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Deniz F, Ertekin K, Ulucan U. Quantification of airborne concentrations of micro-scale and submicron phosphors in the manufacturing environment by spectrofluorometric method. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Del Secco B, Trabucco S, Ravegnani F, Koivisto AJ, Zanoni I, Blosi M, Ortelli S, Altin M, Bartolini G, Costa AL, Belosi F. Particles Emission from an Industrial Spray Coating Process Using Nano-Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030313. [PMID: 35159658 PMCID: PMC8838285 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial spray coating processes are known to produce excellent coatings on large surfaces and are thus often used for in-line production. However, they could be one of the most critical sources of worker exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs). A monitoring campaign at the Witek s.r.l. (Florence, Italy) was deployed to characterize the release of TiO2 NPs doped with nitrogen (TiO2-N) and Ag capped with hydroxyethyl cellulose (AgHEC) during automatic industrial spray-coating of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyester. Aerosol particles were characterized inside the spray chamber at near field (NF) and far field (FF) locations using on-line and off-line instruments. Results showed that TiO2-N suspension produced higher particle number concentrations than AgHEC in the size range 0.3–1 µm (on average 1.9 102 p/cm3 and 2.5 101 p/cm3, respectively) after background removing. At FF, especially at worst case scenario (4 nozzles, 800 mL/min flow rate) for TiO2-N, the spray spikes were correlated with NF, with an observed time lag of 1 minute corresponding to a diffusion speed of 0.1 m/s. The averaged ratio between particles mass concentrations in the NF position and inside the spray chamber was 1.7% and 1.5% for TiO2-N and for AgHEC suspensions, respectively. The released particles’ number concentration of TiO2-N in the size particles range 0.3–1 µm was comparable for both PMMA and polyester substrates, about 1.5 and 1.6 102 p/cm3. In the size range 0.01–30 µm, the aerosol number concentration at NF for both suspensions was lower than the nano reference values (NRVs) of 16·103 p/cm-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Del Secco
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Trabucco
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Ravegnani
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Magda Blosi
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Simona Ortelli
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Marko Altin
- Witek srl., Via Siena 47, 50142 Firenze, Italy; (M.A.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Franco Belosi
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
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West GH, Castaneda FI, Burrelli LG, Dresser D, Cooper MR, Brooks SB, Lippy BE. Occupational exposure risk during spraying of biocidal paint containing silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:237-249. [PMID: 33989130 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1910277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed potential to exceed occupational exposure limits while spraying paint with and without a silver nanoparticle biocidal additive. A tradesperson performed the tasks in a sealed chamber with filtered air supply. Integrated air sampling entailed transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, direct-reading of particle number concentrations, and determination of silver mass concentration by NIOSH Method 7300. Silver nanoparticles were primarily embedded in paint spray droplets but also observed as isolated particles. Using an α-level of 0.05, median nanoparticle number concentrations did not differ significantly when spraying conventional vs. biocidal paint, although statistically significant differences were observed at specific particle size ranges <100 nm. The geometric mean concentration of total silver while spraying biocidal paint (n = 6) was 2.1 µg/m3 (95% CI: 1.5-2.8 µg/m3), and no respirable silver was detected (<0.50 µg/m3). The results address a lack of silver nanoparticle exposure data in construction and demonstrate the feasibility of a practical sampling approach. Given similar conditions, the measurements suggest a low probability of exceeding a proposed silver nanoparticle exposure limit of 0.9 µg/m3 as an airborne 8-hr time-weighted average respirable mass concentration. A full workday of exposure to respirable silver at the highest possible level in this study (<0.50 µg/m3) would not exceed the exposure limit, although limitations in comparing short task-based exposures to an 8-hr exposure limit must be noted. There was airflow in the study chamber, whereas exposure levels could increase over time in work environments lacking adequate ventilation. Potential to exceed the exposure limit hinged upon the respirable fraction of the paint mist, which could vary by material and application method. Additional research would improve understanding of silver nanoparticle exposure risks among construction trades, and biological responses to these exposures. Given the potential for exposure variability on construction jobsites, safety and health professionals should be cognizant of methods to assess and control silver nanoparticle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin H West
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Fatima I Castaneda
- Environmental Profiles, Inc, Columbia, Maryland
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael R Cooper
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sara B Brooks
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Bruce E Lippy
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
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A COVID-19 Airway Management Innovation with Pragmatic Efficacy Evaluation: The Patient Particle Containment Chamber. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2371-2376. [PMID: 32856180 PMCID: PMC7453071 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The unique resource constraints, urgency, and virulence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has sparked immense innovation in the development of barrier devices to protect healthcare providers from infectious airborne particles generated by patients during airway management interventions. Of the existing devices, all have shortcomings which render them ineffective and impractical in out-of-hospital environments. Therefore, we propose a new design for such a device, along with a pragmatic evaluation of its efficacy. Must-have criteria for the device included: reduction of aerosol transmission by at least 90% as measured by pragmatic testing; construction from readily available, inexpensive materials; easy to clean; and compatibility with common EMS stretchers. The Patient Particle Containment Chamber (PPCC) consists of a standard shower liner draped over a modified octagonal PVC pipe frame and secured with binder clips. 3D printed sleeve portals were used to secure plastic sleeves to the shower liner wall. A weighted tube sealed the exterior base of the chamber with the contours of the patient's body and stretcher. Upon testing, the PPCC contained 99% of spray-paint particles sprayed over a 90s period. Overall, the PPCC provides a compact, affordable option that can be used in both the in-hospital and out-of-hospital environments.
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Abstract
This work aims to investigate possible interferences due to the presence of sodium carbonate on the photodegradation of the reactive Black 5 azoic dye, both in systems containing only titanium oxide and those containing titanium oxide and hydrogen peroxide. The role of hydrogen peroxide is explicitly treated. Sodium carbonate, in fact, is often present in the wastewater of textile industries as it is used in the fiber dyeing phases. The use of TiO2 nanoparticles is emphasized, and the possible danger is underlined. Each system was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation (UV) by varying the exposure time. After the photodegrading tests, the resulting solutions were analyzed by UV-vis spectrophotometry and High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to measure the residual concentrations of dye. The dye degradation curves and reaction rates for different UV exposure times were obtained and discussed as a function of the used additives. All the data are repeated three times, and they differ only by a maximum of 5%. The results indicated a reduction of about 50% of the initial concentration of Reactive Black 5 after 30 min under optimal experimental conditions. The NMR analysis indicated the formation of a series of aromatic structures that were generated by the UV-induced photochemical fragmentation of the original molecule.
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Zero-Bias Visible to Near-Infrared Horizontal p-n-p TiO 2 Nanotubes Doped Monolayer Graphene Photodetector. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101870. [PMID: 31096628 PMCID: PMC6572334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a p-n-p monolayer graphene photodetector doped with titanium dioxide nanotubes for detecting light from visible to near-infrared (405 to 1310 nm) region. The built-in electric field separates the photo-induced electrons and holes to generate photocurrent without bias voltage, which allows the device to have meager power consumption. Moreover, the detector is very sensitive to the illumination area, and we analyze the reason using the energy band theory. The response time of the detector is about 30 ms. The horizontal p-n-p device is a suitable candidate in zero-bias optoelectronic applications.
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West GH, Cooper MR, Burrelli LG, Dresser D, Lippy BE. Exposure to airborne nano-titanium dioxide during airless spray painting and sanding. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:218-228. [PMID: 30451647 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1550295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to measure and characterize exposure to airborne nanoscale titanium dioxide during airless spraying and sanding of a nano-enabled paint, and to evaluate the effectiveness of dust capture methods in reducing airborne nanoparticle concentrations. A tradesperson performed the work activities in an environmentally controlled chamber. Samples were collected in the tradesperson's breathing zone and in surrounding areas to assess bystander exposure. Filter-based samples were analyzed using gravimetric methods, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Differential particle count data were obtained by means of a scanning mobility particle sizer. Local exhaust ventilation provided statistically significant reductions of airborne nanoparticle concentrations during sanding. Sanding the paint after drying with a handheld power sander generated relatively low levels of airborne titanium dioxide. In contrast, task-based exposure measurements collected during the initial airless spray application of the nano-enabled paint suggested a potential for occupational exposures to exceed the time-weighted average exposure limit for ultrafine titanium dioxide recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Painters applying nano-enabled coatings may have little recourse but to rely, in some instances, on lower tiers of the hierarchy of controls, such as personal protective equipment. In light of these findings, employers and industrial hygienists should characterize exposures and implement the hierarchy of controls to ensure painters are sufficiently protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin H West
- a CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training , Silver Spring , Maryland
| | - Michael R Cooper
- a CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training , Silver Spring , Maryland
| | | | | | - Bruce E Lippy
- a CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training , Silver Spring , Maryland
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Laux P, Tentschert J, Riebeling C, Braeuning A, Creutzenberg O, Epp A, Fessard V, Haas KH, Haase A, Hund-Rinke K, Jakubowski N, Kearns P, Lampen A, Rauscher H, Schoonjans R, Störmer A, Thielmann A, Mühle U, Luch A. Nanomaterials: certain aspects of application, risk assessment and risk communication. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:121-141. [PMID: 29273819 PMCID: PMC5773666 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development and market introduction of new nanomaterials trigger the need for an adequate risk assessment of such products alongside suitable risk communication measures. Current application of classical and new nanomaterials is analyzed in context of regulatory requirements and standardization for chemicals, food and consumer products. The challenges of nanomaterial characterization as the main bottleneck of risk assessment and regulation are presented. In some areas, e.g., quantification of nanomaterials within complex matrices, the establishment and adaptation of analytical techniques such as laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and others are potentially suited to meet the requirements. As an example, we here provide an approach for the reliable characterization of human exposure to nanomaterials resulting from food packaging. Furthermore, results of nanomaterial toxicity and ecotoxicity testing are discussed, with concluding key criteria such as solubility and fiber rigidity as important parameters to be considered in material development and regulation. Although an analysis of the public opinion has revealed a distinguished rating depending on the particular field of application, a rather positive perception of nanotechnology could be ascertained for the German public in general. An improvement of material characterization in both toxicological testing as well as end-product control was concluded as being the main obstacle to ensure not only safe use of materials, but also wide acceptance of this and any novel technology in the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laux
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Epp
- Department of Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Laboratoire de Fougères, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 10B Rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères Cedex, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Haas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf Dem Aberg 1, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Jakubowski
- Division 1.1 Inorganic Trace Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kearns
- OECD Environment, Health and Safety Division 2, rue Andre-Pascal, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Directorate Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Reinhilde Schoonjans
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Via Carlo Magno 1a, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Angela Störmer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Axel Thielmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Breslauer Strasse 48, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Mühle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Fiala P, Göhler D, Wessely B, Stintz M, Lazzerini GM, Yacoot A. Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1774-1785. [PMID: 28904839 PMCID: PMC5588544 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dimensional measurements on nano-objects by atomic force microscopy (AFM) require samples of safely fixed and well individualized particles with a suitable surface-specific particle number on flat and clean substrates. Several known and proven particle preparation methods, i.e., membrane filtration, drying, rinsing, dip coating as well as electrostatic and thermal precipitation, were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy to examine their suitability for preparing samples for dimensional AFM measurements. Different suspensions of nano-objects (with varying material, size and shape) stabilized in aqueous solutions were prepared therefore on different flat substrates. The drop-drying method was found to be the most suitable one for the analysed suspensions, because it does not require expensive dedicated equipment and led to a uniform local distribution of individualized nano-objects. Traceable AFM measurements based on Si and SiO2 coated substrates confirmed the suitability of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fiala
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Göhler
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Benno Wessely
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andrew Yacoot
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
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Scintigraphic peritoneography reveals a non-uniform 99mTc-Pertechnetat aerosol distribution pattern for Pressurized Intra-Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) in a swine model. Surg Endosc 2017. [PMID: 28643076 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent data are contradictory, it is still claimed that Pressurized Intra-Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) would deliver an aerosol which distributes homogeneously throughout the entire abdominal cavity. METHODS 99mTc-Pertechnetat was administered in four postmortem swine using either PIPAC or liquid intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (IPC). The animals were examined by planar scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Planar distribution images were divided into four regions of interest (ROIs: right/left upper and lower abdominal quadrant). SPECT/CT slices were scanned for areas of intense nuclide accumulation ("hot spots"). The percentage of relative distribution for planar scintigraphy was calculated by dividing the summed individual counts of each ROI by total counts measured in the entire abdominal cavity. The relative distribution of the "hot spots" was analyzed by dividing the counts of the local volume of interest (VOI) by the summed volume counts measured in the entire abdominal cavity. RESULTS In all four animals, planar scintigraphy showed inhomogeneous nuclide distribution. After PIPAC only 8-10% of the delivered nuclide was detected in one ROI with a mean deviation of 40% and 74% from a uniform nuclide distribution pattern. In all animals, SPECT/CT revealed "hot spots" beneath the PIPAC Micropump, catheter tip, and in the cul-de-sac region which comprise about 25% of the total amount of delivered nuclide in 2.5% of the volume of the entire abdominal cavity. CONCLUSIONS Our present data indicate that the intra-abdominal aerosol distribution pattern of PIPAC therapy is non-homogeneous and that the currently applied technology has still not overcome the problem of inhomogeneous drug distribution of IPC.
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González-Gálvez D, Janer G, Vilar G, Vílchez A, Vázquez-Campos S. The Life Cycle of Engineered Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 947:41-69. [PMID: 28168665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47754-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first years in the twenty-first century have meant the inclusion of nanotechnology in most industrial sectors, from very specific sensors to construction materials. The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products has raised concerns about their potential risks for workers, consumers and the environment. In a comprehensive risk assessment or life cycle assessment, a life cycle schema is the starting point necessary to build up the exposure scenarios and study the processes and mechanisms driving to safety concerns. This book chapter describes the processes that usually occur at all the stages of the life cycle of the nano-enabled product, from the nanomaterial synthesis to the end-of-life of the products. Furthermore, release studies reported in literature related to these processes are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Gálvez
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Vilar
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alejandro Vílchez
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
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Göhler D, Khosrawipour V, Khosrawipour T, Diaz-Carballo D, Falkenstein TA, Zieren J, Stintz M, Giger-Pabst U. Technical description of the microinjection pump (MIP ®) and granulometric characterization of the aerosol applied for pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). Surg Endosc 2016; 31:1778-1784. [PMID: 27631320 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is gaining acceptance in clinical practice, but detailed information about the microinjection pump (MIP®), the generated aerosol and drug distribution is missing. ANALYTICAL METHODS Ex vivo granulometric analyses by means of laser diffraction spectrometry were performed for MIP® aerosol characterization. Beside the standard operation conditions, the impact of the volumetric liquid flow rate on the aerosol characteristics was investigated with different liquids. Granulometric results as well as the local drug distribution were verified by ex vivo gravimetric analyses. On the basis of determined MIP® characteristics, the aerosol droplet size, which is necessary for a homogenous intra-abdominal drug distribution, was calculated. RESULTS Granulometric analyses showed that the MIP® aerosol consists of a bimodal volume-weighted particle size distribution (PSD3) with a median droplet diameter of x 50,3 = 25 µm. Calculations reveal that the droplet size for a homogenous intra-abdominal drug distribution during PIPAC therapy should be below 1.2 µm. We show that >97.5 vol% of the aerosolized liquid is delivered as droplets with ≥3 µm in diameter, which are primarily deposited on the surface beneath the MIP® by gravitational settling and inertial impaction. These findings were confirmed by ex vivo gravimetric analyses, where more than 86.0 vol% of the aerosolized liquid was deposited within a circular area with a diameter of 15 cm. CONCLUSIONS The granulometric aerosol properties, as well as the aerodynamic conditions achieved by standard MIP® operation, do not support the idea of widespread or homogenous drug distribution in the abdominal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Göhler
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veria Khosrawipour
- Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.,Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tanja Khosrawipour
- Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Diaz-Carballo
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Albert Falkenstein
- Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zieren
- Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Urs Giger-Pabst
- Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany. .,Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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