1
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Jiang H, Suo H, Gao L, Liu Y, Chen B, Lu S, Jin F, Cao Y. Metformin plays an antitumor role by downregulating inhibitory cells and immune checkpoint molecules while activating protective immune responses in breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110038. [PMID: 36996738 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to test the effect of metformin treatment on the outcomes of breast cancer in BALB/c mice bearing 4 T1 breast cancer cells. The survival rate and tumor size of mice were compared, as well as evaluation of the changes of immune cells in spleens and the microenvironment of tumors using flow cytometry and ELISA. Our results demonstrate that metformin prolongs mouse survival. A significant decrease in M2-like macrophages (F4/80+CD206+) was found in mice spleen treated with metformin. The treatment also inhibited monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs, CD11b+Gr-1+) and regulatory T cells (Tregs, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+). Metformin treatment resulted in an increase in the level of IFN-γ and a decrease in IL-10. Expression of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1 on T cells was inhibited following treatment. Metformin enhances local antitumor activity in the tumor microenvironment, and our data supports the drug as a candidate for evaluation in the treatment of breast cancer.
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2
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Hannon Barroeta P, Magnano S, O'Sullivan MJ, Zisterer DM. Evaluation of targeting autophagy for the treatment of malignant rhabdoid tumours. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100584. [PMID: 35679755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumour (MRT) is a rare and aggressive paediatric tumour that typically arises in the kidneys or central nervous system (CNS). The malignancy often affects patients under the age of three and is associated with an extremely poor survival rate, with most deaths occurring within the first year of presentation. Thus, there is an unmet and urgent medical need for novel therapeutic strategies for this malignancy. One of the major issues when treating MRT patients is the emergence of chemoresistance. Autophagy has become an area of focus in the study of chemoresistance due to its reported dual role as both a pro-survival and pro-death mechanism. The role of autophagy in the chemotherapeutic response of MRT remains largely unknown. A greater understanding of the role of autophagy may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to enhance chemotherapeutic effect and improve the clinical outcome of MRT patients. This study evaluated the cellular response to cisplatin, a representative chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of MRT, and the role of autophagy in mediating cisplatin resistance. Our results demonstrated that cisplatin induced apoptosis and autophagy concomitantly in a panel of MRT cell lines. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase-induced apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK also inhibited autophagy levels demonstrating a complex interplay between these two pathways. In addition, blocking autophagy at the early stages of the autophagic process using the pharmacological inhibitor SAR405 or through the genetic knockdown of critical autophagic protein ATG5 by siRNA did not sensitise cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of autophagy does not appear to elicit a pro-survival effect in the chemotherapeutic response of MRT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hannon Barroeta
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Stefania Magnano
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- The National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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3
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Is Autophagy Always a Barrier to Cisplatin Therapy? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030463. [PMID: 35327655 PMCID: PMC8946631 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin has long been a first-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer, largely for solid tumors. During the course of the past two decades, autophagy has been identified in response to cancer treatments and almost uniformly detected in studies involving cisplatin. There has been increasing recognition of autophagy as a critical factor affecting tumor cell death and tumor chemoresistance. In this review and commentary, we introduce four mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin followed by a discussion of the factors that affect the role of autophagy in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant cells and explore the two-sided outcomes that occur when autophagy inhibitors are combined with cisplatin. Our goal is to analyze the potential for the combinatorial use of cisplatin and autophagy inhibitors in the clinic.
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4
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhu C. The Role of Autophagy in Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1535-1547. [PMID: 36197606 PMCID: PMC9596594 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Autophagy is a physiological process that occurs in normal tissues. Under external environmental pressure or internal environmental changes, cells can digest part of their contents through autophagy in order to reduce metabolic pressure or remove damaged organelles. In cancer, autophagy plays a paradoxical role, acting as a tumor suppressor-by removing damaged organelles and inhibiting inflammation or by promoting genome stability and the tumor-adaptive responses-as a pro-survival mechanism to protect cells from stress. In this article, we review the autophagy-dependent mechanisms driving childhood central nervous system tumor cell death, malignancy invasion, chemosensitivity, and radiosensitivity. Autophagy inhibitors and inducers have been developed, and encouraging results have been achieved in autophagy modulation, suggesting that these might be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital,Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018 China ,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention,Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China ,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Kocak M, Ezazi Erdi S, Jorba G, Maestro I, Farrés J, Kirkin V, Martinez A, Pless O. Targeting autophagy in disease: established and new strategies. Autophagy 2021; 18:473-495. [PMID: 34241570 PMCID: PMC9037468 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms. Dysfunctional autophagy leads to pathological accumulation of the cargo, which has been linked to a range of human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, infectious and autoimmune diseases and various forms of cancer. Cumulative work in animal models, application of genetic tools and pharmacologically active compounds, has suggested the potential therapeutic value of autophagy modulation in disease, as diverse as Huntington, Salmonella infection, or pancreatic cancer. Autophagy activation versus inhibition strategies are being explored, while the role of autophagy in pathophysiology is being studied in parallel. However, the progress of preclinical and clinical development of autophagy modulators has been greatly hampered by the paucity of selective pharmacological agents and biomarkers to dissect their precise impact on various forms of autophagy and cellular responses. Here, we summarize established and new strategies in autophagy-related drug discovery and indicate a path toward establishing a more efficient discovery of autophagy-selective pharmacological agents. With this knowledge at hand, modern concepts for therapeutic exploitation of autophagy might become more plausible. Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy-related gene; AUTAC: autophagy-targeting chimera; CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; GABARAP: gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; LYTAC: lysosome targeting chimera; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NDD: neurodegenerative disease; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; PROTAC: proteolysis-targeting chimera; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Kocak
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | - Inés Maestro
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, the Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton, UK
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro De Investigaciones Biologicas "Margarita Salas"-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red En Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer ITMP ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Autophagy in Paediatric Brain Tumours. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030481. [PMID: 33803216 PMCID: PMC8000899 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative process occurring in eukaryotic cells to maintain homeostasis and cell survival. After stressful conditions including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia or drugs administration, autophagy is induced to counteract pathways that could lead to cell death. In cancer, autophagy plays a paradoxical role, acting both as tumour suppressor—by cleaning cells from damaged organelles and inhibiting inflammation or, alternatively, by promoting genomic stability and tumour adaptive response—or as a pro-survival mechanism to protect cells from stresses such as chemotherapy. Neural-derived paediatric solid tumours represent a variety of childhood cancers with unique anatomical location, cellular origins, and clinical presentation. These tumours are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children and new molecular diagnostics and therapies are necessary for longer survival and reduced morbidity. Here, we review advances in our understanding of how autophagy modulation exhibits antitumor properties in experimental models of paediatric brain tumours, i.e., medulloblastoma (MB), ependymoma (EPN), paediatric low-grade and high-grade gliomas (LGGs, HGGs), atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (ATRTs), and retinoblastoma (RB). We also discuss clinical perspectives to consider how targeting autophagy may be relevant in these specific paediatric tumours.
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7
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Gąsiorkiewicz BM, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Piska K, Pękala E. Autophagy modulating agents as chemosensitizers for cisplatin therapy in cancer. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:538-563. [PMID: 33159673 PMCID: PMC7960624 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although cisplatin is one of the most common antineoplastic drug, its successful utilisation in cancer treatment is limited by the drug resistance. Multiple attempts have been made to find potential cisplatin chemosensitisers which would overcome cancer cells resistance thus improving antineoplastic efficacy. Autophagy modulation has become an important area of interest regarding the aforementioned topic. Autophagy is a highly conservative cellular self-digestive process implicated in response to multiple environmental stressors. The high basal level of autophagy is a common phenomenon in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells which is thought to grant survival benefit. However current evidence supports the role of autophagy in either promoting or limiting carcinogenesis depending on the context. This encourages the search of substances modulating the process to alleviate cisplatin resistance. Such a strategy encompasses not only simple autophagy inhibition but also harnessing the process to induce autophagy-dependent cell death. In this paper, we briefly describe the mechanism of cisplatin resistance with a special emphasis on autophagy and we give an extensive literature review of potential substances with cisplatin chemosensitising properties related to autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Mateusz Gąsiorkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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8
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Various Aspects of Calcium Signaling in the Regulation of Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Proliferation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218323. [PMID: 33171939 PMCID: PMC7664196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a major second messenger in cells and is essential for the fate and survival of all higher organisms. Different Ca2+ channels, pumps, or exchangers regulate variations in the duration and levels of intracellular Ca2+, which may be transient or sustained. These changes are then decoded by an elaborate toolkit of Ca2+-sensors, which translate Ca2+ signal to intracellular operational cell machinery, thereby regulating numerous Ca2+-dependent physiological processes. Alterations to Ca2+ homoeostasis and signaling are often deleterious and are associated with certain pathological states, including cancer. Altered Ca2+ transmission has been implicated in a variety of processes fundamental for the uncontrolled proliferation and invasiveness of tumor cells and other processes important for cancer progression, such as the development of resistance to cancer therapies. Here, we review what is known about Ca2+ signaling and how this fundamental second messenger regulates life and death decisions in the context of cancer, with particular attention directed to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. We also explore the intersections of Ca2+ and the therapeutic targeting of cancer cells, summarizing the therapeutic opportunities for Ca2+ signal modulators to improve the effectiveness of current anticancer therapies.
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9
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Morin A, Soane C, Pierce A, Sanford B, Jones KL, Crespo M, Zahedi S, Vibhakar R, Mulcahy Levy JM. Proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic approach in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa051. [PMID: 32642704 PMCID: PMC7236404 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical teratoid/thabdoid tumor (AT/RT) remains a difficult-to-treat tumor with a 5-year overall survival rate of 15%–45%. Proteasome inhibition has recently been opened as an avenue for cancer treatment with the FDA approval of bortezomib (BTZ) in 2003 and carfilzomib (CFZ) in 2012. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize a pre-approved targeted therapy with potential for clinical trials in AT/RT. Methods We performed a drug screen using a panel of 134 FDA-approved drugs in 3 AT/RT cell lines. Follow-on in vitro studies used 6 cell lines and patient-derived short-term cultures to characterize selected drug interactions with AT/RT. In vivo efficacy was evaluated using patient derived xenografts in an intracranial murine model. Results BTZ and CFZ are highly effective in vitro, producing some of the strongest growth-inhibition responses of the evaluated 134-drug panel. Marizomib (MRZ), a proteasome inhibitor known to pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB), also strongly inhibits AT/RT proteasomes and generates rapid cell death at clinically achievable doses in established cell lines and freshly patient-derived tumor lines. MRZ also significantly extends survival in an intracranial mouse model of AT/RT. Conclusions MRZ is a newer proteasome inhibitor that has been shown to cross the BBB and is already in phase II clinical trials for adult high-grade glioma (NCT NCT02330562 and NCT02903069). MRZ strongly inhibits AT/RT cell growth both in vitro and in vivo via a moderately well-characterized mechanism and has direct translational potential for patients with AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Morin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Caroline Soane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Pierce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michele Crespo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shadi Zahedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, Colorado
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10
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Pourhanifeh MH, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Karimzadeh MR, Mirzaei HR, Razavi ZS, Sahebkar A, Hosseini N, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Autophagy in cancers including brain tumors: role of MicroRNAs. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:88. [PMID: 32517694 PMCID: PMC7285723 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has a crucial role in many cancers, including brain tumors. Several types of endogenous molecules (e.g. microRNAs, AKT, PTEN, p53, EGFR, and NF1) can modulate the process of autophagy. Recently miRNAs (small non-coding RNAs) have been found to play a vital role in the regulation of different cellular and molecular processes, such as autophagy. Deregulation of these molecules is associated with the development and progression of different pathological conditions, including brain tumors. It was found that miRNAs are epigenetic regulators, which influence the level of proteins coded by the targeted mRNAs with any modification of the genetic sequences. It has been revealed that various miRNAs (e.g., miR-7-1-3p, miR-340, miR-17, miR-30a, miR-224-3p, and miR-93), as epigenetic regulators, can modulate autophagy pathways within brain tumors. A deeper understanding of the underlying molecular targets of miRNAs, and their function in autophagy pathways could contribute to the development of new treatment methods for patients with brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the various miRNAs, which are involved in regulating autophagy in brain tumors. Moreover, we highlight the role of miRNAs in autophagy-related pathways in different cancers. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Razavi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nayyerehsadat Hosseini
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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11
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Howarth A, Madureira PA, Lockwood G, Storer LCD, Grundy R, Rahman R, Pilkington GJ, Hill R. Modulating autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of paediatric high-grade glioma. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:707-725. [PMID: 31012506 PMCID: PMC8028648 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG) represent a therapeutically challenging group of tumors. Despite decades of research, there has been minimal improvement in treatment and the clinical prognosis remains poor. Autophagy, a highly conserved process for recycling metabolic substrates is upregulated in pHGG, promoting tumor progression and evading cell death. There is significant crosstalk between autophagy and a plethora of critical cellular pathways, many of which are dysregulated in pHGG. The following article will discuss our current understanding of autophagy signaling in pHGG and the potential modulation of this network as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Howarth
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Patricia A. Madureira
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR)University of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - George Lockwood
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Lisa C. D. Storer
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Richard Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Geoffrey J. Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Richard Hill
- Brain Tumour Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, IBBSUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
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12
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Zahedi S, Fitzwalter BE, Morin A, Grob S, Desmarais M, Nellan A, Green AL, Vibhakar R, Hankinson TC, Foreman NK, Mulcahy Levy JM. Effect of early-stage autophagy inhibition in BRAF V600E autophagy-dependent brain tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:679. [PMID: 31515514 PMCID: PMC6742667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a multistage process. Progress within the field has led to the development of agents targeting both early (initiation) and late (fusion) stages of this process. The specific stage of autophagy targeted may influence cancer treatment outcomes. We have previously shown that central nervous system (CNS) tumors with the BRAFV600E mutation are autophagy dependent, and late-stage autophagy inhibition improves the response to targeted BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) in sensitive and resistant cells. Drugs directed toward initiation of autophagy have been shown to reduce tumor cell death in some cancers, but have not been assessed in CNS tumors. We investigated early-stage inhibition for autophagy-dependent CNS tumors. BRAFi-sensitive and resistant AM38 and MAF794 cell lines were evaluated for the response to pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ULK1 and VPS34, two crucial subunits of the autophagy initiation complexes. Changes in autophagy were monitored by western blot and flow cytometry. Survival was evaluated in short- and long-term growth assays. Tumor cells exhibited a reduced autophagic flux with pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of ULK1 or VPS34. Pharmacologic inhibition reduced cell survival in a dose-dependent manner for both targets. Genetic inhibition reduced cell survival and confirmed that it was an autophagy-specific effect. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition were also synergistic with BRAFi, irrespective of RAFi sensitivity. Inhibition of ULK1 and VPS34 are potentially viable clinical targets in autophagy-dependent CNS tumors. Further evaluation is needed to determine if early-stage autophagy inhibition is equal to late-stage inhibition to determine the optimal clinical target for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Zahedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brent E Fitzwalter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Morin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sydney Grob
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michele Desmarais
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anandani Nellan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam L Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Todd C Hankinson
- The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. .,The Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
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13
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Kang SJ, Rhee WJ. Silkworm Storage Protein 1 Inhibits Autophagy-Mediated Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020318. [PMID: 30646576 PMCID: PMC6359030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a natural physiological process, and it induces the lysosomal degradation of intracellular components in response to environmental stresses, including nutrient starvation. Although an adequate autophagy level helps in cell survival, excessive autophagy triggered by stress such as starvation leads to autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for producing biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies. However, apoptosis induced by high stress levels, including nutrient deficiency, is a major problem in cell cultures grown in bioreactors, which should be overcome. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for suppressing excessive autophagy and for maintaining an appropriate autophagy level in cells. Therefore, we investigated the effect of silkworm storage protein 1 (SP1), an antiapoptotic protein, on autophagy-mediated apoptosis. SP1-expressing CHO cells were generated to assess the effect and molecular mechanism of SP1 in suppressing autophagy. These cells were cultured under starvation conditions by treatment with Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) to induce autophagy. We observed that SP1 significantly inhibited autophagy-mediated apoptosis by suppressing caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, SP1 suppressed EBSS-induced conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and the expression of autophagy-related protein 7. Notably, basal Beclin-1 level was significantly low in the SP1-expressing cells, indicating that SP1 regulated upstream events in the autophagy pathway. Together, these findings suggest that SP1 offers a new strategy for overcoming severe autophagy-mediated apoptosis in mammalian cells, and it can be used widely in biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Kang
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
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14
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Chemical modulation of autophagy as an adjunct to chemotherapy in childhood and adolescent brain tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35266-35277. [PMID: 30443293 PMCID: PMC6219655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children and are the most challenging childhood cancer in relation to diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. One potential novel strategy to improve outcomes in cancer involves the manipulation of autophagy, a fundamental process in all cells. In cancer, autophagy can be thought of as having a "Janus"-like duality. On one face, especially in the early phases of cancer formation, autophagy can act as a cellular housekeeper to eliminate damaged organelles and recycle macromolecules, thus acting as tumor suppressor. On the other face, at later stages of tumor progression, autophagy can function as a pro-survival pathway in response to metabolic stresses such as nutrient depravation, hypoxia and indeed to chemotherapy itself, and can support cell growth by supplying much needed energy. In the context of chemotherapy, autophagy may, in some cases, mediate resistance to treatment. We present an overview of the relevance of autophagy in central nervous system tumors including how its chemical modulation can serve as a useful adjunct to chemotherapy, and use this knowledge to consider how targeting of autophagy may be relevant in pediatric brain tumors.
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15
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Abstract
In this review, Amaravadi et al. discuss recent developments in the role of autophagy in cancer, in particular how autophagy can promote cancer through suppressing p53 and preventing energy crisis, cell death, senescence, and an anti-tumor immune response. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is induced by starvation to capture and degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes, which recycles intracellular components to sustain metabolism and survival. Autophagy also plays a major homeostatic role in controlling protein and organelle quality and quantity. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to many diseases. In cancer, autophagy can be neutral, tumor-suppressive, or tumor-promoting in different contexts. Large-scale genomic analysis of human cancers indicates that the loss or mutation of core autophagy genes is uncommon, whereas oncogenic events that activate autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis have been identified. Autophagic flux, however, is difficult to measure in human tumor samples, making functional assessment of autophagy problematic in a clinical setting. Autophagy impacts cellular metabolism, the proteome, and organelle numbers and quality, which alter cell functions in diverse ways. Moreover, autophagy influences the interaction between the tumor and the host by promoting stress adaptation and suppressing activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, autophagy can promote a cross-talk between the tumor and the stroma, which can support tumor growth, particularly in a nutrient-limited microenvironment. Thus, the role of autophagy in cancer is determined by nutrient availability, microenvironment stress, and the presence of an immune system. Here we discuss recent developments in the role of autophagy in cancer, in particular how autophagy can promote cancer through suppressing p53 and preventing energy crisis, cell death, senescence, and an anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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16
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Mulcahy Levy JM, Zahedi S, Griesinger AM, Morin A, Davies KD, Aisner DL, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Fitzwalter BE, Goodall ML, Thorburn J, Amani V, Donson AM, Birks DK, Mirsky DM, Hankinson TC, Handler MH, Green AL, Vibhakar R, Foreman NK, Thorburn A. Autophagy inhibition overcomes multiple mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibition in brain tumors. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28094001 PMCID: PMC5241115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors are effective cancer therapies, but tumors frequently develop resistance. Current strategies to circumvent resistance target the same or parallel pathways. We report here that targeting a completely different process, autophagy, can overcome multiple BRAF inhibitor resistance mechanisms in brain tumors. BRAFV600Emutations occur in many pediatric brain tumors. We previously reported that these tumors are autophagy-dependent and a patient was successfully treated with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine after failure of the BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib, suggesting autophagy inhibition overcame the kinase inhibitor resistance. We tested this hypothesis in vemurafenib-resistant brain tumors. Genetic and pharmacological autophagy inhibition overcame molecularly distinct resistance mechanisms, inhibited tumor cell growth, and increased cell death. Patients with resistance had favorable clinical responses when chloroquine was added to vemurafenib. This provides a fundamentally different strategy to circumvent multiple mechanisms of kinase inhibitor resistance that could be rapidly tested in clinical trials in patients with BRAFV600E brain tumors. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19671.001 Cancers of the brain and spine are the second most common kind of tumor in children, after cancers of the blood and bone marrow. Yet brain and spine tumors kill more children than any other cancer, in part because many become resistant to treatment. Like in other cancers, cells in brain and spine tumors often use a process called autophagy to survive the treatments that are used to try and kill them. This process allows cells to recycle proteins and other things inside the cell and use them for energy when the cell is under stress. In 2014, researchers reported that brain tumors carrying a mutation called BRAFV600E rely on autophagy to survive treatment with medications that target this mutation. These findings suggested that blocking autophagy might make the medications more effective against BRAFV600Emutant tumors and overcome the resistance. Now, Mulcahy Levy et al. – who include most of the researchers involved in the 2014 study – report that blocking autophagy does indeed overcome this kind of resistance in multiple types of tumor. The experiments made use of human brain tumor cells that can be grown in the laboratory and have been widely studied, as well as samples collected from patients. Mulcahy Levy et al. were able to block autophagy in the tumor cells by using genetic methods and, importantly, by using an approved and inexpensive drug that could be rapidly translated into clinical trials. Together these findings suggest that blocking autophagy in patients might be a safe and effective strategy to improve their response to existing therapies that target the BRAFV600E mutation. Future clinical trials are now needed to test more patients and verify if this treatment plan can be broadly effective in patients with these types of brain cancers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19671.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Shadi Zahedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Andrea M Griesinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Andrew Morin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Kurtis D Davies
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Dara L Aisner
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - B K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Brent E Fitzwalter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Megan L Goodall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Jacqueline Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Vladimir Amani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Andrew M Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Diane K Birks
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - David M Mirsky
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Todd C Hankinson
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Michael H Handler
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
| | - Adam L Green
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Nicholas K Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States.,Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, United States
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, United States
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17
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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Sun X, Feng Y, Du Y, Liu F, Yu C, Jin F. Chloroquine (CQ) exerts anti-breast cancer through modulating microenvironment and inducing apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 42:100-107. [PMID: 27912145 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CQ is an anti-malaria drug, which has been used for years. However, there are published articles about its activity in anti-cancers. The aim of this approach was to look at possibility and related mechanisms of anti-breast cancer (mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1) by CQ alone. The studies of anti 4T1 in vitro and in vivo by CQ were performed. The growth of 4T1 in vitro and in vivo, survival of mice post treatment with CQ, changes of immune parameters and microenvironment in mice were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that CQ could markedly inhibit growth of 4T1 in vitro through inducing apoptosis of cells, inhibiting secretion of TGF-β and prolong the mice survival in vivo through boosting immune system by upregulating CD8+ T cell, and through down-regulating tumor associated macrophages (TAM), myeloid derived suppressing cells (MDSC) and Tregs, in microenvironment of mice bearing tumor. This provides a new mode of action for CQ and it is therefore concluded that CQ could be with potential in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yonghui Feng
- Department of Medical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yunting Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Chunyun Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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18
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Li J, Tang C, Li L, Li R, Fan Y. Quercetin blocks t-AUCB-induced autophagy by Hsp27 and Atg7 inhibition in glioblastoma cells in vitro. J Neurooncol 2016; 129:39-45. [PMID: 27174198 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the acquired resistance because of Hsp27 activation weakens the cytotoxic effect of t-AUCB on glioblastoma cells. Since autophagy is regarded as a survival mechanism for cells exposed to cytotoxic agents, the aim of this study is to investigate whether t-AUCB induces autophagy and whether Hsp27 and autophagy are interacted with each other. Our data demonstrated that t-AUCB induces autophagy in glioblastoma cells and regulates multiple autophagy related-gene expression. t-AUCB induces overexpression of Atg7, which is downstream of Hsp27 and participates in the resistance of glioblastoma cells to t-AUCB treatment. Hsp27 inhibitor quercetin suppresses Atg7 expression and strengthens t-AUCB-induced cell death by autophagy blockage. We concluded that combination of quercetin and t-AUCB might be a potential strategy for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rujun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Youwu Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Liu WH, Chen MT, Wang ML, Lee YY, Chiou GY, Chien CS, Huang PI, Chen YW, Huang MC, Chiou SH, Shih YH, Ma HI. Cisplatin-selected resistance is associated with increased motility and stem-like properties via activation of STAT3/Snail axis in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1750-68. [PMID: 25638155 PMCID: PMC4359329 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor with great recurrence after complete surgery and chemotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that cisplatin treatment selects not only for resistance but also for a more oncogenic phenotype characterized by high self-renewal and invasive capabilities. These phenomena are likely due to STAT3 upregulatoin which occurred simultaneously with higher expression of Snail, an activator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in ATRT-CisR cells. STAT3 knockdown effectively suppressed Snail expression and blocked motility and invasion in ATRT-CisR cells, while overexpressing Snail reversed these effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that STAT3 directly bound to Snail promoter. Moreover, STAT3 knockdown effectively suppressed cancer stem-like properties, synergistically enhanced the chemotherapeutic effect, and significantly improved survival rate in ATRT-CisR-transplanted immunocompromised mice. Finally, immunohistochemistrical analysis showed that STAT3 and Snail were coexpressed at high levels in recurrent ATRT tissues. Thus, the STAT3/Snail pathway plays an important role in oncogenic resistance, rendering cells not only drug-resistant but also increasingly oncogenic (invasion, EMT and recurrence). Therefore, the STAT3/Snail could be a target for ATRT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Teh Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yen Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yuh Chiou
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung Univeristy, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Ma
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Hedgehog signaling is synergistically enhanced by nutritional deprivation and ligand stimulation in human fibroblasts of Gorlin syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:318-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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miR-let-7f-1 regulates SPARC mediated cisplatin resistance in medulloblastoma cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2193-201. [PMID: 25014664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) expression suppressed medulloblastoma tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Here we sought to determine the effect of SPARC expression in medulloblastoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we show that SPARC expression induces cisplatin resistance in medulloblastoma cells. We also demonstrate that the autophagy was involved in SPARC expression mediated resistance to cisplatin. Suppression of autophagy by either autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenosine (3MA) or Atg5 siRNA enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in SPARC expressed cells. Further, SPARC expression suppressed miR-let-7f-1 expression which resulted in disrupted repression of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), a critical regulator of autophagy. We also show that HMGB1 is a direct target of miR-let-7f-1 and forced expression of HMGB1 cDNA enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in SPARC expressed cells. In summary, our results suggest that SPARC modulates cisplatin resistance by modulating the Let-7f-1 miRNA/HMGB1 axis in medulloblastoma cells.
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22
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Levy JMM, Thompson JC, Griesinger AM, Amani V, Donson AM, Birks DK, Morgan MJ, Mirsky DM, Handler MH, Foreman NK, Thorburn A. Autophagy inhibition improves chemosensitivity in BRAF(V600E) brain tumors. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:773-80. [PMID: 24823863 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autophagy inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer, but it is unknown which tumors will benefit. The BRAF(V600E) mutation has been identified as important in pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors and is known to affect autophagy in other tumor types. We evaluated CNS tumor cells with BRAF(V600E) and found that mutant (but not wild-type) cells display high rates of induced autophagy, are sensitive to pharmacologic and genetic autophagy inhibition, and display synergy when the clinically used autophagy inhibitor chloroquine was combined with the RAF inhibitor vemurafenib or standard chemotherapeutics. Importantly, we also demonstrate that chloroquine can improve vemurafenib sensitivity in a resistant ex vivo primary culture and provide the first demonstration in a patient harboring the V600E mutation treated with vemurafenib that the addition of chloroquine can improve clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that CNS tumors with BRAF(V600E) are autophagy-dependent and should be targeted with autophagy inhibition in combination with other therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE Autophagy inhibition may improve cancer therapy, but it is unclear which tumors will benefit. We found that BRAF mutations cause brain tumor cells to depend on autophagy and display selective chemosensitization with autophagy inhibition. We present a pediatric case in which deliberate autophagy inhibition halted tumor growth and overcame acquired BRAF-inhibition resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M Mirsky
- Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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23
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Panosyan EH, Wang Y, Xia P, Lee WNP, Pak Y, Laks DR, Lin HJ, Moore TB, Cloughesy TF, Kornblum HI, Lasky JL. Asparagine depletion potentiates the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy against brain tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:694-702. [PMID: 24505127 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Targeting amino acid metabolism has therapeutic implications for aggressive brain tumors. Asparagine is an amino acid that is synthesized by normal cells. However, some cancer cells lack asparagine synthetase (ASNS), the key enzyme for asparagine synthesis. Asparaginase (ASNase) contributes to eradication of acute leukemia by decreasing asparagine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. However, leukemic cells may become ASNase-resistant by upregulating ASNS. High expression of ASNS has also been associated with biologic aggressiveness of other cancers, including gliomas. Here, the impact of enzymatic depletion of asparagine on proliferation of brain tumor cells was determined. ASNase was used as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Viability assays for ASNase-treated cells demonstrated significant growth reduction in multiple cell lines. This effect was reversed by glutamine in a dose-dependent manner--as expected, because glutamine is the main amino group donor for asparagine synthesis. ASNase treatment also reduced sphere formation by medulloblastoma and primary glioblastoma cells. ASNase-resistant glioblastoma cells exhibited elevated levels of ASNS mRNA. ASNase cotreatment significantly enhanced gemcitabine or etoposide cytotoxicity against glioblastoma cells. Xenograft tumors in vivo showed no significant response to ASNase monotherapy and little response to temozolomide alone. However, combinatorial therapy with ASNase and temozolomide resulted in significant growth suppression for an extended duration of time. Taken together, these findings indicate that amino acid depletion warrants further investigation as adjunctive therapy for brain tumors. IMPLICATIONS Findings have potential impact for providing adjuvant means to enhance brain tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard H Panosyan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance; Departments of 2Psychiatry and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and 3Pediatrics; and 4The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
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24
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Christoph S, Deryckere D, Schlegel J, Frazer JK, Batchelor LA, Trakhimets AY, Sather S, Hunter DM, Cummings CT, Liu J, Yang C, Kireev D, Simpson C, Norris-Drouin J, Hull-Ryde EA, Janzen WP, Johnson GL, Wang X, Frye SV, Earp HS, Graham DK. UNC569, a novel small-molecule mer inhibitor with efficacy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2367-77. [PMID: 23997116 PMCID: PMC3823742 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. Although survival rates have improved, patients with certain biologic subtypes still have suboptimal outcomes. Current chemotherapeutic regimens are associated with short- and long-term toxicities and novel, less toxic therapeutic strategies are needed. Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is ectopically expressed in ALL patient samples and cell lines. Inhibition of Mer expression reduces prosurvival signaling, increases chemosensitivity, and delays development of leukemia in vivo, suggesting that Mer tyrosine kinase inhibitors are excellent candidates for targeted therapies. Brain and spinal tumors are the second most common malignancies in childhood. Multiple chemotherapy approaches and radiotherapies have been attempted, yet overall survival remains dismal. Mer is also abnormally expressed in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT), providing a rationale for targeting Mer as a therapeutic strategy. We have previously described UNC569, the first small-molecule Mer inhibitor. This article describes the biochemical and biologic effects of UNC569 in ALL and AT/RT. UNC569 inhibited Mer activation and downstream signaling through ERK1/2 and AKT, determined by Western blot analysis. Treatment with UNC569 reduced proliferation/survival in liquid culture, decreased colony formation in methylcellulose/soft agar, and increased sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapies. MYC transgenic zebrafish with T-ALL were treated with UNC569 (4 μmol/L for two weeks). Fluorescence was quantified as indicator of the distribution of lymphoblasts, which express Mer and enhanced GFP. UNC569 induced more than 50% reduction in tumor burden compared with vehicle- and mock-treated fish. These data support further development of Mer inhibitors as effective therapies in ALL and AT/RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Christoph
- Corresponding Author: Douglas K. Graham, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8302, Building RC1-N, Room P18-4400, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24:756-68. [PMID: 23079785 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32835a4c91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Westendorf AF, Woods JA, Korpis K, Farrer NJ, Salassa L, Robinson K, Appleyard V, Murray K, Grünert R, Thompson AM, Sadler PJ, Bednarski PJ. Trans,trans,trans-[PtIV(N3)2(OH)2(py)(NH3)]: a light-activated antitumor platinum complex that kills human cancer cells by an apoptosis-independent mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1894-904. [PMID: 22710878 PMCID: PMC5521251 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable Pt(IV) diazido complexes have unusual photobiologic properties. We show here that trans,trans,trans-[Pt(IV)(N(3))(2)(OH)(2)(py)(NH(3))] complex 3 is a potent photoactivated cytotoxin toward human cancer cells in culture, with an average IC(50) value in 13 cell lines of 55 ± 28 μmol/L after 30 minutes (0.12 mW/cm(2)) photoactivation with UVA, although visible light was also effective. Photoactivated complex 3 was noncross-resistant to cisplatin in 3 of 4 resistant cell lines. Cell swelling but very little blebbing was seen for HL60 cells treated with irradiated complex 3. Unlike cisplatin and etoposide, both of which cause apoptosis in HL60 cells, no apoptosis was observed for UVA-activated complex 3 by the Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytotometry assay. Changes in the levels of the autophagic proteins LC3B-II and p62 in HL60 cells treated with UVA-activated complex 3 indicate autophagy is active during cell death. In a clonogenic assay with the SISO human cervix cancer cell line, 3 inhibited colony formation when activated by UVA irradiation. Antitumor activity of complex 3 in mice bearing xenografted OE19 esophageal carcinoma tumors was photoaugmented by visible light. Insights into the novel reaction pathways of complex 3 have been obtained from (14)N{(1)H} nuclear magnetic resonance studies, which show that photoactivation pathways can involve release of free azide in buffered solution. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations revealed the dissociative character of singlet and triplet excited states of complex 3, which gives rise to reactive, possibly cytotoxic azidyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron F. Westendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julie A. Woods
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Katharina Korpis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicola J. Farrer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kim Robinson
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Virginia Appleyard
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Karen Murray
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Renate Grünert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alastair M. Thompson
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick J. Bednarski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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