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Ding Z, Fan X, Zhang Y, Yao M, Wang G, Dong Y, Liu J, Song W. The glymphatic system: a new perspective on brain diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1179988. [PMID: 37396658 PMCID: PMC10308198 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1179988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a brain-wide perivascular pathway driven by aquaporin-4 on the endfeet of astrocytes, which can deliver nutrients and active substances to the brain parenchyma through periarterial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) influx pathway and remove metabolic wastes through perivenous clearance routes. This paper summarizes the composition, overall fluid flow, solute transport, related diseases, affecting factors, and preclinical research methods of the glymphatic system. In doing so, we aim to provide direction and reference for more relevant researchers in the future.
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2
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Zhang Y, Feng J, Ou C, Zhou X, Liao Y. AQP4 mitigates chronic neuropathic pain-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114282. [PMID: 36596395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a risk factor for cognitive defects. The ubiquitous expression of AQP4 in astrocytes throughout the central nervous system is altered in the neurodegenerative disease. However, the exact role of AQP4 in cognitive impairment induced by chronic neuropathic pain remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that AQP4 protein and mRNA expression decreased time-dependently in the model of chronic neuropathic pain-induced cognitive disorder. AQP4 overexpression recovered mice from cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the concentration of Aβ1-42 in the serum and hippocampus reduced in mice with AQP4 overexpression adeno-associated virus injection. In conclusion, AQP4 in astrocytes is important in mitigating cognitive impairment caused by chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cehua Ou
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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3
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Aquaporins Display a Diversity in their Substrates. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:1-23. [PMID: 35986775 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins constitute a family of transmembrane proteins that function to transport water and other small solutes across the cell membrane. Aquaporins family members are found in diverse life forms. Aquaporins share the common structural fold consisting of six transmembrane alpha helices with a central water-transporting channel. Four such monomers assemble together to form tetramers as their biological unit. Initially, aquaporins were discovered as water-transporting channels, but several studies supported their involvement in mediating the facilitated diffusion of different solutes. The so-called water channel is able to transport a variety of substrates ranging from a neutral molecule to a charged molecule or a small molecule to a bulky molecule or even a gas molecule. This article gives an overview of a diverse range of substrates conducted by aquaporin family members. Prime focus is on human aquaporins where aquaporins show a wide tissue distribution and substrate specificity leading to various physiological functions. This review also highlights the structural mechanisms leading to the transport of water and glycerol. More research is needed to understand how one common fold enables the aquaporins to transport an array of solutes.
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4
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Xiao M, Hou J, Xu M, Li S, Yang B. Aquaporins in Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:99-124. [PMID: 36717489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Yılmaz H, Şengelen A, Demirgan S, Paşaoğlu HE, Çağatay M, Erman İE, Bay M, Güneyli HC, Önay-Uçar E. Acutely increased aquaporin-4 exhibits more potent protective effects in the cortex against single and repeated isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in the developing rat brain. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 33:279-292. [PMID: 36127839 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2127389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Damage to hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex associated with cognitive functions due to anesthetic-induced toxicity early in life may cause cognitive decline later. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a key protein in waste clearance pathway of brain, is involved in synaptic plasticity and neurocognition. We investigated the effects of single and repeated isoflurane (Iso) anesthesia on AQP4 levels and brain damage. Postnatal-day (P)7 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to Iso or Control (C) groups. For single-exposure, pups were exposed to 1.5% Iso in 30% oxygenated-air for 3-h at P7 (Iso1). For repeated-exposure, pups were exposed to Iso for 3 days, 3-h each day, at 1-day intervals (P7 + 9+11) starting at P7 (Iso3). C1 and C3 groups received only 30% oxygenated-air. Based on HE-staining and immunoblotting (Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase3 and PARP1) analyses, Iso exposures caused a higher degree of apoptosis in hippocampus. Anesthesia increased 4HNE, oxidative stress marker; the highest ROS accumulation was determined in cerebellum. Increased inflammation (TNF-α, NF-κB) was detected. Multiple Iso-exposures caused more significant damage than single exposure. Moreover, 4HNE and TNF-α contributed synergistically to Iso-induced neurotoxicity. After anesthesia, higher expression of AQP4 was detected in cortex than hippocampus and cerebellum. There was an inverse correlation between increased AQP4 levels and apoptosis/ROS/inflammation. Correlation analysis indicated that AQP4 had a more substantial protective profile against oxidative stress than apoptosis. Remarkably, acutely increased AQP4 against Iso exhibited a more potent neuroprotective effect in cortex, especially frontal cortex. These findings promote further research to understand better the mechanisms underlying anesthesia-induced toxicity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habip Yılmaz
- Department of Public Hospital Services, Istanbul Health Directorate, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Şengelen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Demirgan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüsniye Esra Paşaoğlu
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Çağatay
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Emre Erman
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bay
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Cem Güneyli
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evren Önay-Uçar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Zhang Q, Zhong C, Shen J, Chen S, Jia Y, Duan S. Emerging role of LINC00461 in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113239. [PMID: 35679722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LINC00461 is located in the intergenic region between the protein-coding genes MEF2C and TMEM161B. LINC00461 upregulation was associated with the risk of 13 tumors and was strongly associated with clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis in 11 tumors. LINC00461 is involved in resistance to four anticancer drugs, including sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma, cisplatin for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and rectal cancer, temozolomide for glioma, and docetaxel for breast cancer. LINC00461 can sponge 18 miRNAs to form a complex ceRNA network that regulates the expression of a large number of downstream genes. LINC00461 is involved in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. Notably, knockdown of LINC00461 in exosomes antagonizes tumor cell proliferation in multiple myeloma. This article summarizes the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of LINC00461 in various tumors, and systematically describes the ceRNA network and signaling pathways associated with LINC00461, providing potential directions for future LINC00461 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiudan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenming Zhong
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jinze Shen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Sang Chen
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yunhua Jia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
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Alanazi AH, Adil MS, Lin X, Chastain DB, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C, Somanath PR. Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis: Examining Old, New, and Promising Drug Therapies. Pathogens 2022; 11:783. [PMID: 35890028 PMCID: PMC9321092 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective antifungal therapy, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) remains associated with elevated mortality. The spectrum of symptoms associated with the central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcosis is directly caused by the high fungal burden in the subarachnoid space and the peri-endothelial space of the CNS vasculature, which results in intracranial hypertension (ICH). Management of intracranial pressure (ICP) through aggressive drainage of cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture is associated with increased survival. Unfortunately, these procedures are invasive and require specialized skills and supplies that are not readily available in resource-limited settings that carry the highest burden of CM. The institution of pharmacologic therapies to reduce the production or increase the resorption of cerebrospinal fluid would likely improve clinical outcomes associated with ICH in patients with CM. Here, we discuss the potential role of multiple pharmacologic drug classes such as diuretics, corticosteroids, and antiepileptic agents used to decrease ICP in various neurological conditions as potential future therapies for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz H. Alanazi
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30902, USA; (A.H.A.); (M.S.A.)
- Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mir S. Adil
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30902, USA; (A.H.A.); (M.S.A.)
- Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Daniel B. Chastain
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, UGA College of Pharmacy, SWGA Clinical Campus, Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, GA 31701, USA;
| | - Andrés F. Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.F.H.-M.); (C.F.-P.)
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.F.H.-M.); (C.F.-P.)
- Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30902, USA; (A.H.A.); (M.S.A.)
- Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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8
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Duran‐Trio L, Fernandes‐Pires G, Grosse J, Soro‐Arnaiz I, Roux‐Petronelli C, Binz P, De Bock K, Cudalbu C, Sandi C, Braissant O. Creatine transporter-deficient rat model shows motor dysfunction, cerebellar alterations, and muscle creatine deficiency without muscle atrophy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:278-291. [PMID: 34936099 PMCID: PMC9302977 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a nitrogenous organic acid and plays roles such as fast phosphate energy buffer to replenish ATP, osmolyte, antioxidant, neuromodulator, and as a compound with anabolic and ergogenic properties in muscle. Cr is taken from the diet or endogenously synthetized by the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase, and specifically taken up by the transporter SLC6A8. Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding for the enzymes or the transporter cause creatine deficiency syndromes (CDS). CDS are characterized by brain Cr deficiency, intellectual disability with severe speech delay, behavioral troubles, epilepsy, and motor dysfunction. Among CDS, the X-linked Cr transporter deficiency (CTD) is the most prevalent with no efficient treatment so far. Different animal models of CTD show reduced brain Cr levels, cognitive deficiencies, and together they cover other traits similar to those of patients. However, motor function was poorly explored in CTD models, and some controversies in the phenotype exist in comparison with CTD patients. Our recently described Slc6a8Y389C knock-in rat model of CTD showed mild impaired motor function, morphological alterations in cerebellum, reduced muscular mass, Cr deficiency, and increased guanidinoacetate content in muscle, although no consistent signs of muscle atrophy. Our results indicate that such motor dysfunction co-occurred with both nervous and muscle dysfunctions, suggesting that muscle strength and performance as well as neuronal connectivity might be affected by this Cr deficiency in muscle and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Duran‐Trio
- Service of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Gabriella Fernandes‐Pires
- Service of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Brain Mind InstituteEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ines Soro‐Arnaiz
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Clothilde Roux‐Petronelli
- Service of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Pierre‐Alain Binz
- Service of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Brain Mind InstituteEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Wang Y, Huang C, Guo Q, Chu H. Aquaporin-4 and Cognitive Disorders. Aging Dis 2022; 13:61-72. [PMID: 35111362 PMCID: PMC8782559 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundantly expressed aquaporin in the central nervous system (CNS) and is an integral part of the glymphatic system that cannot be ignored. The CNS has the glymphatic system instead of the conventional lymphatic system. The glymphatic system plays an essential role in the pathophysiological processes of many cognitive disorders. AQP4 shows noteworthy changes in various cognitive disorders and is part of the pathogenesis of these diseases. For this reason, AQP4 has attracted attention as a potential and promising target for regulating and even reversing cognitive dysfunction. This review will summarize the role of AQP4 in the pathophysiological processes of several cognitive disorders as reported in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- 1Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyi Huang
- 2Health Management Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai China
| | - Qihao Guo
- 1Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Heling Chu
- 1Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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10
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Pan QL, Lin FX, Liu N, Chen RC. The role of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112384. [PMID: 34915672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is an aquaporin composed of six helical transmembrane domains and two highly conserved ASN-pro-ALA (NPA) motifs. It is strongly expressed in rodent and human spinal cord tissues and plays a key role in the pathological process after SCI. After SCI, edema, glial scarring, and inflammation can accelerate the progression of injury and lead to deterioration of function. Many studies have reported that AQP-4 plays an important role in SCI. In particular, it plays an important role in secondary pathological processes (spinal cord edema, glial scar formation, and inflammatory response) after SCI. Loss of AQP-4 has been associated with reduced spinal edema and improved prognosis after SCI in mice. In addition, downregulation of AQP-4 reduces glial scar formation and the inflammatory response after SCI. There is a consensus from numerous studies that AQP-4 may be a potential target for SCI therapy, which guides the ongoing investigation for molecular therapy of SCI. Here, we review the structure of AQP-4, its expression in normal and damaged spinal cord, and its role in SCI, as well as discuss the theoretical basis for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Pan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China
| | - Fei-Xiang Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China
| | - Rong-Chun Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
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11
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Abstract
Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Disturbances in brain water homeostasis occur with pathologies such as brain oedema and hydrocephalus, in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Targeted pharmacological treatments do not exist for these conditions owing to our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing brain water transport. Historically, the transmembrane movement of brain water was assumed to occur as passive movement of water along the osmotic gradient, greatly accelerated by water channels termed aquaporins. Although aquaporins govern the majority of fluid handling in the kidney, they do not suffice to explain the overall brain water movement: either they are not present in the membranes across which water flows or they appear not to be required for the observed flow of water. Notably, brain fluid can be secreted against an osmotic gradient, suggesting that conventional osmotic water flow may not describe all transmembrane fluid transport in the brain. The cotransport of water is an unconventional molecular mechanism that is introduced in this Review as a missing link to bridge the gap in our understanding of cellular and barrier brain water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Zamanian M, Kujawska M, Zadeh MN, Hassanshahi A, Ramezanpour S, Kamiab Z, Bazmandegan G. Carvacrol as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases: A Systematic Review Article. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:942-953. [PMID: 33970850 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210506185042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Neurological diseases are becoming a significant problem worldwide, with the elderly at a higher risk of being affected. Several researchers have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Carvacrol (CAR) (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol). This review systematically surveys the existing literature on the impact of CAR when used as a neuroprotective agent in neurological diseases. METHOD The systematic review involved English articles published in the last ten years obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The following descriptors were used to search the literature: "Carvacrol" [Title] AND "neuroprotective (neuroprotection)" [Title] OR "stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizure, epilepsy [Title]. RESULTS A total of 208 articles were retrieved during the search process, but only 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. A total of 20 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of CAR was described in experimental models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, , epilepsy, and seizure, through motor deficits improvements in neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as inhibition of TRPC1 and TRPM7. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study support the beneficial impact of CAR on behavioural and neurochemical deficits. CAR benefits accrue because of its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, CAR has emerged as an alternative treatment for neurological disorders based on its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marjan Nikbakht Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ramezanpour
- Shohada Hospital, Bandar Gaz, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bazmandegan
- Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan,Iran
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13
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Li S, Hu D, Li P, Xiao W, Li H, Liu G, Song Y, Ning S, Peng Q, Zhao D, Situ M, Li W, Wu P, Zheng J, Liu Y, Hu L, Wang P, Hu Z, Ma W, Shen J, Yang S. Parameters Indicating Development of Influenza-Associated Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Experiences from a Single Center. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930688. [PMID: 33934098 PMCID: PMC8101270 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (IANE) can be lethal and disabling and have a sudden onset and deteriorate rapidly but lacks early diagnostic indicators. We aimed to examine the early clinical diagnostic indicators in children with IANE. Material/Methods Acute influenza patients were grouped according to their clinical manifestations: flu alone (FA), flu with febrile seizure (FS), influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE), and IANE. The clinical features, biomarkers, neuroelectrophysiological results, and neuroimaging examination results were compared. Results A total of 31 patients were included (FA (n=4), FS (n=8), IAE (n=14), and IANE (n=5)). The IANE group, whose mean age was 3.7 years, was more likely to show rapid-onset seizure, acute disturbance of consciousness (ADOC), Babinski’s sign, and death/sequela. More patients in the IANE group required tracheal intubation mechanical ventilation and received intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and glucocorticoids. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the IANE group were significantly higher than in the FS and IAE groups. The aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) antibody and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were notably higher in IANE patients in the acute stage compared with FS and IAE patients. All patients in the IANE group had positive neuroimaging findings. Conclusions Early clinical warning factors for IANE include rapid-onset seizures in patients under 4 years of age, ADOC, and pathological signs. Increased AQP-4 antibodies and MDA levels in CSF might contribute to early diagnosis. Early magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences, or thrombelastography to identify deep vein thrombosis, might indicate clinical deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Li
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Peiqing Li
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Huixian Li
- Data Statistics Center, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yongling Song
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Shuyao Ning
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qiuyan Peng
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Danyang Zhao
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Minxiong Situ
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wanqi Li
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Peiqun Wu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jipeng Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yueting Liu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Hu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengbin Hu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wencheng Ma
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Sida Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guangzhou Women's and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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14
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Ramadhanti J, Yamada T, Yasui M, Nuriya M. Differentially regulated pools of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) proteins in the cerebral cortex revealed by biochemical fractionation analyses. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:58-64. [PMID: 33858656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a predominant water channel in the central nervous system. It regulates water movement in the brain and has been suggested to play critical roles in various pathological conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation are not yet well understood. In this study, we biochemically characterized AQP4 in the brain using acute cortical brain slices prepared from mice. Using biochemical fractionation, we found that AQP4 is enriched in the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fraction that is not soluble in 1% Triton X-100. In contrast, β-dystroglycan and syntrophin, which are part of the dystrophin complex in the brain, primarily reside in the non-DRM fraction. DRM enrichment of AQP4 is insensitive to cholesterol depletion, suggesting that it is not tightly associated with lipid rafts. Furthermore, AQP4 in the DRM fraction is more enriched in the M23 isoform than in the non-DRM fraction. Finally, by employing oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of ischemia, we examined the molecular changes of AQP4. Under OGD conditions, a reduction in AQP4 in the DRM fraction was observed before the total AQP4 protein level dropped. Our data therefore highlight the characteristics of two pools of AQP4 that are distinctly regulated under ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ramadhanti
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Biomedical Science, Medical Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Professor Eijkman no.38, Bandung, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Tomoko Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Nuriya
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan; Keio Advanced Research Center for Water Biology and Medicine, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan.
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15
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Kumar M, Sandhir R. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced blood-brain barrier permeability by inhibiting MMP-9. Int J Neurosci 2021; 132:1061-1071. [PMID: 33287606 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1860967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Backgroud: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is implicated in various neurovascular disorders including vascular dementia, subarachnoid hemorrhage and stroke. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are associated with increased oxidative stress and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently emerged as potent neuroprotective molecule in various neurological conditions including those associated with HHcy. The present study evaluates the protective effect of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; a source of H2S) on HHcy-induced BBB dysfunction and underpin molecular mechanisms.Materials and methods: Supplementation of NaHS restored the increased BBB permeability in the cortex and hippocampus of HHcy animals assessed in terms of diffused sodium fluorescein and Evans blue tracer dyes in the brain. Activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assessed by gelatinase activity and in situ gelatinase assay was restored to the normal in the cortex and hippocampus of HHcy animals supplemented with NaHS.Results: Application of gelatin zymography revealed that specifically MMP-9 activity was increased in the cortex and hippocampus of HHcy animals, which was inhibited by NaHS supplementation. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that NaHS administration also decreased mRNA expression of MMP-9 in the hippocampus of HHcy animals. NaHS supplementation was further observed to reduce water retention in the brain regions of Hcy treated animals.Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that NaHS supplementation ameliorates HHcy-induced BBB permeability and brain edema by inhibiting the mRNA expression and activity of MMP-9. Therefore, H2S and H2S releasing drugs may be used as a novel therapeutic approach to treat HHcy-associated neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block-II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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16
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Gao M, Lu W, Shu Y, Yang Z, Sun S, Xu J, Gan S, Zhu S, Qiu G, Zhuo F, Xu S, Wang Y, Chen J, Wu X, Huang J. Poldip2 mediates blood-brain barrier disruption and cerebral edema by inducing AQP4 polarity loss in mouse bacterial meningitis model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1288-1302. [PMID: 32790044 PMCID: PMC7702237 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Specific highly polarized aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) expression is reported to play a crucial role in blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity and brain water transport balance. The upregulation of polymerase δ‐interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) was involved in aggravating BBB disruption following ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether Poldip2‐mediated BBB disruption and cerebral edema formation in mouse bacterial meningitis (BM) model occur via induction of AQP4 polarity loss. Methods and Results Mouse BM model was induced by injecting mice with group B hemolytic streptococci via posterior cistern. Recombinant human Poldip2 (rh‐Poldip2) was administered intranasally at 1 hour after BM induction. Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) targeting Poldip2 was administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection at 48 hours before BM induction. A specific inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), UK383367, was administered intravenously at 0.5 hour before BM induction. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real‐time PCR, neurobehavioral test, brain water content test, Evans blue (EB) permeability assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and gelatin zymography were carried out. The results showed that Poldip2 was upregulated and AQP4 polarity was lost in mouse BM model. Both Poldip2 siRNA and UK383367 improved neurobehavioral outcomes, alleviated brain edema, preserved the integrity of BBB, and relieved the loss of AQP4 polarity in BM model. Rh‐Poldip2 upregulated the expression of MMPs and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and downregulated the expression of β‐dystroglycan (β‐DG), zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), occludin, and claudin‐5; whereas Poldip2 siRNA downregulated the expression of MMPs and GFAP, and upregulated β‐DG, ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐5. Similarly, UK383367 downregulated the expression of GFAP and upregulated the expression of β‐DG, ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐5. Conclusion Poldip2 inhibition alleviated brain edema and preserved the integrity of BBB partially by relieving the loss of AQP4 polarity via MMPs/β‐DG pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weitian Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanquan Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengwei Gan
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shujuan Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Qiu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Zhuo
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiye Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Liu L, Kelly MG, Yang XR, Fernandez TG, Wierzbicki EL, Skrobach A, Doré S. Nrf2 Deficiency Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment and Reactive Microgliosis in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammatory Mouse Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1185-1197. [PMID: 32170572 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 is a central regulator of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Although the direct and indirect Nrf2 regulatory roles on inflammation have been reviewed in recent years, the in vivo evidence of Nrf2 function on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive decline and characteristic alterations of reactive microglia and astrocytes remains incomplete. During the 3-5 days after LPS or saline injection, 5-6-month-old wildtype (WT) and Nrf2-/- C57BL/6 mice were subjected to the novel object recognition task. Immunohistochemistry staining was employed for analyses of brain cells. The Nrf2-/- mice displayed exacerbated LPS-induced cognition impairment (28.1 ± 9.6% in the discrimination index of the novel object recognition task), enhanced hippocampal reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis, and an increased expression level of the water channel transmembrane protein aquaporin 4 when compared with WT controls. In addition, similar overt effects of Nrf2 deficiency on LPS-induced characteristic alterations of brain cells were observed in the cortex and striatum regions of mice. In summary, this transgenic loss-of-function study provides direct in vivo evidence that highlights the functional importance of Nrf2 activation in regulating LPS-induced cognitive alteration, glial responses, and aquaporin 4 expression. This finding provides a better understanding of the complex nature of Nrf2 signaling and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Marie G Kelly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Xiao Rui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Tyler G Fernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Erika L Wierzbicki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Anna Skrobach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Biomed Sci J493, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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18
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Ding Y, Liu J, Xu Y, Dong X, Shao B. Evolutionary Adaptation of Aquaporin-4 in Yak ( Bos grunniens) Brain to High-Altitude Hypoxia of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:167-175. [PMID: 32155353 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In high-altitude animals, brain cell resilience against hypoxia stress is one critical evolutionary step that has promoted individual survival and species adaptation to the environment. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is implicated in a number of physiopathological processes, particularly in the development of brain edema, and other functions such as the regulation of extracellular space volume, potassium buffering, waste clearance, and calcium signaling. Still, the role of AQP4 in the adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia remains unknown. The yak (Bos grunniens) is the only large mammal that is currently known to have adapted to the high-altitude hypoxic environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (>4000 m above sea level). Methods: In this study, we cloned the complementary DNA (cDNA) for yak AQP4 and analyzed structural differences of AQP4 between yak and cattle. We used reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot to investigate whether the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was different in brain of yak and cattle. In addition, immunohistochemistry was use to analyze the localization and expression of AQP4 in brain of yak and cattle. Results: Immunohistochemical results have shown that AQP4 is expressed in many regions of the yak brain, and both protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels are significantly lower than those of low-altitude cattle (Bos taurus). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that yak AQP4 is evolutionarily conserved. Interestingly, a substitution of Ala (cattle) to Ser in position 82, and eight additional amino acid residues composing an α-helix region are present in yak AQP4 protein. These sequence modifications potentially modulate the function of AQP4 in distinct environments. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that AQP4 may have an important role in the resistance to cerebral edema through low expression and maintenance of normal physiological function in the yak brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baoping Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
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19
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Vandebroek A, Yasui M. Regulation of AQP4 in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1603. [PMID: 32111087 PMCID: PMC7084855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the main water channel protein expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). AQP4 is densely expressed in astrocyte end-feet, and is an important factor in CNS water and potassium homeostasis. Changes in AQP4 activity and expression have been implicated in several CNS disorders, including (but not limited to) epilepsy, edema, stroke, and glioblastoma. For this reason, many studies have been done to understand the various ways in which AQP4 is regulated endogenously, and could be regulated pharmaceutically. In particular, four regulatory methods have been thoroughly studied; regulation of gene expression via microRNAs, regulation of AQP4 channel gating/trafficking via phosphorylation, regulation of water permeability using heavy metal ions, and regulation of water permeability using small molecule inhibitors. A major challenge when studying AQP4 regulation is inter-method variability. A compound or phosphorylation which shows an inhibitory effect in vitro may show no effect in a different in vitro method, or even show an increase in AQP4 expression in vivo. Although a large amount of variability exists between in vitro methods, some microRNAs, heavy metal ions, and two small molecule inhibitors, acetazolamide and TGN-020, have shown promise in the field of AQP4 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Vandebroek
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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20
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Demirgan S, Akyol O, Temel Z, Şengelen A, Pekmez M, Demirgan R, Sevdi MS, Erkalp K, Selcan A. Isoflurane exposure in infant rats acutely increases aquaporin 4 and does not cause neurocognitive impairment. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:257-264. [PMID: 30821219 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2019.4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is commonly used in pediatric population, but its mechanism of action in cognition is unclear. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) regulates water content in blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid. Various studies have provided evidence for the role of AQP4 in synaptic plasticity and neurocognition. In this study, we aimed to determine whether a prolonged exposure to isoflurane in infant rats is associated with cognition and what effect this exposure has on AQP4 expression. Ten-day-old [postnatal day (P) 10] Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated to isoflurane group (n = 32; 1.5% isoflurane in 50% oxygen for 6 hours) or control group (n = 32; only 50% oxygen for 6 hours). Acute (P11) and long-term (P33) effects of 6-hour anesthetic isoflurane exposure on AQP4 expression were analyzed in whole brains of P11 and P33 rats by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Spatial learning and memory were assessed on P28 to P33 days by Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. The analysis revealed that isoflurane increased acutely both mRNA (~4.5 fold) and protein (~90%) levels of AQP4 in P11 rats compared with control group. The increasing levels of AQP4 in P11 were not observed in P33 rats. Also, no statistically significant change between isoflurane and control groups was observed in the latency to find the platform during MWM training and probe trial. Our results indicate that a single exposure to isoflurane anesthesia does not influence cognition in infant rats. In this case, acutely increased AQP4 after isoflurane anesthesia may have a protective role in neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Demirgan
- T.C. Health Ministry, Health Sciences University, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Anesthesiology and Reanimation Clinic; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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21
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Eilert-Olsen M, Hjukse JB, Thoren AE, Tang W, Enger R, Jensen V, Pettersen KH, Nagelhus EA. Astroglial endfeet exhibit distinct Ca 2+ signals during hypoosmotic conditions. Glia 2019; 67:2399-2409. [PMID: 31350866 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytic endfeet cover the brain surface and form a sheath around the cerebral vasculature. An emerging concept is that endfeet control blood-brain water transport and drainage of interstitial fluid and waste along paravascular pathways. Little is known about the signaling mechanisms that regulate endfoot volume and hence the width of these drainage pathways. Here, we used the genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6f to study Ca2+ signaling within astrocytic somata, processes, and endfeet in response to an osmotic challenge known to induce cell swelling. Acute cortical slices were subjected to artificial cerebrospinal fluid with 20% reduction in osmolarity while GCaMP6f fluorescence was imaged with two-photon microscopy. Ca2+ signals induced by hypoosmotic conditions were observed in all astrocytic compartments except the soma. The Ca2+ response was most prominent in subpial and perivascular endfeet and included spikes with single peaks, plateau-type elevations, and rapid oscillations, the latter restricted to subpial endfeet. Genetic removal of the type 2 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R2) severely suppressed the Ca2+ responses in endfeet but failed to affect brain water accumulation in vivo after water intoxication. Furthermore, the increase in endfoot Ca2+ spike rate during hypoosmotic conditions was attenuated in mutant mice lacking the aquaporin-4 anchoring molecule dystrophin and after blockage of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels. We conclude that the characteristics and underpinning of Ca2+ responses to hypoosmotic stress differ within the astrocytic territory and that IP3R2 is essential for the Ca2+ signals only in subpial and perivascular endfeet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Eilert-Olsen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarand B Hjukse
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna E Thoren
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wannan Tang
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Enger
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar Jensen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klas H Pettersen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend A Nagelhus
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, GliaLab and Letten Centre, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Tong F, Zou Y, Liang Y, Lei H, Lopsong T, Liu Y, Le Grange JM, He G, Zhou Y. The Water Diffusion of Brain Following Hypoglycemia in Rats – A Study with Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Neuropathologic Analysis. Neuroscience 2019; 409:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Pan YL, Guo Y, Ma Y, Wang L, Zheng SY, Liu MM, Huang GC. Aquaporin-4 expression dynamically varies after acute spinal cord injury-induced disruption of blood spinal cord barrier in rats. Neuropathology 2019; 39:181-186. [PMID: 30919512 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) changes badly after spinal cord injury (SCI), and it is an important pathophysiological basis of SCI secondary damage. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), one of the transmembrane proteins in spinal cord, has been shown to be closely related to the development of the BSCB and edema. We established a SCI model in rats using a free-falling weight drop device to subsequently investigate AQP4 expression. AQP4 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression and immunoreactivity were detected in spinal cord tissue using reverse transcription-real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. We found the water content and edema of the spinal cord were significantly higher than the control group after SCI, which was related to the growth of BSCB permeability; both reached their peak on the third day after injury. One, 3, 5, 7 days after injury, the immune response and protein expression in the model group increased from 1 to 3 days, with a plateau period from 3 to 5 days and a decline from 5 to 7 days, showing a significant difference compared with the sham group at each time point (P < 0.05), while the RT-qPCR results showed a decline of mRNA just after 3 days. In conclusion, after SCI, the water content of the spinal cord and the BSCB permeability increases, together with the excessive expression of AQP4, which reached a peak on the third day. AQP4 expression is closely relative to the permeability of BSCB and the water content of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Pan
- Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Yang Zheng
- Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Department of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gui-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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24
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Holst CB, Brøchner CB, Vitting-Seerup K, Møllgård K. Astrogliogenesis in human fetal brain: complex spatiotemporal immunoreactivity patterns of GFAP, S100, AQP4 and YKL-40. J Anat 2019; 235:590-615. [PMID: 30901080 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The astroglial lineage consists of heterogeneous cells instrumental for normal brain development, function and repair. Unfortunately, this heterogeneity complicates research in the field, which suffers from lack of truly specific and sensitive astroglial markers. Nevertheless, single astroglial markers are often used to describe astrocytes in different settings. We therefore investigated and compared spatiotemporal patterns of immunoreactivity in developing human brain from 12 to 21 weeks post conception and publicly available RNA expression data for four established and potential astroglial markers - GFAP, S100, AQP4 and YKL-40. In the hippocampal region, we also screened for C3, a complement component highly expressed in A1-reactive astrocytes. We found diverging partly overlapping patterns of the established astroglial markers GFAP, S100 and AQP4, confirming that none of these markers can fully describe and discriminate different developmental forms and subpopulations of astrocytes in human developing brain, although AQP4 seems to be the most sensitive and specific marker for the astroglial lineage at midgestation. AQP4 characterizes a brain-wide water transport system in cerebral cortex with regional differences in immunoreactivity at midgestation. AQP4 distinguishes a vast proportion of astrocytes and subpopulations of radial glial cells destined for the astroglial lineage, including astrocytes determined for the future glia limitans and apical truncated radial glial cells in ganglionic eminences, devoid of GFAP and S100. YKL-40 and C3d, previously found in reactive astrocytes, stain different subpopulations of astrocytes/astroglial progenitors in developing hippocampus at midgestation and may characterize specific subpopulations of 'developmental astrocytes'. Our results clearly reflect that lack of pan-astrocytic markers necessitates the consideration of time, region, context and aim when choosing appropriate astroglial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak Holst
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Biology, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Beltoft Brøchner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Vitting-Seerup
- Brain Tumor Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Sisto M, Ribatti D, Lisi S. Aquaporin water channels: New perspectives on the potential role in inflammation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:311-345. [PMID: 31036295 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channel proteins that osmotically modulate water fluid homeostasis in several tissues; some of them also transport small solutes such as glycerol. At the cellular level, the AQPs regulate not only cell migration and transepithelial fluid transport across membranes, but also common events that are crucial for the inflammatory response. Emerging data reveal a new function of AQPs in the inflammatory process, as demonstrated by their dysregulation in a wide range of inflammatory diseases including edematous states, cancer, obesity, wound healing and several autoimmune diseases. This chapter summarizes the discoveries made so far about the structure and functions of the AQPs and provides updated information on the underlying mechanisms of AQPs in several human inflammatory diseases. The discovery of new functions for AQPs opens new vistas offering promise for the discovery of mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Sisto
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs (SMBNOS), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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26
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Yang D, Ma L, Wang P, Yang D, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Lv J, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Gao F. Normobaric oxygen inhibits AQP4 and NHE1 expression in experimental focal ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:1193-1202. [PMID: 30592266 PMCID: PMC6365048 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 60% normobaric oxygen (NBO) on neurological function, brain edema and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transient focal cerebral ischemia via right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 120 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion. The rats were exposed to NBO at 60 and 100% or no treatment during reperfusion for 48 h. Neurological impairment score (NIS) was evaluated prior to the sacrifice of all rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed after 48 h of reperfusion with NBO treatment. The infarct volume and brain water content (BWC) were determined to assess brain ischemic injury at 24 and 48 h. The levels of HIF-1α, AQP4 and NHE1 expression in brain tissue samples were determined by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. During reperfusion, the protein and mRNA expression of HIF-1α, AQP4 and NHE1 increased over time (up to 48 h). Exposure to 60 and 100% NBO during reperfusion following MCAO improved NIS, and alleviated BWC and infarct volume after 24 and 48 h, with further improvements in the 100% NBO group, compared with 60%. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of NBO may be associated with reduced AQP4 and NHE1 expression and increased HIF-1α expression. However, 60% NBO therapy during reperfusion following an acute ischemic stroke did not achieve the same effects as 100% NBO. Further experimental studies should be performed to elucidate the mechanism and beneficial effects of 60% NBO, as it is more cost-effective to use, compared with 100% NBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbin Yang
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450051, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Hebi, Hebi, Henan 458000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450051, P.R. China
| | - Dongjing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Hebi, Hebi, Henan 458000, P.R. China
| | - Yingna Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450054, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450054, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lv
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450054, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450054, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Nursing, School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450051, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neuroimmunology, The Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450054, P.R. China
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27
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Brandt C, Seja P, Töllner K, Römermann K, Hampel P, Kalesse M, Kipper A, Feit PW, Lykke K, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Paavilainen P, Spoljaric I, Puskarjov M, MacAulay N, Kaila K, Löscher W. Bumepamine, a brain-permeant benzylamine derivative of bumetanide, does not inhibit NKCC1 but is more potent to enhance phenobarbital's anti-seizure efficacy. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:186-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Ferrer I, García MA, González IL, Lucena DD, Villalonga AR, Tech MC, Llorens F, Garcia‐Esparcia P, Martinez‐Maldonado A, Mendez MF, Escribano BT, Bech‐Serra JJ, Sabido E, de la Torre Gómez C, del Rio JA. Aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG): not only tau phosphorylation in astrocytes. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:965-985. [PMID: 29396893 PMCID: PMC8028270 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) is defined by the presence of two types of tau-bearing astrocytes: thorn-shaped astrocytes (TSAs) and granular/fuzzy astrocytes in the brain of old-aged individuals. The present study is focused on TSAs in rare forms of ARTAG with no neuronal tau pathology or restricted to entorhinal and transentorhinal cortices, to avoid bias from associated tauopathies. TSAs show 4Rtau phosphorylation at several specific sites and abnormal tau conformation, but they lack ubiquitin and they are not immunostained with tau-C3 antibodies which recognize truncated tau at Asp421. Astrocytes in ARTAG have atrophic processes, reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) immunoreactivity. Gel electrophoresis and western blotting of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions reveal a pattern of phospho-tau in ARTAG characterized by two bands of 68 and 64 kDa, and several middle bands between 35 and 50 kDa which differ from what is seen in AD. Phosphoproteomics of dissected vulnerable regions identifies an increase of phosphorylation marks in a large number of proteins in ARTAG compared with controls. GFAP, aquaporin 4, several serine-threonine kinases, microtubule associated proteins and other neuronal proteins are among the differentially phosphorylated proteins in ARTAG thus suggesting a hyper-phosphorylation background that affects several molecules, including many kinases and proteins from several cell compartments and various cell types. Finally, present results show for the first time that tau seeding is produced in neurons of the hippocampal complex, astrocytes, oligodendroglia and along fibers of the corpus callosum, fimbria and fornix following inoculation into the hippocampus of wild type mice of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions enriched in hyper-phosphorylated tau from selected ARTAG cases. These findings show astrocytes as crucial players of tau seeding in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Centre)BarcelonaSpain
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Meritxell Aguiló García
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryInstitute for Molecular Biosciences, Karl‐Franzens University of GrazAustria
| | - Irene López González
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniela Diaz Lucena
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Aina Roig Villalonga
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Margarita Carmona Tech
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Franc Llorens
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
| | - Paula Garcia‐Esparcia
- Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Centre)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Margalida Frau Mendez
- Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Benjamín Torrejón Escribano
- Biology Unit, Scientific and Technical ServicesUniversity of Barcelona, Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Eduard Sabido
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació GenòmicaBarcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - José Antonio del Rio
- Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessCIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos IIIBarcelonaSpain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Molecular and Cellular NeurobiotechnologyInstitute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Parc Científic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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29
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Wilson CS, Mongin AA. Cell Volume Control in Healthy Brain and Neuropathologies. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:385-455. [PMID: 30243438 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular volume is a critical homeostatic process that is intimately linked to ionic and osmotic balance in the brain tissue. Because the brain is encased in the rigid skull and has a very complex cellular architecture, even minute changes in the volume of extracellular and intracellular compartments have a very strong impact on tissue excitability and function. The failure of cell volume control is a major feature of several neuropathologies, such as hyponatremia, stroke, epilepsy, hyperammonemia, and others. There is strong evidence that such dysregulation, especially uncontrolled cell swelling, plays a major role in adverse pathological outcomes. To protect themselves, brain cells utilize a variety of mechanisms to maintain their optimal volume, primarily by releasing or taking in ions and small organic molecules through diverse volume-sensitive ion channels and transporters. In principle, the mechanisms of cell volume regulation are not unique to the brain and share many commonalities with other tissues. However, because ions and some organic osmolytes (e.g., major amino acid neurotransmitters) have a strong impact on neuronal excitability, cell volume regulation in the brain is a surprisingly treacherous process, which may cause more harm than good. This topical review covers the established and emerging information in this rapidly developing area of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Biophysics and Functional Diagnostics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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30
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Noninvasive monitoring of brain edema after hypoxia in newborn piglets. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:484-490. [PMID: 29069074 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDevelopment of cerebral edema after brain injury carries a high risk for brain damage and death. The present study tests the ability of a noninvasive cerebral edema monitoring system that uses near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with water as the chromophore of interest to detect brain edema following hypoxia.MethodsVentilated piglets were exposed to hypoxia for 1 h, and then returned to normal oxygen levels for 4 h. An NIRS sensor was placed on the animal's head at baseline, and changes in light attenuation were converted to changes in H2O. Cerebral water content and aquaporin-4 protein (AQP4) expression were measured.ResultsThe system detected changes in NIRS-derived water signal as early as 2 h after hypoxia, and provided fivefold signal amplification, representing a 10% increase in brain water content and a sixfold increase in AQP4, 4 h after hypoxia. Changes in water signal correlated well with changes in cerebral water content (R=0.74) and AQP4 expression (R=0.97) in the piglet brain.ConclusionThe data show that NIRS can detect cerebral edema early in the injury process, thus providing an opportunity to initiate therapy at an earlier and more effective time-point after an insult than is available with current technology.
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31
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Overexpression of MicroRNA-145 Ameliorates Astrocyte Injury by Targeting Aquaporin 4 in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9530951. [PMID: 29057271 PMCID: PMC5615955 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9530951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke, which affects the global population, is a major disease with high incidence, mortality, and disability. Accumulating evidence has indicated that abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression plays essential roles in the pathologies of ischemic stroke. Yet, the underlying regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in cerebral ischemic stroke remains unclear. We investigated the role of miR-145 in cerebral ischemic stroke and its potential mechanism in a model using primary cultured astrocytes. We detected the expression levels of miR-145 and its target gene AQP4 and assessed the role of miR-145 in cell death and apoptosis caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the targets of miR-145. miR-145 expression levels were significantly decreased in primary astrocytes subjected to OGD. miR-145 overexpression promoted astrocyte health and inhibited OGD-induced apoptosis. AQP4 was a direct target of miR-145, and miR-145 suppressed AQP4 expression. Moreover, AQP4 enhanced astrocyte injury in ischemic stroke, and AQP4 knockdown diminished the miR-145-mediated protective effect on ischemic injury. Taken together, our results show that miR-145 plays an important role in protecting astrocytes from ischemic injury by downregulating AQP4 expression. These findings may highlight a novel therapeutic target in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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32
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Eidsvaag VA, Enger R, Hansson HA, Eide PK, Nagelhus EA. Human and mouse cortical astrocytes differ in aquaporin-4 polarization toward microvessels. Glia 2017; 65:964-973. [PMID: 28317216 PMCID: PMC5413834 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), the predominant water channel in the brain, is expressed in astrocytes and ependymal cells. In rodents AQP4 is highly polarized to perivascular astrocytic endfeet and loss of AQP4 polarization is associated with disease. The present study was undertaken to compare the expression pattern of AQP4 in human and mouse cortical astrocytes. Cortical tissue specimens were sampled from 11 individuals undergoing neurosurgery wherein brain tissue was removed as part of the procedure, and compared with cortical tissue from 5 adult wild‐type mice processed similarly. The tissue samples were immersion‐fixed and prepared for AQP4 immunogold electron microscopy, allowing quantitative assessment of AQP4's subcellular distribution. In mouse we found that AQP4 water channels were prominently clustered around vessels, being 5 to 10‐fold more abundant in astrocytic endfoot membranes facing the capillary endothelium than in parenchymal astrocytic membranes. In contrast, AQP4 was markedly less polarized in human astrocytes, being only two to three‐fold enriched in astrocytic endfoot membranes adjacent to capillaries. The lower degree of AQP4 polarization in human subjects (1/3 of that in mice) was mainly due to higher AQP4 expression in parenchymal astrocytic membranes. We conclude that there are hitherto unrecognized species differences in AQP4 polarization toward microvessels in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Andersen Eidsvaag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 0027, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,GliaLab and Letten Centre, Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway
| | - Rune Enger
- GliaLab and Letten Centre, Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 0027, Norway
| | - Hans-Arne Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 0027, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend A Nagelhus
- GliaLab and Letten Centre, Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 0027, Norway
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs ) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the 9 AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2 and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema, and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica , brain tumors and Alzheimer's disease. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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34
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Rae C, Sonnewald U. Astrocytes, Metabolism, Signaling and Brain Drains: Introduction to the Special Issue in Honor of Gerald Dienel. Neurochem Res 2016; 40:2383-5. [PMID: 26613618 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australian & The University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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35
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Yousefnezhad M, Fotouhi M, Vejdani K, Kamali-Zare P. Unified model of brain tissue microstructure dynamically binds diffusion and osmosis with extracellular space geometry. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:032411. [PMID: 27739821 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.032411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a universal model of brain tissue microstructure that dynamically links osmosis and diffusion with geometrical parameters of brain extracellular space (ECS). Our model robustly describes and predicts the nonlinear time dependency of tortuosity (λ=sqrt[D/D^{*}]) changes with very high precision in various media with uniform and nonuniform osmolarity distribution, as demonstrated by previously published experimental data (D = free diffusion coefficient, D^{*} = effective diffusion coefficient). To construct this model, we first developed a multiscale technique for computationally effective modeling of osmolarity in the brain tissue. Osmolarity differences across cell membranes lead to changes in the ECS dynamics. The evolution of the underlying dynamics is then captured by a level set method. Subsequently, using a homogenization technique, we derived a coarse-grained model with parameters that are explicitly related to the geometry of cells and their associated ECS. Our modeling results in very accurate analytical approximation of tortuosity based on time, space, osmolarity differences across cell membranes, and water permeability of cell membranes. Our model provides a unique platform for studying ECS dynamics not only in physiologic conditions such as sleep-wake cycles and aging but also in pathologic conditions such as stroke, seizure, and neoplasia, as well as in predictive pharmacokinetic modeling such as predicting medication biodistribution and efficacy and novel biomolecule development and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Yousefnezhad
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-9415, Iran
| | - Morteza Fotouhi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-9415, Iran
| | - Kaveh Vejdani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford Healthcare, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Padideh Kamali-Zare
- Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Yonan JM, Binder DK. Aquaporin-4 and spinal cord injury. World J Neurol 2016; 6:1-13. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema formation is a major problem following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) that acts to exacerbate secondary damage. Severity of edema correlates with reduced neurological outcome in human patients. To date, there are no effective treatments to directly resolve edema within the spinal cord. The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel is found on membranes of astrocytic endfeet in direct contact with blood vessels, the glia limitans in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid and ependyma around the central canal. Being so locally expressed at the interface between fluid and tissue allow AQP4 channels to play an important role in the bidirectional regulation of water homeostasis under normal conditions and following trauma. With the need to better understand the pathophysiology underlying the devastating cellular events in SCI, animal models have become an integral part of exploration. Inevitably, several injury models have been developed (contusion, compression, transection) resulting in difficult interpretation between studies with conflicting results. This is true in the case of understanding the role of AQP4 in the progression and resolution of edema following SCI, whose role is still not completely understood and is highly dependent on the type of edema present (vasogenic vs cytotoxic). Here, we discuss regulation of AQP4 in varying injury models and the effects of potential therapeutic interventions on expression, edema formation and functional recovery. Better understanding of the precise role of AQP4 following a wide range of injuries will help to understand optimal treatment timing following human SCI for prime therapeutic benefit and enhanced neurological outcome.
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Tsupykov O, Kanemitsu M, Smozhanik E, Skibo G, Dayer AG, Kiss JZ. Relationship of Grafted FGF-2-Overexpressing Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells With the Vasculature in the Cerebral Cortex. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1359-69. [PMID: 26810970 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) overexpressing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) have the distinct tendency to associate with the vasculature and establish multiple proliferative clusters in the perivascular environment after transplantation into the cerebral cortex. Strikingly, the vascular clusters of progenitor cells give rise to immature neurons after ischemic injury, raising prospects for the formation of ectopic neurogenic niches for repair. We investigated the spatial relationship of perivascular clusters with the host vascular structures. FGF-2-GFP-transduced NPCs were transplanted into the intact somatosensory rat cortex. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that grafted cells preferentially contacted venules at sites with aquaporin-4-positive astrocytic endfeet and avoided contacts with desmin-positive pericytes. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed that grafted cells preferentially made contact with astroglial endfeet, and only a minority of them reached the endothelial basal lamina. These results provide new insights into the fine structural and anatomical relationship between grafted FGF-2-transduced NPCs and the host vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Tsupykov
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
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