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Kaplan M, Tuğcu-Demiröz F, Vural İ, Çelebi N. Development and characterization of gels and liposomes containing ovalbumin for nasal delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Malik A, Gupta M, Mani R, Gogoi H, Bhatnagar R. Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulated Protective Antigen Protects the Mice Against Anthrax. Front Immunol 2018; 9:562. [PMID: 29616046 PMCID: PMC5870345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is an era old deadly disease against which there are only two currently available licensed vaccines named anthrax vaccine adsorbed and precipitated (AVP). Though they can provide a protective immunity, their multiple side-effects owing to their ill-defined composition and presence of toxic proteins (LF and EF) of Bacillus anthracis, the causative organism of anthrax, in the vaccine formulation makes their widespread use objectionable. Hence, an anthrax vaccine that contains well-defined and controlled components would be highly desirable. In this context, we have evaluated the potential of various vaccine formulations comprising of protective antigen (PA) encapsulated trimethyl-chitosan nanoparticles (TMC-PA) in conjunction with either CpG-C ODN 2395 (CpG) or Poly I:C. Each formulation was administered via three different routes, viz., subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intraperitoneal in female BALB/c mice. Irrespective of the route of immunization, CpG or Poly I:C adjuvanted TMC-PA nanoparticles induced a significantly higher humoral response (total serum IgG and its isotypes viz., IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b), compared to their CpG or Poly I:C PA counterparts. This clearly demonstrates the synergistic behavior of CpG and Poly I:C with TMC nanoparticles. The adjuvant potential of TMC nanoparticles could be observed in all the three routes as the TMC-PA nanoparticles by themselves induced IgG titers (1-1.5 × 105) significantly higher than both CpG PA and Poly I:C PA groups (2-8 × 104). The effect of formulations on T-helper (Th) cell development was assessed by quantifying the Th1-dependant (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2), Th2-dependant (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), and Th17-type (IL-17A) cytokines. Adjuvanation with CpG and Poly I:C, the TMC-PA nanoparticles triggered a Th1 skewed immune response, as suggested by an increase in the levels of total IgG2a along with IFN-γ cytokine production. Interestingly, the TMC-PA group showed a Th2-biased immune response. Upon challenge with the B. anthracis Ames strain, CpG and Poly I:C adjuvanted TMC-PA nanoparticles immunized via the SC and IM routes showed the highest protective efficacy of ~83%. Altogether, the results suggest that CpG or Poly I:C adjuvanted, PA-loaded TMC nanoparticles could be used as an effective, non-toxic, second generation subunit-vaccine candidate against anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Kakhi Z, Frisch B, Heurtault B, Pons F. Liposomal constructs for antitumoral vaccination by the nasal route. Biochimie 2016; 130:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gallovic MD, Schully KL, Bell MG, Elberson MA, Palmer JR, Darko CA, Bachelder EM, Wyslouzil BE, Keane-Myers AM, Ainslie KM. Acetalated Dextran Microparticulate Vaccine Formulated via Coaxial Electrospray Preserves Toxin Neutralization and Enhances Murine Survival Following Inhalational Bacillus Anthracis Exposure. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2617-2627. [PMID: 27594343 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Subunit formulations are regarded as the safest type of vaccine, but they often contain a protein-based antigen that can result in significant challenges, such as preserving antigenicity during formulation and administration. Many studies have demonstrated that encapsulation of protein antigens in polymeric microparticles (MPs) via emulsion techniques results in total IgG antibody titers comparable to alum formulations, however, the antibodies themselves are non-neutralizing. To address this issue, a coaxial electrohydrodynamic spraying (electrospray) technique is used to formulate a microparticulate-based subunit anthrax vaccine under conditions that minimize recombinant protective antigen (rPA) exposure to harsh solvents and high shear stress. rPA and the adjuvant resiquimod are encapsulated either in separate or the same acetalated dextran MPs. Using a murine model, the electrospray formulations lead to higher IgG2a subtype titers as well as comparable total IgG antibody titers and toxin neutralization relative to the FDA-approved vaccine (BioThrax). BioThrax provides no protection against a lethal inhalational challenge of the highly virulent Ames Bacillus anthracis anthrax strain, whereas 50% of the mice vaccinated with separately encapsulated electrospray MPs survive. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential use of electrospray for encapsulating protein antigens in polymeric MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Gallovic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; College of Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics; Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Kevin L. Schully
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department; Biological Defense Research Directorate; Naval Medical Research Center; Fort Detrick MD 20910 USA
| | - Matthew G. Bell
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department; Biological Defense Research Directorate; Naval Medical Research Center; Fort Detrick MD 20910 USA
| | - Margaret A. Elberson
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department; Biological Defense Research Directorate; Naval Medical Research Center; Fort Detrick MD 20910 USA
| | - John R. Palmer
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department; Biological Defense Research Directorate; Naval Medical Research Center; Fort Detrick MD 20910 USA
| | - Christian A. Darko
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department; Biological Defense Research Directorate; Naval Medical Research Center; Fort Detrick MD 20910 USA
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics; Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Barbara E. Wyslouzil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; College of Engineering; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; College of Arts and Sciences; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Andrea M. Keane-Myers
- Vaccine and Medical Countermeasures Department; Biological Defense Research Directorate; Naval Medical Research Center; Fort Detrick MD 20910 USA
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics; Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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Effect of particulate adjuvant on the anthrax protective antigen dose required for effective nasal vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:3609-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Efficacy of ETI-204 monoclonal antibody as an adjunct therapy in a New Zealand white rabbit partial survival model for inhalational anthrax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2206-14. [PMID: 25645849 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04593-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalational anthrax is characterized by extensive bacteremia and toxemia as well as nonspecific to mild flu-like symptoms, until the onset of hypotension, shock, and mortality. Without treatment, the mortality rate approaches 100%. Antibiotic treatment is not always effective, and alternative treatments are needed, such as monotherapy for antibiotic-resistant inhalational anthrax or as an adjunct therapy in combination with antibiotics. The Bacillus anthracis antitoxin monoclonal antibody (MAb) ETI-204 is a high-affinity chimeric deimmunized antibody which targets the anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA). In this study, a partial protection New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit model was used to evaluate the protective efficacy of the adjunct therapy with the MAb. Following detection of PA in the blood, NZW rabbits were administered either an antibiotic (doxycycline) alone or the antibiotic in conjunction with ETI-204. Survival was evaluated to compare the efficacy of the combination adjunct therapy with that of an antibiotic alone in treating inhalational anthrax. Overall, the results from this study indicate that a subtherapeutic regimen consisting of an antibiotic in combination with an anti-PA MAb results in increased survival compared to the antibiotic alone and would provide an effective therapeutic strategy against symptomatic anthrax in nonvaccinated individuals.
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Ding H, Sagar V, Agudelo M, Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, Atluri VSR, Raymond A, Thangavel S, Nair MP. Enhanced blood-brain barrier transmigration using a novel transferrin embedded fluorescent magneto-liposome nanoformulation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:055101. [PMID: 24406534 PMCID: PMC4520325 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/5/055101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as the primary impediment barrier for most drugs. Delivering therapeutic agents to the brain is still a big challenge to date. In our study, a dual mechanism, receptor mediation combined with external non-invasive magnetic force, was incorporated into ferrous magnet-based liposomes for BBB transmigration enhancement. The homogenous magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), with a size of ∼10 nm, were synthesized and confirmed by TEM and XRD respectively. The classical magnetism assay showed the presence of the characteristic superparamagnetic property. These MNPs encapsulated in PEGylated fluorescent liposomes as magneto-liposomes (MLs) showed mono-dispersion, ∼130 ± 10 nm diameter, by dynamic laser scattering (DLS) using the lipid-extrusion technique. Remarkably, a magnetite encapsulation efficiency of nearly 60% was achieved. Moreover, the luminescence and hydrodynamic size of the MLs was stable for over two months at 4 ° C. Additionally, the integrity of the ML structure remained unaffected through 120 rounds of circulation mimicking human blood fluid. After biocompatibility confirmation by cytotoxicity evaluation, these fluorescent MLs were further embedded with transferrin and applied to an in vitro BBB transmigration study in the presence or absence of external magnetic force. Comparing with magnetic force- or transferrin receptor-mediated transportation alone, their synergy resulted in 50-100% increased transmigration without affecting the BBB integrity. Consequently, confocal microscopy and iron concentration in BBB-composed cells further confirmed the higher cellular uptake of ML particles due to the synergic effect. Thus, our multifunctional liposomal magnetic nanocarriers possess great potential in particle transmigration across the BBB and may have a bright future in drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ding
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Sudheesh Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Atluri
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Andrea Raymond
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Samikkannu Thangavel
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan P. Nair
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Madhavan P. Nair. Tel: 305-348-1493, Fax: 305-348-1109.
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Wu CCN, Crain B, Yao S, Sabet M, Lao FS, Tawatao RI, Chan M, Smee DF, Julander JG, Cottam HB, Guiney DG, Corr M, Carson DA, Hayashi T. Innate immune protection against infectious diseases by pulmonary administration of a phospholipid-conjugated TLR7 ligand. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:315-24. [PMID: 24192551 DOI: 10.1159/000355217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary administration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands protects hosts from inhaled pathogens. However, systemic side effects induced by TLR stimulation limit clinical development. Here, a small-molecule TLR7 ligand conjugated with phospholipid, 1V270 (also designated TMX201), was tested for innate immune activation and its ability to prevent pulmonary infection in mice. We hypothesized that phospholipid conjugation would increase internalization by immune cells and localize the compound in the lungs, thus avoiding side effects due to systemic cytokine release. Pulmonary 1V270 administration increased innate cytokines and chemokines in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids, but neither caused systemic induction of cytokines nor B cell proliferation in distant lymphoid organs. 1V270 activated pulmonary CD11c+ dendritic cells, which migrated to local lymph nodes. However, there was minimal cell infiltration into the pulmonary parenchyma. Prophylactic administration of 1V270 significantly protected mice from lethal infection with Bacillus anthracis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and H1N1 influenza virus. The maximum tolerated dose of 1V270 by pulmonary administration was 75 times the effective therapeutic dose. Therefore, pulmonary 1V270 treatment can protect the host from different infectious agents by stimulating local innate immune responses while exhibiting an excellent safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C N Wu
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif., USA
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González-Aramundiz JV, Lozano MV, Sousa-Herves A, Fernandez-Megia E, Csaba N. Polypeptides and polyaminoacids in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:183-201. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.647906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yu Z, Chung WG, Sloat BR, Löhr CV, Weiss R, Rodriguez BL, Li X, Cui Z. The extent of the uptake of plasmid into the skin determines the immune responses induced by a DNA vaccine applied topically onto the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:199-205. [PMID: 21235583 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-invasive immunization by application of plasmid DNA topically onto the skin is an attractive immunization approach. However, the immune responses induced are generally weak. Previously, we showed that the antibody responses induced by topical DNA vaccine are significantly enhanced when hair follicles in the application area are induced into the anagen (growth) stage by hair plucking. In the present study, we further investigated the mechanism of immune enhancement. METHODS Three different methods--hair plucking or treatment with retinoic acid (RA) or O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)--were used to induce mice hair follicles into the anagen stage before they were dosed with a β-galactosidase-encoding plasmid, and the specific antibody responses induced were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS The hair-plucking method was more effective at enhancing the resultant antibody responses. Treatment with RA or TPA caused more damage to the skin and induced more severe local inflammation than hair plucking. However, hair plucking was most effective at enhancing the uptake or retention of the DNA in the application area. CONCLUSIONS The uptake of plasmid DNA in the application area correlated with the antibody responses induced by a topically applied DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Jesus S, Borges O. Recent Developments in the Nasal Immunization against Anthrax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2011.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Slütter B, Bal SM, Que I, Kaijzel E, Löwik C, Bouwstra J, Jiskoot W. Antigen−Adjuvant Nanoconjugates for Nasal Vaccination: An Improvement over the Use of Nanoparticles? Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2207-15. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Slütter
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M. Bal
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Que
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kaijzel
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Heurtault B, Frisch B, Pons F. Liposomes as delivery systems for nasal vaccination: strategies and outcomes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:829-44. [PMID: 20459361 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.488687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Among the particulate systems that have been envisaged in vaccine delivery, liposomes are very attractive. These phospholipid vesicles can indeed deliver a wide range of molecules. They have been shown to enhance considerably the immunogenicity of weak protein antigens or synthetic peptides. Also, they offer a wide range of pharmaceutical options for the design of vaccines. In the past decade, the nasal mucosa has emerged as an effective route for vaccine delivery, together with the opportunity to develop non-invasive approaches in vaccination. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the recent strategies and outcomes that have been developed around the use of liposomes in nasal vaccination. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The various formulation parameters, including lipid composition, size, charge and mucoadhesiveness, that have been investigated in the design of liposomal vaccine candidates dedicated to nasal vaccination are outlined. Also, an overview of the immunological and protective responses obtained with the developed formulations is presented. TAKE HOME MESSAGE This review illustrates the high potential of liposomes as nasal vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Heurtault
- Equipe de Biovectorologie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Slütter B, Bal S, Keijzer C, Mallants R, Hagenaars N, Que I, Kaijzel E, van Eden W, Augustijns P, Löwik C, Bouwstra J, Broere F, Jiskoot W. Nasal vaccination with N-trimethyl chitosan and PLGA based nanoparticles: Nanoparticle characteristics determine quality and strength of the antibody response in mice against the encapsulated antigen. Vaccine 2010; 28:6282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ramirez K, Ditamo Y, Galen JE, Baillie LWJ, Pasetti MF. Mucosal priming of newborn mice with S. Typhi Ty21a expressing anthrax protective antigen (PA) followed by parenteral PA-boost induces B and T cell-mediated immunity that protects against infection bypassing maternal antibodies. Vaccine 2010; 28:6065-75. [PMID: 20619377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The currently licensed anthrax vaccine has several limitations and its efficacy has been proven only in adults. Effective immunization of newborns and infants requires adequate stimulation of their immune system, which is competent but not fully activated. We explored the use of the licensed live attenuated S. Typhi vaccine strain Ty21a expressing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen [Ty21a(PA)] followed PA-alum as a strategy for immunizing the pediatric population. Newborn mice primed with a single dose of Ty21a(PA) exhibited high frequencies of mucosal IgA-secreting B cells and IFN-gamma-secreting T cells during the neonatal period, none of which was detected in newborns immunized with a single dose of PA-alum. Priming with Ty21a(PA) followed by PA-boost resulted in high levels of PA-specific IgG, toxin neutralizing and opsonophagocytic antibodies and increased frequency of bone marrow IgG plasma cells and memory B cells compared with repeated immunization with PA-alum alone. Robust B and T cell responses developed even in the presence of maternal antibodies. The prime-boost protected against systemic and respiratory infection. Mucosal priming with a safe and effective S. Typhi-based anthrax vaccine followed by PA-boost could serve as a practical and effective prophylactic approach to prevent anthrax early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ramirez
- Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St. Room 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Bouzianas DG. Current and future medical approaches to combat the anthrax threat. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4305-31. [PMID: 20102155 DOI: 10.1021/jm901024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Bouzianas
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AHEPA University Hospital, 1 S. Kyriakidi Street, P.C. 54636, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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Klinman DM, Yamamoto M, Tross D, Tomaru K. Anthrax prevention and treatment: utility of therapy combining antibiotic plus vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:1477-86. [PMID: 19769541 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903307347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The intentional release of anthrax spores in 2001 confirmed this pathogen's ability to cause widespread panic, morbidity and mortality. While individuals exposed to anthrax can be successfully treated with antibiotics, pre-exposure vaccination can reduce susceptibility to infection-induced illness. Concern over the safety and immunogenicity of the licensed US vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)) has fueled research into alternatives. Second-generation anthrax vaccines based on purified recombinant protective antigen (rPA) have entered clinical trials. These rPA vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent illness, but the magnitude and duration of the resultant protective response is modest. Efforts are underway to bolster the immunogenicity of rPA by combining it with adjuvants and other immunostimulatory agents. Third generation vaccines are under development that utilize a wide variety of immunization platforms, antigens, adjuvants, delivery methods and routes of delivery to optimize the induction of a protective immunity. For the foreseeable future, vaccination will rely on first and second generation vaccines co-administered with immune adjuvants. Optimal post-exposure treatment of immunologically naive individuals should include a combination of vaccine plus antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Friedlander AM, Little SF. Advances in the development of next-generation anthrax vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 4:D28-32. [PMID: 19837282 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Genetic immunization with GPI-anchored anthrax protective antigen raises combined CD1d- and MHC II-restricted antibody responses by natural killer T cell-mediated help. Vaccine 2009; 27:1700-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Csaba N, Garcia-Fuentes M, Alonso MJ. Nanoparticles for nasal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:140-57. [PMID: 19121350 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The great interest in mucosal vaccine delivery arises from the fact that mucosal surfaces represent the major site of entry for many pathogens. Among other mucosal sites, nasal delivery is especially attractive for immunization, as the nasal epithelium is characterized by relatively high permeability, low enzymatic activity and by the presence of an important number of immunocompetent cells. In addition to these advantageous characteristics, the nasal route could offer simplified and more cost-effective protocols for vaccination with improved patient compliance. The use of nanocarriers provides a suitable way for the nasal delivery of antigenic molecules. Besides improved protection and facilitated transport of the antigen, nanoparticulate delivery systems could also provide more effective antigen recognition by immune cells. These represent key factors in the optimal processing and presentation of the antigen, and therefore in the subsequent development of a suitable immune response. In this sense, the design of optimized vaccine nanocarriers offers a promising way for nasal mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Csaba
- Drug Formulation and Delivery Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Midha S, Bhatnagar R. Anthrax protective antigen administered by DNA vaccination to distinct subcellular locations potentiates humoral and cellular immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:159-77. [PMID: 19130551 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that immune outcome can be influenced by the form of antigen administered and its ability to access various antigen-processing pathways, we targeted the 63 kDa fragment of protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis to various subcellular locations by DNA chimeras bearing a set of signal sequences. These targeting signals, namely, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and ubiquitin, encoded various forms of PA viz. lysosomal, secreted and cytosolic, respectively. Examination of IgG subclass distribution arising as a result of DNA vaccination indicated a higher IgG1:IgG2a ratio whenever the groups were immunized with chimeras bearing TPA, LAMP1 signals alone or when combined together. Importantly, high end-point titers of IgG antibodies were maintained until 24 wk. It was paralleled by high avidity toxin neutralizing antibodies (TNA) and effective cellular adaptive immunity in the systemic compartment. Anti-PA and TNA titers of approximately 10(5) and approximately 10(3), respectively, provided protection to approximately 90% of vaccinated animals in the group pTPA-PA63-LAMP1. A significant correlation was found between survival percentage and post-challenge anti-PA titers and TNA titers. Overall, immune kinetics pointed that differential processing through various compartments gave rise to qualitative differences in the immune response generated by various chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Midha
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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23
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Klas SD, Petrie CR, Warwood SJ, Williams MS, Olds CL, Stenz JP, Cheff AM, Hinchcliffe M, Richardson C, Wimer S. A single immunization with a dry powder anthrax vaccine protects rabbits against lethal aerosol challenge. Vaccine 2008; 26:5494-502. [PMID: 18703110 PMCID: PMC2742988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we confirm that intranasal (IN) dry powder anthrax vaccine formulations are able to protect rabbits against aerosol challenge 9 weeks after a single immunization. The optimum dose of rPA in our dry powder anthrax vaccine formulation in rabbits was experimentally determined to be 150microg and therefore was chosen as the target dose for all subsequent experiments. Rabbits received a single dose of either 150microg rPA, 150microg rPA+150microg of a conjugated 10-mer peptide representing the Bacillus anthracis capsule (conj), or 150microg of conj alone. All dry powder formulations contained MPL and chitosan (ChiSys). Significant anti-rPA titers and anthrax lethal toxin neutralizing antibody (TNA) levels were seen with both rPA containing vaccines, although rPA-specific IgG and TNA levels were reduced in rabbits immunized with rPA plus conj. Nine weeks after immunization, rabbits were exposed to a mean aerosol challenge dose of 278 LD50 of Ames spores. Groups immunized with rPA or with rPA+conj had significant increases in survivor proportions compared to the negative control group by Logrank test (p=0.0001 and 0.003, respectively), and survival was not statistically different for the rPA and rPA+conj immunized groups (p=0.63). These data demonstrate that a single immunization with our dry powder anthrax vaccine can protect against a lethal aerosol spore challenge 9 weeks later.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Aerosols
- Alum Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anthrax/immunology
- Anthrax/prevention & control
- Anthrax Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Anthrax Vaccines/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Indicators and Reagents
- Neutralization Tests
- Powders
- Rabbits
- Solutions
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Klas
- LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, United States.
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Casado B, Iadarola P, Pannell LK. Preparation of nasal secretions for proteome analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 425:77-87. [PMID: 18369888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-210-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The determination of protein patterns in nasal secretions of healthy subjects can help in the early diagnosis of diseases such as acute sinusitis. The comparison of nasal lavage fluid collected from subjects with acute sinusitis before and after pharmacological treatment gives information about the drug effects on glandular secretions. Nasal secretions were stimulated with 1x NS (0.9% Normal Saline) and 24x NS in healthy subjects and in sinusitis subjects before and after pharmacological treatment. The nasal lavage fluid (NLF) proteins are precipitated with a solution of "acid-ethanol." Using this solution, the high molecular weight proteins precipitate and separate from the low molecular weight proteins. The proteins are digested and the peptides are separated using a capillary liquid chromatographic system. Eluted peptides are analyzed on ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begona Casado
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sloat BR, Shaker DS, Le UM, Cui Z. Nasal immunization with the mixture of PA63, LF, and a PGA conjugate induced strong antibody responses against all three antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:169-79. [PMID: 18194342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new generation anthrax vaccine is expected to target not only the anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein, but also other virulent factors of Bacillus anthracis. It is also expected to be amenable for rapid mass immunization of a large number of people. This study aimed to address these needs by designing a prototypic triantigen nasal anthrax vaccine candidate that contained a truncated PA (rPA63), the anthrax lethal factor (LF), and the capsular poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid (gammaDPGA) as the antigens and a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyriboinosinic-polyribocytodylic acid (poly(I:C)) as the adjuvant. This study identified the optimal dose of nasal poly(I:C) in mice, demonstrated that nasal immunization of mice with the LF was capable of inducing functional anti-LF antibodies (Abs), and showed that nasal immunization of mice with the prototypic triantigen vaccine candidate induced strong immune responses against all three antigens. The immune responses protected macrophages against an anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vitro and enabled the immunized mice to survive a lethal dose of anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vivo. The anti-PGA Abs were shown to have complement-mediated bacteriolytic activity. After further optimization, this triantigen nasal vaccine candidate is expected to become one of the newer generation anthrax vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Sloat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Bienek DR, Chang CK, Cohen ME. Detection of anti-protective antigen salivary IgG antibodies in recipients of the US licensed anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:5978-84. [PMID: 17597265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune response of anthrax vaccine recipients is not routinely monitored. For field use, a noninvasive test would be beneficial to evaluate the antibody response of anthrax-vaccinated individuals working within a high-risk area of possible exposure. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether whole saliva can be used as a surrogate matrix for the detection of 83 kDa protective antigen (PA)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for the detection of PA-specific IgG in matched samples (serum and saliva) that were collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated participants. Specimens from 180 individuals revealed a positive correlation (r=0.73; P<0.0001) between the level of PA-specific antibody detected in the saliva and serum. The number of vaccinations influenced both the saliva and serum antibody response. On average, the concentration of serological PA-specific antibodies in the vaccinated group was nearly 1600-fold greater than that in saliva. The magnitude of the salivary anti-PA antibody response was not significantly affected by the consumption of food, beverage, or tobacco products or other factors, which could potentially affect oral fluid properties. These results suggest that an oral fluid-based immunoassay may be a feasible alternative to monitoring the serological antibody response of individuals that have been vaccinated against anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Bienek
- Naval Institute for Dental and Biomedical Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088-5259, United States.
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Brgles M, Halassy B, Tomasić J, Santak M, Forcić D, Barut M, Strancar A. Determination of DNA entrapment into liposomes using short monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:150-4. [PMID: 17113586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of DNA entrapment efficiency in liposomes has been developed. Plasmid DNA was encapsulated into positively charged liposomes. Non-entrapped DNA was separated by ultracentrifugation from liposomes and supernatant was chromatographed on Convective Interaction Media (CIM) DEAE disk. The elution of DNA was monitored by the absorbance at 260 nm and the quantity of DNA in the tested sample was calculated from the integrated peak areas using the appropriate standard curve. This method is fast, simple, precise and does not require any kind of DNA labelling in contrast with mostly used methods for determination of DNA entrapment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Brgles
- Institute of Immunology Inc., Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Sloat BR, Cui Z. Nasal immunization with a dual antigen anthrax vaccine induced strong mucosal and systemic immune responses against toxins and bacilli. Vaccine 2006; 24:6405-13. [PMID: 16828937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax-vaccine-adsorbed (AVA), the only anthrax vaccine licensed in the U.S., suffers from many major drawbacks. Therefore, there is a need to develop new generation anthrax vaccines that can be easily administered and induce strong immune responses not only against the anthrax toxins, but also against the toxin-producing vegetative anthrax bacilli. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of inducing strong mucosal and systemic immune responses against both anthrax toxins and bacilli after nasal immunization using a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C) or pI:C), as the adjuvant. We have shown that the capsular poly-gamma-D-glutamic acid (PGA) from bacillus was immunogenic when conjugated to a carrier protein and dosed intranasally to mice. We further demonstrated that nasal immunization with the PGA-carrier protein conjugate in combination with the anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein induced both anti-PGA and anti-PA immune responses in mouse sera and lung mucosal secretions. The anti-PA antibody (Ab) response was shown to have anthrax lethal toxin neutralization activity; and the anti-PGA Abs induced were able to activate complement and kill PGA-producing bacteria. These findings demonstrated that it is feasible to develop a novel dual-action nasal anthrax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Sloat
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Sloat BR, Cui Z. Nasal immunization with anthrax protective antigen protein adjuvanted with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid induced strong mucosal and systemic immunities. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1217-26. [PMID: 16718616 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) was originally licensed for the prevention of cutaneous anthrax infection. It has many drawbacks, including the requirement for multiple injections and subsequent annual boosters. Thus, an easily administrable and efficacious anthrax vaccine is needed to prevent the most lethal form of anthrax infection, inhalation anthrax. We propose to develop a nasal anthrax vaccine using anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein as the antigen and synthetic double-stranded RNA in the form of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (pI:C) as an adjuvant. METHODS Mice were nasally immunized with recombinant PA admixed with pI:C. The resulting PA-specific antibody responses and the lethal toxin neutralization activity were measured. Moreover, the effect of pI:C on dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Mice nasally immunized with rPA adjuvanted with pI:C developed strong systemic and mucosal anti-PA responses with lethal toxin neutralization activity. These immune responses compared favorably to that induced by nasal immunization with rPA adjuvanted with cholera toxin. Poly(I:C) enhanced the proportion of DCs in local draining lymph nodes and stimulated DC maturation. CONCLUSIONS This pI:C-adjuvanted rPA vaccine has the potential to be developed into an efficacious nasal anthrax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Sloat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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