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Scarabelot VL, Medeiros LF, de Oliveira C, Adachi LNS, de Macedo IC, Cioato SG, de Freitas JS, de Souza A, Quevedo A, Caumo W, Torres ILDS. Melatonin Alters the Mechanical and Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Orofacial Pain Model in Rats. Inflammation 2017; 39:1649-59. [PMID: 27378529 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone that presents a wide range of physiological functions including regulating circadian rhythms and sleep, enhancing immune function, sleep improvement, and antioxidant effects. In addition, melatonin has received special attention in pain treatment since it is effective and presents few adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of acute dose of melatonin upon hyperalgesia induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in a chronic orofacial pain model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nociceptive behavior was assessed by facial Von Frey and the hot plate tests at baseline and thereafter 30, 60, and 120 min, 24 h, and 7 days after melatonin treatment. We demonstrated that acute melatonin administration alters mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by an orofacial pain model (TMD), highlighting that the melatonin effect upon mechanical hyperalgesia remained until 7 days after its administration. Besides, we observed specific tissue profiles of neuroimmunomodulators linked to pain conditions and/or melatonin effect (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and interleukins 6 and 10) in the brainstem levels, and its effects were state-dependent of the baseline of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Leal Scarabelot
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Liciane Fernandes Medeiros
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauren Naomi Spezia Adachi
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina de Macedo
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefania Giotti Cioato
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Joice S de Freitas
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Quevedo
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Department of Surgery in Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Preclinical Research, Pharmacology Department, Health Basic Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500 sala 305, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, RS, Brazil.
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Kilpatrick LA, Kutch JJ, Tillisch K, Naliboff BD, Labus JS, Jiang Z, Farmer MA, Apkarian AV, Mackey S, Martucci KT, Clauw DJ, Harris RE, Deutsch G, Ness TJ, Yang CC, Maravilla K, Mullins C, Mayer EA. Alterations in resting state oscillations and connectivity in sensory and motor networks in women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. J Urol 2014; 192:947-55. [PMID: 24681331 PMCID: PMC4432915 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome remains incompletely understood but is thought to involve central disturbance in the processing of pain and viscerosensory signals. We identified differences in brain activity and connectivity between female patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and healthy controls to advance clinical phenotyping and treatment efforts for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined oscillation dynamics of intrinsic brain activity in a large sample of well phenotyped female patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and female healthy controls. Data were collected during 10-minute resting functional magnetic resonance imaging as part of the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network project. The blood oxygen level dependent signal was transformed to the frequency domain. Relative power was calculated for multiple frequency bands. RESULTS Results demonstrated altered frequency distributions in viscerosensory (post insula), somatosensory (postcentral gyrus) and motor regions (anterior paracentral lobule, and medial and ventral supplementary motor areas) in patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Also, the anterior paracentral lobule, and medial and ventral supplementary motor areas showed increased functional connectivity to the midbrain (red nucleus) and cerebellum. This increased functional connectivity was greatest in patients who reported pain during bladder filling. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome have a sensorimotor component to the pathological condition involving an alteration in intrinsic oscillations and connectivity in a cortico-cerebellar network previously associated with bladder function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kilpatrick
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason J Kutch
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bruce D Naliboff
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer S Labus
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhiguo Jiang
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa A Farmer
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - A Vania Apkarian
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sean Mackey
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine T Martucci
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Clauw
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard E Harris
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Georg Deutsch
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy J Ness
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire C Yang
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth Maravilla
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chris Mullins
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (LAK, KT, BDN, JSL, ZJ, EAM), Los Angeles, California; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (JJK), California; Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center (SM, KTM), Stanford, California; Human Performance and Engineering Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange and Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey (ZJ); Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University (MAF, AVA), Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan (DJC, REH), Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of Radiology and Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical Center (GD, TJN), Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Urology (CCY), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Radiology (KTM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (CM), Bethesda, Maryland.
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