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Krawczyk A, Mozel S, Rycerz K, Jaworska-Adamu J, Arciszewski MB. Immunoreactivity of glutamine synthetase in satellite glia around various subpopulations of lumbar dorsal root ganglia neurons in adult rats treated with monosodium glutamate. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 134:102347. [PMID: 37838216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs), involved inter alia in glutamate (Glu) metabolism, form a glial sheath around sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). SGCs show a presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) which transform uptaken Glu into glutamine (Gln). In DRGs, this aminoacid is used mainly by small neurons which are able to synthetize substance P (SP) that play a crucial role in nociception. The aim of the study was to define the influence of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on GS immunoreactivity in satellite glia around various subpopulations of neurons including SP immunopositive cells in DRGs of adult rats. The studies were carried out on lumbar DRGs slides in rats which received subcutaneous injection of saline solution (control group) or 4 g/kg b. w. of MSG (MSG group). Immunofluorescence reactions were conducted with use of anti-GS and anti-SP antibodies. Administration of MSG to adult rats increased the GS immunoexpression in SGCs. In rats receiving MSG, a number of small neurons with GS-immunopositive glial sheath was not altered when compared to control individuals, whereas there was a statistically significant increase of GS immunoexpression in SGCs around large and medium neurons. Moreover, in these animals, a statistically significant increase in the number of small SP-positive neurons with GS-positive glial sheath was observed. SP is responsible for transmission of pain, thus the obtained results may be useful for further research concerning the roles of glia in nociceptive pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krawczyk
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Mozel
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Karol Rycerz
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Jaworska-Adamu
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Bartłomiej Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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2
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Purvis EM, Fedorczak N, Prah A, Han D, O’Donnell JC. Porcine Astrocytes and Their Relevance for Translational Neurotrauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2388. [PMID: 37760829 PMCID: PMC10525191 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential to virtually all brain processes, from ion homeostasis to neurovascular coupling to metabolism, and even play an active role in signaling and plasticity. Astrocytic dysfunction can be devastating to neighboring neurons made inherently vulnerable by their polarized, excitable membranes. Therefore, correcting astrocyte dysfunction is an attractive therapeutic target to enhance neuroprotection and recovery following acquired brain injury. However, the translation of such therapeutic strategies is hindered by a knowledge base dependent almost entirely on rodent data. To facilitate additional astrocytic research in the translatable pig model, we present a review of astrocyte findings from pig studies of health and disease. We hope that this review can serve as a road map for intrepid pig researchers interested in studying astrocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Purvis
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalia Fedorczak
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annette Prah
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Han
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (D.H.)
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Teo EJ, Chand KK, Miller SM, Wixey JA, Colditz PB, Bjorkman ST. Early evolution of glial morphology and inflammatory cytokines following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the newborn piglet brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:282. [PMID: 36609414 PMCID: PMC9823001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of hypoxic-ischemic injury and can be characterized by the activation of glial cells and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α are among the best-characterized early response cytokines and are often expressed concurrently. Several types of central nervous system cells secrete IL-1β and TNFα, including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, and these cytokines convey potent pro-inflammatory actions. Chemokines also play a central role in neuroinflammation by controlling inflammatory cell trafficking. Our aim was to characterise the evolution of early neuroinflammation in the neonatal piglet model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Piglets (< 24 h old) were exposed to HI insult, and recovered to 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24H post-insult. Brain tissue from the frontal cortex and basal ganglia was harvested for assessment of glial cell activation profiles and transcription levels of inflammatory markers in HI piglets with comparison to a control group of newborn piglets. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe microglia, astrocytes, neurons, degenerating neurons and possibly apoptotic cells, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression of several cytokines and chemokines. HI injury was associated with microglial activation and morphological changes to astrocytes at all time points examined. Gene expression analyses of inflammation-related markers revealed significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), chemokines cxc-chemokine motif ligand (CXCL)8 and CXCL10, and anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)β in every HI group, with some region-specific differences noted. No significant difference was observed in the level of C-X-C chemokine receptor (CCR)5 over time. This high degree of neuroinflammation was associated with a reduction in the number of neurons in piglets at 12H and 24H in the frontal cortex, and the putamen at 12H. This reduction of neurons was not associated with increased numbers of degenerating neurons or potentially apoptotic cells. HI injury triggered a robust early neuroinflammatory response associated with a reduction in neurons in cortical and subcortical regions in our piglet model of HIE. This neuroinflammatory response may be targeted using novel therapeutics to reduce neuropathology in our piglet model of neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Teo
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918 RBWH Herston, Brisbane City, QLD 4029 Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Kirat. K. Chand
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918 RBWH Herston, Brisbane City, QLD 4029 Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Stephanie M. Miller
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918 RBWH Herston, Brisbane City, QLD 4029 Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Julie A. Wixey
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918 RBWH Herston, Brisbane City, QLD 4029 Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Paul B. Colditz
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918 RBWH Herston, Brisbane City, QLD 4029 Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - S. Tracey. Bjorkman
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Building 71/918 RBWH Herston, Brisbane City, QLD 4029 Australia ,grid.416100.20000 0001 0688 4634Perinatal Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD Australia
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4
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Karadayi R, Mazzocco J, Leclere L, Buteau B, Gregoire S, Belloir C, Koudsi M, Bessard P, Bizeau JB, Dubus E, Fenech C, Briand L, Bretillon L, Bron AM, Fioramonti X, Acar N. Plasmalogens Regulate Retinal Connexin 43 Expression and Müller Glial Cells Gap Junction Intercellular Communication and Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864599. [PMID: 35433704 PMCID: PMC9009447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a specific glycerophospholipid subtype characterized by a vinyl-ether bound at their sn-1 moiety. Their biosynthesis is initiated in the peroxisome by dihydroxyacetone phosphate-acyltransferase (DHAPAT), which is encoded by the DAPAT gene. Previous studies have shown that plasmalogen-deficient mice exhibit major physiological dysfunctions including several eye defects, among which abnormal vascular development of the retina and a reactive activation of macroglial Müller cells. Interestingly, plasmalogen deficiency in mice is also associated with a reduced expression of brain connexin 43 (Cx43). Cx43 is the main connexin subtype of retinal glial cells and is involved in several cellular mechanisms such as calcium-based gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) or cell migration. Thus, the aim of our work was 1) to confirm the alteration of Cx43 expression in the retina of plasmalogen-deficient DAPAT−/- mice and 2) to investigate whether plasmalogens are involved in crucial functions of Müller cells such as GJIC and cell migration. First, we found that plasmalogen deficiency was associated with a significant reduction of Cx43 expression in the retina of DAPAT−/- mice in vivo. Secondly, using a siRNA targeting DHAPAT in vitro, we found that a 50%-reduction of Müller cells content in plasmalogens was sufficient to significantly downregulate Cx43 expression, while increasing its phosphorylation. Furthermore, plasmalogen-depleted Müller cells exhibited several alterations in ATP-induced GJIC, such as calcium waves of higher amplitude that propagated slower to neighboring cells, including astrocytes. Finally, in vitro plasmalogen depletion was also associated with a significant downregulation of Müller cells migration. Taken together, these data confirm that plasmalogens are critical for the regulation of Cx43 expression and for characteristics of retinal Müller glial cells such as GJIC and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Karadayi
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Julie Mazzocco
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Leclere
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Bénédicte Buteau
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Gregoire
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Belloir
- Taste and Olfaction Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mounzer Koudsi
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Bessard
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bizeau
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elisabeth Dubus
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Fenech
- Brain Nutrient Sensing and Energy Homeostasis, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Taste and Olfaction Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alain M. Bron
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | | | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, CSGA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Niyazi Acar,
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5
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Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:158-172. [PMID: 35115728 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood-derived biomarkers for brain and spinal cord diseases are urgently needed. The introduction of highly sensitive immunoassays led to a rapid increase in the number of potential blood-derived biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of neurological disorders. In 2018, the FDA authorized a blood test for clinical use in the evaluation of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). The test measures levels of the astrocytic intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuroaxonal marker ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1. In TBI, blood GFAP levels are correlated with clinical severity and extent of intracranial pathology. Evidence also indicates that blood GFAP levels hold the potential to reflect, and might enable prediction of, worsening of disability in individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis. A growing body of evidence suggests that blood GFAP levels can be used to detect even subtle injury to the CNS. Most importantly, the successful completion of the ongoing validation of point-of-care platforms for blood GFAP might ameliorate the decision algorithms for acute neurological diseases, such as TBI and stroke, with important economic implications. In this Review, we provide a systematic overview of the evidence regarding the utility of blood GFAP as a biomarker in neurological diseases. We propose a model for GFAP concentration dynamics in different conditions and discuss the limitations that hamper the widespread use of GFAP in the clinical setting. In our opinion, the clinical use of blood GFAP measurements has the potential to contribute to accelerated diagnosis and improved prognostication, and represents an important step forward in the era of precision medicine.
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Abstract
Fifty years have passed since the discovery of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by Lawrence Eng and colleagues. Now recognized as a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins, it has become a subject for study in fields as diverse as structural biology, cell biology, gene expression, basic neuroscience, clinical genetics and gene therapy. This review covers each of these areas, presenting an overview of current understanding and controversies regarding GFAP with the goal of stimulating continued study of this fascinating protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Michael Brenner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham
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7
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Yin H, Qin H, Wang T, Zhuang Q, Yang Q. The Protective Effects of Apremilast Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion (OGD/R)-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Astroglia Mediated by CREB/BDNF. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:754-763. [PMID: 33826130 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced impairment of astrocytes may lead to neuronal dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS). Apremilast is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor primarily used for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis that has demonstrated certain neuroprotective properties. PDE4 is an isoenzyme that degrades 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which serves as a neuroprotective agent by promoting neuronal recovery through protein kinase (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and subsequent expression of the neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma (Bcl-2). However, the effects of apremilast in astrocytes have not been elucidated. In the present study, we employed an in vitro model of ischemic stroke using oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-challenged astrocytes to investigate the effects of apremilast against apoptosis (the flow cytometry assay), cell death (the lactate dehydrogenase release assay), oxidative stress (2', 7' dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining), and the expression of the key neuroprotective factors CREB and BDNF (Western blot analysis). Our findings show that treatment with apremilast could significantly reduce astrocyte apoptosis and cell death induced by OGD/R as evidenced by reduced release of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and improvement of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The results of MTT assay, measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and flow cytometry confirmed the improvement in cell viability mediated by apremilast. Importantly, we found that CREB phosphorylation was required for the increases in BDNF and Bcl-2 induced by apremilast as well as the decrease in astrocyte apoptosis. These preliminary findings indicate that apremilast may have the potential to prevent astrocyte cell death and promote neuronal healing in cerebral ischemic injury. Further in vivo research will expand our understanding of these promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277100, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277100, Shandong, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277100, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277100, Shandong, China
| | - Qixia Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277100, Shandong, China.
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8
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Enteric Glia at the Crossroads between Intestinal Immune System and Epithelial Barrier: Implications for Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239199. [PMID: 33276665 PMCID: PMC7730281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, several investigations have suggested that Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be regarded as the consequence of a bowel disorder. Indeed, gastrointestinal symptoms can occur at all stages of this neurodegenerative disease and in up to a third of cases, their onset can precede the involvement of the central nervous system. Recent data suggest that enteric glial cells (EGCs) may play a major role in PD-related gastrointestinal disturbances, as well as in the development and progression of the central disease. In addition to their trophic and structural functions, EGCs are crucial for the homeostatic control of a wide range of gastrointestinal activities. The main purpose of this review was to provide a detailed overview of the role of EGCs in intestinal PD-associated alterations, with particular regard for their participation in digestive and central inflammation as well as the dynamic interactions between glial cells and intestinal epithelial barrier. Accumulating evidence suggests that several pathological intestinal conditions, associated with an impairment of barrier permeability, may trigger dysfunctions of EGCs and their shift towards a proinflammatory phenotype. The reactive gliosis is likely responsible for PD-related neuroinflammation and the associated pathological changes in the ENS. Thus, ameliorating the efficiency of mucosal barrier, as well as avoiding IEB disruption and the related reactive gliosis, might theoretically prevent the onset of PD or, at least, counteract its progression.
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9
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Type III intermediate filaments as targets and effectors of electrophiles and oxidants. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101582. [PMID: 32711378 PMCID: PMC7381704 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) play key roles in cell mechanics, signaling and homeostasis. Their assembly and dynamics are finely regulated by posttranslational modifications. The type III IFs, vimentin, desmin, peripherin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), are targets for diverse modifications by oxidants and electrophiles, for which their conserved cysteine residue emerges as a hot spot. Pathophysiological examples of these modifications include lipoxidation in cell senescence and rheumatoid arthritis, disulfide formation in cataracts and nitrosation in endothelial shear stress, although some oxidative modifications can also be detected under basal conditions. We previously proposed that cysteine residues of vimentin and GFAP act as sensors for oxidative and electrophilic stress, and as hinges influencing filament assembly. Accumulating evidence indicates that the structurally diverse cysteine modifications, either per se or in combination with other posttranslational modifications, elicit specific functional outcomes inducing distinct assemblies or network rearrangements, including filament stabilization, bundling or fragmentation. Cysteine-deficient mutants are protected from these alterations but show compromised cellular performance in network assembly and expansion, organelle positioning and aggresome formation, revealing the importance of this residue. Therefore, the high susceptibility to modification of the conserved cysteine of type III IFs and its cornerstone position in filament architecture sustains their role in redox sensing and integration of cellular responses. This has deep pathophysiological implications and supports the potential of this residue as a drug target. Type III intermediate filaments can be modified by many oxidants and electrophiles. Oxidative modifications of type III IFs occur in normal and pathological conditions. The conserved cysteine residue acts as a hub for redox/electrophilic modifications. Cysteine modifications elicit structure-dependent type III IF rearrangements. Type III intermediate filaments act as sensors for oxidative and electrophilic stress.
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10
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Martinello KA, Meehan C, Avdic-Belltheus A, Lingam I, Ragab S, Hristova M, Tann CJ, Peebles D, Hagberg H, Wolfs TGAM, Klein N, Tachtsidis I, Golay X, Kramer BW, Fleiss B, Gressens P, Robertson NJ. Acute LPS sensitization and continuous infusion exacerbates hypoxic brain injury in a piglet model of neonatal encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10184. [PMID: 31308390 PMCID: PMC6629658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-existing infection/inflammation and birth asphyxia potentiate the risk of developing neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and adverse outcome. In a newborn piglet model we assessed the effect of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion started 4 h prior to and continued for 48 h after hypoxia on brain cell death and systemic haematological changes compared to LPS and hypoxia alone. LPS sensitized hypoxia resulted in an increase in mortality and in brain cell death (TUNEL positive cells) throughout the whole brain, and in the internal capsule, periventricular white matter and sensorimotor cortex. LPS alone did not increase brain cell death at 48 h, despite evidence of neuroinflammation, including the greatest increases in microglial proliferation, reactive astrocytosis and cleavage of caspase-3. LPS exposure caused splenic hypertrophy and platelet count suppression. The combination of LPS and hypoxia resulted in the highest and most sustained systemic white cell count increase. These findings highlight the significant contribution of acute inflammation sensitization prior to an asphyxial insult on NE illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Martinello
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher Meehan
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingran Lingam
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ragab
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cally J Tann
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive and Child Health Centre, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Peebles
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Golay
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicola J Robertson
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
- Division of Neonatology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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Battaglia RA, Beltran AS, Delic S, Dumitru R, Robinson JA, Kabiraj P, Herring LE, Madden VJ, Ravinder N, Willems E, Newman RA, Quinlan RA, Goldman JE, Perng MD, Inagaki M, Snider NT. Site-specific phosphorylation and caspase cleavage of GFAP are new markers of Alexander disease severity. eLife 2019; 8:47789. [PMID: 31682229 PMCID: PMC6927689 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease (AxD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which supports the structural integrity of astrocytes. Over 70 GFAP missense mutations cause AxD, but the mechanism linking different mutations to disease-relevant phenotypes remains unknown. We used AxD patient brain tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes to investigate the hypothesis that AxD-causing mutations perturb key post-translational modifications (PTMs) on GFAP. Our findings reveal selective phosphorylation of GFAP-Ser13 in patients who died young, independently of the mutation they carried. AxD iPSC-astrocytes accumulated pSer13-GFAP in cytoplasmic aggregates within deep nuclear invaginations, resembling the hallmark Rosenthal fibers observed in vivo. Ser13 phosphorylation facilitated GFAP aggregation and was associated with increased GFAP proteolysis by caspase-6. Furthermore, caspase-6 was selectively expressed in young AxD patients, and correlated with the presence of cleaved GFAP. We reveal a novel PTM signature linking different GFAP mutations in infantile AxD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Adriana S Beltran
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States,Human Pluripotent Stem Cell CoreUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Samed Delic
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States,Department of BiosciencesUniversity of DurhamDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | - Raluca Dumitru
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell CoreUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jasmine A Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Parijat Kabiraj
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | - Victoria J Madden
- Department of PathologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Roy A Quinlan
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of DurhamDurhamUnited Kingdom
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of PathologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ming-Der Perng
- Institute of Molecular MedicineNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan, Republic of China
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of PhysiologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineMieJapan
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillUnited States
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12
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Marttinen M, Paananen J, Neme A, Mitra V, Takalo M, Natunen T, Paldanius KMA, Mäkinen P, Bremang M, Kurki MI, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Pike I, Hiltunen M. A multiomic approach to characterize the temporal sequence in Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:454-468. [PMID: 30557660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
No single-omic approach completely elucidates the multitude of alterations taking place in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we coupled transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic approaches to determine the temporal sequence of changes in mRNA, protein, and phosphopeptide expression levels from human temporal cortical samples, with varying degree of AD-related pathology. This approach highlighted fluctuation in synaptic and mitochondrial function as the earliest pathological events in brain samples with AD-related pathology. Subsequently, increased expression of inflammation and extracellular matrix-associated gene products was observed. Interaction network assembly for the associated gene products, emphasized the complex interplay between these processes and the role of addressing post-translational modifications in the identification of key regulators. Additionally, we evaluate the use of decision trees and random forests in identifying potential biomarkers differentiating individuals with different degree of AD-related pathology. This multiomic and temporal sequence-based approach provides a better understanding of the sequence of events leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marttinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Antonio Neme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Vikram Mitra
- Proteome Sciences plc, Cobham, London WC1H 9BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mari Takalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Kaisa M A Paldanius
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Michael Bremang
- Proteome Sciences plc, Cobham, London WC1H 9BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Neurosurgery of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Neurology of Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70029, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome Sciences plc, Cobham, London WC1H 9BB, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
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13
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Miller SM, Sullivan SM, Ireland Z, Chand KK, Colditz PB, Bjorkman ST. Neonatal seizures are associated with redistribution and loss of GABA A α-subunits in the hypoxic-ischaemic pig. J Neurochem 2016; 139:471-484. [PMID: 27456541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are a common manifestation of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in the neonate. In status epilepticus models alterations to GABAA R subunit expression have been suggested to contribute to (i) abnormal development of the GABAergic system, (ii) why seizures become self-sustaining and (iii) the development of pharmacoresistance. Detailed investigation of GABAA R subunit protein expression after neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is currently insufficient. Using our pig model of HI and subsequent spontaneous neonatal seizures, we investigated changes in protein expression of the three predominant α-subunits of the GABAA R; α1 , α2 and α3 . Anaesthetized, ventilated newborn pigs (< 24 h old) were subjected to 30 min HI and subsequently recovered to 24 or 72 h. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography was used to monitor brain activity and identify seizure activity. Brain tissue was collected post-mortem and GABAA R α-subunit protein expression was analysed using western blot and immunohistochemistry. GABAA R α1 and α3 protein expression was significantly reduced in animals that developed seizures after HI; HI animals that did not develop seizures did not exhibit the same reductions. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased α1 and α3 expression, and α1 redistribution from the cell membrane to the cytosol, in the hippocampus of seizure animals. Multivariate analyses, controlling for HI severity and neuronal injury, revealed that seizures were independently associated with significant GABAA R α3 reduction. This is the first study to show loss and redistribution of GABAA R α-subunits in a neonatal brain experiencing seizures. Our findings are similar to those reported in models of SE and in chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Miller
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.
| | - Susan M Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Zoe Ireland
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Kirat K Chand
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Paul B Colditz
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - S Tracey Bjorkman
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Years of research in the field of neurotrauma have led to the concept of applying systems biology as a tool for biomarker discovery in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Biomarkers may lead to understanding mechanisms of injury and recovery in TBI and can be potential targets for wound healing, recovery, and increased survival with enhanced quality of life. The literature available on neurotrauma studies from both animal and clinical studies has provided rich insight on the molecular pathways and complex networks of TBI, elucidating the proteomics of this disease for the discovery of biomarkers. With such a plethora of information available, the data from the studies require databases with tools to analyze and infer new patterns and associations. The role of different systems biology tools and their use in biomarker discovery in TBI are discussed in this chapter.
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Goasdoue K, Awabdy D, Bjorkman ST, Miller S. Standard loading controls are not reliable for Western blot quantification across brain development or in pathological conditions. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:630-4. [PMID: 26593451 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A frequently utilized method of data quantification in Western blot analysis is comparison of the protein of interest with a house keeping gene or control protein. Commonly used proteins include β-actin, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and α-tubulin. Various reliability issues have been raised when using this technique for data analysis-particularly when investigating protein expression changes during development and in disease states. In this study, we have demonstrated that β-actin, GAPDH, and α-tubulin are not appropriate controls in the study of development and hypoxic-ischemic induced damage in the piglet brain. We have also shown that using an in-house pooled standard, loaded on all blots is a reliable method for controlling interassay variability and data normalization in protein expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Goasdoue
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Doreen Awabdy
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Stephanie Miller
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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17
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Yang Z, Wang KKW. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:364-74. [PMID: 25975510 PMCID: PMC4559283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) III protein uniquely found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and enteric glial cells. GFAP mRNA expression is regulated by several nuclear-receptor hormones, growth factors, and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). GFAP is also subject to numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs), while GFAP mutations result in protein deposits known as Rosenthal fibers in Alexander disease. GFAP gene activation and protein induction appear to play a critical role in astroglial cell activation (astrogliosis) following CNS injuries and neurodegeneration. Emerging evidence also suggests that, following traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and stroke, GFAP and its breakdown products are rapidly released into biofluids, making them strong candidate biomarkers for such neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, L4-100, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, L4-100, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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18
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Clairembault T, Leclair-Visonneau L, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. Enteric glial cells: new players in Parkinson's disease? Mov Disord 2014; 30:494-8. [PMID: 25100667 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy pathology has been described in neurons of the enteric nervous system in nearly all Parkinson's disease (PD) patients at autopsy. The enteric nervous system not only contains a variety of functionally distinct enteric neurons but also harbors a prominent component of glial cells, the so-called enteric glial cells, which, like astrocytes of the central nervous system, contribute to support, protect, and maintain the neural network. A growing body of evidence supports a role for enteric glial cells in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and chronic constipation. We have recently shown that enteric glial cell dysfunction occurs in PD. In the present review, we discuss the possible implications of enteric glia in PD-related gut dysfunction as well as in disease initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clairembault
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France; University Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France; CHU Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, F-44093, France
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19
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Signaling mechanisms and disrupted cytoskeleton in the diphenyl ditelluride neurotoxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:458601. [PMID: 25050142 PMCID: PMC4090446 DOI: 10.1155/2014/458601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from our group supports that diphenyl ditelluride (PhTe)2 neurotoxicity depends on modulation of signaling pathways initiated at the plasma membrane. The (PhTe)2-evoked signal is transduced downstream of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA), or metabotropic glutamate receptors activation via different kinase pathways (protein kinase A, phospholipase C/protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Akt signaling pathway). Among the most relevant cues of misregulated signaling mechanisms evoked by (PhTe)2 is the cytoskeleton of neural cells. The in vivo and in vitro exposure to (PhTe)2 induce hyperphosphorylation/hypophosphorylation of neuronal and glial intermediate filament (IF) proteins (neurofilaments and glial fibrillary acidic protein, resp.) in different brain structures of young rats. Phosphorylation of IFs at specific sites modulates their association/disassociation and interferes with important physiological roles, such as axonal transport. Disrupted cytoskeleton is a crucial marker of neurodegeneration and is associated with reactive astrogliosis and apoptotic cell death. This review focuses the current knowledge and important results on the mechanisms of (PhTe)2 neurotoxicity with special emphasis on the cytoskeletal proteins and their differential regulation by kinases/phosphatases and Ca2+-mediated mechanisms in developmental rat brain. We propose that the disrupted cytoskeletal homeostasis could support brain damage provoked by this neurotoxicant.
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20
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Sullivan SM. GFAP variants in health and disease: stars of the brain... and gut. J Neurochem 2014; 130:729-32. [PMID: 24909200 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research and Perinatal Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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21
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Clairembault T, Kamphuis W, Leclair-Visonneau L, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Coron E, Neunlist M, Hol EM, Derkinderen P. Enteric GFAP expression and phosphorylation in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2014; 130:805-15. [PMID: 24749759 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are in many respects similar to astrocytes of the central nervous system and express similar proteins including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Changes in GFAP expression and/or phosphorylation have been reported during brain damage or central nervous system degeneration. As in Parkinson's disease (PD) the enteric neurons accumulate α-synuclein, and thus are showing PD-specific pathological features, we undertook the present survey to study whether the enteric glia in PD become reactive by assessing the expression and phosphorylation levels of GFAP in colonic biopsies. Twenty-four PD, six progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), six multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, and 21 age-matched healthy controls were included. The expression levels and the phosphorylation state of GFAP were analyzed in colonic biopsies by western blot. Additional experiments were performed using real-time PCR for a more precise analysis of the GFAP isoforms expressed by EGCs. We showed that GFAPκ was the main isoform expressed in EGCs. As compared to control subjects, patients with PD, but not PSP and MSA, had significant higher GFAP expression levels in their colonic biopsies. The phosphorylation level of GFAP at serine 13 was significantly lower in PD patients compared to control subjects. By contrast, no change in GFAP phosphorylation was observed between PSP, MSA and controls. Our findings provide evidence that enteric glial reaction occurs in PD and further reinforce the role of the enteric nervous system in the initiation and/or the progression of the disease. We showed that GFAP is over-expressed and hypophosphorylated in the enteric glial cells (EGCs) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients as compared to healthy subjects and patients with atypical parkinsonism (MSA, multiple system atrophy and PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy). Our findings provide evidence that enteric glial reaction occurs in PD but not in PSP and MSA and further reinforce the role of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clairembault
- Inserm U913, Nantes, France; University Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
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22
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Baquedano E, Chowen JA, Argente J, Frago LM. Differential effects of GH and GH-releasing peptide-6 on astrocytes. J Endocrinol 2013; 218:263-74. [PMID: 23792323 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GH and GH secretagogues (GHSs) are involved in many cellular activities such as stimulation of mitosis, proliferation and differentiation. As astrocytes are involved in developmental and protective functions, our aim was to analyse the effects of GH and GH-releasing hexapeptide on astrocyte proliferation and differentiation in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Treatment of adult male Wistar rats with GH (i.v., 100 μg/day) for 1 week increased the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and decreased the levels of vimentin in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. These changes were not accompanied by increased proliferation. By contrast, GH-releasing hexapeptide (i.v., 150 μg/day) did not affect GFAP levels but increased proliferation in the areas studied. To further study the intracellular mechanisms involved in these effects, we treated C6 astrocytoma cells with GH or GH-releasing hexapeptide and the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, and observed that the presence of this inhibitor reverted the increase in GFAP levels induced by GH and the proliferation induced by GH-releasing hexapeptide. We conclude that although GH-releasing hexapeptide is a GHS, it may exert GH-independent effects centrally on astrocytes when administered i.v., although the effects of both substances appear to be mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baquedano
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Sun D, Qu J, Jakobs TC. Reversible reactivity by optic nerve astrocytes. Glia 2013; 61:1218-35. [PMID: 23650091 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are typically studied in models that cause irreversible mechanical damage to axons, neuronal cell bodies, and glia. Here, we evaluated the response of astrocytes in the optic nerve head to a subtle injury induced by a brief, mild elevation of the intraocular pressure. Astrocytes demonstrated reactive remodeling that peaked at three days, showing hypertrophy, process retraction, and simplification of their shape. This was not accompanied by any significant changes in the gene expression profile. At no time was there discernible damage to the optic axons, as evidenced by electron microscopy and normal anterograde and retrograde transport. Remarkably, the morphological remodeling was reversible. These findings underscore the plastic nature of reactivity. They show that reactivity can resolve fully if the insult is removed, and suggest that reactivity per se is not necessarily deleterious to axons. This reaction may represent very early events in the sequence that eventually leads to glial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sun
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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24
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Loureiro SO, Heimfarth L, Scherer EB, da Cunha MJ, de Lima BO, Biasibetti H, Pessoa-Pureur R, Wyse AT. Cytoskeleton of cortical astrocytes as a target to proline through oxidative stress mechanisms. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:89-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Bilbo SD, Schwarz JM. The immune system and developmental programming of brain and behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:267-86. [PMID: 22982535 PMCID: PMC3484177 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain, endocrine, and immune systems are inextricably linked. Immune molecules have a powerful impact on neuroendocrine function, including hormone-behavior interactions, during health as well as sickness. Similarly, alterations in hormones, such as during stress, can powerfully impact immune function or reactivity. These functional shifts are evolved, adaptive responses that organize changes in behavior and mobilize immune resources, but can also lead to pathology or exacerbate disease if prolonged or exaggerated. The developing brain in particular is exquisitely sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous signals, and increasing evidence suggests the immune system has a critical role in brain development and associated behavioral outcomes for the life of the individual. Indeed, there are associations between many neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction, with a distinct etiology in neurodevelopment. The goal of this review is to describe the important role of the immune system during brain development, and to discuss some of the many ways in which immune activation during early brain development can affect the later-life outcomes of neural function, immune function, mood and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Drive, Box 91050, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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