1
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Khaledi N, Jeddi S, Abbasi S, Eftekharzadeh M, Khodadadi H, Namdari M, Noye Tuplin E. The impact of early-life exercise on CREB-signaling pathway and hippocampus neuroplasticity in diabetic adult male rats; the study of developmental model. Neurol Res 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38808654 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2359265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood exercise enhances brain structure, while diabetes detrimentally affects it. This study examines early-life exercise's influence on adult diabetic rats' memory and neuroplasticity. METHODS Male Wistar pups were divided into Control, Diabetes, Exercise Training, and Diabetes exercise groups. Diabetes was induced on day 23 with Alloxan (200 mg/kg). A 3-week regimen included aerobic and resistance training thrice weekly. The aerobic intensity was 70%, and resistance varied from 50% to 100% of the maximal carrying capacity (MCC). Following the last training sessions, spatial memory and retrieval tests were performed in infancy, childhood, and emerging adulthood using the Morris Water Maze test (MWM). The hippocampus was excised to measure protein and gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMKII), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) by western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Blood samples were collected during each developmental stage to measure glucose levels, at the study's conclusion, to assess Interleukin-1β levels using the ELISA method. The Nissel staining assessed dead hippocampal cells in CA1. RESULTS Post-natal exercise improved spatial memory (p < 0.05) and glucose levels (p < 0.05) in diabetic rats during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Despite reduced mRNA expression (NMDAR 40%, BDNF 62%, CREB 43%, CAMKII 66%), diabetic rats, by study end, showed increased BDNF, NMDARR, CAMKII, CREB protein/gene expression (p < 0.05) in emerging adulthood for both training groups. CONCLUSION Early-life exercise influenced hippocampal BDNF/NMDAR-CAMKII/CREB pathways in a diabetic rat model, highlighting post-natal exercise's role in neuroplasticity memory enhancement and improved glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Khaledi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sajjad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Abbasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hashem Khodadadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Namdari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erin Noye Tuplin
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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2
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Vergil Andrews JF, Selvaraj DB, Kumar A, Roshan SA, Anusuyadevi M, Kandasamy M. A Mild Dose of Aspirin Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Working Memory in Experimental Ageing Mice. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1108. [PMID: 37509038 PMCID: PMC10376986 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin has been reported to prevent memory decline in the elderly population. Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been recognized as an underlying basis of learning and memory. This study investigated the effect of aspirin on spatial memory in correlation with the regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis and microglia in the brains of ageing experimental mice. Results from the novel object recognition (NOR) test, Morris water maze (MWM), and cued radial arm maze (cued RAM) revealed that aspirin treatment enhances working memory in experimental mice. Further, the co-immunohistochemical assessments on the brain sections indicated an increased number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/neuronal nuclei (NeuN) double-positive newly generated neurons in the hippocampi of mice in the aspirin-treated group compared to the control group. Moreover, a reduced number of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (Iba)-1-positive microglial cells was evident in the hippocampus of aspirin-treated animals. Recently, enhanced activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in circulation has been identified as an indicative biomarker of dementia. The biochemical assessment in the blood of aspirin-treated mice showed decreased activity of AChE in comparison with that of the control group. Results from this study revealed that aspirin facilitates hippocampal neurogenesis which might be linked to enhanced working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemi Feiona Vergil Andrews
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Divya Bharathi Selvaraj
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Syed Aasish Roshan
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Neuro-Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
- University Grants Commission-Faculty Recharge Programme (UGC-FRP), New Delhi 110002, India
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3
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Gulyaeva NV. Glucocorticoids Orchestrate Adult Hippocampal Plasticity: Growth Points and Translational Aspects. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:565-589. [PMID: 37331704 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The review analyzes modern concepts about the control of various mechanisms of the hippocampal neuroplasticity in adult mammals and humans by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid hormones ensure the coordinated functioning of key components and mechanisms of hippocampal plasticity: neurogenesis, glutamatergic neurotransmission, microglia and astrocytes, systems of neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, proteases, metabolic hormones, neurosteroids. Regulatory mechanisms are diverse; along with the direct action of glucocorticoids through their receptors, there are conciliated glucocorticoid-dependent effects, as well as numerous interactions between various systems and components. Despite the fact that many connections in this complex regulatory scheme have not yet been established, the study of the factors and mechanisms considered in the work forms growth points in the field of glucocorticoid-regulated processes in the brain and primarily in the hippocampus. These studies are fundamentally important for the translation into the clinic and the potential treatment/prevention of common diseases of the emotional and cognitive spheres and respective comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, 115419, Russia
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4
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Xu Y, Li W, Shi M, Xu X, Guo D, Liu Z, Chen L, Zhong X, Cao W. Systemic treatment with GnRH agonist produces antidepressant-like effects in LPS induced depression male mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109560. [PMID: 37094770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is at the head of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. However, the non-reproductive functions of GnRH expressed in various tissues, including hippocampus, are still not known. Here, we unveil a previously unknown effect of GnRH, which mediates depression-like behaviors through the modulation of microglia function during immune challenge. Specifically, we found that either systemic treatment with GnRH agonist or over-expression of endogenous hippocampal GnRH via viral tool abolished the depression-like behavior after LPS challenges in mice. And the anti-depressant of GnRH was dependent on the hippocampal GnRHR signaling, since antagonizing GnRHR by drug treatment or by hippocampal GnRHR knockdown could block the antidepressant-effect of GnRH agonist. Interestingly, we found that the peripheral GnRH treatment prevented the microglia activation mediated inflammation in the hippocampus of mice. In light of the research findings presented here, we propose that, at least in the hippocampus, GnRH appears to act on GnRHR to regulate higher order non-reproductive functions associated with the microglia mediated neuroinflammation. These findings also provide insights into the function and cross-talk of GnRH, a known neuropeptide hormone, in neuro-immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofan Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Dongmin Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenghai Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhong
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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5
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Bellastella G, Cirillo P, Carbone C, Scappaticcio L, Maio A, Botta G, Tomasuolo M, Longo M, Pontillo A, Bellastella A, Esposito K, De Bellis A. Neuroimmunoendocrinology of SARS-CoV 2 Infection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2855. [PMID: 36359373 PMCID: PMC9687863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed at illustrating and discussing the neuroimmune endocrinological aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in light of the studies on this topic that have so far appeared in the literature. The most characteristic findings and pending controversies were derived by PubMed and Scopus databases. We included original and observational studies, reviews, meta-analysis, and case reports. The entry of the coronavirus into susceptible cells is allowed by the interaction with an ecto-enzyme located on human cells, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). SARS-CoV-2 also targets the central nervous system (CNS), including hypothalamic-pituitary structures, as their tissues express ACE2, and ACE2 mRNA expression in hypothalamus and pituitary gland cells has been confirmed in an autoptic study on patients who died of COVID 19. SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause central endocrine disorders in acute phase and in post-COVID period, particularly due to the effects of this virus at CNS level involving the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The aggression to the hypothalamus-pituitary region may also elicit an autoimmune process involving this axis, responsible consequently for functional disorders of the satellite glands. Adrenal, thyroid and gonadal dysfunctions, as well as pituitary alterations involving GH and prolactin secretions, have so far been reported. However, the extent to which COVID-19 contributes to short- and long-term effects of infection to the endocrine system is currently being discussed and deserves further detailed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bellastella
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Carbone
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scappaticcio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Maio
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Graziella Botta
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tomasuolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pontillo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Katherine Esposito
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Bellis
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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6
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Li X, Chen Z, Geng J, Mei Q, Li H, Mao C, Han M. COVID-19 and Male Reproduction: A Thorny Problem. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221074816. [PMID: 35176914 PMCID: PMC8859685 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221074816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the increasing number of infections, little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 affects the male reproductive system during infection or after recovery. Based on the existing research data, we reviewed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system and discussed its possible mechanism of action. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) pathway, and males are more susceptible than females. After infection, immunopathological damage is noticed in the testicles, and the semen index is significantly reduced. Second, abnormalities of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) levels were also observed, suggesting that there may be dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Even after recovery, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system can last for at least a period. There are still many unresolved questions about the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male reproductive tract. Other receptors involved during the invasion of human cells by SARS-CoV-2 remain to be identified. Will the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 increase the diversity of receptors? How does SARS-CoV-2 affect the HPG axis? The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system remain to be evaluated. SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect male reproductive function. Standard treatment strategies should be developed in time to protect the fertility of infected patients. For recovered patients with fertility requirements, fertility assessments should be performed and professional fertility guidance should be provided at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinke Geng
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Mei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mutian Han
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Radhakrishnan RK, Kandasamy M. SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Neuropathogenesis, Deterioration of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221078418. [PMID: 35133907 PMCID: PMC10581113 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221078418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A significant portion of COVID-19 patients and survivors display marked clinical signs of neurocognitive impairments. SARS-CoV-2-mediated peripheral cytokine storm and its neurotropism appear to elicit the activation of glial cells in the brain proceeding to neuroinflammation. While adult neurogenesis has been identified as a key cellular basis of cognitive functions, neuroinflammation-induced aberrant neuroregenerative plasticity in the hippocampus has been implicated in progressive memory loss in ageing and brain disorders. Notably, recent histological studies of post-mortem human and experimental animal brains indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs neurogenic process in the hippocampus of the brain due to neuroinflammation. Considering the facts, this article describes the prominent neuropathogenic characteristics and neurocognitive impairments in COVID-19 and emphasizes a viewpoint that neuroinflammation-mediated deterioration of hippocampal neurogenesis could contribute to the onset and progression of dementia in COVID-19. Thus, it necessitates the unmet need for regenerative medicine for the effective management of neurocognitive deficits in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risna K. Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
- Faculty Recharge Programme, University Grants Commission (UGC-FRP), New Delhi, India
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8
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Zhang M, Flury S, Kim CK, Chung WCJ, Kirk JA, Pak TR. Absolute Quantification of Phosphorylated ERβ Amino Acids in the Hippocampus of Women and in A Rat Model of Menopause. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6306514. [PMID: 34147032 PMCID: PMC8294689 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid decline of circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) at menopause leads to negative neurological consequences, although hormone therapy paradoxically has both harmful and positive effects depending on the age at which it is delivered. The inconsistent response to E2 suggests unappreciated regulatory mechanisms for estrogen receptors (ERs), and we predicted it could be due to age-related differences in ERβ phosphorylation. We assessed ERβ phosphorylation using a sensitive mass spectrometry approach that provides absolute quantification (AQUA-MS) of individually phosphorylated residues. Specifically, we quantified phosphorylated ERβ in the hippocampus of women (aged 21-83 years) and in a rat model of menopause at 4 residues with conserved sequence homology between the 2 species: S105, S176, S200, and Y488. Phosphorylation at these sites, which spanned all domains of ERβ, were remarkably consistent between the 2 species, showing high levels of S105 phosphorylation (80%-100%) and low levels of S200 (20%-40%). Further, S200 phosphorylation decreased with aging in humans and loss of E2 in rats. Surprisingly, Y488 phosphorylation, which has been linked to ERβ ligand-independent actions, exhibited approximately 70% phosphorylation, unaltered by species, age, or E2, suggesting ERβ's primary mode of action may not require E2 binding. We further show phosphorylation at 2 sites directly altered ERβ DNA-binding efficiency, and thus could affect its transcription factor activity. These findings provide the first absolute quantification of ERβ phosphorylation in the human and rat brain, novel insights into ERβ regulation, and a critical foundation for providing more targeted therapeutic options for menopause in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Sarah Flury
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Chun K Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Wilson C J Chung
- Department of Biology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Toni R Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
- Correspondence: Toni R. Pak, PhD, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S First Ave, CTRE 115-520, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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9
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From Menopause to Neurodegeneration-Molecular Basis and Potential Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168654. [PMID: 34445359 PMCID: PMC8395405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of menopause on neurodegenerative diseases, especially the changes in steroid hormones, have been well described in cell models, animal models, and humans. However, the therapeutic effects of hormone replacement therapy on postmenopausal women with neurodegenerative diseases remain controversial. The steroid hormones, steroid hormone receptors, and downstream signal pathways in the brain change with aging and contribute to disease progression. Estrogen and progesterone are two steroid hormones which decline in circulation and the brain during menopause. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which plays an import role in neuroprotection, is rapidly decreased in serum after menopause. Here, we summarize the actions of estrogen, progesterone, and IGF-1 and their signaling pathways in the brain. Since the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is higher in women than in men, the associations of steroid hormone changes and AD are emphasized. The signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms for how steroid hormones and IGF-1 provide neuroprotection are also addressed. Finally, the molecular mechanisms of potential estrogen modulation on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) are also addressed. We provide the viewpoint of why hormone therapy has inconclusive results based on signaling pathways considering their complex response to aging and hormone treatments. Nonetheless, while diagnosable AD may not be treatable by hormone therapy, its preceding stage of mild cognitive impairment may very well be treatable by hormone therapy.
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10
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Selvaraj K, Ravichandran S, Krishnan S, Radhakrishnan RK, Manickam N, Kandasamy M. Testicular Atrophy and Hypothalamic Pathology in COVID-19: Possibility of the Incidence of Male Infertility and HPG Axis Abnormalities. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2735-2742. [PMID: 33415647 PMCID: PMC7790483 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which resulted from the pandemic outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes a massive inflammatory cytokine storm leading to multi-organ damage including that of the brain and testes. While the lungs, heart, and brain are identified as the main targets of SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenesis, reports on its testicular infections have been a subject of debate. The brain and testes are physiologically synchronized by the action of gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones. Though the evidence for the presence of the viral particles in the testicular biopsies and semen samples from COVID-19 patients are highly limited, the occurrence of testicular pathology due to abrupt inflammatory responses and hyperthermia has incresingly been evident. The reduced level of testosterone production in COVID-19 is associated with altered secretion of gonadotropins. Moreover, hypothalamic pathology which results from SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain is also evident in COVID-19 cases. This article revisits and supports the key reports on testicular abnormalities and pathological signatures in the hypothalamus of COVID-19 patients and emphasizes that testicular pathology resulting from inflammation and oxidative stress might lead to infertility in a significant portion of COVID-19 survivors. Further investigations are required to monitor the reproductive health parameters and HPG axis abnormalities related to secondary pathological complications in COVID-19 patients and survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviya Selvaraj
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Sowbarnika Ravichandran
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Sushmita Krishnan
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Risna Kanjirassery Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Nivethitha Manickam
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India. .,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India. .,Faculty Recharge Programme, University Grants Commission (UGC-FRP), New Delhi, 110002, India.
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Intramuscular Injection of BOTOX® Boosts Learning and Memory in Adult Mice in Association with Enriched Circulation of Platelets and Enhanced Density of Pyramidal Neurons in the Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2856-2867. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Wells AM, García-Cabezas MÁ, Barbas H. Topological atlas of the hypothalamus in adult rhesus monkey. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1777-1803. [PMID: 32556476 PMCID: PMC7321918 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prosomeric model explains the embryological development of the central nervous system (CNS) shared by all vertebrates as a Bauplan. As a primary event, the early neural plate is patterned by intersecting longitudinal plates and transverse segments, forming a mosaic of progenitor units. The hypothalamus is specified by three prosomeres (hp1, hp2, and the acroterminal domain) of the secondary prosencephalon with corresponding alar and basal plate parts, which develop apart from the diencephalon. Mounting evidence suggests that progenitor units within alar and basal plate parts of hp1 and hp2 give rise to distinct hypothalamic nuclei, which preserve their relative invariant positioning (topology) in the adult brain. Nonetheless, the principles of the prosomeric model have not been applied so far to the hypothalamus of adult primates. We parcellated hypothalamic nuclei in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using various stains to view architectonic boundaries. We then analyzed the topological relations of hypothalamic nuclei and adjacent hypothalamic landmarks with homology across rodent and primate species to trace the origin of adult hypothalamic nuclei to the alar or basal plate components of hp1 and hp2. We generated a novel atlas of the hypothalamus of the adult rhesus monkey with developmental ontologies for each hypothalamic nucleus. The result is a systematic reinterpretation of the adult hypothalamus whose prosomeric ontology can be used to study relationships between the hypothalamus and other regions of the CNS. Further, our atlas may serve as a tool to predict causal patterns in physiological and pathological pathways involving the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Wells
- Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Health Sciences, Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Garrett MD. Multiple Causes of Dementia as Engineered Senescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES 2020; 2. [DOI: 10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
All traumas—cranial, cardiovascular, hormone, viral, bacterial, fungi, parasites, misfolded protein, genetic, behavior, environmental and medication—affect the brain. This paper itemizes studies showing the many different causes of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease. Causes interact with each other, act sequentially by preparing the optimal conditions for its successor, initiate other diseases, allow for other traumas to accumulate and degrade protective features of the brain. Since such age-related cognitive impairment is not exclusively a human attribute there might be support for an evolutionary theory of dementia. Relying on theories of antagonistic pleiotropy and polymorphism, the brain has been designed to sequester trauma. Because of increased longevity, the short-term tactic of sequestering trauma becomes a long-term liability. We are engineered to sequester these insults until a tipping point is reached. Dementia is an evolutionary trade-off for longevity. We cannot cure dementia without understanding the overall biology of aging.
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Selvaraj K, Manickam N, Kumaran E, Thangadurai K, Elumalai G, Sekar A, Radhakrishnan RK, Kandasamy M. Deterioration of neuroregenerative plasticity in association with testicular atrophy and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in Huntington's disease: A putative role of the huntingtin gene in steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105526. [PMID: 31715317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly affecting the structure and functions of the striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus leading to movement disorders, cognitive dysfunctions and emotional disturbances. The onset of HD has been linked to a pathogenic CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene that encodes for the polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Notably, the neuropathogenic events of the mutant HTT gene appear to be primed during adulthood and magnified along the ageing process. While the normal Htt protein is vital for the neuronal differentiation and neuroprotection, experimental HD models and postmortem human HD brains have been characterized by neurodegeneration and defects in neuroregenerative plasticity in the basal ganglia and limbic system including the hippocampus. Besides gonadal dysfunctions, reduced androgen levels and abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis have increasingly been evident in HD. Recently, ageing-related changes in levels of steroid sex hormones have been proposed to play a detrimental effect on the regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain. Considering its adult-onset nature, a potential relationship between dysregulation in the synthesis of sex steroid hormones and the pathogenesis of the mutant HTT gene appears to be an important clinical issue in HD. While the hippocampus and testis are the major sites of steroidogenesis, the presence of Htt in both areas is conclusively evident. Hence, the expression of the normal HTT gene may take part in the steroidogenic events in aforementioned organs in the physiological state, whereas the mutant HTT gene may cause defects in steroidogenesis in HD. Therefore, this review article comprehends the potential relationship between the gonadal dysfunctions and abnormal hippocampal plasticity in HD and represents a hypothesis for the putative role of the HTT gene in the regulation of steroidogenesis in gonads and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviya Selvaraj
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivethitha Manickam
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elamathi Kumaran
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kayalvizhi Thangadurai
- Department of Bio-Medical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokul Elumalai
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aravinthan Sekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Risna Kanjirassery Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; Faculty Recharge Programme, University Grants Commission (UGC-FRP), New Delhi, India.
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