M.B 3011, Kano- Nigeria
| | - Hasti Kamali Sarvestani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansur Aliyu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano P.M.B 3011, Kano- Nigeria
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He M, Zeng J, Mao Y, Zheng Y, Lian X, Chen H. Aetiological changes of tinea capitis in the Hubei area in 60 years: Focus on adult tinea capitis. Mycoses 2021; 64:1527-1534. [PMID: 33978260 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis is a common dermatophyte infection of the scalp primarily affecting children, with less frequent, though not rare, observation in adults. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess changes in the causative agents of adult tinea capitis over a 60-year period in the Hubei area. METHODS A retrospective, single-centre study was performed on 164 adults with tinea capitis between 1960 and 2020. RESULTS Out of 1113 cases of tinea capitis, 164 patients were adults, representing 14.7% of all patients. Adult tinea capitis was slightly more prevalent in males (91, 55.5%) than in females (73, 44.5%), but gender difference was not statistically significant between adults and children. Adult tinea capitis was most prevalent between the ages of 18 and 29 years, with a mean age of 22 years. Trichophyton schoenleinii was the most common dermatophyte in adult tinea capitis (78, 47.6%), followed by Trichophyton violaceum (58, 35.4%). Most adult tinea capitis cases before the 1980s were caused by T. schoenleinii, but T. violaceum has become the leading pathogen for recent adult tinea capitis cases. CONCLUSION Tinea capitis is not a disease exclusive to children. On the contrary, an upward trend of tinea capitis in adults has been observed in recent years. T. violaceum has become the dominant causative agent of adult tinea capitis in the Hubei area, replacing T. schoenleinii. These results provide a better understanding of the treatment and prevention of tinea capitis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen He
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingsi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yehong Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuechen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Lian
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ge LY, Liu J, Zheng HL, Mei H, Liang GZ, Liu WD. Comprehensive genome and transcriptome analysis of the dermatophyte Trichophyton schoenleinii reveals the candidate pathogenic genes. Mycoses 2021; 64:624-633. [PMID: 33586267 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton schoenleinii is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that causes tinea favosa. Nowadays, it remains an important pathogen in some regions of the world, mainly epidemic in Africa and West Asia. Despite the medical importance of T. schoenleinii infections, a high-quality reference genome for T. schoenleinii is still unavailable, neither its transcriptomic profile. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to improve understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanism of T. schoenleinii, and to define the candidate pathogenic genes of T. schoenleinii. METHODS Comprehensive genomic analysis of T. schoenleinii was carried out by Illumina and PacBio sequencing platforms. Transcriptome profiles of T. schoenleinii cultured in vitro in two media containing either keratin or soy protein were determined using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. RESULTS Here, we present the first draft genome sequence of T. schoenleinii strain T2s, which consists of 11 scaffolds containing 7474 predicted genes. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes involved in keratin hydrolysis have higher expression in T. schoenleinii grown in keratin medium, including genes encoding proteases, cysteine dioxygenase and acetamidase. Other genes with higher expression include genes encoding the components of the pH-responsive signal transduction pathways and transcription factors, many of which may play a role in pathogenicity. CONCLUSION In summary, this study provides new insights into the pathogenic mechanism of T. schoenleinii and highlights candidate genes for further development of novel targets in disease diagnosis and treatment of tinea favosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Ge
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Lin Zheng
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Mei
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan-Zhao Liang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Da Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mayser P, Nenoff P, Reinel D, Abeck D, Brasch J, Daeschlein G, Effendy I, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Gräser Y, Hipler UC, Höger P, Kolb-Mäurer A, Ott H, Schaller M, Zidane M. S1 guidelines: Tinea capitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:161-179. [PMID: 32026639 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tinea capitis describes a dermatophyte infection of scalp and hair that predominately occurs in children. The diagnostic workup includes microscopic examination, culture and/or molecular tests. Treatment is guided by the specific organism involved and should consist of systemic agents as well as adjuvant topical treatment. The aim of the present update of the interdisciplinary German S1 guidelines is to provide dermatologists, pediatricians and general practitioners with a decision tool for selecting and implementing appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures in patients with tinea capitis. The guidelines were developed based on current international guidelines, in particular the 2010 European Society for Pediatric Dermatology guidelines and the 2014 British Association of Dermatologists guidelines, as well as on a review of the literature conducted by the guideline committee. This multidisciplinary committee consists of representatives from the German Society of Dermatology (DDG), the German-Speaking Mycological Society (DMykG), the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM), the German Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ) and the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI). The Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM) provided methodological assistance. The guidelines were approved by the participating medical societies following a comprehensive internal and external review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Partnership Pietro Nenoff, PhD, MD & Constanze Krüger, MD, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Rötha OT Mölbis, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Daeschlein
- Department of Dermatology, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isaak Effendy
- Department of Dermatology, Bielefeld Medical Center, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne Gräser
- National Reference Laboratory for Dermatophytes, Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter Höger
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Dermatology/Allergology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annette Kolb-Mäurer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Würzburg University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Ott
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Auf der Bult, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Tübingen University Medical Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Zidane
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM) and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Do N, Notaro E, Schillhammer G, Colven R. Tinea capitis mimicking favus in rural Washington State. JAAD Case Rep 2020; 6:187-188. [PMID: 32149173 PMCID: PMC7033294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Do
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eliza Notaro
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Correspondence to: Eliza Notaro, MD, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356524, Seattle, WA 98195.
| | | | - Roy Colven
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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10
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Mayser P, Nenoff P, Reinel D, Abeck D, Brasch J, Daeschlein G, Effendy I, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Gräser Y, Hipler UC, Höger P, Kolb-Mäurer A, Ott H, Schaller M, Zidane M. S1‐Leitlinie Tinea capitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:161-180. [PMID: 32026649 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14026_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Partnerschaft Prof. Dr. med. Pietro Nenoff & Dr. med. Constanze Krüger, Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie, Rötha OT Mölbis, Deutschland
| | | | | | - Jochen Brasch
- Universitäts-Hautklinik Kiel, Universitätsklinikums Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - Georg Daeschlein
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Klinik und Poliklinik für Hautkrankheiten, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - Isaak Effendy
- Hautklinik, Klinikum der Stadt Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Deutschland
| | | | - Yvonne Gräser
- Konsiliarlaboratorium für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | - Peter Höger
- Pädiatrie und Pädiatrische Dermatologie/Allergologie, Katholisches Kinderkrankenhaus Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Annette Kolb-Mäurer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - Hagen Ott
- Pädiatrische Dermatologie und Allergologie, Auf der Bult, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Martin Schaller
- Universitäts-Hautklinik Tübingen, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Miriam Zidane
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology und Allergology, Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM) and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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11
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Metin B, Heitman J. She Loves Me, She Loves Me Not: On the Dualistic Asexual/Sexual Nature of Dermatophyte Fungi. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:87-101. [PMID: 31578669 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are ascomycetous fungi whose sexuality is greatly influenced by their ecology. Sexual reproduction is ubiquitous among soil-related geophiles and some animal-associated zoophiles. In contrast, anthropophiles are generally present as a single mating type in the population and appear to reproduce asexually. In this article, the current knowledge on the sexuality of dermatophytes including reproduction modes, mating conditions, mating type distributions and the mating type (MAT) locus is presented in the context of revised taxonomy and discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkali Cad, No: 2, Halkali, Kucukcekmece, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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12
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Species Distinction in the Trichophyton rubrum Complex. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00352-19. [PMID: 31189587 PMCID: PMC6711931 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00352-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Trichophyton rubrum species complex comprises commonly encountered dermatophytic fungi with a worldwide distribution. The members of the complex usually have distinct phenotypes in culture and cause different clinical symptoms, despite high genome similarity. In order to better delimit the species within the complex, molecular, phenotypic, and physiological characteristics were combined to reestablish a natural species concept. The Trichophyton rubrum species complex comprises commonly encountered dermatophytic fungi with a worldwide distribution. The members of the complex usually have distinct phenotypes in culture and cause different clinical symptoms, despite high genome similarity. In order to better delimit the species within the complex, molecular, phenotypic, and physiological characteristics were combined to reestablish a natural species concept. Three groups, T. rubrum, T. soudanense, and T. violaceum, could be distinguished based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA barcode gene. On average, strains within each group were similar by colony appearance, microscopy, and physiology, but strains between groups showed significant differences. Trichophyton rubrum strains had higher keratinase activity, whereas T. violaceum strains tended to be more lipophilic; however, none of the phenotypic features were diagnostic. The results of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were partially consistent with the ITS data but failed to distinguish the species unambiguously. Despite their close similarity, T. violaceum, T. soudanense, and T. rubrum can be regarded as independent species with distinct geographical distributions and clinical predilections. Trichophyton soudanense is pheno- and genotypically intermediate between T. rubrum and T. violaceum. For routine diagnostics, ITS sequencing is recommended.
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13
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Gao Y, Zhan P, Hagen F, Menken SBJ, Sun J, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, de Hoog S. Molecular epidemiology and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Trichophyton schoenleinii, agent of tinea capitis favosa. Mycoses 2019; 62:466-474. [PMID: 30597639 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton schoenleinii is an anthropophilic dermatophyte usually causing tinea favosa. Only few studies have provided data on molecular epidemiology and antifungal profiles of this fungus due to its limited prevalence after 1950s. Forty-nine strains from Asia (n = 27), Africa (n = 10), Europe (n = 10) and from unknown regions (n = 2) were analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting (AFLP) to reveal intraspecific genetic diversity in this dataset. Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting genotyping revealed five clusters which did not correspond to geographic origins or clinical characteristics. Additionally, in vitro antifungal susceptibility to seven antifungals was provided for all strains. Terbinafine, ketoconazole, miconazole and itraconazole proved to be the most effective drugs, followed by griseofulvin. No correlation between genotypes and differences in antifungal susceptibility was observed. It is concluded that the AFLP groups are lineages within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Gao
- Dermatology Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Dermatology Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steph B J Menken
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of RadboudUMC, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Liu ZH, Xia XJ, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Sang B, Li QP, Wang M, Lv WW, Zhi HL, Wang XD, Guan CP, Shen H. Favus of Scrotum Due to Trichophyton rubrum in Immunocompetent Patients: A Clinical, Mycological and Ultrastructural Study. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:433-439. [PMID: 30976954 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the clinical and mycological features of favus of scrotum due to Trichophyton rubrum. METHODS A single-site prospective study was carried out in an outpatient dermatology clinic. Microscopic examination and fungal culture were done using skin scrapings. Scales on the scrotum were stained with PAS and visualized by microscopy, including in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Two strains were analyzed by RAPD typing. Scutular lesions were fixed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Cultures of the scale from the scrotum and/or groin in all patients showed a growth of T. rubrum. T. rubrum strains from scrotum and groins in one patient were demonstrated as the same strain by RAPD typing. The average age of patients was 34.1 ± 12.78 years. The mean course was 8.2 ± 5.07 days. All the patients received only topical treatment for 2 weeks without recurrence. Direct smear, calcofluor-white staining and in vivo RCM study of the scrotal favus in patients showed a massive number of septate branching hyphae, while fewer septate hyphae in scales in the groin. Abundant hyphae were found only in the outer layer of the stratum corneum of the scrotum under SEM and TEM with intact bilateral cell walls, and normal nucleus, liposomes and reticulum. Few distorted hyphae structures, cell wall degeneration, degenerated cytoplasm and the autophagy phenomenon could be seen in scales from groin under TEM. CONCLUSIONS Scrotal favus due to T. rubrum is still a true infection, which most often occurred in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiu-Jiao Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Sang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ping Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lin Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Ping Guan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hanghzou, 310009, People's Republic of China
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15
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Iwasa K, Ogawa K, Azukizawa H, Tanabe H, Iwanaga T, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T, Asada H. Revival of favus in Japan caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii. J Dermatol 2019; 46:347-350. [PMID: 30768822 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Favus is a type of dermatophytosis known to produce yellow scutula around hair follicles. Most cases of this disease worldwide are infections of Trichophyton schoenleinii. Favus has rarely been reported in Japan throughout the last four decades, and T. schoenleinii has not been clinically isolated in any case during the period. Here, we report a case of favus of vellus hair observed in a 63-year-old Japanese woman. Fungal culture showed negative; however, we detected fungal elements in the crust and hair bulbs by Grocott staining. Pathogenic fungi were identified as T. schoenleinii by polymerase chain reaction-based DNA sequencing, targeting the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA gene using the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sample. She was successfully treated with p.o. administration of terbinafine and topical application of luliconazole cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwasa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Azukizawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Iwanaga
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan.,POLA Chemical Industries, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideo Asada
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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16
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Garcia Garces H, Cordeiro RT, Bagagli E. PRP8 intein in dermatophytes: Evolution and species identification. Med Mycol 2018; 56:746-758. [PMID: 29228309 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi belonging to the family Arthrodermataceae. Despite having a monophyletic origin, its systematics has always been complex and controversial. Sequencing of nuclear ribosomal ITS and D1/D2 rDNA has been proposed as an efficient tool for identifying species in this group of fungi, while multilocus analyses have been used for phylogenetic species recognition. However, the search for new markers, with sequence and size variation, which enable species identification in only one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) step, is very attractive. Inteins seems to fulfill these characteristics. They are self-splicing genetic elements present within housekeeping coding genes, such as PRP8, that codify the most important protein of the spliceosome. The PRP8 intein has been described for Microsporum canis in databases but has not been studied in dermatophytes in any other published work. Thus, our aim was to determine the potential of this intervening element for establishing phylogenetic relationships among dermatophytes and for identifying species. It was found that all studied species have a full-length PRP8 intein with a Homing Endonuclease belonging to the family LAGLIDADG. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with other previous phylogenies, confirming Epidermophyton floccosum in the same clade of the Arthroderma gypseum complex, Microsporum audouinii close to M. canis, differentiating A. gypseum from Arthroderma incurvatum, and in addition, better defining the Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum species grouping. Length polymorphism in the HE region enables identification of the most relevant Microsporum species by a simple PCR-electrophoresis assay. Intein PRP8 within dermatophytes is a powerful additional tool for identifying and systematizing dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo. São Paulo. Brasil
| | - Raquel Theodoro Cordeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte. Rio Grande do Norte. Brasil
| | - E Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo. São Paulo. Brasil
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17
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Xia XJ, Zhang Y, Zhong Y, Sang B, Li QP, Wang M, Lv WW, Zhi HL, Wang XD, Shen H, Liu ZH. Novel in vivo observations of scrotal Nannizzia gypsea infection. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:499-501. [PMID: 29478279 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X-J Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - B Sang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q-P Li
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - M Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - W-W Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H-L Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - X-D Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z-H Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Coulibaly O, L’Ollivier C, Piarroux R, Ranque S. Epidemiology of human dermatophytoses in Africa. Med Mycol 2017; 56:145-161. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles of 12 Antifungal Drugs against 55 Trichophyton schoenleinii Isolates from Tinea Capitis Favosa Patients in Iran, Turkey, and China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01753-16. [PMID: 27956429 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01753-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton schoenleinii is an anthropophilic dermatophyte mainly causing tinea favosa of the scalp in certain regions of the world, especially Africa and Asia. We investigated the in vitro susceptibilities of 55 T. schoenleinii isolates collected over the last 30 years from Iran, Turkey, and China to 12 antifungals using the CLSI broth microdilution method. Our results revealed that terbinafine and ketoconazole were the most potent antifungal agents among those tested, independently of the geographic regions where strains were isolated.
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20
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Durdu M, Ilkit M, Tamadon Y, Tolooe A, Rafati H, Seyedmousavi S. Topical and systemic antifungals in dermatology practice. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 10:225-237. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1263564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Durdu
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University Adana Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yalda Tamadon
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Tolooe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Rafati
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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21
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Prevalence of Dermatophytic Infection and the Spectrum of Dermatophytes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol 2015; 2015:653419. [PMID: 26448763 PMCID: PMC4584043 DOI: 10.1155/2015/653419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Dermatophytosis is common worldwide and continues to increase. Objective. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dermatophytosis and the spectrum of ringworm fungi in patients attending a tertiary hospital. Methods. Samples were collected from 305 patients. A portion of each sample was examined microscopically and the remaining portion of each sample was cultured onto plates of Sabouraud's dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol with and without cycloheximide. Dermatophyte isolates were identified by studying macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of their colonies. Result. Of 305 samples, fungi were detected in 166 (54.4%) by KOH of which 95 were dermatophytes while 242 (79.4%) samples were culture positive of which 130 isolates were dermatophytes. Among dermatophyte isolates T. violaceum was the most common (37.7%) cause of infection. Tinea unguium was the predominant clinical manifestation accounting for 51.1% of the cases. Patients with age group 25–44 and 45–64 years were more affected. T. violaceum was the most common pathogen in tinea unguium and tinea capitis, whereas T. mentagrophytes was the most common pathogen in tinea pedis. Conclusion. Further intensive epidemiological studies of ring worm fungus induced dermatophytosis which have public health significance are needed.
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22
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Nardoni S, Giovanelli S, Pistelli L, Mugnaini L, Profili G, Pisseri F, Mancianti F. In Vitro Activity of Twenty Commercially Available, Plant-Derived Essential Oils against Selected Dermatophyte Species. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of twenty chemically defined essential oils (EOs) obtained from Boswellia sacra, Citrus bergamia, C. limon, C. medica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare, Helichrysum italicum, Illicium verum, Litsea cubeba, Mentha spicata, Myrtus communis, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, O. vulgare, Pelargonium graveolens, Rosmarinus officinalis, Santalum album, Satureja montana, and Thymus serpyllum was assayed against clinical animal isolates of Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. erinacei, T. terrestre and Microsporum gypseum, main causative agents of zoonotic and/or environmental dermatophytoses in humans. Single main components present in high amounts in such EOs were also tested. Different dermatophyte species showed remarkable differences in sensitivity. In general, more effective EOs were T. serpyllum (MIC range 0.025%-0.25%), O. vulgare (MIC range 0.025%-0.5%) and L. cubeba (MIC range 0.025%-1.5%). F. vulgare showed a moderate efficacy against geophilic species such as M. gypseum and T. terrestre. Among single main components tested, neral was the most active (MIC and MFC values ≤ 0.25%). The results of the present study seem to be promising for an in vivo use of some assayed EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, viale delle Piagge, 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Giovanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno, 33, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno, 33, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Linda Mugnaini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, viale delle Piagge, 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Greta Profili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, viale delle Piagge, 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Mancianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, viale delle Piagge, 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Abstract
A case of a tinea favosa involving the scalp of a child represented in the painting
"Boys climbing a tree" (Muchachos trepando a un árbol), by Francisco Goya y
Lucientes, with pictorial representation of favic scutula and consequent
alopecia.
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Ramos-e-Silva M, Pirmez R. Red face revisited: Disorders of hair growth and the pilosebaceous unit. Clin Dermatol 2014; 32:784-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Eldridge ML, Chambers CJ, Sharon VR, Thompson GR. Fungal infections of the skin and nail: new treatment options. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1389-405. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.960849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Sun PL, Mu CA, Fan CC, Fan YC, Hu JM, Ju YM. Cat favus caused by Microsporum incurvatum comb. nov.: the clinical and histopathological features and molecular phylogeny. Med Mycol 2014; 52:276-84. [PMID: 24625676 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Favus is a distinctive form of infection that is caused by exclusively dermatophytes. Its clinical presentation is characterized by scutula, which are concave, thick fungal crusts. The best-known examples of human scalp favus are caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii and those of mouse favus are caused by T. quinckeanum. However, other dermatophytes, such as T. violaceum, T. verrucosum, Microsporum audouinii, M. gallinae, M. gypseum, and M. canis, have been reported sporadically to cause favic lesions. Favus on cats has rarely been mentioned in the literature, and the pathogens with which it has been associated are, for the most part, unknown. Here, we examine four cat favus cases, focusing on clinical presentations and histopathological features. In all cases the etiologic agent was identified as M. incurvatum based on its morphological characteristics and sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method, which is based on ITS, showed that these four isolates belonged to two strains of M. incurvatum; one strain was a new combination from the basionym Nannizzia incurvata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun Sun
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Packeu A, Hendrickx M, Beguin H, Martiny D, Vandenberg O, Detandt M. Identification of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex species using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Med Mycol 2013; 51:580-5. [PMID: 23506320 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.770605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi capable of invading keratinized tissues and are responsible for the most common fungal infection worldwide: dermatophytosis. Identification of these organisms to the species level is often necessary for the correct treatment of these infections, and is always recommended from an epidemiological point of view. Since the identification of dermatophytes is sometimes problematic, we assessed whether Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) could provide a useful tool to identify dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. A reference database was constructed with 17 strains of six different species belonging to this complex. A total of 54 dermatophyte strains of the Belgian co-ordinated collections of micro-organisms, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium (BCCM™/IHEM) collection were used to challenge this database; 89% of the tested strains (not used as reference strains in the database) could readily be identified. When incorrect identifications were encountered, the confusion was always between phylogenetically closely related taxa which indicates that observations made by MALDI-TOF MS correlate with phylogenetic data. To assess this observation, a dendrogram outlining the similarities between the obtained spectra was constructed. Strikingly, the relationships found in this dendrogram were highly similar to the ones observed in the phylogenetic tree recently reported by Beguin and co-workers. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is a fast and reliable tool for the identification of dermatophytes, since it can even discriminate between the closely related species of the T. mentagrophytes complex. Moreover, our data indicate that the data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS correlate with phylogenetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Packeu
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Service of Mycology and Aerobiology, Brussels, Belgium.
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28
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Poppe H, Kolb-Mäurer A, Wobser M, Trautmann A. Pitfall scarring alopecia: Favus closely mimicking lichen planus. Mycoses 2013; 56:382-4. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Anane S, Chtourou O. Tinea capitis favosa misdiagnosed as tinea amiantacea. Med Mycol Case Rep 2012; 2:29-31. [PMID: 24432210 PMCID: PMC3885931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Favus of the scalp or tinea capitis favosa is a chronic dermatophyte infection of the scalp. In almost cases, favus is caused by Trichophyton schoenleinii, anthropophilic dermatophyte. It is characterized by the presence of scutula and severe alopecia. Besides the classic clinical type of tinea capitis favosa, there are many variant of clinical form which may persist undiagnosed for many years. In this work, we report an atypical form of favus to Trichophyton schoenleinii which was misdiagnosed as tinea amiantacea. CASE-REPORT An 11-year old girl came to the outpatient department of dermatology (day 0) with history of tinea amiantacea treated unsuccessfully with keratolytic shampoo (day - 730). She presented a diffuse scaling of the scalp with thick scaly patches and without scutula or alopecia. A diagnosis of tinea favosa by T. schoenleinii was made by mycological examination. She was treated with griseofulvin and ketoconazole in the form of foaming gel for twelve weeks. Despite treatment, clinical evolution was marked by appearance of permanent alopecia patches. The follow-up mycological examination was negative. CONCLUSION Because of ultimate evolution of favus into alopecia, we emphasize the importance of mycological examination in case of diffuse scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Anane
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, 15, Jabbari-Jebel Lakhdar Street, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Chtourou
- Clinical dispensary of Mellassine, 4048 street, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
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Hsu LY, Wijaya L, Shu-Ting Ng E, Gotuzzo E. Tropical Fungal Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 26:497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tinea corporis bullosa due to Trichophyton schoenleinii: case report. Mycopathologia 2012; 174:319-22. [PMID: 22576942 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the first case of tinea corporis bullosa due to Trichophyton schoenleinii in a 41-year-old Romanian woman, without any involvement of the scalp and hair. The species identification was performed using macroscopic and microscopic features of the dermatophyte and its physiological abilities. Epidemiological aspects of the case are also discussed. The general treatment with terbinafine and topical applications of ciclopiroxolamine cream have led to complete healing, with the lesions disappearing in 2 weeks.
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Kachuei R, Emami M, Naeimi B, Diba K. Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from soil in Isfahan province, Iran. J Mycol Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Changes of Dermatophytoses in Southwestern Greece: An 18-Year Survey. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:63-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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