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Ramot Y, Kronfeld N, Steiner M, Manassa NN, Bahar A, Nyska A. Neural tissue tolerance to synthetic dural mater graft implantation in a rabbit durotomy model. J Toxicol Pathol 2024; 37:83-91. [PMID: 38584968 PMCID: PMC10995433 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2023-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In neurosurgical interventions, effective closure of the dura mater is essential to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage and minimize post-operative complications. Biodegradable synthetic materials have the potential to be used as dura mater grafts owing to their regenerative properties and low immunogenicity. This study evaluated the safety of ArtiFascia, a synthetic dura mater graft composed of poly(l-lactic-co-caprolactone acid) and poly(d-lactic-co-caprolactone acid), in a rabbit durotomy model. Previously, ArtiFascia demonstrated positive local tolerance and biodegradability in a 12-month preclinical trial. Here, specialized stains were used to evaluate potential brain damage associated with ArtiFascia use. Histochemical and immunohistochemical assessments included Luxol Fast Blue, cresyl Violet, Masson's Trichrome, neuronal nuclei,, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 stains. The stained slides were graded based on the brain-specific reactions. The results showed no damage to the underlying brain tissue for either the ArtiFascia or control implants. Neither inflammation nor neuronal loss was evident, corroborating the safety of the ArtiFascia. This approach, combined with previous histopathological analyses, strengthens the safety profile of ArtiFascia and sets a benchmark for biodegradable material assessment in dura graft applications. This study aligns with the Food and Drug Administration guidelines and offers a comprehensive evaluation of the potential neural tissue effects of synthetic dura mater grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, PO Box
12000, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
- The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO
Box 12272, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Noam Kronfeld
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, PO Box
12000, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
- Envigo CRS (Israel), Einstein St., Building 13B, Weizmann
Science Park, Ness Ziona, 7414001, Israel
| | - Michal Steiner
- Pre-Clinical Consultant, Carmel St. 11/22, Rehovot, 7630511,
Israel
| | - Nora Nseir Manassa
- Nurami Medical Nanofiber Technology, Ha-Namal St 36, Haifa,
303203, Israel
| | - Amir Bahar
- Nurami Medical Nanofiber Technology, Ha-Namal St 36, Haifa,
303203, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv and Tel Aviv
University, Yehuda HaMaccabi 31, Tel Aviv 6200515, Israel
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Jung HY, Kwon HJ, Kim W, Yoo DY, Kang MS, Choi JH, Moon SM, Kim DW, Hwang IK. Extracts from Dendropanax morbifera leaves ameliorates cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal damage by reducing oxidative damage in gerbil. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107483. [PMID: 37976794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we investigated the effects of Dendropanax morbifera extract (DME) on neuroprotection against ischemic damage in gerbils. METHODS DME (100 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administered to gerbils for three weeks, and 2 h after the last DME treatment, transient forebrain ischemia in the common carotid arteries was induced for 5 min. The forebrain ischemia-related cognitive impairments were assessed by spontaneous motor activity and passive avoidance test one and four days after ischemia, respectively. In addition, surviving and degenerating neurons were morphologically confirmed by neuronal nuclei immunohistochemical staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining, respectively, four days after ischemia. Changes of glial morphology were visualized by immunohistochemical staining for each marker such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding protein. Oxidative stress was determined by measurements of dihydroethidium, O2· (formation of formazan) and malondialdehyde two days after ischemia. In addition, glutathione redox system such as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were measured two days after ischemia. RESULTS Spontaneous motor activity monitoring and passive avoidance tests showed that treatment with 300 mg/kg DME, but not 100 mg/kg, significantly alleviated ischemia-induced memory impairments. In addition, approximately 67 % of mature neurons survived and 29.3 % neurons were degenerated in hippocampal CA1 region four days after ischemia, and ischemia-induced morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were decreased in the CA1 region after 300 mg/kg DME treatment. Furthermore, treatment with 300 mg/kg DME significantly ameliorated ischemia-induced oxidative stress, such as superoxide formation and lipid peroxidation, two days after ischemia. In addition, ischemia-induced reduction of the glutathione redox system in the hippocampus, assessed two days after the ischemia, was ameliorated by treatment with 300 mg/kg DME. These suggest that DME can potentially reduce ischemia-induced neuronal damage through its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy & Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kim W, Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Hahn KR, Yoon YS, Hwang IK, Choi SY, Kim DW. Neuroprotective Effects of Purpurin Against Ischemic Damage via MAPKs, Bax, and Oxidative Stress Cascades in the Gerbil Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2580-2592. [PMID: 35094304 PMCID: PMC9016019 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpurin has various effects, including anti-inflammatory effects, and can efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. In the present study, we investigated the effects of purpurin on oxidative stress in HT22 cells and mild brain damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient forebrain ischemia. Oxidative stress induced by H2O2 was significantly ameliorated by treatment with purpurin, based on changes in cell death, DNA fragmentation, formation of reactive oxygen species, and pro-apoptotic (Bax)/anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein levels. In addition, treatment with purpurin significantly reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), and p38 signaling in HT22 cells. Transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils led to a significant increase in locomotor activity 1 day after ischemia and significant decrease in number of surviving cells in the CA1 region 4 days after ischemia. Administration of purpurin reduced the travel distance 1 day after ischemia and abrogates the neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia based on immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for NeuN and Fluoro-Jade C, respectively. Purpurin treatment significantly decreased the activation of microglia and astrocytes as well as the increases of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia and ameliorated the ischemia-induced transient increases of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the hippocampus 6 h after ischemia. In addition, purpurin significantly alleviated the ischemia-induced phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 in the hippocampus 1 day after ischemia. Furthermore, purpurin treatment significantly mitigated the increases of Bax in the hippocampus 1 day after ischemia and the lipid peroxidation based on malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides levels 2 days after ischemia. These results suggest that purpurin can be one of the potential candidates to reduce neuronal damage and inflammatory responses after oxidative stress in HT22 cells or ischemic damage in gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, South Korea.
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, South Korea.
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Shcherbak NS, Yukina GY, Gurbo AG, Sukhorukova EG, Sargsian AG, Barantsevich ER, Thomson VV, Galagudza MM. Reaction of Microglia and Neurons of the Hippocampal CA1 Field to Chloral Hydrate in Old Rats. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057021040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang X, Wang LP, Ziober A, Zhang PJ, Bagg A. Ionized Calcium Binding Adaptor Molecule 1 (IBA1). Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:86-99. [PMID: 33582751 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1), a marker of microglia/macrophages, has not been investigated in human hematopathologic contexts. We evaluated its expression in mature and immature neoplasms of monocytic/histiocytic and dendritic cell (DC) origin. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for IBA1, CD14, CD68, and CD163 was performed on a total of 114 cases, including a spectrum of monocytic/histiocytic and DC neoplasms (20 tissue based and 59 bone marrow based) and several nonhistiocytic/monocytic/DC neoplasms as control groups (15 tissue based and 20 bone marrow based). RESULTS IBA1 expression was observed in all types of mature tissue-based histiocytic/DC neoplasms (20/20) but not in the corresponding control group (0/15). In bone marrow-based cases, IBA1 was expressed in most acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) with monocytic differentiation (48/53), both blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms (2/2), and all chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (4/4), while it was positive in only one nonmonocytic AML (1/15) and none of the acute lymphoblastic leukemias (0/5). Collectively, IBA1 showed much higher sensitivity and specificity (93.7%, 97.1%) compared with CD14 (65.4%, 88.2%), CD68 (74.4%, 74.2%), and CD163 (52.6%, 90.6%). CONCLUSIONS IBA1 is a novel, highly sensitive, and specific marker for diagnosing neoplasms of monocytic/histiocytic and DC origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Amy Ziober
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Adam Bagg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Lee CH, Ahn JH, Lee TK, Sim H, Lee JC, Park JH, Shin MC, Cho JH, Kim DW, Won MH, Choi SY. Comparison of Neuronal Death, Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in the Hippocampal CA1 Region Following Mild and Severe Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Gerbils. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2852-2866. [PMID: 34050880 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transient ischemia in the brain causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and dysfunction, which is related to ischemia-induced neuronal damage. Leakage of plasma proteins following transient ischemia is one of the indicators that is used to determine the extent of BBB dysfunction. In this study, neuronal damage/death, leakage of albumin and IgG, microgliosis, and inflammatory cytokine expression were examined in the hippocampal CA1 region, which is vulnerable to transient ischemia, following 5-min (mild) and 15-min (severe) ischemia in gerbils induced by transient common carotid arteries occlusion (tCCAo). tCCAo-induced neuronal damage/death occurred earlier and was more severe after 15-min tCCAo vs. after 5-min tCCAo. Significant albumin and IgG leakage (albumin and IgG immunoreactivity) took 1 or 2 days to begin, and immunoreactivity was markedly increased 5 days after 5-min tCCAo. While, albumin and IgG leakage began to increase 6 h after 15-min tCCAo and remained significantly higher over time than that seen in 5-min tCCAo. IgG immunoreactivity was observed in degenerating neurons and activated microglia after tCCAo, and microglia were activated to a greater extent after 15-min tCCAo than 5-min tCCAo. In addition, following 15-min tCCAo, pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)] immunoreactivity was significantly higher than that seen following 5-min tCCAo, whereas immunoreactivity of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) was lower in 15-min than 5-min tCCAo. These results indicate that duration of tCCAo differentially affects the timing and degree of neuronal damage or loss, albumin and IgG leakage and inflammatory cytokine expression in brain tissue. In addition, more severe BBB leakage is closely related to acceleration of neuronal damage through increased microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, 50510, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Sim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Seo WJ, Ahn JH, Lee TK, Kim B, Lee JC, Park JH, Yoo YH, Shin MC, Cho JH, Won MH, Park Y. High fat diet accelerates and exacerbates microgliosis and neuronal damage/death in the somatosensory cortex after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:28. [PMID: 32832423 PMCID: PMC7439675 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been known as an independent risk factor for stroke. Effects of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on neuronal damage in the somatosensory cortex of animal models of cerebral ischemia have not been studied yet. In this study, HFD-induced obesity was used to study the impact of obesity on neuronal damage/loss and microgliosis in the somatosensory cortex of a gerbil model of 5-min transient forebrain ischemia. We used gerbils fed normal diet (ND) and HFD and chronologically examined microgliosis (microglial cell activation) by ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunohistochemistry. In addition, we examined neuronal damage or death by using neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN, a neuronal marker) immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining. We found that ischemia-induced microgliosis in ND-fed gerbils was increased from 2 days post-ischemia; however, ischemia-mediated microgliosis in HFD-fed gerbils increased from 1 day post-ischemia and more accelerated with time than that in the ND-fed gerbils. Ischemia-induced neuronal death/loss in the somatosensory cortex in the ND-fed gerbils was apparently found at 5 days post-ischemia. However, in the HFD-fed gerbils, neuronal death/loss was shown from 2 days post-ischemia and progressively exacerbated at 5 days post-ischemia. Our findings indicate that HFD can evoke earlier microgliosis and more detrimental neuronal death/loss in the somatosensory cortex after transient ischemia than ND evokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Joo Seo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252 Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252 Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Yoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsoo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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Zhang SJ, Wang RL, Zhao HP, Tao Z, Li JC, Ju F, Han ZP, Ma QF, Liu P, Ma SB, Cao GD, Luo YM. MEPO promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis but suppresses gliogenesis in mice with acute ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 849:1-10. [PMID: 30716313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously study has proved the non-erythropoietic mutant erythropoietin (MEPO) exerted neuroprotective effects against ischemic cerebral injury, with an efficacy similar to that of wild-type EPO. This study investigates its effects on neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and gliogenesis in cerebral ischemic mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. EPO (5000 U/kg), MEPO (5000 U/kg) or equal volume of normal saline was injected intraperitoneally. Neurological function was evaluated by Rota-rod test, Neurological severity scores (NSS) and Adhesive removal test. After ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), the survival rate, brain tissue loss, neurogenesis, angiogenesis and gliogenesis were detected by Nissl staining, Immunofluorescence and Western blot, respectively. The results shown that MEPO significantly increased survival rate, reduced brain tissue loss, and improved neurological function after MCAO (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MEPO obviously enhanced the proliferation of neuronal precursors (DCX) and promoted its differentiation into mature neurons (NeuN) (P < 0.05). In addition, compared to normal saline treatment mice, MEPO increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the cerebral vasculature (P < 0.05). Whereas, MEPO treatment also reduced the numbers of newly generated astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia (Iba1) (P < 0.05). Among all the tests in this study, there was no significant difference between EPO group and MEPO group. Taken together, MEPO promoted the regeneration of neurons and blood vessels in peripheral area of infarction, and suppressed the gliogenesis, thus promoting neurogenesis, improving neurological function and survival rate. Our findings suggest that the MEPO may be a therapeutic drug for ischemic stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Liang Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ping Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, China
| | - Fei Ju
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ping Han
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Feng Ma
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Bei Ma
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Dong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Yu-Min Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
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9
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Controlled release of corticosteroid with biodegradable nanoparticles for treating experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Control Release 2019; 296:68-80. [PMID: 30660629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Noninfectious uveitis is a potentially blinding ocular condition that often requires treatment with corticosteroids to prevent inflammation-related ocular complications. Severe forms of uveitis such as panuveitis that affects the whole eye often require a combination of topical and either regional or systemic corticosteroid. Regional corticosteroids are currently delivered inside the eye by intravitreal injection (e.g. Ozurdex®, an intravitreal dexamethasone implant). Intravitreal injection is associated with rare but potentially serious side effects, including endophthalmitis, retinal and vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Subconjunctival (SCT) injection is a less invasive option that is a common route used for post-surgical drug administration and treatment of infection and severe inflammation. However, it is the water soluble form of dexamethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP), that has been demonstrated to achieve high intraocular penetration with subconjunctival injection. It is difficult to load highly water soluble drugs, such as DSP, and achieve sustained drug release using conventional encapsulation methods. We found that use of carboxyl-terminated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) allowed encapsulation of DSP into biodegradable nanoparticles (NP) with relatively high drug content (6% w/w) if divalent zinc ions were used as an ionic "bridge" between the PLGA and DSP. DSP-Zn-NP had an average diameter of 210 nm, narrow particle size distribution (polydispersity index ~0.1), and near neutral surface charge (-9 mV). DSP-Zn-NP administered by SCT injection provided detectable DSP levels in both the anterior chamber and vitreous chamber of the eye for at least 3 weeks. In a rat model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), inflammation was significantly reduced in both the front and back of the eye in animals that received a single SCT injection of DSP-Zn-NP as compared to animals that received either aqueous DSP solution or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). DSP-Zn-NP efficacy was evidenced by a reduced clinical disease score, decreased expression of various inflammatory cytokines, and preserved retinal structure and function. Furthermore, SCT DSP-Zn-NP significantly reduced microglia cell density in the retina, a hallmark of EAU in rats. DSP-Zn-NP hold promise as a new strategy to treat noninfectious uveitis and potentially other ocular inflammatory disorders.
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Lee JC, Shin BN, Cho JH, Lee TK, Kim IH, Noh Y, Kim SS, Lee HA, Kim YM, Kim H, Cho JH, Park JH, Ahn JH, Kang IJ, Hwang IK, Won MH, Shin MC. Brain ischemic preconditioning protects against moderate, not severe, transient global cerebral ischemic injury. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1193-1201. [PMID: 29644488 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the brain increases ischemic tolerance to subsequent ischemic insults. In this study, we examined whether IPC protects neurons and attenuates microgliosis or not in the hippocampus following severe transient global cerebral ischemia (TCI) in gerbils. Gerbils were assigned to 8 groups; 5- and 15-min sham operated groups, 5-min and 15-min TCI operated groups, IPC plus 5- and 15-min sham operated groups, and IPC plus 5- and 15-min TCI operated groups. IPC was induced by subjecting animals to 2-min transient ischemia 1 day before 5-min TCI for a typical transient ischemia and 15-min TCI for severe transient ischemia. Neuronal damage was examined by cresyl violet staining and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. In addition, microglial activation was examined using immunohistochemistry for Iba-1 (a marker for microglia). Delayed neuronal death and microgliosis was found in the CA1 alone in the 5-min TCI operated group at 5 days post-ischemia, and, in the 15-min TCI operated group, neuronal death and microgliosis was shown in all CA areas (CA1-3) and the dentate gyrus. IPC displayed neuroprotection and attenuated microglial activation in the 5-min TCI operated group. However, in the 15-min TCI operated group, IPC did not show neuroprotection and not attenuate microglial activation. Our present findings indicate that IPC hardly protect against severe transient cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bich-Na Shin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, 13837, Republic of Korea
| | - YooHun Noh
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, 13837, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, 13837, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Ah Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungju Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, 27376, Republic of Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Oral Administration of Red Ginseng Extract Promotes Neurorestoration after Compressive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1265464. [PMID: 28828029 PMCID: PMC5554560 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1265464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Red ginseng and its active ingredients have been shown to decrease neuron death after brain ischemia in experimental animals. However, little is known about the effects of orally administered ginseng extract on spinal cord injury. We orally gave red ginseng extract (RGE) to rats with compressed spinal cord injury (SCI). Open-field locomotor scores were measured as indices of motor function. Histopathological changes and cytokine expressions in situ after SCI were evaluated. Compared to vehicle treatment, RGE treatment (350 mg/kg/day) significantly improved locomotor score up to levels close to those pre-SCI, prevented neuron loss, and facilitated the restoration of white matter in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI. Treatment with RGE caused less aggregation of Iba-1-positive microglia in grey and white matter at 7 days after SCI, upregulated the expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-xL, and reduced IL-1β and TNFα expressions in the spinal cord at 7 and 14 days after SCI. We concluded that oral administration of RGE facilitates almost complete functional recovery from motor and behavioral abnormalities in rats with SCI and prevents neuron death in situ, possibly through inhibition of inflammation and upregulation of neuroprotective factors in the injured spinal cord.
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Hwang IK, Park JH, Lee TK, Kim DW, Yoo KY, Ahn JH, Kim YH, Cho JH, Kim YM, Won MH, Moon SM. CD74-immunoreactive activated M1 microglia are shown late in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region following transient cerebral ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4148-4154. [PMID: 28487994 PMCID: PMC5436280 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated M1 microglia secrete proinflammatory cytokines into damaged brain areas. The present study examined activated M1 microglial morphology and expression in the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1 region, which is vulnerable to transient ischemia. Transient cerebral ischemia was performed for 5 min in gerbils, and neuronal death in the CA1 region following transient cerebral ischemia was confirmed using cresyl violet staining, neuronal nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescent staining. In addition, CA1 regions were stained for cluster of differentiation (CD) 74, a marker for activated M1 microglia and a ligand for macrophage migration inhibitory factor In sham-operated animals, no CD74 immunoreactivity was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region. CD74 immunoreactivity was not observed in the hippocampal CA1 region until 3 days post-ischemic insult; however, elevated CD74 immunoreactivity was detected in the CA1 region from 5 days post-ischemia. Double immunofluorescence staining for CD74 and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, a marker for M1 microglial cells, confirmed the expression of CD74 on this microglial subtype. These results indicated that M1 microglia are activated late in the hippocampal CA1 region following ischemic stroke. Therefore, optimizing the timing of therapeutic intervention may reduce activated M1 microglial-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18450, Republic of Korea
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Hye Kim I, Lee JC, Ha Park J, Hyeon Ahn J, Cho JH, Hui Chen B, Na Shin B, Chun Yan B, Rueol Ryu D, Hong S, Hwi Cho J, Lyul Lee Y, Kim YM, Cho BR, Won MH. Time interval after ischaemic preconditioning affects neuroprotection and gliosis in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient cerebral ischaemia. Neurol Res 2016; 38:210-9. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Ahn JH, Shin BN, Park JH, Kim IH, Cho JH, Chen B, Lee TK, Tae HJ, Lee JC, Cho JH, Kang IJ, Kim YM, Lee YL, Won MH, Seo JY. Long-term observation of neuronal degeneration and microgliosis in the gerbil dentate gyrus after transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2016; 363:21-6. [PMID: 27000214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic insults in the central nervous system evoke activation of microglia. In this study, we investigated long-term changes of neuronal damage and microglial activation in the gerbil dentate gyrus for 60 days after transient cerebral ischemia using immunohistochemistry and western blot. Neuronal damage or death was hardly found in the dentate gyrus after transient ischemia using cresyl violet staining and NeuN immunohistochemistry; however, neuronal degeneration was detected in the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus using Fluoro-Jade (F-J) B staining. F-J B-positive cells were significantly increased after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and peaked at 3 days post-ischemia, thereafter, F-J B-positive cells were decreased in a time-dependent manner and shown until 30 days post-ischemia; no F-J B-positive cells were observed 60 days after I-R. On the other hand, Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were hypertrophied after I-R, and numbers of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were significantly increased along with the neuronal degeneration and highest 7 days after I-R, thereafter, numbers of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were decreased with time, although microglia activation lasted up to 60 days after I-R. In addition, Iba-1 protein level in the dentate gyrus after I-R was changed like immunohistochemical change. Our results, in brief, indicate that transient ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration in the dentate gyrus is maintained for about 30 days after I-R and that microglial activation lasts up to, at least, 60 days after I-R in the gerbil dentate gyrus after transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Bich Na Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - BaiHui Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Yun Lyul Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Yeol Seo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea.
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15
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Kim DW, Cho JH, Cho GS, Kim IH, Park JH, Ahn JH, Chen BH, Shin BN, Tae HJ, Hong S, Cho JH, Kim YM, Won MH, Lee JC. Hyperthermic preconditioning severely accelerates neuronal damage in the gerbil ischemic hippocampal dentate gyrus via decreasing SODs expressions. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358:266-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Suo H, Wang P, Tong J, Cai L, Liu J, Huang D, Huang L, Wang Z, Huang Y, Xu J, Ma Y, Yu M, Fei J, Huang F. NRSF is an essential mediator for the neuroprotection of trichostatin A in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:67-78. [PMID: 26188143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) blocks the expression of many neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells and neural stem cells. There is growing body of evidence that NRSF functions in mature neurons and plays critical roles in various neurological disorders. Our previous study demonstrated that the expression of NRSF target genes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is transiently decreased in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. NRSF neuronal deficient mice are more vulnerable to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Here we investigated the effect of epigenetic modulation on the expression of NRSF target genes in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Trichostatin A (TSA) was further used to study the effects of histone deacetylase inhibition on NRSF-mediated repression. We found that the repression of NRSF target genes was relieved by TSA in vitro. A single dose TSA pretreatment also upregulated the expression of TH and BDNF and protected the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway against MPTP-induced degeneration in wild type mice. However, the protective functions of TSA were fully abolished in NRSF neuronal deficient mice. Our results suggest that NRSF serves as an essential mediator for the neuroprotection of TSA in the MPTP model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Suo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiabin Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zishan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufang Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Moon SM, Choi GM, Yoo DY, Jung HY, Yim HS, Kim DW, Hwang IK, Cho BM, Chang IB, Cho SM, Won MH. Differential Effects of Pioglitazone in the Hippocampal CA1 Region Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Low- and High-Fat Diet-Fed Gerbils. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1063-73. [PMID: 25894680 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone (PGZ) in the hippocampal CA1 region of low- or high-fat diet (LFD or HFD) fed gerbils after transient forebrain ischemia. After 8 weeks of LFD or HFD feeding, PGZ (30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to the gerbils, following which ischemia was induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries for 5 min. Administration of PGZ significantly reduced the ischemia-induced hyperactivity 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion in both LFD- and HFD-fed gerbils. At 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion, the neurons were significantly reduced and microglial activation was observed in the hippocampal CA1 region in LFD- and HFD-fed gerbils. The microglial activation was more prominent in the HFD-fed gerbils compared to the LFD-fed gerbils. Administration of PGZ ameliorated ischemia-induced neuronal death and microglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion in the LFD-fed gerbils, but not in the HFD-gerbils. At 6 h after ischemia/reperfusion, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly increased in the hippocampal homogenates of LFD-fed group compared to control group, and HFD feeding further increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels. PGZ treatment significantly ameliorated the increase of TNF-α and IL-1β levels in LFD-fed gerbils, not in the HFD-fed gerbils. At 12 h after ischemia/reperfusion, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in hippocampal homogenates were significantly increased in the LFD-fed group compared to the control group, and HFD feeding significantly showed relatively reduction in SOD activity and increase in MDA level. PGZ administration significantly reduced the increase in MDA levels 12 h after ischemia/reperfusion in the LFD-fed gerbils, but not in the HFD-fed gerbils. These results suggest that PGZ ameliorates the neuronal damage induced by ischemia by maintaining the TNF-α, IL-1β, SOD and MDA levels in LFD-fed gerbils. In addition, HFD feeding affects the modulation of these parameters in the hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, 445-907, South Korea,
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Yoo DY, Jung HY, Nam SM, Kim JW, Choi JH, Kwak YG, Yoo M, Lee S, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Valeriana officinalis Extracts Ameliorate Neuronal Damage by Suppressing Lipid Peroxidation in the Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Cerebral Ischemia. J Med Food 2015; 18:642-7. [PMID: 25785762 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a medicinal plant, the roots of Valeriana officinalis have been used as a sedative and tranquilizer. In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of valerian root extracts (VE) on the hippocampal CA1 region of gerbils after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Gerbils were administered VE orally once a day for 3 weeks, subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and continued on VE for 3 weeks. The administration of 100 mg/kg VE (VE100 group) significantly reduced the ischemia-induced spontaneous motor hyperactivity 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion. Four days after ischemia/reperfusion, animals treated with VE showed abundant cresyl violet-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region when compared to the vehicle or 25 mg/kg VE-treated groups. In addition, the VE treatment markedly decreased microglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia. Compared to the other groups, the VE100 group showed the lowest level of lipid peroxidation during the first 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion. In summary, the findings in this study suggest that pretreatment with VE has protective effects against ischemic injury in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons by decreasing microglial activation and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Yoo
- 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- 2Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Miyoung Yoo
- 4Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- 4Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Kim MJ, Cho JH, Cho JH, Park JH, Ahn JH, Tae HJ, Cho GS, Yan BC, Hwang IK, Lee CH, Bae EJ, Won MH, Lee JC. Impact of hyperthermia before and during ischemia–reperfusion on neuronal damage and gliosis in the gerbil hippocampus induced by transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lee JC, Chen BH, Cho JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Park JH, Tae HJ, Cho GS, Yan BC, Kim DW, Hwang IK, Park J, Lee YL, Choi SY, Won MH. Changes in the expression of DNA-binding/differentiation protein inhibitors in neurons and glial cells of the gerbil hippocampus following transient global cerebral ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2477-85. [PMID: 25503067 PMCID: PMC4337738 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA-binding/differentiation (ID) proteins bind to basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, including those that regulate differentiation and cell-cycle progression during development, and regulate gene transcription. However, little is known about the role of ID proteins in the brain under transient cerebral ischemic conditions. In the present study, we examined the effects of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury on the immunoreactivity and protein levels of IDs 1–4 in the gerbil hippocampus proper Cornu Ammonis regions CA1–3 following 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Strong ID1 immunoreactivity was detected in the nuclei of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1–3 regions; immunoreactivity was significantly changed following I-R in the CA1 region, but not in the CA2/3 region. Five days following I-R, ID1 immunoreactivity was not detected in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. ID1 immunoreactivity was detected only in GABAergic interneurons in the ischemic CA1 region. Weak ID4 immunoreactivity was detected in non-pyramidal cells, and immunoreactivity was again only changed in the ischemic CA1 region. Five days following I-R, strong ID4 immunoreactivity was detected in non-pyramidal cells, which were identified as microglia, and not astrocytes, in the ischemic CA1 region. Furthermore, changes in the protein levels of ID1 and ID4 in the ischemic CA1 region studied by western blot were consistent with patterns of immunoreactivity. In summary, these results indicate that immunoreactivity and protein levels of ID1 and ID4 are distinctively altered following transient cerebral ischemia only in the CA1 region, and that the changes in ID1 and ID4 expression may relate to the ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136‑705, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative Traditional and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 210‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151‑742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Lyul Lee
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea
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Yoo DY, Kim W, Nam SM, Yoo M, Lee S, Yoon YS, Won MH, Hwang IK, Choi JH. Neuroprotective effects of Z-ajoene, an organosulfur compound derived from oil-macerated garlic, in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Inhibitory Effects of Isoquinoline Alkaloid Berberine on Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis via Activation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway. Int Neurourol J 2014; 18:115-25. [PMID: 25279238 PMCID: PMC4180161 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2014.18.3.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Berberine is a type of isoquinoline alkaloid that has been used to treat various diseases. A neuroprotective effect of berberine against cerebral ischemia has been reported; however, the effects of berberine on apoptosis in relation to reactive astrogliosis and microglia activation under ischemic conditions have not yet been fully evaluated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of berberine on global ischemia-induced apoptosis, and focused on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in the hippocampus using gerbils. Methods Gerbils received berberine orally once a day for 14 consecutive days, starting one day after surgery. In this study, a step-down avoidance task was used to assess short-term memory. Furthermore, we employed the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay to evaluate DNA fragmentation, immunohistochemistry to investigate glial fibriallary acidic protein, CD11b, and caspase-3, and western blot to assess PI3K, Akt, Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c. Results Our results revealed that berberine treatment alleviated ischemia-induced short-term memory impairment. Treatment with berbeine also attenuated ischemia-induced apoptosis and inhibited reactive astrogliosis and microglia activation. Furthermore, berberine enhanced phospho-PI3K and phospho-Akt expression in the hippocampus of ischemic gerbils. Conclusions Berberine exerted a neuroprotective effect against ischemic insult by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The antiapoptotic effect of berberine was achieved through inhibition of reactive astrogliosis and microglia activation. Berberine may therefore serve as a therapeutic agent for stroke-induced neurourological problems.
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Yan BC, Ohk TG, Ahn JH, Park JH, Chen BH, Lee JC, Lee CH, Shin MC, Hwang IK, Moon SM, Cho JH, Won MH. Differences in neuronal damage and gliosis in the hippocampus between young and adult gerbils induced by long duration of transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2013; 337:129-36. [PMID: 24321754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Response to cerebral ischemia in young animals was very different from that in the adult. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in neuronal death and gliosis in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) between adult and young gerbils following 5 and 15 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Delayed neuronal death (DND) of pyramidal cells occurred in the CA1 was similar in all the adult gerbils after 5 and 15 min of ischemia: the DND occurred 4 days after ischemia. In the young groups, DND of pyramidal cells in the CA1 region occurred 7 and 3 days after 5 and 15 min of ischemia, respectively. On the other hand, the activation of GFAP-immunoreactive ((+)) astrocytes and Iba-1(+) microglia was different in the young groups from the adult groups after ischemia. The change pattern of GFAP immunoreactivity in the adult groups was similar in both the adult groups after ischemia; in the young groups, the activation of GFAP(+) astrocytes after 5 min of ischemia was much delayed than that after 15 min of ischemia. Activated Iba-1(+) microglia were aggregated in the stratum pyramidale 4 days after ischemia in all the adult ischemia-operated groups; in the young groups, activated Iba-1(+) microglia were aggregated in the stratum pyramidale 7 days after 5 min of ischemia and 3 days after 15 min of ischemia. These observations indicate that DND in young animals is very different from the adult according to different duration of transient cerebral ischemia and glial activation is very different in young animals after different duration of transient ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Department of Integrative Traditional & Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Taek Geun Ohk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-950, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong 445-170, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea; Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea; Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
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Nam HGW, Kim W, Yoo DY, Choi JH, Won MH, Hwang IK, Jeong JH, Hwang HS, Moon SM. Chronological changes and effects of AMP-activated kinase in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Neurol Res 2013; 35:395-405. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Ga Wi Nam
- Department of NeurosurgeryHangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of AnatomyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea,
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Je Hoon Jeong
- Department of NeurosurgeryHangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Hyung Sik Hwang
- Department of NeurosurgeryHangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea,
| | - Seung-Myung Moon
- Department of NeurosurgeryHangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea,
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25
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Yan BC, Park JH, Shin BN, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Choi JH, Park JH, Lee YL, Suh HW, Jun JG, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Kwon SH, Her S, Kim JS, Hyun BH, Kim CK, Cho JH, Lee CH, Won MH. Neuroprotective effect of a new synthetic aspirin-decursinol adduct in experimental animal models of ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74886. [PMID: 24073226 PMCID: PMC3779249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death. Experimental animal models of cerebral ischemia are widely used for researching mechanisms of ischemic damage and developing new drugs for the prevention and treatment of stroke. The present study aimed to comparatively investigate neuroprotective effects of aspirin (ASA), decursinol (DA) and new synthetic aspirin-decursinol adduct (ASA-DA) against transient focal and global cerebral ischemic damage. We found that treatment with 20 mg/kg, not 10 mg/kg, ASA-DA protected against ischemia-induced neuronal death after transient focal and global ischemic damage, and its neuroprotective effect was much better than that of ASA or DA alone. In addition, 20 mg/kg ASA-DA treatment reduced the ischemia-induced gliosis and maintained antioxidants levels in the corresponding injury regions. In brief, ASA-DA, a new synthetic drug, dramatically protected neurons from ischemic damage, and neuroprotective effects of ASA-DA may be closely related to the attenuation of ischemia-induced gliosis and maintenance of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative traditional & western Medicine,Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bich Na Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Park
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Lyul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Gab Jun
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Division of Analytical Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Song Her
- Division of Analytical Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hwa Hyun
- Laboratory Animal Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory Animal Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MHW); (CHL)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MHW); (CHL)
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26
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Park CW, Lee JC, Ahn JH, Lee DH, Cho GS, Yan BC, Park JH, Kim IH, Lee HY, Won MH, Cho JH. Neuronal damage using fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence and gliosis in the gerbil septum submitted to various durations of cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:991-1001. [PMID: 23893372 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extent of neuronal damage/death in some brain regions is highly correlated to duration time of transient ischemia. In the present study, we carried out neuronal degeneration/death and glial changes in the septum 4 days after 5, 10, 15, and 20 min of transient cerebral ischemia using gerbils. To examine neuronal damage, Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining was used. F-J B positive ((+)) cells were detected in the septo-hippocampal nucleus (SHN) of the septum only in the 20 min ischemia-group; the mean number of F-J B(+) neurons was 14.9 ± 2.5/400 μm(2) in a section. Gliosis of astrocytes and microglia was examined using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), respectively. In all the ischemia-groups, GFAP- and Iba-1-immunoreactive astrocytes and microglia, respectively, were increased in number, and apparently tended to be increased in their immunoreactivity. Especially, in the 20 min ischemia-group, the number and immunoreactivity of Iba-immunoreactive microglia was highest and strongest in the ischemic SHN 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion. In brief, our findings showed that neuronal damage/death in the SHN occurred and gliosis was apparently increased in the 20 min ischemia-group at 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Woo Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
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Marshall SA, McClain JA, Kelso ML, Hopkins DM, Pauly JR, Nixon K. Microglial activation is not equivalent to neuroinflammation in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration: The importance of microglia phenotype. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:239-51. [PMID: 23313316 PMCID: PMC3629000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol intake, a defining characteristic of an alcohol use disorder (AUD), results in neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex that has been linked to a variety of cognitive deficits. Neuroinflammation is thought to be a factor in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration, and microglia activation is a key but not sole component of an inflammatory response. These experiments investigate the effects of ethanol exposure in a well-accepted model of an AUD on both microglial activation and blood brain barrier disruption (BBB) in order to understand their relationship to classical definitions of inflammation and alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Following a four-day binge ethanol paradigm, rat hippocampal and entorhinal cortex tissue was examined using three distinct approaches to determine microglia phenotype and BBB disruption: immunohistochemistry, autoradiography, and ELISA. After ethanol exposure, there was an increase in [(3)H]-PK-11195 binding and OX-42 immunoreactivity indicative of microglial activation; however, microglia were not fully activated since both OX-6 and ED-1 immunoreactive microglia were absent. This data was supported by functional evidence as there was no increase in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 or TNF-α, but a 26% increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and a 38% increase in the growth factor, TGF-β, seven days after exposure. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a disruption of the BBB. These data suggest that the four-day binge model of an AUD, which produces neurodegeneration in corticolimbic regions, does not elicit classical neuroinflammation but instead produces partially activated microglia. Partial activation of microglia following binge ethanol exposure suggest that microglia in this model have beneficial or homeostatic roles rather than directly contributing to neurodegeneration and are a consequence of alcohol-induced-damage instead of the source of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Alex Marshall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - Justin A. McClain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | | | - Deann M. Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - James R. Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596
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28
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Neuronal damage and gliosis in the somatosensory cortex induced by various durations of transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Brain Res 2013; 1510:78-88. [PMID: 23528266 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies regarding ischemic brain damage in the gerbil have been reported, studies on neuronal damage according to various durations of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) have been limited. In this study, we examined neuronal damage/death and glial changes in the somatosensory cortex 4 days after 5, 10 and 15 min of transient cerebral ischemia using the gerbil. To examine neuronal damage, we used Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining as well as cresyl violet (CV) staining and neuronal nuclei (NeuN, neuronal marker) immunohistochemistry. In the somatosensory cortex, some CV and NeuN positive (+) neurons were slightly decreased only in layers III and VI in the 5 min ischemia-group, and the number of CV+ and NeuN+ neurons were decreased with longer ischemic time. The F-J B histofluorescence staining showed a clear neuronal damage in layers III and VI, and the number of F-J B+ neurons was increased with time of ischemia-reperfusion: in the 15 min ischemia-group, the number of F-J B+ neurons was much higher in layer III than in layer VI. In addition, we immunohistochemically examined gliosis of astrocytes and microglia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) antibody, respectively. In the 5 min ischemia-group, GFAP+ astrocytes and Iba-1+ microglia were distinctively increased in number, and their immunoreactivity was stronger than that in the sham-group. In the 10 and 15 min ischemia-groups, numbers of GFAP+ and Iba-1+ glial cells were much more increased with time of ischemia-reperfusion; in the 15 min ischemia-group, their distribution patterns of GFAP+ and Iba-1+ glial cells were similar to those in the 10 min ischemia-group. Our fining indicates that neuronal death/damage and gliosis of astrocytes and microglia were apparently increased with longer time of ischemia-reperfusion.
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29
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Lee TH, Park JH, Kim JD, Lee JC, Kim IH, Yim Y, Lee SK, Yan BC, Ahn JH, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Park JH, Won MH. Protective Effects of a Novel Synthetic Alpha-Lipoic Acid-Decursinol Hybrid Compound in Experimentally Induced Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Yan BC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Choi JH, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Cho JH, Kim SK, Lee YL, Shin HC, Won MH. Comparison of glial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region between the young and adult gerbils after transient cerebral ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1127-38. [PMID: 22555669 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that young animals are less vulnerable to brain ischemia. In the present study, we compared gliosis in the hippocampal CA1 region of the young gerbil with those in the adult gerbil induced by 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia by immunohistochemistry and western blot for glial cells. We used male gerbils of postnatal month 1 (PM 1) as the young and PM 6 as the adult. Neuronal death in CA1 pyramidal neurons in the adult gerbil occurred at 4 days post-ischemia; the neuronal death in the young gerbil occurred at 7 days post-ischemia. The findings of glial changes in the young gerbil after ischemic damage were distinctively different from those in the adult gerbil. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba-1), and isolectin B4-immunoreactive microglia in the ischemic CA1 region were activated much later in the young gerbil than in the adult gerbil. In brief, very less gliosis occurred in the hippocampal CA1 region of the young gerbil than in the adult gerbil after transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Park JH, Joo HS, Yoo KY, Shin BN, Kim IH, Lee CH, Choi JH, Byun K, Lee B, Lim SS, Kim MJ, Won MH. Extract from Terminalia chebula seeds protect against experimental ischemic neuronal damage via maintaining SODs and BDNF levels. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2043-50. [PMID: 21667226 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia and contains tannic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid and corilagin. Extract from T. chebula seeds (TCE) has various biological functions. We observed the neuroprotective effects of TCE against ischemic damage in the hippocampal C1 region (CA1) of the gerbil that had received oral administrations of TCE (100 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days before the induction of transient cerebral ischemia. In the TCE-treated ischemia group, neuronal neuclei (a marker for neurons)-positive neurons were distinctively abundant (62% of the sham group) in the CA1 4 days after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) compared to those (12.2% of the sham group) in the vehicle-treated ischemia group. Four days after I-R TCE treatment markedly decreased the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the ischemic CA1 compared with the vehicle-treated ischemia group. In addition, immunoreactivities of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the CA1 of the TCE-treated ischemia group were much higher than those in the vehicle-ischemia group 4 days after I-R. Protein levels of SOD1, SOD2 and BDNF in the TCE-treated ischemia group were also much higher than those in the vehicle-ischemia group 4 days after I-R. These results indicate that the repeated supplement of TCE protected neurons from ischemic damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia by maintaining SODs and BDNF levels as well as decreasing glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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Lee CH, Yan B, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Kwon SH, Her S, Sohn Y, Hwang IK, Cho JH, Kim YM, Won MH. Ischemia-induced changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and neuroprotective effect of its agonist, exendin-4, in experimental transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1103-13. [PMID: 21472764 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) protects against neuronal damages in the brain. In the present study, ischemia-induced changes in GLP-1R immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region were evaluated after transient cerebral ischemia; in addition, the neuroprotective effect of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (EX-4) against ischemic damage was studied. GLP-1R immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region were highest at 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). At 4 days after I/R, GLP-1R immunoreactivity was hardly detected in CA1 pyramidal neurons, and its protein level was lowest. GLP-1R protein level was increased again at 10 days after I/R, and GLP-1R immunoreactivity was found in astrocytes and GABAergic interneurons. In addition, EX-4 treatment attenuated ischemia-induced hyperactivity, neuronal damage, and microglial activation in the ischemic CA1 region in a dose-dependent manner. EX-4 treatment also induced the elevation of GLP-1R immunoreactivity and protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region. These results indicate that GLP-1R is altered in the ischemic region after an ischemic insult and that EX-4 protects against ischemia-induced neuronal death possibly by increasing GLP-1R expression and attenuating microglial activation against transient cerebral ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Pre- and post-treatments with escitalopram protect against experimental ischemic neuronal damage via regulation of BDNF expression and oxidative stress. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:450-9. [PMID: 21458451 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) have been widely used in treatment of major depression because of their efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Escitalopram, an SSRI, is known to decrease oxidative stress in chronic stress animal models. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of pre- and post-treatments with 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg escitalopram in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) after transient cerebral ischemia. Pre-treatment with escitalopram protected against ischemia-induced neuronal death in the CA1 after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Post-treatment with 30 mg/kg, not 20 mg/kg, escitalopram had a neuroprotective effect against ischemic damage. In addition, 20 mg/kg pre- and 30 mg/kg post-treatments with escitalopram increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the ischemic CA1 compared to vehicle-treated ischemia animals. In addition, 20 mg/kg pre- and 30 mg/kg post-treatments with escitalopram reduced microglia activation and decreased 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity and their levels in the ischemic CA1 compared to vehicle-treated ischemia animals after transient cerebral ischemia. In conclusion, these results indicated that pre- and post-treatments with escitalopram can protect against ischemia-induced neuronal death in the CA1 induced by transient cerebral ischemic damage by increase of BDNF as well as decrease of microglia activation and oxidative stress.
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Park JH, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Kim IH, Shin BN, Choi JH, Park JH, Hwang IK, Won MH. Comparison of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunoreactivity in the Adult and Aged Gerbil Hippocampus Following Repeated Restraint Stress. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1037-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lee CH, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Choi JH, Park OK, Li H, Kang IJ, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Won MH. Hypothyroid state does not protect but delays neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient cerebral ischemia: focus on oxidative stress and gliosis. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:2661-8. [PMID: 20544824 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated protective effects of hypothyroidism on delayed neuronal death, gliosis, lipid peroxidation and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. The hypothyroidism was induced by 0.025% methimazole treatment. Free triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels were markedly decreased in the hypothyroid group. Four days after ischemia/reperfusion, only a few NeuN-immunoreactive (+) neurons were detected in the CA1 of euthyroid-ischemia (eu-ischemia) group; however, at this time point, the number of NeuN(+) neurons was significantly higher in the hypothyroid-ischemia (hypo-ischemia) group than in the eu-ischemia group. At 5 days postischemia, NeuN(+) neurons were significantly decreased in the hypo-ischemia group: The number of NeuN(+) neurons in this group was similar to that in the eu-ischemia group. Activations of GFAP(+) astrocytes and Iba-1(+) microglia in the CA1 were higher in the eu-ischemia group 3 and 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion. At 5 days postischemia, the activations of both the glial cells in the CA1 were similar between the two groups. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a marker for lipid peroxidation, immunoreactivity in the eu-ischemia group was higher than in the hypo-ischemia group; at 5 days postischemia, the immunoreactivity was similar between the two groups. In contrast, SOD1 level was lower in the CA1 of the eu-ischemia group. These results suggest that hypothyroid state does not protect against delayed neuronal death but only delays the neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient cerebral ischemia by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing SOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea
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Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Park OK, Hwang IK, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Won MH. Melatonin's protective action against ischemic neuronal damage is associated with up-regulation of the MT2 melatonin receptor. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:2630-40. [PMID: 20544829 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant and has protective effects against ischemic damage. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the neuroprotective effects of melatonin and the activation of MT2 melatonin receptor in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) after transient cerebral ischemia. MT2 immunoreactivity and protein levels were increased in the CA1 after ischemic damage. Most of MT2-immunoreactive cells were colocalized with astrocytes, not microglia, in the ischemic CA1. In the melatonin-sham group, MT2 immunoreaction and protein levels were increased compared with the sham group, and MT2 immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the melatonin-ischemia group were similar to those in the melatonin-sham group. In addition, melatonin treatment attenuated the activation of astrocytes and microglia. These results indicate that MT2 are increased and expressed in astrocytes in the ischemic region after an ischemic insult. The activation of MT2 melatonin receptor in the CA1 after melatonin treatment may be involved in the neuroprotective effect associated with melatonin after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea
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Kim MJ, Kim DW, Yoo KY, Sohn EJ, Jeong HJ, Kang HW, Shin MJ, Ahn EH, An JJ, Kwon SW, Kim YN, Won MH, Cho SW, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. Protective effects of transduced PEP-1-Frataxin protein on oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death. J Neurol Sci 2010; 298:64-9. [PMID: 20817181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) actively contribute to the development of a number of human diseases including ischemia. In response to oxidative stress, frataxin has a significant ability to improve cell survival though its biological function is unclear in relation to ischemia. To explore frataxin's role in protecting against ischemic cell death, we constructed PEP-1-Frataxin cell-permeable fusion protein. In a dose- and time-dependent manner PEP-1-Frataxin rapidly transduced into astrocyte cells and protected them against oxidative stress-induced cell death. Further, using an animal model, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PEP-1-Frataxin prevented neuronal cell death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus induced by transient forebrain ischemia. These results demonstrate that transduced PEP-1-Frataxin protects against cell death in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that transduction of PEP-1-Frataxin could be useful as a therapeutic agent for various human diseases related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Lee CH, Park OK, Yoo KY, Byun K, Lee B, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Kim YM, Won MH. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and effects of its agonist, rosiglitazone, on transient cerebral ischemic damage. J Neurol Sci 2010; 300:120-9. [PMID: 20880548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in neurons and glia, and its synthetic agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG), regulates inflammatory process and has neuroprotective effects against neurological disorders. In the present study, we examined the role of PPARγ in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) after transient cerebral ischemia and the neuroprotective effects of RSG on ischemic damage. RSG attenuated neuronal damage in the ischemic CA1, not showing perfect neuroprotection: the RSG appeared to delay neuronal death after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). PPARγ immunoreactivity and protein levels were increased after I/R, and most of PPARγ-immunoreactive cells colocalized with microglia, not astrocytes. In addition, RSG attenuated glial activation and increased IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the ischemic CA1. These results indicate that PPARγ increases and expresses in microglia after I/R, and that RSG delays neuronal damage by interfering with glial activations and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Cao F, Hata R, Zhu P, Takeda S, Yoshida T, Hakuba N, Sakanaka M, Gyo K. Delayed neuronal cell death in brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:115. [PMID: 20840766 PMCID: PMC2949765 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the lack of reproducible brainstem ischemia models in rodents, the temporal profile of ischemic lesions in the brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia has not been evaluated intensively. Previously, we produced a reproducible brainstem ischemia model of Mongolian gerbils. Here, we showed the temporal profile of ischemic lesions after transient brainstem ischemia. Results Brainstem ischemia was produced by occlusion of the bilateral vertebral arteries just before their entry into the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae of Mongolian gerbils. Animals were subjected to brainstem ischemia for 15 min, and then reperfused for 0 d (just after ischemia), 1 d, 3 d and 7 d (n = 4 in each group). Sham-operated animals (n = 4) were used as control. After deep anesthesia, the gerbils were perfused with fixative for immunohistochemical investigation. Ischemic lesions were detected by immunostaining for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Just after 15-min brainstem ischemia, ischemic lesions were detected in the lateral vestibular nucleus and the ventral part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and these ischemic lesions disappeared one day after reperfusion in all animals examined. However, 3 days and 7 days after reperfusion, ischemic lesions appeared again and clusters of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1(IBA-1)-positive cells were detected in the same areas in all animals. Conclusion These results suggest that delayed neuronal cell death took place in the brainstem after transient brainstem ischemia in gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Functional Histology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Neuronal damage is much delayed and microgliosis is more severe in the aged hippocampus induced by transient cerebral ischemia compared to the adult hippocampus. J Neurol Sci 2010; 294:1-6. [PMID: 20471038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of astrocytes and microglia in the post-ischemic hippocampus has been investigated using ischemia models. The aim of this study was to investigate differences of delayed neuronal death and gliosis in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) between adult and aged gerbils. Delayed neuronal death in the CA1 was later in the aged gerbil than in the adult gerbil after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). GFAP-immunoreactive ((+)) astrocytes and Iba-1(+) microglia were activated following neuronal damage in both adult and aged gerbils after I/R. Changes in GFAP immunoreactivity and protein levels were similar in both groups: they were distinctly increased from 3 days after I/R. Iba-1 immunoreactivity and protein levels in the aged sham gerbil were much higher than those in the adult sham gerbil. Activation of microglia in the CA1 of the aged group was slower, lower 4 days and much higher 7 days than that in the adult gerbil after I/R. These observations indicate that delayed neuronal death in the CA1 of the aged group is slower than that in the adult group after I/R. In addition, microglial activation, not astrocytes, in the aged ischemia group is slower and more intense than that in the adult ischemia group.
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Lee CH, Moon SM, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Park OK, Hwang IK, Sohn Y, Moon JB, Cho JH, Won MH. Long-term changes in neuronal degeneration and microglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region after experimental transient cerebral ischemic damage. Brain Res 2010; 1342:138-49. [PMID: 20423705 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Delayed neuronal death following transient cerebral ischemia is mixed with apoptosis and necrosis, and the activation of microglia are activated after the ischemic insult. In the present study, we examined the long-term changes in neuronal degeneration and microglial activation in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after 5min of transient cerebral ischemia using specific markers for neuronal damage and microliosis. Transient ischemia-induced neuronal death was shown in CA1 pyramidal cells 4days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, neuronal degeneration of the pyramidal cells were observed up to 45days in the CA1 region after I/R. Microglial activation was also observed in the CA1 region after I/R. Isolectin B4- (IB4) immunoreactive ((+)) microglia appeared in the CA1 region 4days after I/R. On the other hand, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)(+) microglia was markedly increased after I/R, and peaked at 15days after I/R. Thereafter, Iba-1 immunoreactivity was decreased with time-dependant manner in the ischemic CA1 region. These results indicate that neuronal degeneration of CA1 pyramidal cells may last about 45days in the CA1 region after ischemic damage, and microglial activation may be diverse according to their function, such as phagocytosis, after I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, South Korea
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Hwang IK, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Park OK, Lim SS, Kang IJ, Kwon DY, Park J, Yi JS, Bae YS, Won MH. Neuroprotective effects of onion extract and quercetin against ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. J Med Food 2010; 12:990-5. [PMID: 19857061 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Onion has several well-known biological functionalities, including antioxidant effects, and contains quercetin (3,3',4,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), a powerful antioxidant. In the present study, we observed neuroprotective effects of onion extract (OE) and its major component, quercetin, on ischemic damage in the gerbil hippocampus, which is related to memory function. Repeated treatment with 100 mg/kg OE and 20 mg/kg quercetin for 15 days before ischemic surgery protected pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region from ischemic damage. In the OE-treated ischemic group, gliosis (activation of astrocytes and microglia) was attenuated in the CA1 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, treatment with OE and quercetin decreased protein levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (a marker for lipid peroxidation) in the ischemic CA1. We suggest that repeated administration of OE and quercetin can protect against neuronal damage from transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kojo A, Yamada K, Kubo KY, Yamashita A, Yamamoto T. Occlusal Disharmony in Mice Transiently Activates Microglia in Hippocampal CA1 Region but Not in Dentate Gyrus. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 221:237-43. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.221.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kojo
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Division of Oral Structure, Function and Development, Asahi University School of Dentistry
| | - Anzu Yamashita
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Human Biology, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Human Biology, Kanagawa Dental College
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Yamashita A, Kunimatsu T, Yamada K, Kojo A, Yamamoto T, Sato S, Onozuka M. Hypothermic and normothermic ischemia-reperfusion activate microglia differently in hippocampal formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 73:73-80. [DOI: 10.1679/aohc.73.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anzu Yamashita
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Human Biology, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Teruhito Kunimatsu
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokohama Dental and Medical Clinic and Clinical Training Center
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Akiko Kojo
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Human Biology, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Sadao Sato
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Minoru Onozuka
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College
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Kim DW, Jeong HJ, Kang HW, Shin MJ, Sohn EJ, Kim MJ, Ahn EH, An JJ, Jang SH, Yoo KY, Won MH, Kang TC, Hwang IK, Kwon OS, Cho SW, Park J, Eum WS, Choi SY. Transduced human PEP-1-catalase fusion protein attenuates ischemic neuronal damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:941-52. [PMID: 19577641 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant enzymes are considered to have beneficial effects against various diseases mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ischemia is characterized by both oxidative stress and changes in the antioxidant defense system. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are major antioxidant enzymes by which cells counteract the deleterious effects of ROS. To investigate the protective effects of CAT, we constructed PEP-1-CAT cell-permeative expression vectors. When PEP-1-CAT fusion proteins were added to the culture medium of neuronal cells, they rapidly entered the cells and protected them against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PEP-1-CAT prevented neuronal cell death in the hippocampus induced by transient forebrain ischemia. Moreover, we showed that the protective effect of PEP-1-CAT was observed in neuronal cells treated with PEP-1-SOD. Therefore, we suggest that transduced PEP-1-CAT and PEP-1-SOD fusion proteins could be useful as therapeutic agents for various human diseases related to oxidative stress, including stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
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Ahn HC, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Cho JH, Lee CH, Choi JH, Li H, Cho BR, Kim YM, Won MH. Ischemia-related changes in naive and mutant forms of ubiquitin and neuroprotective effects of ubiquitin in the hippocampus following experimental transient ischemic damage. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:120-32. [PMID: 19666022 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin binds to short-lived proteins and denatured proteins produced by various forms of injury. The loss of ubiquitin leads to an accumulation of abnormal proteins and may affect cellular structure and function. The aim of the present study is to observe the chronological changes in ubiquitin naive form and its mutant form (ubiquitin(+1)) in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Delayed neuronal death in the CA1 was confirmed 4 days after ischemic insult with NeuN immunohistochemistry. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity and protein level in the CA1 were lowest at 12 h after ischemia/reperfusion; thereafter, they were increased with time. Ubiquitin(+1) immunoreactivity and protein levels in the CA1 were slightly decreased at 3 h after ischemia/reperfusion, and they were significantly increased 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, ubiquitin and ubiquitin(+1) immunoreaction was expressed in astrocytes after delayed neuronal death in the ischemic CA1. To elucidate the protective effect of ubiquitin on ischemic damage, the animals were treated with ubiquitin (1.5 mg/kg body weight) intravenously via the femoral vein. Ubiquitin treatment significantly reduced ischemia-induced locomotor hyperactivity, neuronal death and reactive gliosis such as astrocytes and microglia. In addition, 5 days after ubiquitin treatment in the ischemic group, ubiquitin immunoreactivity was similar to that in the ubiquitin-treated sham group, however, ubiquitin(+1) immunoreactivity was higher than that in the ubiquitin-treated sham group. These findings indicate that the depletion of ubiquitin and the accumulation of ubiquitin(+1) in CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient cerebral ischemia may inhibit ubiquitin proteolytic pathway and this leads to delayed neuronal death of CA1 pyramidal neurons directly or indirectly after transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Cheol Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Pyeongchon 431-070, South Korea
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Hwang IK, Yoo KY, Li H, Park OK, Lee CH, Choi JH, Jeong YG, Lee YL, Kim YM, Kwon YG, Won MH. Indole-3-propionic acid attenuates neuronal damage and oxidative stress in the ischemic hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2126-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Platycodin D and 2''-O-acetyl-polygalacin D2 isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum protect ischemia/reperfusion injury in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res 2009; 1279:197-208. [PMID: 19433075 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platycodi radix is used as a folk remedy for several conditions. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of five major extracts; deapioplatycoside E (DPE), platycoside E (PE), platyconic acid A (PA), platycodin D (PD) and 2''-o-acetyl-polygalacin D2 (PD2) isolated from the P.radix in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) 4 or 10 days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Each extract was administered into gerbils with intraperitoneal injection (5 mg/kg/day) 10 days before ischemic surgery and the gerbils were sacrificed 4 or 10 days after I/R. Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neurodegeneration) positive ((+)) neurons increased significantly in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region in the vehicle-treated group after I/R. A similar pattern was observed in the DPE-, PE- and PA-treated groups; however, in the PD- and PD2-treated groups, F-J B(+) neurons were small in number. We also observed that activations of astrocytes and microglia in the CA1 region after I/R were blocked by the PD- and PD2 treatments. In addition, we found that Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) immunoreactivity in the pyramidal layer of the PD- and PD2-treated groups was similar to that of the sham group and COX-2(+) and NF-kappaB(+) cells were significantly lower in the PD- and PD2-treated group than those in the vehicle-treated group after I/R. These results suggest that PD and PD2 rescue neurons in the CA1 region from an ischemic damage.
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Hwang IK, Yoo KY, Yi SS, Kim IY, Hwang HS, Lee KY, Choi SM, Lee IS, Yoon YS, Kim SY, Won MH, Seong JK. Expression of tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) and the effect of tTG inhibitor on the hippocampal CA1 region after transient ischemia in gerbils. Brain Res 2009; 1263:134-42. [PMID: 19368835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronological changes of tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) were observed in the hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. In the sham-operated group, tTG immunoreactivity was weakly detected in blood vessels which were immunostained with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and tTG immunoreactivity in blood vessels was highest 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, tTG immunoreaction was expressed in microglia which were immunostained with Iba-1 at 4 days post-ischemia, and tTG immunoreactivity in the microglia was also highest at 5 days post-ischemia. In Western blot analysis, tTG protein levels in the CA1 region after ischemia/reperfusion began to increase 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion and peaked 5 days after ischemia/reperfusion. The expression of tTG in PECAM-1-immunoreactive blood vessels may be associated with integrin regulation or transendothelial migration of leukocytes in the ischemic CA1 region. In this study, we also observed the effect of cystamine, a tTG inhibitor, against ischemic damage. Administration of cystamine protected in certain degree neuronal damage from ischemic damage in the CA1 region. These results suggest that tTG may be associated with neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Hökfelt T, Stanic D, Sanford SD, Gatlin JC, Nilsson I, Paratcha G, Ledda F, Fetissov S, Lindfors C, Herzog H, Johansen JE, Ubink R, Pfenninger KH. NPY and its involvement in axon guidance, neurogenesis, and feeding. Nutrition 2009; 24:860-8. [PMID: 18725084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of neuropeptides in nervous system function is still in many cases undefined. In the present study we examined a possible role of the 36-amino acid neuropeptide Y (NPY) with regard to three functions: axon guidance and attraction/repulsion, adult neurogenesis, and control of food intake. METHODS Growth cones from embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons were studied in culture during asymmetrical gradient application of NPY. Growth cones were monitored over a 60-min period, and final turning angle and growth rate were recorded. In the second part the NPY Y(1) and Y(2) receptors were studied in the subventricular zone, the rostral migratory stream, and the olfactory bulb in normal mice and mice with genetically deleted NPY Y(1) or Y(2) receptors. In the third part an anorectic mouse was analyzed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 1) NPY elicited an attractive turning response and an increase in growth rate, effects exerted via the NPY Y(1) receptor. 2) The NPY Y(1) receptor was expressed in neuroblasts in the anterior rostral migratory stream. Mice deficient in the Y(1) or Y(2) receptor had fewer proliferating precursor cells and neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream and fewer neurons in the olfactory bulb expressing calbindin, calretinin or tyrosine hydroxylase. 3) In the anorectic mouse markers for microglia were strongly upregulated in the arcuate nucleus and in projection areas of the NPY/agouti gene-related protein arcuate system. CONCLUSION NPY participates in several mechanisms involved in the development of the nervous system and is of importance in the control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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