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Qin J, Nong L, Zhu Q, Huang Z, Wu F, Li S. A Retrospective Analysis of Central and Peripheral Metabolic Characteristics in Patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:763-784. [PMID: 38643256 PMCID: PMC11136911 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-024-00610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most current treatment strategies and investigations on cryptococcal meningitis (CM) focus primarily on the central nervous system (CNS), often overlooking the complex interplay between the CNS and the peripheral system. This study aims to explore the characteristics of central and peripheral metabolism in patients with CM. METHODS Patients diagnosed with CM as per the hospital records of the Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups, non-structural damage of the brain (NSDB) and structural damage of the brain (SDB), according to the presence of brain lesions as detected with imaging. Based on the presence of enlarged cerebral ventricles, the cases in the SDB group were classified into non-ventriculomegaly (NVM) and ventriculomegaly (VM). Various parameters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) were analyzed. RESULTS A significant correlation was detected between CSF and PB parameters. The levels of CSF-adenosine dehydrogenase (ADA), CSF-protein, CSF-glucose, and CSF-chloride ions were significantly correlated with the levels of PB-aminotransferase, PB-bilirubin, PB-creatinine (Cr), PB-urea nitrogen, PB-electrolyte, PB-protein, and PB-lipid. Compared with NSDB, the levels of CSF-glucose were significantly decreased in the SDB group, while the levels of CSF-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CSF-protein were significantly increased in the SDB group. In the SDB group, the levels of PB-potassium, PB-hemoglobin(Hb), and PB-albumin were significantly decreased in the patients with VM, while the level of PB-urea nitrogen was significantly increased in these patients. CONCLUSION Metabolic and structural alterations in the brain may be associated with peripheral metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglong Qin
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, 1 Chang-Gang-Two-Li Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanwei Nong
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, 1 Chang-Gang-Two-Li Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingdong Zhu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, 1 Chang-Gang-Two-Li Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Huang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, 1 Chang-Gang-Two-Li Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, 1 Chang-Gang-Two-Li Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijun Li
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, 1 Chang-Gang-Two-Li Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China.
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Gao C, Yang B, Li Y, Pei W. Monocarboxylate transporter-dependent mechanism is involved in the adaptability of the body to exercise-induced fatigue under high-altitude hypoxia environment. Brain Res Bull 2023; 195:78-85. [PMID: 36804772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Under high-altitude hypoxia environment, the body is more prone to fatigue, which occurs in both peripheral muscles and the central nervous system (CNS). The key factor determining the latter is the imbalance of brain energy metabolism, which makes it difficult to maintain the central nervous system to send peripheral nerve impulse continuously. During strenuous exercise, lactate released from astrocytes is taken up by neurons stored for energy to maintain synaptic transmission, a process mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in CNS. The present study investigated the correlation among the adaptability to exercise-induced fatigue, brain lactate metabolism and neuronal hypoxia injury under high-altitude hypoxia environment. Rats were subjected to exhaustive incremental load treadmill exercise under either normal pressure and normoxic conditions or simulated high-altitude low pressure and hypoxic conditions, with subsequent evaluation of the average exhaustive time as well as the expression of monocarboxylate transporters 2 (MCT2), MCT4, the average neuronal density in the cerebral motor cortex, and the lactate content in rat brain. At the early stage of simulated high-altitude environment, the average exhaustive time and neuronal density of rats decreased rapidly, then gradually recovered to some extent with the extension of altitude acclimatization time. The expression of MCT2, MCT4 and the lactate content in rat brain also increased gradually with the extension of altitude acclimatization time. After the application of lactate transport inhibitor, the recovery of exercise capacity of rats after altitude acclimatization was quickly blocked, and the neuronal injury in the cerebral motor cortex of rats was also significantly aggravated. These findings demonstrate that MCT-dependent mechanism is involved in the adaptability of the body to central fatigue, and provide a potential basis for medical intervention for exercise-induced fatigue under high-altitude hypoxia environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Department of General Practice, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Binni Yang
- Department of General Practice, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of General Practice, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wenjuan Pei
- Department of General Practice, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Gao C, Yang B, Li Y, Pei W. A monocarboxylate transporter-dependent mechanism confers resistance to exercise-induced fatigue in a high-altitude hypoxic environment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2949. [PMID: 36807596 PMCID: PMC9941081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The body is more prone to fatigue in a high-altitude hypoxic environment, in which fatigue occurs in both peripheral muscles and the central nervous system (CNS). The key factor determining the latter is the imbalance in brain energy metabolism. During strenuous exercise, lactate released from astrocytes is taken up by neurons via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) as a substrate for energy metabolism. The present study investigated the correlations among the adaptability to exercise-induced fatigue, brain lactate metabolism and neuronal hypoxia injury in a high-altitude hypoxic environment. Rats were subjected to exhaustive incremental load treadmill exercise under either normal pressure and normoxic conditions or simulated high-altitude, low-pressure and hypoxic conditions, with subsequent evaluation of the average exhaustive time as well as the expression of MCT2 and MCT4 in the cerebral motor cortex, the average neuronal density in the hippocampus, and the brain lactate content. The results illustrate that the average exhaustive time, neuronal density, MCT expression and brain lactate content were positively correlated with the altitude acclimatization time. These findings demonstrate that an MCT-dependent mechanism is involved in the adaptability of the body to central fatigue and provide a potential basis for medical intervention for exercise-induced fatigue in a high-altitude hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Department of General Practice, The 940Th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, BinHe South Road, No.333, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China.
| | - Binni Yang
- Department of General Practice, The 940Th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, BinHe South Road, No.333, Lanzhou, 730050 Gansu China
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of General Practice, The 940Th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, BinHe South Road, No.333, Lanzhou, 730050 Gansu China
| | - Wenjuan Pei
- Department of General Practice, The 940Th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, BinHe South Road, No.333, Lanzhou, 730050 Gansu China
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Lu Y, Bian J, Kan H, Ding W, Wang D, Wang X, Luo Q, Wu X, Zhu L. Intermittent hypoxia preconditioning protects WRL68 cells against oxidative injury: Involvement of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy regulated by nuclear respiratory factor 1. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:113-122. [PMID: 33933661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of intermittent hypoxia (IH) preconditioning against oxidative injury in hepatic cells was investigated and the involvement of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy regulated by nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) was evaluated. The results showed that IH preconditioning protected HepG2 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/Rep)-induced injury and protected WRL68 cells against H2O2 or AMA-induced oxidative injury. IH preconditioning up-regulated the protein level of NRF-1, PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 II, promoted the recruitment of the cytosolic Parkin, indicating the initiation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in WRL68 cells. When NRF-1 was down-regulated by NRF-1 specific shRNA, the protein level of PINK1 and Parkin as well as the mitophagy level were significantly decreased. After IH preconditioning, the protein level of PINK1 and the recruitment of Parkin in CCCP-treated group were significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating the increased mitophagy capacity. And the increased mitophagy capacity induced by IH preconditioning was also reduced by down-regulation of NRF-1. Furthermore, the protective effect of IH preconditioning against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in WRL68 cells was inhibited when NRF-1 or PINK1 was down-regulated by specific shRNA. Mitochondrial ROS generation may be responsible for the increased expression of NRF-1 induced by IH preconditioning. In conclusion, the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy regulated by NRF-1 was involved in IH preconditioning-induced protective effect against oxidative cellular injury in hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Jiangpei Bian
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Huiwen Kan
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Wangwang Ding
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
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Mishra P, Jaseja H, Goyal M. A critical analysis of the purported role of hypoxaemia in the comorbidity of obstructive sleep apnoea and epilepsy. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 41:4-9. [PMID: 33068455 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a globally prevalent sleep disorder of significant health concern and confounded with several comorbidities resulting in adverse effect(s) on quality of life in patients afflicted with it. Of particular interest is the enigmatic high comorbidity of OSA with epilepsy, the exact underlying pathophysiology of which remains elusive despite a multitude of research performed in the last four decades. Hypoxaemia, which is an important characteristic feature found in OSA during apnoeic spells, has been implicated in the high comorbidity of OSA with epilepsy, the basis of which rests upon hypoxaemia-mediated brain damage, subcortical release phenomenon, oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory reactions. However, several studies present contradictory evidences that potentially refute the hypoxaemia-based mechanism. Additionally, the role of hypercapnia thatgenerally accompanies hypoxaemia during apnoeic spells, cannot be overlooked and is known to be potentially protective against neuronal hyperexcitability. Thus, hypoxaemia theory implicated in the high comorbidity of OSA and epilepsy appears weak and refutable. This brief paper studies and critically analyses the role of hypoxaemia in conjunction with hypercapnia in the underlying pathophysiology of the comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Mishra
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Manish Goyal
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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Ding J, Liu C, Luo S, Zhang Y, Gao X, Wu X, Shen W, Zhu J. Transcriptome and physiology analysis identify key metabolic changes in the liver of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in response to acute hypoxia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109957. [PMID: 31759744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most important marine economic fish in the southeast coast of China. However, hypoxia stress become a major obstacle to the benign development of L. crocea industry. To understand the energy metabolism mechanism adapted to hypoxia, we analyzed the transcriptome and physiology of L. crocea liver in response to hypoxia stress for different durations. We obtained 243,756,080 clean reads, of which 83.38% were successfully mapped to the reference genome of L. crocea. The heat map analysis showed that genes encoding enzymes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were significantly upregulated at various time points. Moreover, genes encoding enzymes related to the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and amino acid metabolism were significantly downregulated at 6 and 24 h, but upregulated at 48 and 96 h. The change of liver in physiology processes, including respiratory metabolism, and activities of the carbohydrate metabolism enzymes showed a similar trend. The results revealed that the respiratory metabolism of L. crocea was mainly anaerobic within 24 h of hypoxia stress, and aerobic metabolism was dominant after 24 h. Carbohydrate metabolism plays a crucial role in energy supply and amino acid metabolism is an important supporting character to cope with acute hypoxia stress. There was no significant change in lipid utilization under short-term acute stress. This study increases our understanding of the energy metabolism mechanism of the hypoxia response in fish and provides a useful resource for L. crocea genetics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315012, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315012, China
| | - Shengyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315012, China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315012, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315012, China.
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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Metallothionein induction attenuates the progression of lung injury in mice exposed to long-term intermittent hypoxia. Inflamm Res 2019; 69:15-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Involvement of monocarboxylate transporters in the cross-tolerance between epilepsy and cerebral infarction: A promising choice towards new treatments. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134305. [PMID: 31152852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Noxious stimuli applied at doses close to but below the threshold of cell injury induce adaptative responses that provide a defense against additional stress from the same (tolerance) or other (cross-tolerance) stimuli. Such endogenous modulators mediate the tolerance induced by numerous sublethal physical and chemical stress factors, of which epileptic preconditioning (EPC) and mild global ischemia are two most important mutually protective actions. However, the evidence for the complicated underlying mechanisms involved in this neuroprotective effects are lacking. During hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) and intense neural activity, lactate released from astrocytes is taken up by neurons and is stored for energy, a process mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in central nervous system (CNS). The present study investigated whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) or EPC can provide protection to CNS against epilepsy or cerebral infarction respectively through regulation of MCTs expression in vivo. Rats were subjected to transitory middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or kainic acid (KA) preconditioning protocol respectively, followed by KA induced epilepsy or lethal MCAO as well as lactate transportation inhibitor injection, with a subsequent evaluation of behavior and infarct volume as well as MCTs expression in rats brain. IPC reduced the severity of status epilepticus induced by KA injection and EPC reduce infarct volume resulted from lethal MCAO. However, lactate transport blocking attenuated this neuroprotective effect and MCTs expression followed the same variation trends. These findings demonstrate that MCTs dependent mechanism is involved in the cross-tolerance between epilepsy and cerebral infarction, provide a potential basis for the clinical treatment of patients with brain diseases characterized by epilepsy and H/I.
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Yoo DY, Park JH, Lee KY, Kwon HJ, Jung HY, Kim JW, Kim DW, Choi JH, Moon SM, Yoon YS, Won MH, Hwang IK. Temporal and spatial changes of monocarboxylate transporter 4 expression in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient forebrain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4225-4230. [PMID: 28440446 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient forebrain ischemia depletes glucose and oxygen levels in the brain. In this pathological condition, lactate serves an important role in cellular metabolism as the end product of glycolysis. The present study investigated the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) in lactate metabolism in the hippocampal CA1 region following induction of transient forebrain ischemia. MCT4 immunoreactivity was detected in CA1 pyramidal cells of the sham-operated group. Animals from the ischemic group exhibited a transient decrease in MCT4 immunoreactivity in the CA1 region between 30 min and 3 h following ischemia compared with the sham‑operated group. The initial decrease in immunoreactivity observed between 30 min and 3 h following ischemia was followed by an increase at 2 days after the treatment. A significant increase in MCT4 immunoreactivity levels was observed 2 days after ischemia compared with the sham‑operated group. Limited MCT4 immunoreactivity was observed in the pyramidal neurons 3 days after ischemia. At 4‑10 days after ischemia, MCT4 immunoreactivity was detected in the strata radiatum, oriens and pyramidale. Furthermore, MCT4 immunoreactivity levels in the CA1 region exhibited a time‑dependent increase following ischemia. The results indicated that there were transient alterations observed in the localization of MCT4 following the induction of ischemia, and further studies are required to investigate the association between MCT4 expression and lactate metabolism in providing energy to the post‑ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Myung Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Hoff MLM, Fabrizius A, Czech-Damal NU, Folkow LP, Burmester T. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Metabolic Changes in the Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) Brain in Response to Hypoxia and Reoxygenation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169366. [PMID: 28046118 PMCID: PMC5207758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain of diving mammals tolerates low oxygen conditions better than the brain of most terrestrial mammals. Previously, it has been demonstrated that the neurons in brain slices of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) withstand hypoxia longer than those of mouse, and also tolerate reduced glucose supply and high lactate concentrations. This tolerance appears to be accompanied by a shift in the oxidative energy metabolism to the astrocytes in the seal while in terrestrial mammals the aerobic energy production mainly takes place in neurons. Here, we used RNA-Seq to compare the effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation in vitro on brain slices from the visual cortex of hooded seals. We saw no general reduction of gene expression, suggesting that the response to hypoxia and reoxygenation is an actively regulated process. The treatments caused the preferential upregulation of genes related to inflammation, as found before e.g. in stroke studies using mammalian models. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses showed a downregulation of genes involved in ion transport and other neuronal processes, indicative for a neuronal shutdown in response to a shortage of O2 supply. These differences may be interpreted in terms of an energy saving strategy in the seal's brain. We specifically analyzed the regulation of genes involved in energy metabolism. Hypoxia and reoxygenation caused a similar response, with upregulation of genes involved in glucose metabolism and downregulation of the components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. We also observed upregulation of the monocarboxylate transporter Mct4, suggesting increased lactate efflux. Together, these data indicate that the seal brain responds to the hypoxic challenge by a relative increase in the anaerobic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrej Fabrizius
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Lars P. Folkow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pérez-Escuredo J, Van Hée VF, Sboarina M, Falces J, Payen VL, Pellerin L, Sonveaux P. Monocarboxylate transporters in the brain and in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2481-97. [PMID: 26993058 PMCID: PMC4990061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) constitute a family of 14 members among which MCT1-4 facilitate the passive transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies together with protons across cell membranes. Their anchorage and activity at the plasma membrane requires interaction with chaperon protein such as basigin/CD147 and embigin/gp70. MCT1-4 are expressed in different tissues where they play important roles in physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the brain and on cancer. In the brain, MCTs control the delivery of lactate, produced by astrocytes, to neurons, where it is used as an oxidative fuel. Consequently, MCT dysfunctions are associated with pathologies of the central nervous system encompassing neurodegeneration and cognitive defects, epilepsy and metabolic disorders. In tumors, MCTs control the exchange of lactate and other monocarboxylates between glycolytic and oxidative cancer cells, between stromal and cancer cells and between glycolytic cells and endothelial cells. Lactate is not only a metabolic waste for glycolytic cells and a metabolic fuel for oxidative cells, but it also behaves as a signaling agent that promotes angiogenesis and as an immunosuppressive metabolite. Because MCTs gate the activities of lactate, drugs targeting these transporters have been developed that could constitute new anticancer treatments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhudit Pérez-Escuredo
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent F Van Hée
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Falces
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics, Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Gleixner AM, Posimo JM, Pant DB, Henderson MP, Leak RK. Astrocytes Surviving Severe Stress Can Still Protect Neighboring Neurons from Proteotoxic Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4939-60. [PMID: 26374549 PMCID: PMC4792804 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the major cell types to combat cellular stress and protect neighboring neurons from injury. In order to fulfill this important role, astrocytes must sense and respond to toxic stimuli, perhaps including stimuli that are severely stressful and kill some of the astrocytes. The present study demonstrates that primary astrocytes that managed to survive severe proteotoxic stress were protected against subsequent challenges. These findings suggest that the phenomenon of preconditioning or tolerance can be extended from mild to severe stress for this cell type. Astrocytic stress adaptation lasted at least 96 h, the longest interval tested. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was raised in stressed astrocytes, but inhibition of neither Hsp70 nor Hsp32 activity abolished their resistance against a second proteotoxic challenge. Only inhibition of glutathione synthesis abolished astrocytic stress adaptation, consistent with our previous report. Primary neurons were plated upon previously stressed astrocytes, and the cocultures were then exposed to another proteotoxic challenge. Severely stressed astrocytes were still able to protect neighboring neurons against this injury, and the protection was unexpectedly independent of glutathione synthesis. Stressed astrocytes were even able to protect neurons after simultaneous application of proteasome and Hsp70 inhibitors, which otherwise elicited synergistic, severe loss of neurons when applied together. Astrocyte-induced neuroprotection against proteotoxicity was not elicited with astrocyte-conditioned media, suggesting that physical cell-to-cell contacts may be essential. These findings suggest that astrocytes may adapt to severe stress so that they can continue to protect neighboring cell types from profound injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Gleixner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jessica M Posimo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Deepti B Pant
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Matthew P Henderson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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13
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Manukhina EB, Downey HF, Shi X, Mallet RT. Intermittent hypoxia training protects cerebrovascular function in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1351-63. [PMID: 27190276 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of death and disability among older adults. Modifiable vascular risk factors for AD (VRF) include obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome. Here, interactions between cerebrovascular function and development of AD are reviewed, as are interventions to improve cerebral blood flow and reduce VRF. Atherosclerosis and small vessel cerebral disease impair metabolic regulation of cerebral blood flow and, along with microvascular rarefaction and altered trans-capillary exchange, create conditions favoring AD development. Although currently there are no definitive therapies for treatment or prevention of AD, reduction of VRFs lowers the risk for cognitive decline. There is increasing evidence that brief repeated exposures to moderate hypoxia, i.e. intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), improve cerebral vascular function and reduce VRFs including systemic hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and mental stress. In experimental AD, IHT nearly prevented endothelial dysfunction of both cerebral and extra-cerebral blood vessels, rarefaction of the brain vascular network, and the loss of neurons in the brain cortex. Associated with these vasoprotective effects, IHT improved memory and lessened AD pathology. IHT increases endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), thereby increasing regional cerebral blood flow and augmenting the vaso- and neuroprotective effects of endothelial NO. On the other hand, in AD excessive production of NO in microglia, astrocytes, and cortical neurons generates neurotoxic peroxynitrite. IHT enhances storage of excessive NO in the form of S-nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, and IHT reduces oxidative stress in a number of experimental pathologies. Beneficial effects of IHT in experimental neuropathologies other than AD, including dyscirculatory encephalopathy, ischemic stroke injury, audiogenic epilepsy, spinal cord injury, and alcohol withdrawal stress have also been reported. Further research on the potential benefits of IHT in AD and other brain pathologies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia B Manukhina
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - H Fred Downey
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
| | - Xiangrong Shi
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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14
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Hong S, Ahn JY, Cho GS, Kim IH, Cho JH, Ahn JH, Park JH, Won MH, Chen BH, Shin BN, Tae HJ, Park SM, Cho JH, Choi SY, Lee JC. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 plays a significant role in the neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning in transient cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1604-11. [PMID: 26692857 PMCID: PMC4660753 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.167757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), which carry monocarboxylates such as lactate across biological membranes, have been associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion process. In this study, we studied the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on MCT4 immunoreactivity after 5 minutes of transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Animals were randomly designated to four groups (sham-operated group, ischemia only group, IPC + sham-operated group and IPC + ischemia group). A serious loss of neuron was found in the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1), not CA2/3, of the ischemia-only group at 5 days post-ischemia; however, in the IPC + ischemia groups, neurons in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 were well protected. Weak MCT4 immunoreactivity was found in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 in the sham-operated group. MCT4 immunoreactivity in the stratum pyramidale began to decrease at 2 days post-ischemia and was hardly detected at 5 days post-ischemia; at this time point, MCT4 immunoreactivity was newly expressed in astrocytes. In the IPC + sham-operated group, MCT4 immunoreactivity in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 was increased compared with the sham-operated group, and, in the IPC + ischemia group, MCT4 immunoreactivity was also increased in the stratum pyramidale compared with the ischemia only group. Briefly, present findings show that IPC apparently protected CA1 pyramidal neurons and increased or maintained MCT4 expression in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 after transient cerebral ischemia. Our findings suggest that MCT4 appears to play a significant role in the neuroprotective mechanism of IPC in the gerbil with transient cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkweon Hong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yun Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bich-Na Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Min Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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15
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Chiu SC, Lin YJ, Huang SY, Lien CF, Chen SP, Pang CY, Lin JH, Yang KT. The Role of Intermittent Hypoxia on the Proliferative Inhibition of Rat Cerebellar Astrocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132263. [PMID: 26172116 PMCID: PMC4501806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea syndrome, characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), is linked with increased oxidative stress. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying IH and the effects of IH-induced oxidative stress on cerebellar astrocytes. Rat primary cerebellar astrocytes were kept in an incubator with an oscillating O2 concentration between 20% and 5% every 30 min for 1–4 days. Although the cell loss increased with the duration, the IH incubation didn’t induce apoptosis or necrosis, but rather a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of cerebellar astrocytes was noted. ROS accumulation was associated with cell loss during IH. PARP activation, resulting in p21 activation and cyclin D1 degradation was associated with cell cycle G0/G1 arrest of IH-treated cerebellar astrocytes. Our results suggest that IH induces cell loss by enhancing oxidative stress, PARP activation and cell cycle G0/G1 arrest in rat primary cerebellar astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chun Chiu
- Department of Research, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jou Lin
- Physiological and Anatomical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ying Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Lien
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shee-Ping Chen
- Tzu Chi Stem Cells Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Hong Lin
- PhD program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ta Yang
- Physiological and Anatomical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Karus C, Ziemens D, Rose CR. Lactate rescues neuronal sodium homeostasis during impaired energy metabolism. Channels (Austin) 2015; 9:200-8. [PMID: 26039160 PMCID: PMC4594511 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we established that recurrent activity evokes network sodium oscillations in neurons and astrocytes in hippocampal tissue slices. Interestingly, metabolic integrity of astrocytes was essential for the neurons' capacity to maintain low sodium and to recover from sodium loads, indicating an intimate metabolic coupling between the 2 cell types. Here, we studied if lactate can support neuronal sodium homeostasis during impaired energy metabolism by analyzing whether glucose removal, pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis and/or addition of lactate affect cellular sodium regulation. Furthermore, we studied the effect of lactate on sodium regulation during recurrent network activity and upon inhibition of the glial Krebs cycle by sodium-fluoroacetate. Our results indicate that lactate is preferentially used by neurons. They demonstrate that lactate supports neuronal sodium homeostasis and rescues the effects of glial poisoning by sodium-fluoroacetate. Altogether, they are in line with the proposed transfer of lactate from astrocytes to neurons, the so-called astrocyte-neuron-lactate shuttle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Karus
- a Institute of Neurobiology; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf ; Düsseldorf , Germany
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Gao C, Zhu W, Tian L, Zhang J, Li Z. MCT4-mediated expression of EAAT1 is involved in the resistance to hypoxia injury in astrocyte-neuron co-cultures. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:818-28. [PMID: 25645447 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic stressors contribute to neuronal death in many brain diseases. Astrocyte processes surround most neurons and are therefore anatomically well-positioned to shield them from hypoxic injury. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), represent the sole mechanism of active reuptake of glutamate into the astrocytes and neurons and are essential to dampen neuronal excitation following glutamate release at synapses. Glutamate clearance impairment from any factors is bound to result in an increase in hypoxic neuronal injury. The brain energy metabolism under hypoxic conditions depends on monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) that are expressed by neurons and glia. Previous co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that MCT4 directly modulate EAAT1 in astrocytes. The reduction in both surface proteins may act synergistically to induce neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity. Therefore we hypothesized that astrocytes would respond to hypoxic conditions by enhancing their expression of MCT4 and EAAT1, which, in turn, would enable them to better support neurons to survive lethal hypoxia injury. An oxygen deprivation (OD) protocol was used in primary cultures of neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytes-neurons derived from rat hippocampus, with or without MCT4-targeted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection. Cell survival, expression of MCT4, EAAT1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuronal nuclear antigen were evaluated. OD resulted in significant cell death in neuronal cultures and up-regulation of MCT4, EAAT1 expression respectively in primary cell cultures, but no injury in neuron-astrocyte co-cultures and astrocyte cultures. However, neuronal cell death in co-cultures was increased exposure to shRNA-MCT4 prior to OD. These findings demonstrate that the MCT4-mediated expression of EAAT1 is involved in the resistance to hypoxia injury in astrocyte-neuron co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, AnNing Branch Hospital, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu Province, China
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